خواص صخور المكمن رقم 1
خواص صخور المكمن رقم 1
خواص صخور المكمن رقم 1
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Petroleum System
• A petroleum system consists of different geological components
needed to generate and store hydrocarbons.
• These components are source rock, migration path, reservoir
rock, trap, and seal.
• Source rock is the rock containing organic matter in sufficient
quantity, and is under suitable conditions for the formation of
hydrocarbons.
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• Migration path is the pathway that the hydrocarbons take to
move away from the source rock to the point where they can
find a suitable trap.
• The forces driving the movement of hydrocarbons out of the
source rock come from tectonic stresses, which are coupled
with capillarity and buoyancy (density difference); since
hydrocarbons are lighter than water, they move upward.
• Reservoir rock is the rock that is able to store hydrocarbons in
its pores. The hydrocarbons will continue migrating upward
until they reach a seal.
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Seal. This is an impermeable layer of rock that blocks the
hydrocarbons from further migration.
Trap is a configuration of rocks, ensuring that the hydrocarbons
are stored in it. Traps can be structural, stratigraphic, or a
combination of both.
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Lithology of Petroleum Reservoirs
• Lithology is the general physical characteristics of a rock.
• Reservoir rocks can be divided into two types: sandstone and
carbonates.
• Sandstones are formed from grains that have undergone
sedimentation, compaction, and cementation.
• Carbonates are principally formed on carbonate platforms by
a combination of biogenic and abiogenic processes.
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The major characteristics of both sandstone and carbonate rocks
are
Sandstone Carbonate
• Usually composed of silica • Two major types are
grains (mainly quartz and limestone (CaCO3) and
some feldspar). dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).
• Consolidated (the rock is • Pore space consists of inter-
combined as one unit) or or intragranular porosity as
loosely consolidated. well as areas of dissolution
• May contain swelling clays (vugs) and fractures.
(clays have negative impact
on reservoir quality).
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What is Petrophysics?
• Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and rock-fluid
properties.
• These properties, which we will study extensively in the
following chapters, include: porosity, rock compressibility,
single-phase permeability, fluid saturation, electrical
properties of reservoir rocks, wettability, capillary pressure,
and relative permeability.
• Petrophysics can be divided into core and wireline petrophysics.
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Rock samples are extracted from the reservoir through coring and
can be subjected to two categories of laboratory analysis: routine
core analysis and special core analysis.
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Why Do We Need to Understand Petrophysics?
Petrophysics is a fundamental science for petroleum engineers.
Most of the petroleum engineering topics branch out from
petrophysical concepts.
An understanding of petrophysical properties helps us in:
• Estimating the quantity of hydrocarbons present in the reservoirs
• (e.g. porosity and fluid saturation).
• Understanding how the hydrocarbons will flow from the
reservoir to the well during production (e.g. permeability,
wettability, and relative permeability).
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1. Core and Plug Preparation:
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• This core barrel is made up of an inner and outer barrel separated
by ball bearings, which allow the inner barrel to remain stationary
and retain the core sample while the outer barrel is rotated by the
drillstring and cuts the core.
• The core catcher is located within the core barrel. The core catcher
has finger-like apparatuses that move the core sample farther into
the barrel and keep it from falling back into the well.
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• After the core sample has been cut from the well, the drillstring is
raised, and the rotary coring bit, barrel and catcher are removed and
the core sample is retrieved. The drillbit is reattached, and drilling
can commence again.
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Types of Cores:
Ranging in size from approximately 1.75 to 5.25 inches in diameter
and about 4 feet to 20 feet in length,
a) Full-diameter core is the typical coring sample that is taken
from a well. Because reservoir rocks that are highly fractured,
and thus very porous, are not retained in the core barrel, loss of
core can be a very strong sign for the reservoir rock.
b) Oriented cores are marked with a groove along the length of the
sample to indicate the geographic or magnetic north.
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c) Native state cores are bagged, or encircled by a rubber sleeve as
the sample is drilled in order to contain all the fluids in the core
under reservoir conditions.
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4. Trimming Core Plugs:
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5. Cleaning and Drying the Core Samples:
Laboratory Methods:
A centrifuge which has been fitted with a special head sprays warm
solvent onto the sample. The centrifugal force then moves the solvent
through the sample. The used solvent can be collected and recycled.
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