1.

• Entities: An entity is an object of interest in the system. In other words any person or a thing which is given more priority in a
system.
• Attribute: An attribute is a property of entity.
• Activity: An activity represents time period of specified length.
• Event: An event can be defined as an instantaneous occurrence that might change the state of system.
• State variables: A state variables is one of set of variables.
SYSTEM ENTITY ATTRIBUTES ACTIVITIES EVENTS STATE VARIABLES
A Cafeteria Customer, Hungry, hurried faster, Take orders, collect Arrival and Number of occupied
cashier, waiter. reliable, responsible, payments, dispatch departure of tables, Number of orders
and skilled in- orders customer, lack of per table, Number of
mathematics and raw material, faults people that pay with cash
expert in product in the equipment. or credit card, Number of
customers waiting for
attention
A Grocery Customer, Faster, reliable, Sell products, fill Arrival and Number of people that pay
Store cashier, responsible, punctual, displays, organize departure of with cash or credit card,
distributor, and skilled in sales the supermarket customers, Number of customers
salesperson carts reception of waiting for attention and
products, lack of Number of sold products
products per day.
A Fast-Food Customers Size of order Placing the Arrival at Number of
Restaurant desired order the counter customers waiting

Paying for the Completion of Number of positions

order purchase operating
A Hospital Patients Attention level Providing Arrival of Number of
Emergency required service required the patient patients waiting
Room Departure of Number of physicians
 the patient working
An Taxicab Customer, Responsible, Pick passengers, Taxicabs with Number of customers,
Company Taxi car driver, respectful, reliable, answer callings, mechanical Amount of gained money
With 10 Taxi, radio good driver, deliver things, problems, taxicabs per day,
Taxis operator Economic, good collect payments with flat tires, Number of received
condition, long- absence of taxi callings per day,
lasting, faster with the drivers, detained Amount of mileage per
callings. taxis. taxicab in a day.
A Local Area IPS,
Network
(LAN)
WLAN IPS
installation
with 3 access
points (AP)
A DESKTOP I/O Devices,
COMPUTER
 2.

A) simulate 10 individuals
Probability of time b/n Calls
Time between Probability RD Assignment
calls (Minute) Between Calls Cumulative
Probability
15 0.15 0.15 0-15
20 0.20 0.35 16-35
25 0.45 0.80 36-80
30 0.15 0.95 81-95
35 0.05 1.00 96-00
Probability of Service Time
Service Time Probability of RD Assignment
(Minutes) Service Time Cumulative
Probability
5 0.15 0.15 1-15
15 0.35 0.50 16-50
25 0.40 0.90 51-90
35 0.06 0.96 91-96
45 0.04 1.00 97-00
First, simulate for one taxi for 10 days.
Then, simulate for two taxis for 10 days.
 Comparison
Taxi Company would have to decide which is more important paying for about 43 hours of production time in a
Ten day period with no customers having to wait, or paying for around 4 hours of Production time in a Ten day
period, but having a probability of waiting equal to 0.59 with an average waiting time for
those who wait of around 20 minutes.

Day Call RD for Time

Time RD for Time Time Time Time
Call Service Idle Time
between Service Service Customer Service Customer
between Time Time of Taxi
Calls Time Begins Waits Ends in System
Calls
1 15 - 0 01 5 0 0 5 5 0
2 01 20 20 50 25 20 0 53 25 0
3 15 15 35 60 25 53 20 78 45 0
4 65 25 60 53 25 78 20 103 45 0
5 73 25 85 93 35 103 20 137 55 0
1
6 48 25 110 20 15 138 30 153 45 0

10 154 50 888 126 50 920 50 1056 100 0

 3B
Compare the two systems with respect to the waiting times
Total idle time = 530 minutes = 8.816 hours
Average idle time per call = 2.7 minutes
Proportion of idle time = 0.11
Total time customers wait = 4266 minutes
Average waiting time per customer = 11.9 minutes
Number of customers that wait = 122 (of 226 customers)
Probability that a customer has to wait = .61
Average waiting time of customers that wait = 20.2 minutes

3.c.
The equation for the life time of the satellite is given by
f(x) = { 0.4e(-0.4x) for x > 0
0 otherwise
Answer
i. P(5<x<0)
=1- 0.4[e(-0.4*5) - e(-0.4*0)]/(-0.4)
=1+[e(-2) - e^(0)]
= 0.1353
ii . P(3<x<6)=
= e(-0.4*3) - e(-0.4*6)
= e(-1.2) - e(-2.4)
= 0.21044.
3d
Let X denote the failure of battery ,then the
 Answer for Question 4
4A).
Use combined linear congruential generator method as recommended by L’Ecuyer
(1988) combining three multiplicative generators ) to generates a sequence of
random numbers.
Given
M1=32363 a1= 157 and seed= 100 for the first generaot
M2=31727 a1= 146 and seed= 300 for the first generaot
M3=31657 a1= 142 and seed= 500 for the first generaot
Generator period(P) = 8x1012 and c =0 in multiplicative generators. Then
X1j+1= a1 * X1j mod m1
X2j+1= a2 * X2j mod m2
X3j+1= a3 * X3j mod m3
Usig the L’Ecuyer (1988) combined multiplicative generators formula

( )
k
j−1
Xi = ∑ (−1) ❑ + x ❑ mod m1-1
j=1 i. j

Ri = Xi / m1, Xi>0
m1-1/ m1 Xi=0
and the value of k=3
using this (-1)j-1 coefficient explicitly performs the subtraction Xi,1-1, then we can
get
(-1)0 (Xi,1-1) - (-1)1 (Xi,2-1) - (-1)2 (Xi,3-1) , then
P= (m1-1) (m2-1) (m3-1)/2k-1 = 8 x 1012
Then, Using the above formula
Set Xj+1= (X1j+1 – X2j+1 + X3j+1) mod m1-1
Return
X1j+1= 157 * 100 mod 32363 =15,700
X2j+1= 146 * 300 mod 31727 = 12073
X3j+1= 142 * 500 mod 31657 = 7686

Ri = Xi / m1, Xi>0 Xi/32363

m1-1/ m1 Xi=0 32362/32363 =
set j=j+1, the calculate first X0=
so, using L’Ecuyer equation we can solve first for
Xj = Xj+1= (X1j+1 – X2j+1 + X3j+1) mod m1-1)
Xj = (15,700 – 12,073 – 7686) mod 32362
Xj = 11314 mod 32362 = 11314
The Value of the first generator Xj = 11314
Rj = Xj/m1 = 11314/32263 = 0.3496
Now, using the L’Ecuyer
P= (m1-1) (m2-1) (m3-1)/2k-1 = 8 x 1012
Using this we can calculate the rest of Random numbers
Xj+1 = 8 x 1012(Xj) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 11314 mod 32362 = 10322
Rj+1 = Xj+1/ m1 = 10322/32363 = 0.3189
Xj+2 = 8 x 1012(Xj+1) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 10322 mod 32362 = 25618
Rj+2 = Xj+2/ m1 = 25618/32363 = 0.7958
Xj+3 = 8 x 1012(Xj+2) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 25618 mod 32362 = 8990
Rj+3 = Xj+3/ m1 = 8990/32363 = 0.2777
Xj+4 = 8 x 1012(Xj+3) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 8990 mod 32362 = 23,190
Rj+4 = Xj+4/ m1 = 23190/32363 = 0.7166

Xj+5 = 8 x 1012(Xj+4) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 23190 mod 32362 = 17198

Rj+5 = Xj+5/ m1 = 17198/32363 = 0.5314

Xj+6 = 8 x 1012(Xj+5) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 17198 mod 32362 = 25,132

Rj+6 = Xj+6/ m1 = 25,032/32363 = 0.7735

Xj+7 = 8 x 1012(Xj+6) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 25,032 mod 32362 = 13,850

Rj+7 = Xj+7/ m1 = 13,850/32363 = 0.42796

Xj+8 = 8 x 1012(Xj+7) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 13,850 mod 32362 = 11,932

Rj+8 = Xj+8/ m1 = 11,932/32363 = 0.3687

Xj+9 = 8 x 1012(Xj+8) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 11,832 mod 32362 = 14,364

Rj+9 = Xj+9/ m1 = 14,364/32363 = 0.44384

Xj+10 = 8 x 1012(Xj+9) mod m1 -1 = 8 x 1012 * 14,364 mod 32362 = 11314

Rj+10 = Xj+10/ m1 = 11314/32363 = 0.3496. in the 11th Step it now repeats the Xj value

5.
 6. Characteristics of Random Numbers

In some applications, it is useful to be able to quickly skip ahead in a pseudo-

random
number sequence without actually generating all of the intermediate values.
(a) For a linear congruential generator with c = 0, show that Xi+n = αnXi mod m.
(b) Show that (αnXi) mod m = (αn mod m)Xi mod m
(c) Use this result to compute X6 with a congruential generator with m = 100; α =
19,
and c = 0. Start with X0 = 63 and check your answer by computing X6 in the usual
way.
Answer
Two results that are useful to solve this problem are

and that if g = h mod m, then we can write g = h-km for some integer k >=0. The
last result is
true because, by definition, g is the remainder after subtracting the largest integer
multiple of m that is <= h.
 10.
Terminating Simulation
The TE is defined as the medical clinic is open from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm
There are 3 registration desk clerks are working and there are 5 doctors working
withone waiting room
If utilization is 100% for all doctors, then more doctors should be hired

Steady-state Simulation
There are 3 registration desk clerks and 5 doctors working with one waiting room
The stopping time is determined when there are 20 or more customers in the
waiting room
It will be determined that that time of day is considered peak hours and more
doctors should be hired, or present during that time