خواص صخور المكمن رقم 8
خواص صخور المكمن رقم 8
خواص صخور المكمن رقم 8
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Wettability
Definition:
Concepts:
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• The three droplets are then observed from one side as illustrated
in Figure.
• It is noted that the mercury retains a spherical shape, the oil
droplet develops an approximately hemispherical shape, but the
water tends to spread over the glass surface.
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• The tendency of a liquid to spread over the surface of a solid is an
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• As the contact angle decreases, the wetting characteristics of the
liquid increase.
of 180.
wettability.
the smaller pores of the rock and the non-wetting phase occupies
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For example, for water-oil-solid system at equilibrium, the following
equation (known as Young’s equation) can be expressed
so sw woCos
where σso is the interfacial tension between the oil and solid, σsw
between the water and solid, σwo between the oil and water. Ɵ is the
contact angle measured through the water Phase
AT so sw woCos
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A negative AT indicates the oil wets the solid surface (oil wet).
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• The limits of the scales are not definite, since a system with
contact angle in the range of about 700 to 1100 is considered
neutral. Another scaling system is used during Experiment
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Spreading wetting. In spreading wetting the adhesion forces
between the liquid and the solid are greater than the cohesive forces
between the liquid molecules, and the liquid will spread on the
surface as a thin film. The spreading coefficient S is defined by the
expression.
so sw ow
dG
S
dA
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• The liquid spreads spontaneously over the solid surface when S is
positive or zero. When S is negative the liquid remains as a drop
having a definite angle of contact with the solid surface. The
equilibrium contact angle is such that the total surface free energy
of the system is minimum.
• To illustrate that, the quantitative relation between interfacial
tension, contact angle and spreading coefficient are tabulated
below:
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The wettability of a reservoir rock system will depend on the
following factors
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Other lesser known types of wettability are:
rock are strongly oil wet, whereas other portions are strongly water
oil-wet surface.
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• In contrast, the carbonate water interface is basic and will attract
and absorb acid compounds. Since crude oils generally contain
acidic polar compounds, there is a tendency for silicate rocks to be
neutral to water-wet and carbonates to be neutral to oil-wet.
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Mixed wettability: refers to small pores occupied by water and are
water-wet, while larger pores are oil-wet and continuous.
Subsequently, oil displacement occurs at very low oil saturations
resulting in unusually low residual oil saturation.
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• At the surface between two immiscible fluids, there are no
similar molecules beyond the interface and, therefore, there is an
inward-directed force that attempts to minimize the surface by
pulling it into the shape of a sphere.
• This surface activity creates a film-like layer of molecules that
are in tension, which is a function of the specific free energy of
the interface.
• The interfacial tension has the dimensions of force per unit
length (N/m) which is the modern standard expression of the
units.
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Wetting Phase Fluid
• Wetting phase fluid preferentially wets the solid rock surface.
• Attractive forces between rock and fluid draw the wetting phase
into small pores.
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Water-wet Reservoir Rock
• Reservoir rock is water - wet if water preferentially wets the rock
surfaces
• The rock is water- wet under the following conditions:
so > sw
wo Oil
• AT > 0 (i.e., the adhesion tension
is positive) Water
so sw
0 < < 90
Solid
• If is close to 0, the rock is considered to be “strongly water-wet”
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Oil-Wet Reservoir Rock
• Reservoir rock is oil-wet if oil preferentially wets the rock surfaces.
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• If is close to 180, the rock is considered to be “strongly oil-wet”
90 < < 180
• The interfacial tension between the rock surface and oil is less than
between the rock surface and water.
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Measurement of Wettability
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The most common methods for measuring wettability on core
samples are
- Displacement test with two different fluids
- Capillary pressure measurements
- Measurements of nuclear magnetic relaxation rate
- Measurement of dye absorption
- Imbibition measurements
- Imbibition and displacement (Amott method).
The test developed by Amott seems to be most accepted and widely
used test in the oil industry.
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