Protego Technology: For Safety and Environment

PROTEGO® Technology
Section 1
• Flame Arresters
• Valves
• Tank Accessories
for safety and environment

1
How to use this catalog
The PROTEGO® catalog has a modular structure.

Section 1 introduces the company with “Technical Fundamentals”
and “Safe Systems in Practice” and provides a basic explanation
of the operation and use of PROTEGO® devices.
Sections 2-9 describe the products in detail.
Typical Applications Exotic Applications Special Applications

• Storage Tanks and Loading Facilities • Nitrous Oxide Supply in • Food Sterilization under Vacuum
• Vapor-return at Petrol Stations Clinical Applications • Wafer Production in IT Industry
• Combustion Systems • Explosion-proof Surface Drain • Methane Extraction Fan of Mines
• Chemical and Pharmaceutical at Heliports • Vitamin Production
Processing Systems • Storage of Whisky Barrels • Production of Toothpaste and
• Landfill and Biogas Systems • Production of Brandy Mouthwash
• Wastewater Treatment Systems
2 KA / 1 / 0519 / GB
Contents
PROTEGO® – about us 4
Technical Fundamentals 6
Flame Arresters.................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves...................................................................................................................................11
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters.................................................................................................16
Venting Requirements for Above-ground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas............................................. 18
Safe Systems in Practice 26

Storage Tanks in Tank Farms for Refineries and Chemical Processing Plants.................................................................. 27
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing Facilities.......................................................................................................... 28
Vapor Combustion Systems and Flares............................................................................................................................. 29
Ship Building and Loading Systems................................................................................................................................... 30
Biogas Systems, Wastewater Treatment, and Landfill Gas Systems................................................................................. 31
Flame Arresters as integrated Equipment Components.....................................................................................................32
Cryogenic Tanks................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Overview of Products and Services 34

Deflagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line and Vent Caps.................................................................................................. 34
Deflagration Flame Arresters.............................................................................................................................................. 34
Detonation Flame Arresters................................................................................................................................................ 34
Equipment for Cryogenic Storage Tanks............................................................................................................................ 34
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, end-of-line................................................................................................................35
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, in-line....................................................................................................................... 35
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arrester, end-of-line................................................................................ 35
Tank Accessories and Special Equipment..........................................................................................................................35
Appendix 36
Regulations, Laws, Standards, and PROTEGO® Publications...........................................................................................36
Glossary..............................................................................................................................................................................38
Materials, Units, and Conversion Factors.......................................................................................................................... 46
Design Data Sheet for PROTEGO® Devices...................................................................................................................... 47
All rights and modifications reserved in accordance with ISO 16016.
KA / 1 / 0519 / GB 3
PROTEGO® - about us
Corporate Video
Our Vision & Mission PROTEGO® World Team

We think ahead – with enthusiasm Providing first-class performance
PROTEGO® Vision: Excellence in Safety and Environment. • Solution-oriented

• High-quality standards
PROTEGO Mission: A profitable, independent, international
®
• Consultative
family business that, while developing and manufacturing safety
• Environmentally friendly
valves and equipment, is the top-notch competence source
for technology, quality, availability, services, engineering, and PROTEGO® is a world market leader operating with a large
consultancy. Our field of operation is explosion protection as global network of subsidiaries and representatives. The
well as environmental protection through pressure maintenance PROTEGO® team includes 11 distribution and after-sales
and relief in the exploration, processing, and storage of service companies, as well as 120 representatives on all
flammable liquids and gases. continents.
4 KA / 1 / 0321 / GB
Competences Maintenance & Service Contact
Competence is Top Priority

What can you expect from us? The full range.
PARC´s: PROTEGO® Authorized Repair Centers (PARCs) assist with

maintenance on site. PARCs, being certified service partners, meet the
requirements of the PROTEGO® Works Standard in the fields of human
resources, organization, workshop equipment, and machinery, as well as
quality and environmental management.
Spare Parts Service: All our centers hold in stock genuine spare parts for
you. Genuine parts and periodical maintenance, geared to the particular
field service conditions, guarantee trouble-free operation.
Consultancy: Experienced PROTEGO® experts are available to assist
with the various and differentiated application issues. They are trained to
consider engineering tasks from a safety point of view.
Maintenance: We can provide you with our trained field service technicians
for installation and maintenance, or you can rely on our authorized
workshops. All trained personnel have been intensively prepared for their
tasks at the manufacturer’s plant.
Our Research & Development Center

– the largest in the world
We develop with enthusiasm and success
Our products are developed in close cooperation with users, technical

institutes, and notified bodies. The PROTEGO® Research & Development
Center – the largest of its kind in the world - not only serves to improve and
upgrade our products, but it is also available for general research projects
and tailor-made special development work. This includes investigations
and testing with nominal sizes up to DN 1000 / 40”, as well as higher
pressures, temperatures, and oxygen enrichment.
National and international notified bodies are regularly reassured of our
high standards and consult us for support.
From the very beginning, we have developed our products in accordance
with the QM system EN ISO 9001:2015 and 14001:2015, which
guarantees superior product quality for our customers.
KA / 1 / 0519 / GB 5
Technical Fundamentals
Flame Arresters
Flame Arresters
Development
Flame arresters protect systems subject to explosion hazards
from the effects of explosions. Ever since methane gas
explosions in the mining industry at the beginning of the 19th
century were successfully suppressed by the development of
the Davy screen mining lamp, solutions have been found for
making systems safer in modern hydrocarbon chemistry where
much more hazardous gases are used.
In addition, filling stations became necessary with the introduction
of the automobile. With filling station tanks, the problem arose
that potentially explosive vapors consisting of hydrocarbons and
air that form around the tanks and loading equipment could ignite.
Given the need for safe handling in dangerous atmospheres,
major oil companies advanced the development of protective
devices for both industrial and military applications.
Initial successes were achieved with gravel pots that were used
on fuel tanks. The entrance of an explosion in the atmosphere
into the storage tank or into the connected line was stopped by
the gravel, and the flame was extinguished. The tank remained
protected. The problem with loose gravel, however, is the
non-reproducible flame arresting capability and high pressure Figure 1a: Flamefilter® wound out of corrugated metal strips
losses. In 1929, a new development was patented that replaced
the loose gravel with wound corrugated strips of metal (Fig. 1a).
Together with the patented shock-absorber, a protective device
was developed that stopped detonative combustion processes
in the pipe with the lowest possible loss. The PROTEGO®
detonation flame arrester – developed by Robert Leinemann
– was born (Fig. 1b). It was given its name many years later
in 1954 when Robert Leinemann founded his company
Braunschweiger Flammenfilter.
As chemical processes developed, the requirements on
protective devices became increasingly complex. There were
also environmental protection requirements. Vapors from
processes needed to be disposed of in an environmentally
friendly manner and incinerated in incineration plants according
to air pollution control regulations. The continuously, or only
occasionally explosive mixture, was sent to an ignition source
during operation. These particular hazards had to be
countered with special measures. PROTEGO® flame arresters
offer reliable protection in plant systems. These flame arresters
are always state-of-the-art as a result of continuous research
and development.
Figure 1b: Detonation Flame Arrester with Shock-Absorber
6 KA / 1 / 0519 / GB
Combustion Processes
Explosive mixtures can burn in various ways. The following,
among other things, can influence the combustion process: the
chemical composition of the mixture, possible pressure waves,
pre-compression, the geometric shape of the combustion
chamber, and the flame propagation speed.
The relevant combustion processes for flame arresters are
defined by international standards:
Explosion is the generic term for abrupt oxidation or
decomposition reaction producing an increase in temperature,
pressure, or both simultaneously [also see EN 1127-1].
Deflagration is an explosion that propagates at subsonic Figure 2: Atmospheric deflagration
velocity [EN 1127-1]. Depending on the geometric shape of the
combustion area, a distinction is made between atmospheric
deflagration, pre-volume deflagration, and in-line deflagration.
Atmospheric deflagration (Fig. 2) is an explosion that occurs
in open air without a noticeable increase in pressure.
Pre-volume deflagration (Fig. 3) is an explosion in a confined
space (such as within a vessel) initiated by an internal ignition
source.
In-line deflagration (Fig. 5) is an accelerated explosion within
Figure 3: Pre-volume deflagration
a pipe that moves along the axis of the pipe at the flame
propagation speed below the speed of sound.
Stabilized burning is the even, steady burning of a flame,
stabilized at or close to the flame arrester element. A distinction
is made between short time burning (stabilized burning for
a specific period of time) and endurance burning (stabilized
burning for an unlimited period of time) (Fig. 4).
Detonation is an explosion propagating at supersonic
velocity and is characterized by a shock wave [EN 1127-1]. A
distinction is made between stable detonations and unstable
detonations (Fig. 5).
A detonation is stable when it progresses through a confined Figure 4: Stabilized burning
system without a significant variation of velocity and pressure
characteristic (for atmospheric conditions, test mixtures, and
test procedures typical velocities are between 1,600 and 2,200 accelerating
deflagration
unstable
detonation L
stable
detonation
meter/second). A detonation is unstable during the transition Transition zone
(DDT)
of the combustion process from a deflagration into a stable
detonation. The transition occurs in a spatially limited area in
which the velocity of the combustion wave is not constant and
where the explosion pressure is significantly higher than in a
stable detonation. NOTE: The position of this transition zone
depends on, among other things, the operating pressure
V→
p→
and operating temperature, the pipe diameter, the pipe Velocity of the flame front
Pressure built-up caused by volume
configuration, the test gas, and the explosion group and must be expansion of the burned mixture
predetermined by experiments in each case.

Figure 5: Deflagration – unstable detonation – stable detonation.
L= distance to ignition source
D= diameter of the pipeline
v= velocity of the flame front
p= pressure
DDT = Deflagration to Detonation Transition
KA / 1 / 0519 / GB 7
Flame Arresters
Basic Types
Flame arresters are subdivided into different types according
to the combustion process (endurance burning, deflagration,
energy dissipation
detonation, and the various sub-groups) and by type of into the
installation (in-line, end-of-line, in equipment). boundary layer
They are categorized as:

flame front unburned mixture
a) static dry flame arresters
Energiefluss in die Wand
b) static liquid seal flame arresters total energy dissipation
c) dynamic flame arresters

energy dissipation
Working functions into the
boundary layer
a) Static dry flame arresters
Flame arrester elements made of wound, corrugated metal
burned mixture flame front unburned mixture
strips can be manufactured with consistently reproducible flame
quenching gaps. The gap size can be adjusted according to the
flash back capability of the explosive mixture. total energy dissipation
The FLAMEFILTER® is made of wound, corrugated metal strips

and forms the flame arrester element. The principle of flame energy dissipation
into the
quenching in narrow gaps is applied in PROTEGO® end-of- boundary layer
line flame arresters and PROTEGO® in-line flame arresters
(Sections 2, 3, 4, and 7).
burned mixture flame front unburned mixture
When a mixture ignites in a gap between two walls, the flame
spreads towards the non-combusted mixture. The expansion
in volume of the combusted mixture pre-compresses the non- total energy dissipation
combusted mixture and accelerates the flame.
By heat dissipation in the boundary layer “s”, transferring it to the breakdown of
large surface of the gap length compared to the gap width “D”, energy flow
and by cooling down the product below its ignition temperature

(Fig. 6), the flame is extinguished.
The gap width and the gap length of the flame arrester element burned mixture unburned mixture
determines its extinguishing ability.

Figure 6:
The narrower and longer the gap, the greater the extinguishing Extinguishing the flame in the narrow gap (flame quenching)
by heat transfer
effectiveness. The wider and shorter the gap, the lower the
pressure loss. Experiments can determine the optimum solution
between these two conditions. 7a 7b
Original PROTEGO® technology

To protect against all of the previously mentioned combustion
processes, PROTEGO® developed static dry flame arresters,
optimized their design, and had them undergo national and Spacer
international certifications in prototype tests (Fig. 7a and b).

Corrugated steel strip
Corrugated steel strip Flat steel strip
All static dry PROTEGO flame arresters are based on the

® Flat steel strip
FLAMEFILTER® casing
working principle of the FLAMEFILTER®. Gap length
Plan view
Gap width of the FLAMEFILTER®
Figure 7:
FLAMEFILTER® (a) with gap widths and gap lengths and
PROTEGO® flame arrester unit (b) with FLAMEFILTER®,
spacer, and FLAMEFILTER® casing
8 KA / 1 / 0519 / GB
Definitions
1. Flame arresters (Fig. 8a) are devices that are installed c) Dynamic flame arresters
at the opening of an enclosure or to the connecting pipe
High velocity flame arresters are designed to produce flow
of a system of enclosures. Their intended function is
velocities under operating conditions which exceed the flame
to allow flow but prevent the transmission of flame.
velocity of the explosive mixture, and in turn, prevents flame
transmission. This principle is applied in PROTEGO® Pressure
Relief Diaphragm Valves (Section 7) and in PROTEGO® High
8a Velocity Valves (Section 7) with appropriate high set pressure.
Flame arresters are type-examined Protective Systems in
accordance with ATEX directive and are marked with CE. They
are tested and certified in accordance with EN ISO 16852. Any
certification in accordance with other international standards is
shown by the appropriate marking.
8b
Explosion groups
Different gases have different flame propagation capacities and
Figure 8: PROTEGO flame arrester (a) and
® are categorized into explosion groups according to their hazard
PROTEGO® flame arrester unit (b - modular design) level. The standard for this is the MESG = Maximum Experimental
Safe Gap, a characteristic number measured in the laboratory
2. The PROTEGO® flame arrester unit (Fig. 8b and 7b) is the for the flame propagation ability of the product. The MESG,
part of a flame arrester with a main task of preventing the or standard gap width, is the largest gap width between the
transmission of flames. two parts of the inner chamber of a test setup which, when the
3. Several FLAMEFILTER® components (Fig. 7a) form the internal gas mixture is ignited and under specified conditions,
PROTEGO® flame arrester unit (Fig. 7b and 8b), together prevents ignition of the external gas mixture through a 25 mm
with the spacers and surrounding casing. long gap, for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapor in
the air. The MESG is a property of the respective gas mixture
4. Either deflagration flame arresters or detonation flame [EN 1127-1]. NOTE: The test setup and methods are specified in
arresters are required depending on installation and EN 60079-20-1. The most explosive composition is close to the
operating conditions. Depending on the mode of operation, stoichiometric mixture of the gas/vapor-air mixture.
resistance against stabilized burning (short burning,
endurance burning) may be necessary.
b) Liquid seal flame arrester Explosion Max. Experimental NEC Reference

Substances for testing
group Safe Gap (mm)
In liquid seal flame arresters, liquid barriers prevent the flames flame arrester
of an incoming deflagration and/or detonation from entering the IIA1* > 1,14 Methane
protected components. Two different types exist: IIA > 0,90 D Propane
1. The liquid product flame arrester: the liquid product is used IIB1 > 0,85 C Ethene
to form a liquid seal as a barrier for flame transmission. The IIB2 > 0,75 C Ethene
PROTEGO® liquid product flame arrester is an in-line or end-of-
IIB3 > 0,65 C Ethene
line detonation flame arrester (Section 4).
IIB > 0,5 B Hydrogen
2. The hydraulic flame arrester: it is designed to break the
IIC < 0,5 B Hydrogen
flow of an explosive mixture into small bubbles flowing through
water which act like a liquid barrier. The PROTEGO® hydraulic
flame arrester is designed and certified to stop deflagrations, * former designation Expl. Gr. I
detonations, and endurance burning combustions. It is tailor The above table shows the categorization of substances into the
made to meet the customer’s specific requirements (Section 4). respective explosion group according to their MESG (IEC 79-1,
The PROTEGO® hydraulic flame arrester is used both as an EN ISO 16852).
in- line flame arrester and as a vent header collection drum
and back flow preventer in vapor collecting lines close to the
incinerator. Accordingly, important safety measures have to be
observed to ensure the required explosion protection.
KA / 1 / 0519 / GB 9
Flame Arresters
Please refer to more specific literature (especially for technical valves (see Section 7: Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with
information concerning safety ratings) for the MESG of individual PROTEGO® flame arresters).
substances, additional ratings, and characteristic substance PROTEGO® Pre-volume flame arresters are flame arresters
quantities. This information is provided by PROTEGO® upon which prevent flame transmission from the inside of an explosion-
request. proof container to the outside or into a connected pipe.
As the pressure and temperature increases, the load on the PROTEGO® In-line flame arresters protect against deflagration
flame arresters generally increases. Flame arresters that have and stable or unstable detonations in pipes. Stable detonation
been tested under standard conditions are approved for and can flame arresters prevent an explosion transmission of
be used at temperatures of up to 60°C (140°F) and 1.1 bar (15.9 deflagrations and stable detonations. In-line flame arresters,
psi). If the operating temperature and/or the operating pressure which are tested against unstable detonations, protect from
is higher, the flame arrester must undergo a special examination deflagrations and stable and unstable detonations.
for the higher operating parameters. The flame arresters must be installed according to their
specified use. In the case of in-line deflagration flame arresters,
PROTEGO® offers flame arresters for the above mentioned
make sure that the allowable L/D (L = distance between the
explosion groups for higher pressures (>1.1bar abs, 15.9 psi) ignition source and the installation location of the flame arrester;
and higher temperatures (>60°C, 140°F) as required by the D = pipe diameter) is not exceeded. The in-line deflagration
operating pressure or temperature. flame arresters must not be installed too far from the ignition
Location of installation source so that they are not subject to a detonation due to a
long starting distance. The allowable L/D is stated in the
Depending on the location of installation, the flame arresters manufacturers’ manual of the flame arrester.
must fulfill various protective tasks:
Selection
At the opening of a system part to the atmosphere
▬► End-of-line flame arrester The effectiveness of flame arresters must be tested and
At the opening of a component on a connecting pipe approved. Flame arresters are categorized according to the
▬► Pre-volume flame arrester combustion process and the installation site.
In the pipe
The selection criteria are described in the appropriate sections.
▬► In-line flame arrester
The different variations and wide range of types are a result
PROTEGO® End-of-line flame arresters protect against of tailor-made solutions for different applications. PROTEGO®
atmospheric deflagrations and stabilized burning — either short- flame arresters are service-friendly due to the modular design of
time burning or endurance burning. They can only be connected the flame arrester unit. Special details of the design (patented
on one side and cannot be installed in the pipe. PROTEGO® Shock Wave Guide Tube Effect SWGTE or Shock absorber)
end-of-line flame arresters can, however, be combined with enable a superior flow due to the minimum pressure loss.
Location of End-of-line On- In-line
Installation equipment
Combustion Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Pre-volume In-line Stable Unstable and

process deflagration deflagration deflagration, short- deflagration deflagration detonation Stable
and short-time time burning, and and in-line detonation
burning endurance burning deflagration and in-line
deflagration
Application
example → see Safe Systems in Practice
Products → Section 2 → Section 2 → Section 2 → Section 3 → Section 3 → Section 4 → Section 4

PROTEGO® has the right flame arrester for ● Pre-volume flame arresters on equipment: PROTEGO®
all applications Deflagration Flame Arrester units on equipment, Sec. 3
● End-of-line flame arresters for atmospheric deflagrations: ● In-line flame arresters for deflagrations:
PROTEGO® Deflagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line, PROTEGO® Deflagration Flame Arresters, in-line, Sec. 3
Sec. 2
● In-line flame arresters for deflagrations and stable detonations:
● End-of-line flame arresters for atmospheric deflagrations and PROTEGO® Detonation Flame Arresters, in-line, Sec. 4
short time burning: PROTEGO® Deflagration Flame
● In-line flame arresters for deflagrations as well as stable
Arresters, short-time burning-proof, end-of-line, Sec. 2
and unstable detonations: PROTEGO® Detonation Flame
● End-of-line flame arresters for atmospheric deflagrations and Arresters, in-line, Sec. 4
short-time and endurance burning: PROTEGO® Deflagration
Flame Arresters, endurance burning-proof, end-of-line, Sec. 2
10 KA / 1 / 0519 / GB
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves
Valves
Development Valve Technology

Closed vessels or tanks filled with liquid products must have an PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves have weight-
opening through which the accumulated pressure can be released loaded or spring-loaded valve pallets. When there is excess
so that the vessel does not explode. Along the same lines, a pressure in the tank, the pressure valve pallet guided in the
vacuum must be compensated for when the tank or vessel is housing lifts and releases the flow into the atmosphere (Fig. 3a)
drained so that it does not implode. Unallowable overpressure until the pressure falls below the set pressure. The valve then
or underpressure can occur during loading and unloading, re-seats. The vacuum side of the valve is tightly sealed by the
steam cleaning processes, or blanketing due to thermal effects. additional overpressure load. When there is a vacuum in the
Free openings enable a free exchange with the atmosphere tank, the overpressure of the atmosphere lifts the vacuum disc,
or with connected pipe systems that are uncontrolled and and the tank is vented (Fig. 3b).
unmonitored. Vent caps are used in this case (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Free venting of the storage tank with PROTEGO® EH/0S

Figure 3a: Operation of the valve under pressure in the tank
The vented product vapors can be poisonous, odorous,
flammable, or simply represent the loss of product. They pollute
the atmosphere.
The local concentration of chemical and processing plants and
the associated environmental pollution have increased so much
over the last 50 years that valves are now to be used, especially
in industrially developed countries, to keep the free opening
cross-sections closed during operation and only permit
emergency venting or relief.
The ventilation devices, which are in the form of pressure and
vacuum relief valves, should not be shut off (Fig. 2).
Figure 3b: Operation of the valve under vacuum
(negative pressure) in the tank
Figure 2: Venting of the storage tank with pressure and

vacuum relief valve PROTEGO® VD/SV
Figure 4: PROTEGO® full-lift pallet with air cushion seal
In principle, the diaphragm valve, which is loaded with liquid (as

These valves need to be simple and robust valves that do not a weight), and the pilot valve, which is self-controlled, operate in
require external control, are trouble-free, and reliably fulfill the the same manner.The weight-loaded valve pallets have different
expected tasks: maintaining and compensating pressure and designs. A distinction is made between the full-lift pallet (Fig. 4
vacuum. and Fig. 5 a, b) and the normal pallet (Fig. 6).
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 11
The sealing between the valve pallet and the valve seat is After the initial response, the rise in pressure is proportional to
provided by an FEP air cushion seal, a metal to metal sealing, the discharged flow up to a full lift. When the back pressure
or a PTFE flat sealing, depending on the set pressure or on the in the connected pipeline is high, or the valve is installed in
application. The best sealing is obtained with a metal valve disc combination with a pressure control valve, this method provides
lapped to be seated on the metal valve seat (metal to metal). greater stability for the overall system. However, the overall flow
When the set pressures are low, an FEP air cushion seal performance is not as good as that of valves with full-lift valve
provides a tight seal. The tightness of the PROTEGO® valves pallets. These valve pallets (Fig. 6) are primarily used in in-line
is far above the normal standard (API 2000 or EN ISO 28300) valves when required by operating conditions.
and meets the stringent demands of emission control
Depending on the design of the valve and the valve pallets, the
regulations.
design pressure and design vacuum (negative gauge pressure)
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves with full-lift is achieved with different overpressure (Fig. 7). Unless otherwise
pallet release the flow within 10% overpressure from the set specified, the standard PROTEGO® valve design is for 10%
pressure to a fully opened valve (full-lift). technology.
Advantages of PROTEGO® 10% technology:

● Pressure conservation very close to the maximum
allowable tank pressure
● Minimization of product losses
● Reduction of vapor emissions
closed Discharge with full-lift
Figure 5a: Discharge with full-lift pallet and air-cushioned seal
Tank pressure
Design point
e
↓ sur
rpres
ove
closed Discharge with full-lift
Figure 5b: Discharge with full-lift pallet and metal seal

Design flow
Overpressure 10%: valve is closed up to 18 mbar

This is achieved by precisely matching the diameter and height Overpressure 100%: valve opens at 10 mbar already
of the valve pallet rim with the adapted machined and lapped
valve seat. In addition, the flow-enhancing design reinforces the
overall effect on the outflow side. These valve pallets are used Figure 7: Opening characteristics of valves with different
in end-of-line and in-line valves. overpressure levels
PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves with

conventional pallets release the flow within a 40% pressure
(Fig. 6). The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 8) has a liquid load
above the diaphragm.
The static liquid column is an indication of the set pressure. The
flexible liquid-loaded diaphragm adjusts tightly to the metallic
valve seat to provide an excellent seal. If the set pressure is
exceeded, the diaphragm lifts and releases the cross-section
for the flow to release. Due to the flexible diaphragm, these
valves are used in weather-related low temperatures and in
sticky, polymerizing substances. PROTEGO® diaphragm
closed Discharge with full lift valves are the only valves worldwide which are frost-proof down
to -40°C (-40°F).
Figure 6: Discharge with normal pallet (flat with metal seal)
12 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
safety valves that are not subject to the regulations of Pressure
Equipment Directive (PED). However, they need to meet other
criteria, e.g., provide a good seal, be frost-proof, trouble-free,
and easy to maintain. PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum
conservation valves meet these requirements with the highest
degree of efficiency. And thanks to the 10% technology, they
ensure reliable operation and minimum emission losses, even
at the lowest setting pressures.
National and international technical regulations for maintaining
clean air serve as the basis for calculating savings (such as
VDI 3479: “Emission Control - Marketing Installation Tank
Figure 8: Diaphragm Valve PROTEGO® UB/SF-0 Farms”, VOC Directive 1999/13/EC and 94/63/EC or API MPMS
Chapter 19.1: “API Manual of Petroleum Measurement
The self-controlled PROTEGO® pilot operated valve (Fig. 9) Standards - Chapter 19, Evaporative Loss Measurement,
releases the flow without requiring additional overpressure. section 1 - Evaporative Loss from Fixed-Roof Tanks, 3rd Edition”).
Up to the set pressure until the pilot reacts, the valve remains The design of the tank, the paintwork, the insulation, and the
sealed. It immediately opens to full-lift after the set pressure is pressure maintenance via the valves have an influence on the
reached without overpressure and releases the cross-section of emissions reduction.
the valve (set pressure = opening pressure). As the pressure
increases, the seal increases up to the set pressure. Once The effect that pressure maintenance has on the reduction
the flow is released and the pressure falls below the opening of product (vapor) loss improves as the set pressure of the
pressure, the valve recloses. PROTEGO® pilot valves are mainly valve approaches the maximum allowable tank pressure. The
used as safety relief valves for low-temperature storage tanks or flow needs to be reliably released without the tank rupturing.
when the valve must be very tightly sealed up to the set pressure. A comparison of product loss at different overpressures
clearly shows the advantages of 10% technology compared
to 40% overpressure and especially compared to 100%
overpressure. The specially developed design yields measurable
savings – the required opening pressure differential is lower to
the required performance (Fig. 10).
Emission reduction for a fuel storage tank with 20 mbar

max. allowable tank pressure and different valve technologies
80
70
60
% Emission reduction
50
40
30
71 65 51 35
20
Figure 9: pilot operated pressure relief valve PROTEGO® PM/DS
10
20 18 14 10
The operating requirements, regarding the amount of out- 0
0%=71% 10% PROTEGO® 40% Technology 100% Technology
breathing and in-breathing capacity, determine whether separate maximum Technology (full- (normal disc, (set pressure 10
theoretical lift disc, set pressure mbar)
pressure valves and vacuum valves, or combined pressure and savings set pressure 14 mbar) = 35% savings
18 mbar) = 51% savings
vacuum relief valves are used. Figure 10: = 65% savings
Stored product - fuel: comparison of product savings at different
Pressure and vacuum relief valves for maintaining overpressure levels versus the free vented storage tank: example of
pressure (vapor conservation) product loss at 20 mbar allowable tank pressure savings in % at different
overpressure
Process-related pressure maintenance in systems is ensured 0% = up to 20 mbar (8 inch W.C.) the valve is closed (theoretical):
by valves that take pressure vessel related parameters into more than 70% savings
consideration. Conventional safety valves are used for 10% = only at a valve set pressure 18 mbar (7.2 inch W.C.)
the valve opens, 65% savings
pressures above 0.5 barg (7.25 psig) according to EN-ISO 4126
40% = at a valve set pressure 14 mbar (5.6 inch W.C.)
and Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), API 526 and the valve opens, 51% savings,
ASME VIII, Div.1, or other international standards. For pressures 100% = already at a valve set pressure 10 mbar
below 0.5 barg (7.25 psig), the pressure can be maintained with (4 inch W.C.) the valve opens,
only 35% savings.
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 13
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves for Pressure Location of installation

Relief and Tank Breathing PROTEGO® end-of-line valves are mainly used for storage
Outdoor storage tanks and vessels are exposed to weather tanks, vessels, or for ventilation lines. In pipes, PROTEGO®
conditions such as heating up and cooling down (the tank must in- line valves are used for backflow prevention as overflow
be able to breathe). These influences must be considered in valves and, occasionally, as control valves. The great
addition to filling and emptying capacities as well as inert-gas advantages are their simple design and large opening cross-
supply. They can be calculated with good approximation (see sections. These valves operate problem-free. If the flowing
Venting Requirements of Above-ground Storage Tanks - Sizing products are explosive, in-line valves must have upstream flame
and Calculation Formulas). The valve opening pressure arresters to protect the system against accelerated combustions.
must not exceed the maximum allowable tank pressure, End-of-line valves must be equipped with an end-of-line flame
which is also called the tank design pressure. The construction arrester to protect the system against atmospheric deflagration
and design of the valve determines how this opening pressure
(see also Section 7).
is reached. Safety valves with conventional construction
designed for pressure vessels with 0.5 bar (7.25 psi) Sizing of the Valves
overpressure require an overpressure of 10% above the set
The maximum possible volumetric flow, the maximum allowable
pressure to attain the opening pressure. Below 1 bar (14.5 psi)
pressures, and the operating data (process parameters) must
pressure, the maximum overpressure may reach 100 mbar
be taken into account when sizing pressure/ vacuum relief
(4 inch W.C.), which is clearly above the 10% level. In contrast,
PROTEGO® valves with the relevant technology meet the valves.
requirements of conventional safety valves with an overpressure
of 10% even at low set pressures down to 0.003 bar
(1.2 inch W.C.). Definitions:
Set pressure = the valve starts to open = adjusted set
Under normal operating conditions, it must be impossible to pressure of the valve at 0 bar back pressure
block the venting system on the tank. The sizing of the pressure
and vacuum relief system must be such that the design Opening pressure = set pressure plus overpressure
pressure, i.e., the pressure and vacuum (negative pressure), in
Reseating Pressure = Closing pressure = the valve recloses
the tank cannot be exceeded under any operating conditions.
and is sealed
The pressure and vacuum relief valve must be designed
for maximum flow arising from the pump capacity, thermal Overpressure = pressure increase over the set pressure
influences, and where the tank is not constructed with a
Accumulation (ISO) = pressure increase over the maximum
frangible roof. This valve is frequently called the vent valve.
allowable tank pressure of the vessel allowed during discharge
When extremely high venting rates are required due to fire on through the pressure relief valve
the outside surface of the tank or malfunctions in special tank
equipment (such as tank blanketing gas systems), additional Accumulation (EN) = differential pressure between the set
emergency pressure relief valves must be used, especially pressure of the valve and the tank pressure at which the
when the tank roof does not have a frangible roof (Fig. 11). required flow rate is reached, or the set vacuum of the valve
and the tank internal negative pressure at which the required
When a blanket gas system fails, large amounts of gas can flow flow rate is reached (not used in this catalog)
into the tank. The excess gas must be released from the tank
through the pressure relief system without exceeding the tank Pressure loss = decrease in pressure within the valve at a
design pressure. c given flow
b a
Pressure loss curve (Flow Chart) = pressure loss in mbar as
a function of the volume flow in m3/h (CFH)
d
Back pressure = pressure in the system that acts against
the flow out of the valve and that needs to be included as
additional pressure on the valve pallet
The maximum allowable design pressure of equipment, a
Figure 11: Venting of the storage tank with a pressure and vacuum storage tank, or vessel may not be exceeded. The maximum
relief valve PROTEGO® VD/SV-PA (a); piped into the vent header
allowable flow must be safely released through the valve so
during operation (b); venting during operation via the nitrogen control
valve PROTEGO® ZM-R (c); relieving in fire emergency through the that the maximum allowable design pressure of the equipment
emergency pressure relief valve PROTEGO® ER/V (d). is not exceeded. Safety factors must be considered.
PROTEGO® valves fulfill the above-mentioned functions of

maintaining and relieving pressure as pressure relief valves,
vacuum relief valves, or combined pressure and vacuum
relief valves.
14 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Operating conditions of pressure and vacuum relief valves: When the design flow is not being reached during discharge, the
The valve is optimally sized when the operating point lies on valve does not open completely. The valve pallet only lifts briefly,
the performance curve, i.e., when the calculated maximum flow releases the volume, and then recloses when the pressure
is released with the valve completely open without requiring falls below the set pressure. The reseating pressure depends
additional overpressure (with a completely open valve) (full-load on the design of the valve pallet and the geometry of the valve.
operating range A, Fig. 12). There are partial-load operating ranges in which the full-lift is
not reached (over-sized valves) and overload ranges in which
additional overpressure is required after a full lift to release
the flow (under-sized valves). Within the overload range, the
valve is stable; in the partial load range, the valve pallet can
flutter due to instability. A proper sizing that considers possible
operating conditions into consideration is essential.
Example (Fig. 12):

over-load operating range
Valve opening pressure Po = 20 mbar
Po Valve set pressure Pset = 18 mbar (20 mbar - 10%)
Opening pressure resp. tank pressure (mbar)
Partial-load operating range

A design flow design = 3.500 m3/h
B over-load > design
C partial-load < design
For sizing of combined single component devices which

have not been flow tested as combined devices (e.g.,
DR/ES with DV/ZT), a special sizing process needs to be
considered. Please contact our sales engineers for specific
information.
Selection
Flow (m3/h) The valves are selected using the above selection criteria
which depends on the location of installation and whether the
opening pressure or tank design pressure
set pressure
= overpressure %
valve is to function as a pressure relief valve, vacuum relief
1+
100% valve, or combined pressure and vacuum relief valve.
Figure 12: Design and operating points in the flow chart
Location of End-of-line Valves In-line Valves

Installation
Function Pressure Relief Vacuum Relief Pressure and Pressure Pressure or Pressure and Blanketing
Valves Valves Vacuum Relief Relief and Vacuum Relief Vacuum Relief Valves
Valves Vacuum Valves Valves
Valves, pilot
operated
Example of
→ see Safe Systems in Practice
Use
Product → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 6 → Section 6 → Section 6
PROTEGO® has the right valve for all applications For tanks which store critical substances or where frost
protection must be guaranteed:
For venting of storage tanks and vessels
▬► PROTEGO® Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, ▬► PROTEGO® Pressure / Vacuum Relief
end-of-line (Sec. 5) Diaphragm Valves, end-of-line (Sec. 5)
As overflow valves or backflow preventers
▬► PROTEGO® Pressure or Vacuum Relief Valves,
in-line (Sec. 6)
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 15
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters
Development Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves

When storing flammable products or processing chemical
with Flame Arrester
products that can create explosive mixtures, the opening of the Pressure and vacuum relief valves with integrated flame
storage tank or vessel must be additionally protected with flame arrester units have the same tasks and functions as valves
arresters. The task was to develop a device that combined the without flame arrester. They serve to maintain pressure (vapor
properties of a flame arrester and a valve into one design. conservation) or for pressure relief and enable tank
breathing.
PROTEGO® valves with integrated flame arrester units have the
unique advantage in that the flame arrester units are external, Flame Arrester
making them easily accessible (Fig. 1 and 2).
The valves also have an integrated flame arrester unit. The
explosion group of the chemical products to be protected needs
to be considered in the flame transmission-proof selection
of the valve. The chemical products are categorized into
explosion groups according to the maximum experimental safe
gap (MESG) of the mixtures. The valve is tested and approved
for the explosion group.
The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 3) has a liquid load
above the diaphragm. The static liquid column is proportional to
the set pressure. The flexible liquid-loaded diaphragm adjusts
tightly to the metal valve seat to provide an excellent seal. If
the set pressure is exceeded, the diaphragm lifts and releases
the cross-section for the discharging flow. Due to the flexible
Figure 1:
diaphragm, these valves are used in weather-related low
Deflagration-proof pressure and vacuum relief valve PROTEGO® VD/TS
temperatures and for sticky, polymerizing substances.
The PROTEGO® diaphragm valve (Fig. 3a) offers dynamic
flame-transmission protection against endurance burning and
atmospheric deflagrations.
Figure 2:
Pressure and vacuum relief valve protecting against deflagration and
endurance burning PROTEGO® VD/SV-HR
Figure 3: Diaphragm valve PROTEGO® UB/SF protecting
against deflagration and endurance burning
The operating conditions must be carefully considered.

Depending on the possible combustion processes, protection
must be provided against atmospheric deflagration, and/or
short-time burning, and/or endurance burning.
Valve Technology
The valve technology and function of the pressure and
vacuum valves with integrated flame arrester units are equal
to those without flame arrester units, through which the down-
stream flame arrester unit creates a certain back pressure
which has no impact on the set pressure but influences the
overpressure difference. This has been considered and is shown
in the flow charts. Figure 3a: Endurance-burning test with diaphragm valve PROTEGO® UB/SF
16 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
The high velocity valve (Fig. 4) has special flame transmission Location of installation
protection with a dynamic discharge between the valve
Valves with flame arrester units are always end-of-line valves
cone and valve seat starting at a set pressure of +60 mbar
since the heat must be released to the environment with no
(24 inch WC). The high velocity valve is endurance burning-
heat build-up to prevent transmission of flame. Otherwise, the
proof.
unallowable heat build-up would lead to a heat accumulation
at the flame arrester, resulting in a flash-back. They are
primarily used for storage tanks and containers in which
flammable liquids are stored or processed and for relief
openings in process containers in which the occurence of
explosive mixtures cannot be excluded.
Design and operating conditions of valves
The sizing and operating conditions of the pressure and vacuum
relief valves are described on the previous page.
Selection
Since PROTEGO® pressure/vacuum relief valves with flame
arrester units are always end-of-line valves, they are
selected according to their function as a pressure valve,
Figure 4: Endurance burning-proof high velocity valve
vacuum valve, or combined pressure and vacuum relief valve.
PROTEGO® DE/S with a connected deflagration-proof vacuum valve
PROTEGO® SV/E-S After the explosion group of the products and the possible
combustion process have been determined, the valve can
be selected for its flame transmission protection. When
selecting PROTEGO® valves with a flame arrester unit, it must
be determined whether flame transmission protection is to be
providedagainst atmospheric deflagrations or endurance
burning. Endurance burning flame arresters include protection
against atmospheric deflagrations. Flame transmission-proof
vacuum relief valves are deflagration-proof. There is no danger
of a stabilized burning with vacuum relief valves.
Location of End-of-line Valve

Installation
Function Pressure Relief Vacuum Relief Pressure and Pressure- / Vacuum High Velocity Valve
Valve with Flame Valve with Flame Vacuum Relief Relief Diaphragm Valve
Arrester Arrester Valve with Flame with Flame Arrester
Arrester
Example of Use → see Safe Systems in Practice
Products → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7
PROTEGO® has the right valve for all applications.

For flame transmission-proof pressure and vacuum relief of For flame transmission-proof pressure and
storage tanks and containers: vacuum relief of tank ships:
▬► PROTEGO® Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with ▬► PROTEGO® High Velocity Valves
Flame Arresters, end-of-line
For frost-proof application, for critical products, and for flame
transmission-proof pressure and vacuum relief of tanks and
containers:
▬► PROTEGO® Pressure-/ Vacuum Relief Diaphragm
Valves
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 17
Venting Requirements for Above-ground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas
Pressure Terms and Definitions

of only 10% below the opening pressure. In EN 14015
Tanks storing flammable and non-flammable liquids are
and API 650 (Fig. 1A and 1B) the design
designed and manufactured in accordance with different
pressure (MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure)
standards: EN 14015, API 620, or API 650 are the most
of the tank must not be exceeded, not even in fire emergencies
important standards worldwide. Depending on the standard,
or system malfunction. According to API 620 (Fig. 1C), the valve
different maximum tank pressures are allowable where the
must release the required regular flow rate 10% above the
discharge flow has to be achieved.
design pressure of the tank. For fire or other emergency
Fig. 1 shows the most common terms for tanks and valves. conditions, an overpressure of 20% is allowable, i.e., the
This comparison clarifies the sizing of end-of-line relief valves required flow rate must be released after exceeding the MAWP
featuring the 10% overpressure technology with a set pressure by a maximum of 20%.
Figure 1: API 620

Comparison of pressure terms for storage tanks and vent valves designed and manufactured in
accordance to different standards (e.g., API 620 or API 650 or EN 14015) equipped with pressure Tank Valve
relief devices (illustration simplified and based on 10% overpressure technology of the valve).
p
MAAP 120 opening

(Fire) pressure for fire
EN 14015 API 650
Tank Valve Tank Valve
p p
testpressure 110 110 MAAP 110 opening

for tanks with (Operating) pressure
p>10mbar
accumulation
design pressure 100 opening Internal Design 100 opening MAWP 100 set pressure
= test pressure pressure Pressure pressure (Design)
for tanks with
p<10mbar
blow down
overpressure overpressure
OPP
operating 90 set pressure (< Internal 90 set pressure OPP 90 reseating
pressure Design (< MAWP) pressure
(< design Pressure)
pressure) blow down blow down
reseating reseating
pressure pressure
% of design pressure = p = % of opening pressure % of MAWP = p = % of opening pressure % of MAWP = p = % of set pressure
design pressure opening pressure internal design opening pressure MAAP Max. allowable set
= calculated pressure < design pressure; pressure < internal design = Maximum Allowable pressure
= Maximum Allowable = max. relieving pres- pressure Acumulated Pressure = MAWP for 10%
Working Pressure set pressure = 0,9 x sure under operating = max. relieving pres- overpressure
(MAWP) must not be opening pressure for condition, fire con- set pressure = 0,9 x sure under operating technology.
exceeded under any 10% overpressure dition or emergency opening pressure for condition (max. relie- MAWP = Maximum
operating conditions. technology. (max. relieving pres- 10% overpressure ving pressure for val- Allowable Working
For fire and emergen- sure for valve and technology. ve). Relief Pressure Pressure
cy conditions, a fran- emergency valve). for fire and emergen-
gible seam or emer- cy conditions relieve
gency relief valve is OPP = Operating at 20% above over-
required. Figure 1A Pressure Figure 1B pressure. Figure 1C
18 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Engineering Service QuEST - Quick Engineering and Sizing Tool
Fig. 2 shows the procedure to determine the set pressure minus the overpressure of the valve, which is a characteristic of
for valves with different overpressure characteristics the specific valve. If the tank is manufactured in accordance with
by considering the specific tank design pressure. These API 620, the opening pressure may exceed the tank design
examples are only for end-of-line relief valves without a back- pressure by 10% for regular breathing and 20% for fire
pressure originated by, e.g., connected pipe-away line. If the tank emergencies (Fig. 2B). The set pressure is again the result of the
is designed in accordance with EN 14015 or API 650, the opening opening pressure minus the valve characteristic overpressure. To
pressure must not exceed the design pressure (=MAWP) of the dertermine the flow rates, the relevant regulations of ISO 28300,
tank (Fig. 2A). The set pressure is a result of the opening pressure TRbF 20, or API 2000 must be applied.
Figure 2: API 620
Selection of the set pressure of the Pressure or Vacuum Relief Valve
considering the tank design pressure and the valves characteristic Tank Valve
overpressure (e.g. 10%, 40% or 100%). API 620 using the 20% over-
Pressure Relief Valve / Vacuum Relief Valve Emergency
pressure allowance for fire emergency. Relief Valve
% 10% 40% 100% 20%
MAAP 120 opening

(Fire) pressure
for fire
EN 14015 / API 650
Tank Valve
MAAP 110 opening pressure
Pressure Relief Valve / Vacuum Relief Valve (Opera-
tion)
PROTEGO® 10% accumulation accumulation
% 10% 40% 100% Technology
design
100 opening pressure MAWP 100 set pressure set
pressure (Design) for 10% pressure
overpressure overpressure
for fire
PROTEGO® (conventional vent
10% Technology valves)
overpressure
(conventional vent
90 set pressure max. 90 valves)
for 10% allowable
overpressure in
overpressure accordance to reseating
DIN/TRbF
pressure
80 80
set pressure
overpressure for 40%
reseating (conventional vent
overpressure
pressure valves)
70 set pressure 70
for 40%
overpressure
reseating
pressure
60 60
set pressure
reseating for 100%
pressure overpressure
50 set pressure 50 reseating

for 100% pressure
overpressure
40 reseating 40
Figure 2A: Design in acc. with EN 14015 or API 650 pressure Figure 2B: Design in acc. with API 620
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 19
Calculation of the Out-breathing and In-breathing Particular influences to be considered are:

venting capacity in acc. with ISO 28300/API 2000:
 Failure of the nitrogen blanketing valve – Installation of an
The maximum required venting capacity is the total amount of additional emergency relief valve to vent the non calculated
pump capacity and thermal capacity due to weather related flow which was not foreseen under operation
conditions:
 Filling the empty hot tank with cold liquid product –
. . .
V out = V thermal out + V pump in Considering the additional flow due to the sudden cooling
down when calculating the necessary vacuum capacity
. . .
V in = V thermal in + V pump out  Exceeding the maximum given pump out capacity –
The calculation of the maximum required capacity from weather Considering a safety factor when calculating the required
related conditions is based on ISO 28300 with regard to above- in-breathing capacity
ground storage tanks with or without insulation.
Calculation of the Out-breathing and In-breathing
venting capacity in acc. with TRGS 509:
To calculate the out-breathing and in-breathing capacity of
. storage tanks (e.g., tanks in acc. with DIN 4119 for above-
Thermal capacity for heating up V thermal out in m3/h
. ground, flat-bottom storage tanks, or DIN 6608 for underground
Vthermal out = 0,25 •Vtank
0.9
• Ri or underground horizontal tanks), the calculation formulas of
. TRGS 509 (as of 1 January 2013, VdTÜV-Merkblatt Tank-
Thermal capacity for cooling down V thermal in in m3/h anlagen 967) are to be applied.
.
Vthermal in = C •Vtank
0.7
• Ri
Calculation of the required capacity due to thermal influences:
.
V E = 0,17 x H
-0,52 0,89
 Vtank is the volume of the tank in m 3
Heating up x Vtank
D
Vtank = 0,7854 • D2 • H . 0,71
Cooling down VA = 4,8 x Vtank
 Ri is a reduction factor for insulation
(see ISO 28300/API 2000) H = Height of the Tank in m; D = Diameter in m
.
 V pump in is the filling rate to calculate the out-breathing
capacity out of the maximum pump capacity in m³/h for products Calculation of Out-breathing and In-breathing venting
stored below 40°C and a vapor pressure pvp < 50 mbar. For capacity in acc. with API 2000, 5th Edition / ISO 28300
products stored at a temperature above 40°C or with a vapor Annex A:
pressure pvp > 50 mbar, the out-breathing rate must be The out-breathing and in-breathing capacity of petroleum
increased by the evaporation rate. storage tanks can be calculated in acc. with ISO 28300 Annex
. A (approximately equivalent to API 2000 5th Edition) if specific
 V pump out is the emptying rate to calculate the in-breathing boundary conditions are fulfilled (see ISO 28300).
capacity of the pump in m3/h.
If specified and if the tanks are designed and manufactured in
 C=3 for products with equal vapor pressure as hexane and accordance with API 650, the venting capacity for in-breathing
storage temperature < 25°C
and out-breathing, as well as for fire emergencies, is to be
 C=5 for products with vapor pressures higher than hexane calculated in accordance with API 2000.
and/or storage temperature above 25°C
When calculating the required capacities in accordance with
(if vapor pressure not known, then C=5)
API 2000, 5th Edition / ISO 28300 Annex A, the flammable
liquids must be verified with regard to their flashpoint.
The mentioned calculation formulas apply to latitudes of 58° to Different formulas must be applied for liquids with a
42°. For other latitudes, see ISO 28300/API 2000. flashpoint < 100°F (< 37,8°C) and for liquids with a flashpoint
> 100°F (> 37,8°C). The maximum required venting capacity
is the total amount of pump capacity plus thermal capacity of
weather-related conditions. In contrast, the calculation of the
pump capacity must consider a factor for the in-breathing rate
and the different flashpoints for the out-breathing rate.
20 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Calcuation of emergency venting capacity according to API 2000 5th edition and ISO 28300
QuEST - Quick Engineering and Sizing Tool

Calculation of the in-breathing capacity: In case there is no frangible seam, emergency venting for
. . . fire emergencies is to be carried out through an emergency
Vin = Vpump out x 0,94 + V thermal in
pressure relief valve. The required capacity for fire emergencies
.
V Fire is rated in accordance with API 2000 (Fig. 3A, English
The thermal capacity thermalIn is rated in API 2000, 5th Ed. (Fig. 2A, units and Fig. 3B, Metric units) depending on the wetted
English units and 2B, Metric units) depending on the tank surface area of the tank.
.
volume. The maximum pumping capacity V pump out is rated in
accordance with the specified operating rates for draining.
Simplified formula for estimating calculation:
Calculation of the out-breathing capacity: .
Vfire = 208,2 x F x A 0,82 for Metric units in Nm3/h
For liquids with flashpoint <100°F (<37,8°C) .
. . . Vfire = 1107 x F x A 0,82 for English units in SCFH
V out = Vpumping in x 2,02 + V thermal out
Insulation is considered with a factor F in API 2000 (Fig. 4A,
For liquids with flashpoint >100°F (>37,8°C) English units and 4B, Metric units).
. . .
V out = V pumping in x 1,01 + V thermal out
.
The thermal capacity V thermal out is rated in API 2000, 5th Ed.
(Fig. 2A, English units and 2B, Metric units) depending on the
tank-volume and the flashpoint. The maximum pumping capacity
.
V pump in is rated in accordance with the specified operating rates
for filling.
Requirements for Thermal Venting Capacity Requirements for Thermal Venting Capacity
(English Units) (Metric Units)
Tank Tank In-breathing Out-breathing Tank Capacity In-breathing Out-breathing

Capacity Capacity thermal in thermal Out thermal in thermal Out
Flashpoint Flashpoint Flashpoint Flashpoint
> 100°F < 100°F > 37,8°C < 37,8°C
Barrels Gallons SCFH Air SCFH Air SCFH Air m 3

Nm /h
3
Nm /h3
Nm3/h
100 4.200 100 60 100 10 1,69 1,01 1,69

500 21.000 500 300 500 20 3,37 2,02 3,37
1.000 42.000 1.000 600 1.000 100 16,90 10,10 16,90
2.000 84.000 2.000 1.200 2.000 200 33,70 20,20 33,70
4.000 168.000 4.000 2.400 4.000 300 50,60 30,30 50,60
5.000 210.000 5.000 3.000 5.000 500 84,30 50,60 84,30

10.000 420.000 10.000 6.000 10.000 1.000 169,00 101,00 169,00
20.000 840.000 20.000 12.000 20.000 2.000 337,00 202,00 337,00
30.000 1.260.000 28.000 17.000 28.000 3.000 506,00 303,00 506,00
40.000 1.680.000 34.000 21.000 34.000 4.000 647,00 472,00 647,00
50.000 2.100.000 40.000 24.000 40.000 5.000 787,00 537,00 787,00
100.000 4.200.000 60.000 36.000 60.000 10.000 1.210,00 807,00 1.210,00
140.000 5.880.000 75.000 45.000 75.000 20.000 1.877,00 1.307,00 1.877,00
160.000 6.720.000 82.000 50.000 82.000 25.000 2.179,00 1.378,00 2.179,00
180.000 7.560.000 90.000 54.000 90.000 30.000 2.495,00 1.497,00 2.495,00
Excerpt from API 2000, 5th Ed. Excerpt from API 2000, 5th Ed.
Figure 2A Figure 2B
KA / 1 / 0321 / GB 21
Emergency Venting required for Fire Exposure Emergency Venting required for Fire Exposure
Versus Wetted Surface Area Versus Wetted Surface Area
. .
Wetted Area A Venting Requirement V Wetted Area A Venting Requirement V
square feet SCFH m2 Nm3/h
20 21.100 2 608
40 42.100 4 1.217
60 63.200 6 1.825
80 84.200 8 2.434
100 105.000 15 4.563
140 147.000 25 6.684
180 190.000 30 7.411
250 239.000 35 8.086
350 288.000 45 9.322
500 354.000 60 10.971
700 428.000 80 12.911
1400 587.000 150 16.532
2800 742.000 260 19.910
Figure 3A Figure 3B
Environmental Factors for non-refrigerated Environmental Factors for non-refrigerated

Above-ground Tanks Above-ground Tanks
Tank-configuration Insulation F - Factor Tank-configuration Insulation F - Factor
Thickness Thickness
inch cm
Bare metal tank 0 1.0 Bare metal tank 0 1,0

insulated tank 1 0.3 insulated tank 2,5 0,3
insulated tank 2 0.15 insulated tank 5 0,15
underground storage 0 underground storage 0
earth covered storage 0.03 earth covered storage 0,03
impoundment away 0.5 impoundment away 0,5
from tank from tank
Figure 4A Figure 4B
22 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Conversion of operational flow into equivalent
diagram flow for use of flow charts
To use the flow charts (pressure vs. flow diagram) by considering
the operational and product data, it is necessary to convert the
.
given operational flow V B,Gas into the equivalent diagram flow
. .
V Dia. This V Dia then creates the same pressure loss as the
actual operational flow.
.
1) Conversion of the operational flow V B,Gas into the standard
.
flow V N,Gas:
. . T * pB . pB * 273,15K
VN, Gas = V B, Gas * N V
TB * pN = B, Gas * TB * 1,013 bar abs.
.
2) Conversion of the standard flow V N,Gas into the equivalent
.
diagram flow V Dia:
. . p N, Gas *pN *TB
VDia = VN, Gas *
p Dia *pG *TN
. p N, Gas *TB * 1,013 barabs.

=V N, Gas* p G * 1,2 kgm * 273,15 K
3
3) Calculation of the average density pN,Gas of a gas-mixture

p N, Gas = (v1 * pN, Gas 1 + v2 * pN, Gas 2 +...+ vx * pN, Gas x )
Terms
.
V = Flow m3/h (CFH)
p = Pressure bar abs (psi abs)
T = Temperature K
p = Specific density kg/m3 (lb / cu ft)
v = Volume fraction
Indexes
N = Standard condition (at 1,013 bar abs and 273,15 K)
B = Operational condition (pressure and temperature
acc. to operation)
Gas = Actual product
Dia = Refers to the diagram when using the flow chart for
sizing (pDia=1,189 kg/m3 related density of air at 20 °C
and 1 bar abs.)
G = Refers to the outlet of the device ( pG back pressure)
for operating conditions
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 23
Venting Requirements for Aboveground Storage Tanks - Sizing and Calculation Formulas
Safety Procedures for Protecting Hazardous Step 3

Explosive Areas in Third Party audited processing Consideration of the operational process parameters of the
plants unburned mixtures and the impact on the combustion behavior:
Step 1 OperatingTemperature

Assessment of the possible combustion process based on < 60°C (< 140°F) Standard, no particular requirements
Standards, e.g., EN 1127-1 General Explosion Protection > 60°C (> 140°F) Special approvals necessary
Methods and EN ISO 16852, or EN 12874 Flame Arresters Operating pressure

 Deflagration in the atmosphere, in the pre-volume < 1,1 bar abs(< 15.95 psi) Standard, no particular
or in a pipeline requirements
> 1,1 bar abs(> 15.95 psi) Special approvals necessary
 Detonation in a pipeline, stable or unstable
 Endurance burning due to continous flow of vapors/gases

in the pipeline or at the opening of a tank Step 4
Step 2 Assessment of the overall system and classification into
Classification of the products based on literature and international hazardous zones according to frequency and duration of
standards EN ISO 16852, VbF, NFPA, British Standard for explosive atmosphere based on national and international
liquids, gases, vapors and multiple component mixtures regulations, e.g., TRBS, IEC, or NFPA/NEC.
 Liquids: subdivided into flammable, highly flammable, and  Zone 0

extremely flammable due to the flash point of the liquid and Constant or frequent explosive atmosphere.
verifying the ignition temperature.
 Zone 1
The classification is following the VbF (previous) and the
Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (Gef. Stoff VO - current): Occasional explosive atmosphere.
 Zone 2
Non-water soluble
No or rare explosive atmosphere.
previous current
(A I FP< 21 °C) FP < 0 °C (32°F) Extremely flammable For risk assessment, the possible ignition sources must be
FP < 21 °C (70°F) Highly flammable evaluated under normal operating conditions as well as under
(A II FP 21–55 °C) FP 21-55°C (70-131°F) Flammable special operating conditions, such as cleaning and maintenance
(A III FP 55–100 °C) - work (see EN 1127-1):
Effective ignition source:
Water soluble
 Steady and continuous under normal operation
previous current
 Solely as a result of malfunctions
(B < FP 21 °C) FP < 0 °C (32°F) Extremely flammable  Solely as a result of rare malfunctions
FP < 21 °C (70°F) Highly flammable
Effective ignition sources are chemical reactions, flames and
FP 21–55 °C (70-131°F) Flammable
hot gases, hot surfaces, mechanical generated sparks, static
electricity, lightning, electromagnetic waves, ultrasonic sparks,
FP = Flashpoint adiabatic compression, shock waves, etc.
Products with a flashpoint FP>55°C (>131°F) become flammable Effectiveness of the ignition source must be compared with the
when being heated close to the flashpoint (∆T = 5 degree safety flammability of the flammable substance.
margin as a rule of thumb for hydrocarbons and 15 degrees for
mixtures).
Vapors: classification of the gas/vapor-air-mixtures
according to the MESG of the substances or the mixture into
the Explosion Groups IIA1, IIA, IIB1, IIB2, IIB3, IIB, and IIC
(NEC Group D, C, and B).
24 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Step 5
Selection, number and location of the suitable equipment,
protective system, and component must follow the requirements
of national and international regulations (ATEX Directive).
For equipment (blowers, agitators, containers, etc.)
 In Zone 0 equipment categorized in group II, cat. 1

Flame arresters tested in accordance with EN ISO 16852 or
EN 12874 fullfil the health and safety requirements of current
ATEX regulations.
Flame arresters are protective systems and are not
categorized. They must be type examination tested and
approved by a Notified Body. They can be installed in all
zones (zone 0, 1, or 2) and are marked with CE to show
conformity with all applicable requirements.
The procedure and the results of the risk assessment must
be verified in the “Explosion Protection Document“. The plant
operator (employer) must confirm that equipment has
the latest technology and that the equipment, protective
systems, and components for intended operation in
potentially explosive atmospheres are in compliance
with ATEX or other international regulations. Process
engineering, plant-layout, material data, zoning, risk assessment,
etc. are part of the protection document, as well as oganizational
measures and the definition of responsibilities.
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 25
Safe Systems in Practice
Overview
Applications
PROTEGO® safety devices are used in a wide range of industrial

applications. A safe process requires reliable protection for
every conceivable operating parameter. Practical examples
show how systems can be made safe and how PROTEGO®
devices can be incorporated into control loops. Engineers are
responsible for the proper organization of the overall system.
PROTEGO® devices offer safety and environmental protection
1 In Storage Tank Farms for Refineries and Chemical Plants

2 In Processing Systems for Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Industries
3 In Vapor Combustion Systems and Flares

4 In Ship Building and Loading Systems Applications of PROTEGO® devices are used in other areas
such as in biogas and landfill gas systems, medical technology,
5 In Vapor Recovery Units
food processing, aircraft construction, automotive engineering,
6 As integrated Component of Equipment, Machines, and IT clean room technology, thin-film technology, etc.
Vessels
26 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Storage Tanks in Tank Farms for Refineries and Chemical Processing Plants (examples)
Storage Tanks
UB/SF DV/ZT
P/EB EB EB P/EB
D/SR DR/ES
DR/ES
AL/DK SV/E SV/E
SE/K
LDA-F SA/S
LDA-W LDA-WF
VD/SV
VD/SV-HRL DV/ZW DV/ZT UB/SF
DR/ES DR/ES
DR/ES
LDA-W LDA-WF
PV/EBR
VD/SV
ER/V
7
LDA-F
DR/ES
DA-G
EF/V LDA
1 Floating roof storage tank with floating-roof drainage vacuum safety relief valve DV/ZT or DV/ZW (→ Sec. 6),
system SE/K (→ Sec. 8), roof valve D/SR (→ Sec. 8) liquid detonation arrester in the filling line LDA-W and
stem-actuated valve AL/DK (→ Sec. 8) with deflagration emptying line LDA-WF (→ Sec. 4)
flame arresters EB (→ Sec. 2) 5 Fixed roof storage tank for non-flammable liquids with
2 Fixed roof storage tank for flammable liquids with pressure pressure and vacuum conservation valve VD/SV
and vacuum diaphragm valve UB/SF (→ Sec. 7), liquid (→ Sec. 5) and emergency pressure relief valve ER/V
detonation flame arrester LDA-F (→ Sec. 4), in the (→ Sec. 5) instead of frangible seam.
protective gas blanket line DR/ES (→ Sec. 4) with DV/ZT
6 Underground storage tank with safety devices in the filling
(→ Sec. 6)
line LDA-F (→ Sec. 4), detonation flame arrester in the
3 Fixed roof storage tank for flammable liquids with drain line DR/ES (→ Sec. 4), and in the vent line DR/ES
pressure safety relief valve P/EB (→ Sec. 7) and vacuum (→ Sec. 4) and VD/SV (→ Sec. 5)
safety relief valve SV/E (→ Sec. 7), liquid detonation
7 Aboveground tank for flammable liquids with pressure
flame arrester LDA-W (→ Sec. 4) and/or LDA-W-F
and vacuum safety relief valve PV/EBR (→ Sec. 7), liquid
(→ Sec. 4) in the filling and emptying line, float-controlled
detonation flame arrester LDA (→ Sec. 4) in the filling
swing pipe system SA/S (→ Sec. 8), detonation-proof gas
line and an additional detonation flame arrester DA-G
displacement connection DR/ES (→ Sec. 4)
(→ Sec. 4) ensures that the tank is not emptied,
4 Fixed roof storage tank for flammable liquids with pressure detonation-proof foot valve for drain line EF/V (→ Sec. 4),
and vacuum relief valve VD/SV-HRL (→ Sec. 7), pressure detonation flame arrester DR/ES (→ Sec. 4) in vapor return
and vacuum relief diaphragm valve UB/SF (→ Sec. 7), pipeline.
connection to gas vent header system with detonation flame
arrester DR/ES (→ Sec. 4) and in-line pressure and
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 27
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing Facilities (examples)
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processing Facilities
UB/SF DR/ES-V 5
SV/T-0-SH
SD/BS-SH DR/SE-SH
UB/SF
DZ/T
DR/ES
DR/ES DR/ES
DR/ES
DR/ES 3
FA-I-T
4
FA-I-P
FA-I-V-T FA-I-T
1 Tank farms for flammable liquids with pressure and vacuum 4 Protection of pressure-resistant radial blowers as type-
relief diaphragm valve UB/SF (→ Sec. 7), connection to approved zone-0 blowers with integrated PROTEGO®
gas vent header system with detonation flame arrester flame arresters FA-I-V-T and FA-I-P (→ Sec. 3).
DR/ES-V or DR/ES (→ Sec. 4), and pressure or vacuum 5 Protection of storage tanks for substances that can only be
relief valve DZ/T (→ Sec. 6).
pumped with assistance of heating systems. These
2 Ventilation of industrial mixers and process vessels in a applications, e.g., bitumen storage, need continually
common vapor vent header via detonation flame arresters heated devices, such as the pressure relief valve SD / BS - H
DR/ES (→ Sec. 4). (→ Sec. 5), vacuum relief valve SV / T - 0 - H (→ Sec. 5), and
heated detonation flame arrester DR / SE – SH for venting
3 Temperature monitored deflagration flame arresters
up to 320 ° C at 6 bar.
FA-I-T (→ Sec. 3) in the inlet line for vapor combustion at
the maximum allowable distance from the ignition source
and installation location of the flame arrester (L/D ratio) an
in parallel for the availability of maintenance or emergency
switchover in case of an endurance burning on the arrester.
Vapor pipeline from plant to vapor combustion unit with
deflagration flame arrester FA-I-T (→ Sec. 3) to protect the
vent header collection line and the operating locations in
the plant.
28 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Vapor Combustion Systems and Flares (examples)
Vapor Combustion Systems and Flares
VD/SV-HRL
EB
DA-SB-T
DR/SBW
FA-I-T
FA-I-T
FA-I-T
1 Flare pipes or ground flares with detonation flame 4 Temperature-monitored deflagration flame arresters
arresters DA-SB-T (→ Sec. 4). FA-I-T (→ Sec. 3) in the inlet line for vapor combustion,
arranged without falling below the maximum allowable
2 Emergency pressure relief stack with endurance burning-
distance from the ignition source and installation location of
proof pressure and vacuum relief valve VD/SV-HRL
the flame arrester (L/D ratio), and in parallel for the availability
(→ Sec. 7).
of maintenance or emergency switchover in case of an
3 Protection of the gasometers with detonation flame arrester endurance burning on the arrester.
DR/SBW (→ Sec. 4) in the gas supply and end-of-line
Vapor pipeline from plant to vapour combustion unit with
deflagration flame arrester EB (→ Sec. 2), which
deflagration flame arrester FA-I-T (→ Sec. 3) to protect the
protects against endurance burning above the diaphragm.
vent header collection line and the operating locations in
the plant.
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 29
Ship Building and Loading Systems (examples)
Ship Building and Loading Systems
DA-SB
DE/S
SV/E-S
BR/TS
DA-SB DA-SB
DA-SB
1 Tankers for flammable products/chemical tankers with Not shown: Offshore platforms/drilling platforms with
detonation flame arresters BR/TS (→ Sec. 4) on the detonation flame arresters DA-SB (→ Sec. 4) and
individual tank, endurance burning-proof high-velocity vent deflagration flame arresters FA-CN (→ Sec. 3), FPSOs
valves DE/S (→ Sec. 7), and explosion-proof vacuum flame (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) with IMO-
arrester SV/E-S (→ Sec. 7). approved detonation flame arresters DA-SB (→ Sec. 4)
and pressure and vacuum relief valves VD/TS (→ Sec. 7),
2 Detonation-proof connection of the gas return line at the
hydraulic control boxes with deflagration flame arresters
loading terminal for flammable liquids with a detonation
BE-AD (→ Sec. 2).
flame arrester DA-SB (→ Sec. 4).
3 Detonation flame arresters DA-SB (→ Sec. 4) in the gas
displacement/gas return line from the loading stations for
tank wagons and tank trucks.
30 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Biogas Systems, Wastewater Treatment, and Landfill Gas Systems (examples)
Biogas Systems, Wastewater Treatment, and Landfill Gas Systems
UB/SF DR/ES
P/EBR
SV/E EB
FA-CN(-T) FA-CN(-T)
FA-CN(-T) FA-CN(-T)
FA-CN(-T)
FA-CN(-T)
1 Protection of the sewage tower and storage tank with 4 Ground flares, block-type thermal power stations, and diesel
a frost-proof pressure and vacuum relief valve UB/SF engine units are potential sources of ignition for
(→ Sec. 7) and with detonation flame arresters DR/ES biogas (methane) air mixture. Suitable flame arresters, that
(→ Sec. 4) in the gas collection line. consider temperature and pressure, must be installed in
the pipe toward the system. Either temperature monitored
2 Protection of desulfurizers for increased temperature
deflagration flame arresters FA-CN-T or FA-E-T (→ Sec. 3)
and pressure with suitable deflagration flame arresters
or detonation flame arresters DA-SB or DR/ES (→ Sec. 4)
FA-CN, FA-CN-T, or FA-E (→ Sec. 3).
must be used if there is a large distance to the potential
3 Protection of the intermediate gasometer in the pressure ignition source.
and vacuum relief line with endurance burning-proof
deflagration flame arrester, end-of-line EB (→ Sec. 2),
emergency venting with deflagration and endurance
burning-proof pressure relief valve P/EBR (→ Sec. 7) and
deflagration-proof vacuum relief valve SV/E (→ Sec. 7).
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 31
Flame Arresters as integrated Equipment Components (examples)
Flame Arresters as integrated Equipment Components
FA-I-P
FA-I-V-T
Blower EV/VD
EV/VS-T
dry running vacuum pump
Flamefilter®, or PROTEGO® flame arresters as OEM Not shown: Flamefilter® used in gas analyzers to
components, are product varieties that are integrated by protect the explosive environment from explosions arising
equipment manufacturers in their brand-name products. in the device from the ignition of the gases or vapors to be
measured or analyzed. PROTEGO® flame arresters are
installed in the pressure and vacuum relief openings of
1 Protection of pressure-resistant radial blowers as type-
airplane fuel tanks to protect from external explosions.
examined zone-0 blowers with integrated PROTEGO®
flame arresters FA-I-V-T and FA-I-P (→ Sec. 3).
2 Protection of dry-running vacuum pumps with PROTEGO®
flame arresters EV/VS-T and EV/VD (→ Sec. 3) at both the
inlet and outlet which are tested and certified together
with the vacuum pump. Other forms of protection
with DR/ES and DR/ES-T (→ Sec. 4) are possible.
32 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Cryogenic Tanks (examples)
Cryogenic Tanks
NB/AP
VN-A-PCPF-NV VN-A-PCPF-NV DA-SB PM-HF PM-HF
VD/SVER/V
V/SV
DA-SB-T
SI/DP
Ammonia Storage Tank
VN-A-PCPF-NV DA-SB
VN-A-PCPF-NV V/SV-XL
LIN-LOX-LAR Storage Tank
● Pilot operated valves that solve instability problems,

such as fluttering and chattering, during operation
DA-SB-T
● Cleaning for oxygen service available upon request
ITV-S ● Cryogenic functional test available upon request
● Low pressure and vacuum conservation vents 
- Full lift technology available (fully open with only
Ethylene Storage Tank 10% overpressure/pressure accumulation) 
- Weight-loaded or spring-loaded
● Extremely low leakage rates on breather valves
(much lower than ISO 28300 and API 2000, 7th Ed.)
VN-A-PCPF-NV DA-SB V/SV-XXL ● Low pressure reducing valves
VN-A-PCPF-NV
● Quick-release bottom outlet valve with pneumatic
ZM-R ER/V V/SV
actuator, in-tank valves
● Internal safety valves with pneumatic and manual actuator
● ATEX approved Flame Arresters 

- End-of-line applications 
DA-SB-T Deflagration Flame Arresters 
Endurance burning-proof Flame Arresters 
- In-line applications 
Deflagration Flame Arresters 
Propylene Storage Tank Detonation Flame Arresters
● Sold globally, serviced locally (PARC)

● Fully ATEX, ISO 9001, and ISO 14001 certified
international company
VN-A-PCPF-NV DA-SB
VN-A-PCPF-NV
V/SV-XXL
Products
VN-A-PCPF-NV, V/SV, ITV-S (→ )  
NB/AP, SI/DP, PM-HF (→ Sec. 9)  
V/SV-XL, V/SV-XXL (→ Sec. 9) 
DA-SB, DA-SB-T (→ Sec. 4)  
VD/SV, ER/V (→ Sec. 5)  
DA-SB-T ZM-R (→ Sec. 6)
LNG Storage Tank

KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 33
Overview of Products and Services
Catalog
Flame Arresters
Deflagration Flame Arresters, end-of-line and Vent Caps.................................................................Section 2
Deflagration flame arresters, deflagration-proof, short time burning-proof, endurance burning-proof
Vent caps without flame arresters
Explosion groups: IIA1, IIA, IIB1, IIB2, IIB3, IIB, IIC
Nominal sizes: 15 to 800 mm (½“ to 32“)
Materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, ECTFE coated
Special designs according to customer specifications
Service and spare parts
Deflagration Flame Arresters............................................................................................................... Section 3

Deflagration flame arresters, in-line deflagration flame arrester units on equipment
Nominal sizes: 10 to 1000 mm (¼“ to 40“)
Detonation Flame Arresters................................................................................................................. Section 4

Detonation flame arresters for stable and unstable detonations
Nominal sizes: 15 to 800 mm (½“ to 32“)
Equipment for Cryogenic Storage Tanks

Equipment for Cryogenic Storage Tanks............................................................................................Section 9
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves – pilot-operated, Vacuum Relief Valves, Change-Over Valve,
In-Tank Valves
Pressure settings: 10 to 1034 mbar (4 to 415.1 inch W.C.)
Nominal sizes: 40 (1 ½“) to 300 (12“)
Materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum
34 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Valves
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, end-of-line ...................................................................................Section 5
Pressure relief valves, vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves,
pressure relief and vacuum valves
Pressure settings: 2 to 200 mbar (0.08 to 8 inch W.C.)
Nominal sizes: 50 to 700 mm (2“ to 28“)
Materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, aluminum, PP, PE, PVDF, PTFE,
ECTFE coated
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves, in-line............................................................................................Section 6

Pressure or vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves, blanketing valves
Materials: carbon steel, stainless steel, Hastelloy, PP, PE, PVDF, ECTFE coated
Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves with Flame Arresters, end-of-line.................................................. Section 7
Pressure relief valves, vacuum relief valves, pressure and vacuum relief valves,
pressure-/vacuum relief diaphragm valves, pressure relief valves, high velocity valves
Deflagration-proof and endurance burning-proof or deflagration-proof only
Tank Accessories and Special Equipment

Level-gauging and sampling equipment..........................................................................................Section 8
Floating suction unit, floating roof drainage system
Floating roof vacuum relief valves, skimming system
Air drying aggregates, sampling and draining valves
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 35
Appendix
Regulations, Laws, Standards, and PROTEGO® Publications
Standardization Committees
Regulations and Laws ASTM F1273-91 Standard Specification for Tank Vent Flame Arresters,
Reapproved 2007
2014/34/EU Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of February
21, 2014 on the approximate of the laws of the Member States concerning NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2015 Ed.
equipment and Protective Systems intended for use in potentially explosive NFPA 36 Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, 2017 Ed.
atmospheres (recast, replace 94/9/EC after April 20, 2016)
NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied
94/9/EC Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of March 23, Natural Gas (LNG), 2016 Ed.
1994, on the approximate of the laws of the Member States concerning
equipmentand Protective Systems intended for use in potentially explosive NFPA 67 Guide on Explosion Protection for Gaseous Mixtures in Pipe Systems,
atmospheres (replaced by 2014/34/EU) 2016 Ed.
1999/92/EC Directive of the Council on minimum requirements for improving NFPA 68, Venting of Deflagrations, 2013 Ed.NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion
the safety and health of workers potentially at risk from explosiveatmospheres Prevention Systems, 2014 Ed.
(individual directive according to article 16 of Directive 89/391/EEC) NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Vapors
2006/42/EC Directive on machinery of 17 May 2006 and of Hazardous Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process
Areas, 2017 Ed.
2014/68/EU (PED) Pressure equipment directive of the EuropeanParliament and
the European Council replace 97/23/EC from 17.7.2015 shall be applied from HSG176 The Storage of Flammable Liquids in Tanks, 2015
July 19, 2016 IEC 60079-10-1 Explosive atmospheres. Classification of areas. Explosive gas
97/23/EC Pressure equipment directive of the European Parliament and the atmospheres, 2016
European Council valid until July 18, 2016 EN 60079-20-1 Explosive atmospheres - Part 20-1: Material characteristics for
1999/13/EC Control of VOC emissions resulting from storage and distribution of gas and vapour classification - Test methods and data (IEC 60079-20-1), 2010
petrol PD CEN/TR 16793:2016 Guide for the selection, application and use of flame
Standards arresters
EN ISO 28300: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - EN ISO 80079-36: 2016 Explosive atmospheres - Part 36: Non-electrical
Venting of atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks, 2008 equipment for explosive atmospheres - Basic method and requirements
(ISO 80079-36:2016)
EN ISO 16852: Flame Arresters - Performance requirements, test methods and
limits for use, 2016 EN ISO 80079-37:2016 Explosive atmospheres - Part 37: Non-electrical type
of protection constructional safety „c“, control of ignition sources „b“, liquid
EN 12874 Flame Arresters: Performance Requirements, Test Methods, and immersion „k“ (ISO 80079-37: 2016) (Endorsed by AENOR in September of
Limits for Use, 2001 2016)
EN 1127-1 Explosive Atmospheres. Explosion Prevention and Protection. Technical Regulations
Part 1: Basic Concepts and Methodology, 2011
Occupational Safety and Health Protection Rules - Explosion Protection Rules
EN 1012-2 Compressors and Vacuum Pumps. Part 2: Vacuum pumps, 2011 (EX-RL), 2015 - German
EN 12255-10 Wastewater Treatment Plants - Part 10: Safety and Construction TRBS 2152 Hazardous explosive atmosphere, 2016
Principles, 2001
TRBS 3151 Vermeidung von Brand-, Explosions- und Druckgefährdungen an
EN 13463-1 Non-Electrical Equipment Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Tankstellen und Füllanlagen zur Befüllung von Landfahrzeugen, 2015
Atmospheres - Part 1: Basic Methods and Requirements, 2009
TRbF 20 Läger, 2002
EN 13463-5 Non-electrical equipment intended for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres - Part 5: Protection by constructional safety ‘c’, 2012 VdTÜV-Merkblatt Tankanlagen 967, 2012
EN ISO/IEC 80079-34 Explosive atmospheres - Part 34: Application of quality VDI 3479, Emission Reduction, Distribution Storage for Mineral Oil Far from
systems for equipment manufacture, 2012 Refineries, 2010
EN 14015 Specification for the Design and Manufacture of Site-Built, GUV-R 127 Regeln für Sicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz, Deponien, 2001
Above-Ground, Vertical, Cylindrical, and Welded Flat-Bottomed, Steel Tanks AO 8.06/77 Explosion Protection in the Manufacture and Processing of
for the Storage of Liquids at Ambient Temperature and Above, Fermented Spirits (Alcohol Memorandum), Institution for Statutory Accident I
Appendix L: Requirements for Pressure and Vacuum Relief Systems, 2005 nsurance and Prevention in the Food Industry and the Catering Trade - German
33 CFR Part Facilities Transferring Oil or Hazardous Material in Bulk TRGS 509 Lagern von flüssigen und festen Gefahrstoffen in ortsfesten Behältern
(USCG-Rule) sowie Füll- und Entleerstellen für ortsbewegliche Behälter 2014 - German
API STD 2000 7th Ed. Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Technical Literature (Selection)
2014
Handbook of Explosion Prevention and Protection (Editor: Steen, H.)
API Publ. 2210 3rd Ed. Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (2008)
Products, 2000 (in revision)
Lexikon Explosionsschutz, Sammlung definierter Begriffe, Berthold Dyrba,
API Publ. 2028 2nd Ed. Flame Arresters in Piping, 1991 Carl Heymanns Verlag (2006)
API Bulletin 2521, Use of Pressure-Vacuum Vent Valves for Atmospheric 6. Nachtrag zu Sicherheitstechnischen Kennzahlen brennbarer Gase und
Pressure Tanks to Reduce Evaporation Loss,1993 Dämpfe (K. Nabert, G. Schön), Deutscher Eichverlag GmbH, Braunschweig 1990
ANSI/UL 525, 6th Ed. Standard for Flame Arresters, 1994
36 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Brandes, E., Möller W. Safety Characteristic Data Volume 1: Flammable Liquids New standards for flame arresters and tank venting; Dr. T. Heidermann;
and Gases, Schünemann Verlag, 2008 13th International Symposium on Loss Prevention
Schampel K.: Flammendurchschlagsicherungen, Expert Verlag, 1988 FLAME TRANSMISSION TESTS WITH P/V VALVES;
Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann; Test Report, 2007
Brandes, E., März, G., Redeker, T., Normspaltweiten von Mehr-Brennstoff-
komponenten-Gemischen in Abhängigkeit der Brennstoffzusammensetzung, FLAME ARRESTERS; Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann; Perry´s chemical
PTB-Bericht PTB-W-69, Juni 1997 engineers, Handbook, 8th Ed. Green Perry; 23-92
Steen, H., Schampel, K.: Stoffabhängigkeit der Wirkung flammendurchschlag- CFD-Modeling for Optimizing the Function of Low-Pressure Valves;F. Helmsen,
sicherer Einrichtungen. Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 6, Nr. 122 1983 T. Kirchner; Process and Plant Safety; 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA
Schampel, K.: Verhinderung eines Dauerbrandes an Flammendurchschlag-
sicherungen in Lüftungsleitungen von Behältern und Apparaturen, 2. Sicher- Sicherheit bei Problemprodukten; Dr. M. Davies/Dr. P. Bosse/ T. Klocke;
heitstechnische Vortragsveranstaltung über Fragen des Explosionsschutzes, POWTECH, TECHNOPHARM, EXPLORISK
PTB-Bericht W-20 (1983) 20-29. New ISO standard for flame arresters to increase explosion isolation efficiency;
Bartknecht, W.: Explosionsschutz, Grundlagen und Anwendungen, Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann/Dr. P. Bosse; HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING
Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1993 No safe substitute, FLAME ARRESTERS; HAZARDOUS CARGO BULLETIN,
Prof. Dr. Hans Witt, Explosionsschutz bei Ventilatoren, Witt & Sohn GmbH&Co., 2008
Pinneberg, 1998 Schwerpunkt: Lagerung: Flammen filtern; T. Schaper/Dr. P. Bosse; Gefährliche
Meidinger, Ventilatoren zur Förderung von Gas/Luft- oder Dampf/Luftgemischen Ladung, 2005
der Zone 0, 1998 A conservation vents is not a safe substitute for a flame arrester;
Eberhard Grabs, Anforderungen an explosionsgeschützte Vakuumpumpen - Dr. T. Heidermann/Dr. M. Davies/D. Preusse; HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING,
Ergebnisse einer Risikobewertung - Veröff. in PTB Mitteilungen 106 5/96 2008
U. Füssel, Vakuum ohne Abwässer - Trockenläufer setzen sich durch, Venting Technologies for reducing vapour losses; Dr. P. Bosse/ Dr. M. Davies;
Chemie Technik, 1998 HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING, 2008
U. Friedrichsen, Konzept erfolgreich getestet - Trockenlaufende Vakuumpumpe Auslegung, sicherer Betrieb und Instandhaltung von Schutzsystemen in
sichert wirtschaftlichen Prozess, Chemie Technik, 1998 explosionsgefährdeten überwachungsbedürftigen Anlagen; Dr. V. Halstrick;
Technische Sicherheit, 2012
Bjerketvedt, D., Bakke, J.R., van Wingerden, K.: Gas Explosion
Handbook,Journal of Hazardous Materials 52 (1997), 1 – 150 Protect Your Process With The Proper Flame Arresters. Dr. M. Davies,
Dr. T. Heidermann, CEP, 2013
Redeker, T.: Sicherheitstechnische Kennzahlen – Basis für den Explosions-
schutz, 9. Internationales Kolloquium für die Verhütung von Arbeitsunfällen und Alt neben Neu - Konzept für qualifizierte und regelmäßigeWartung;
Berufskrankheiten in der chemischen Industrie Luzern, 1984 T. Anderssohn; Verfahrenstechnik, 2012
Stanley S. Grossel: Deflagration und Detonation Flame Arresters, 2002 Flammendurchschlagsicherungen - Planung, Betrieb, Wartung;T. Anderssohn;
Industriearmaturen, 2013 R. Raman, D. Moncalvo,T. Heidermann, S. Kostos;
PROTEGO Publications
®
Overfilling Protection for Weak Tanks, CCPS 2015
Absicherung der Abblaseleitung eines Sicherheitsventils durch eine Deflagra
Influence of Overpressure in Pressure Vacuum Safety Valves on Emission
tionsendsicherung; Dr. T. Heidermann/H. Kuchta; Technische Überwachung,
Reduction and Explosion Risk Minimization of Atmospheric Storage Tanks;
2003
11th Global Congress of Process Safety;Dr.-Ing. Davide Moncalvo,
In-line Flame Arresters to Prevent Flashback of Thermal Combustion Units; Dr.-Ing. Michael Davies, 2015
Dr. T. Heidermann/Dr. M. Davies; Wiley InterScience, 2006
Overfilling Protection for Weak Tanks, 11th Global Congress of Process Safety;
Keeping explosion in isolation; Dr. T. Heidermann/Dr. M. Davies/ Dr. P. Bosse; Rahul Raman, Justin Phillips, 2015
HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING, 2008
“Breathing losses from low-pressure storage tanks due to atmospheric weather
A Research Study on Safe Application of Flame Arresters for Thermal change”; Dr. D. Moncalvo, Dr. M. Davies, R. Weber, R. Stolz; Journal of Loss
Com- bustion Units; Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann/D.Long; HYDROCARBON Prevention in the Process Industries 43, 2016
ENGINEERING, 2008
“Testing and applying flame arresters to prevent large terminal fires”;
FLAME ARRESTERS FOR PLANTS HANDLING ACETYLENE AND ETHY-LENE Dr. M. Davies, D. Long; Tank Storage Magazine, 2017
OXIDE; D. Long/Dr. T. Heidermann; IChemE, 2009
“Explosionsschutz auf Binnentankschiffen”; Dr. T. Heidermann;
Leben schützen, Werte erhalten; Hochgeschwindigkeitsventile in der Binnenschifffahrt, 2017
Edelmetallverarbeitung; Dr. T. Heidermann; Verfahrenstechnik, 2009
“Storage Instability” - Dr Michael Davies, Dr Davide Moncalvo,
Flames under arrest; Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann; HYDROCARBON Thorsten Schaper, Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH,
ENGINEERING, 2012 discuss how to solve pilot valve instability on cryogenic storage tanks.
FLAME ARRESTERS; Testing and applying flame arresters;

Dr. M. Davies/Dr. T. Heidermann; INDUSTRIALFIRE JOURNAL, 2011
Conservation vents do not substitute arresters; Dr. M. Davies/ Dr. T. Heidermann;

Tank Storage Magazine, 2010
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 37
Appendix
Glossary
Term Description Source

accumulation pressure increase over the MAWP of the vessel allowed during ISO 28300
discharge through the pressure-relief device
adjusted set pressure inlet static pressure at which a pressure-relief valve is adjusted to ISO 28300-3.2
open on the test stand
ambient air normal atmosphere surrounding the equipment and protection EN 13237 - 3.1
system
ambient temperature temperature of the air or other medium where the equipment is to EN 13237 - 3.2
be used (IEV 826-01-04) (IEC 60204-32:1998) Note: For the
application of the Directive 94/9/EC, only air is considered
atmospheric conditions atmospheric conditions are pressures from 80 kPa till 110 kPa and ISO 16852 - 3.25
temperatures from -20°C up to +60°C
atmospheric discharge release of vapors from pressure-relieving and depressuring ISO 23251 – 3.4
devices to the atmosphere
back pressure pressure that exists at the outlet of a safety valve as a result of ISO 4126-3.11
pressure in the discharge system
bi-directional flame arrester a flame arrester which prevents flame transmission from both sides ISO 16852 - 3.13
blow down difference between set pressure and reseating pressures; normally ISO 4126 – 3.15
stated as a percentage of set pressure except for pressures of less
then 3 bar when the blowdown is expressed in bar
check valve valve that prevents backflow against flow direction -
coating protective painting with defined layer-thickness -
coefficient of discharge value of actual flowing capacity divided by theoretical flowing ISO 4126-3.20
capacity (from calculation)
component a component that is required for the safe operation of equipment EN 13237-A.7
and protective systems without performing an autonomous function
itself
condensate drain screw screw to drain the condensate -
conventional pressure-relief valve spring-loaded pressure-relief valve whose operational ISO 23251 - 3.20
characteristics are directly affected by changes in the back
pressure
deflagration explosion propagating at subsonic velocity (EN 1127-1:1997) EN 13237 - 3.6
deflagration flame arrester flame arrester designed to prevent the transmission of a ISO 16852 - 3.14
deflagration. It can be an end-of-line flame arrester or an in-line
flame arrester
design pressure (tank) max. permissible over-pressure of a tank in the space above the DIN EN 14015
stored liquid
design pressure / pressure, together with the design temperature, used to determine ISO 23251 - 3.23
design temperature the minimum permissible thickness or physical characteristic of
(general design) each vessel component, as determined by the vessel design rules
design vacuum max. permissible vacuum (negative gauge pressure) in the space -
(negative gauge pressure) above the stored liquid
detonation explosion propagating at supersonic velocity and characterized by EN 13237 - 3.8
a shock wave (EN 1127-1: 1997)
detonation flame arrester flame arrester designed to prevent the transmission of a ISO 16852 3.15
detonation. It can be an end-of-line flame arrester or an in-line
flame arrester
38 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Glossary

diaphragm valve valve where the moving valve part consists of a diaphragm -
emergency venting venting required when an abnormal condition, such as ruptured ISO 28300 - 3.4
internal heating coils or an external fire, exists either inside or
outside a tank
emergency venting valves pressure relief valves for emergency venting -
empty lift safety device safety device which prevents the emptying of a liquid detonation -
safety device up to a maximum suction power
end-of-line flame arrester flame arrester that is fitted with one pipe connection only ISO 16852 - 3.21
endurance burning stabilized burning for an unlimited time ISO 16852 - 3.6
endurance burning flame arrester flame arrester that prevents flame transmission during and after ISO 16852 - 3.16
endurance burning
equipment machines, appliances, fixed or mobile devices, control parts and EN 13237 - 3.13
accessories, and warning and prevention systems, whether
separate or combined, intended for the generation, transfer,
storage, measurement, control, and conversion of energy, and for
the processing of materials, which have their own potential source
of ignition and may cause an explosion
equipment category within an equipment group, a category is the classification EN 13237 – 3.26
according to the required level of protection
explosion abrupt oxidation or decomposition reaction producing an increase ISO 16852 - 3.7
in temperature, pressure, or in both simultaneously
explosion limits limits of explosion range EN 13237 - 3.19
explosive atmosphere a mixture of air and flammable substance in the form of gases, EN 13237 - 3.28
vapors, mists or dusts under atmospheric conditions in which, after
ignition, spreads to the entire unburned mixture
explosion pressure resistant characteristic of vessels and equipment designed to withstand the EN 13237 - 3.23.1
expected explosion pressure without permanent deformation
explosion shock proof characteristic of vessels and equipment designed to withstand EN 13237 - 3.23.2
the expected explosion pressure without bursting, but which may
sustain permanent deformation
flame arrester device fitted to the opening of an enclosure, or to the connecting ISO 16852 - 3.1
pipe work of a system of enclosures, and whose intended function
is to allow flow but prevent the transmission flame
flame arrester housing portion of a flame arrester whose principal function is to provide ISO 16852 - 3.2
a suitable enclosure for the flame arrester element and allow
mechanical connections to other systems
flame arrester unit flame arrester casing with FLAMEFILTER® set -
flame transmission-proof characteristic of a device to avoid flashback -
FLAMEFILTER ®
internationally registered trademark of Braunschweiger -
Flammenfilter GmbH for flame arrester element made of
crimped ribbon
FLAMEFILTER® casing enclosure for FLAMEFILTER® including insert rings -
FLAMEFILTER® gap width the triangular height of a FLAMEFILTER® -
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 39
Appendix
Glossary

FLAMEFILTER® set combination of FLAMEFILTER® with spacers -
flammable gas or vapor gas or vapor which, when mixed with air in certain proportions, EN 13237 - 3.36.1
will form an explosive gas atmosphere (EN 60079-10:1996)
flammable liquid liquid capable of producing a flammable vapor under any EN 13237-3.36.2
foreseeable operating condition (EN 60079-10:1996)
flammable material material which is flammable of itself, or is capable of producing EN 13237 - 3.37
a flammable gas, vapor or mist (EN 60079-10-3.20)
flammable substances substance in the form of gas, vapor, liquid, solid, or mixtures of EN 13237 - 3.37
these, able to undergo an exothermic reaction with air when ignited
(EN 1127-1:1997)
flashback phenomenon occurring in a flammable mixture of air and gas when ISO 23251 - 3.34
the local velocity of the combustible mixture becomes less than
the flame velocity, causing the flame to travel back to the point of
mixture
flashpoint lowest temperature at which, under certain standardized EN 13237 - 3.38
conditions, vapors develop from the liquid in such quantity that
they are capable of forming a flammable vapor/air mixture
floating cover structure which floats on the surface of a liquid inside a fixed roof EN 14015 - 3.1.22
tank, primarily to reduce vapor loss
floating exhaust system movable pipeline, with or without float gauge, within a storage tank -
for filling and emptying
floating roof metallic structure which floats on the surface of a liquid inside an EN 14015 - 3.1.21
open top tank shell, and in complete contact with this surface
floating suction devices mechanical device, sometimes articulated, installed in some tanks, EN 14015 - 3.1.28
which floats on the liquid surface and only permits product to be
withdrawn from this point; commonly adopted for aviation fuel
storage tanks
foot valve flame arrester flame arrester designed to use the liquid product combined with ISO 16852 - 3.19.2
a non-return valve to form a barrier to flame transmission
free vents open vents EN 14015 - 3.1.40
gauging and sampling device equipment for stating the liquid level within storage tanks as well -
as for sampling from any height within the stored substance
gauging nozzle opening at a storage tank for gauging or sampling -
gauging pipe pipe within the storage tank for determining the liquid level and for -
sampling - in flashback-proof or regular design
gauging probe device for determining the liquid levels in storage tanks -
guide pipe pipe for guiding the guide spindle of a valve pallet -
guide rod component (rod) for guiding the valve pallet -
guide sleeve component for guiding, e.g., the guide spindle of a valve pallet -
guide spindle orthogonal to valve pallet section, centrically arranged pipe for -
guiding the valve pallet
hazardous area atmosphere which may become explosive due to local and EN 13237 - 3.28.2
operational conditions
hazardous explosive explosive atmosphere which, in the event of an explosion, causes EN 13237 – 3.28.1
atmosphere damage
40 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Glossary

heat release total heat liberated by combustion of the relief gases based on the ISO 23251 - 3.36
lower heating value
heating jacket enclosed space for heating a device which encloses all or part of -
the device
high velocity vent valve pressure relief valve designed to have nominal flow velocities that ISO 16852 - 3.18
(dynamic flame arrester) exceed the flame velocity of the explosive mixture, resulting in
prevention of flame transmission
housing enclosure of a product or component -
hydraulic flame arrester flame arrester designed to break the flow of an explosive mixture ISO 16852 - 3.20
into discrete bubbles in a water column, thus preventing flame
transmission
ignition source any source with enough energy to initiate combustion -
ignition temperature the lowest temperature (a hot surface) at which, under specified EN 13237 - 3.45
(of a combustible gas or of a test conditions, ignition of a combustible gas or vapor occurs in a
combustible liquid) mixture with air or air/inert gas
inert gas non-flammable gas which will not support combustion and does EN 13237 - 3.46
not react to produce a flammable gas
inerting replacing atmospheric oxygen in a plant with a non-reactive, non- EN 13237 - 3.47
flammable gas to prevent flame propagation in the atmosphere of
a plant
in-line flame arrester flame arrester that is fitted with two pipe connections, one on each ISO 16852 - 3.22
side of the flame arrester
in-tank valve emergency valve in the tank bottom which closes immediately in -
case of downstream piping rupture
integrated temperature sensor temperature sensor integrated into the flame arrester, as specified ISO 16852 - 3.24
by the manufacturer of the flame arrester, in order to provide a
signal suitable to activate counter measures
leak rate measure of the amount of substance (liter per second) flowing -
through a leak in the fitting
left-wound orientation (angle) of gaps of crimped ribbon element -
lift actual travel of the valve disc away from the closed position ISO 4126 - 3.16
limiting oxygen concentration maximum oxygen concentration in a mixture of a flammable EN 13237 - 3.49
(LOC) substance with air and inert gas in which an explosion does not
occur, determined under specified test conditions
lining protective plastic lining with a defined minimum/maximum -
thickness to protect against aggressive mixtures (e.g., acid)
liquid seal flame arrester flame arrester designed to use the liquid product to form a barrier ISO 16852 - 3.19.1
to flame transmission
liquid seal (water seal) device that directs the flow of relief gases through a liquid ISO 23251-3.43
(normally water) on the path to the flare burner, used to protect
the flare header from air infiltration or flashback, to divert flow, or
to create back pressure for the flare header
lower explosion limit (LEL) the lowest limit in the explosion range at which an explosion can EN 132237 – 3.19.2
occur
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 41
Appendix
Glossary

maintenance combination of all technical and administrative actions, including EN 13237 - 3.78
supervision actions, intended to maintain or restore a unit in
working order
malfunction devices, protective system, and components do not fulfill their EN 13237 - 3.50
intended function
manifold piping system for the collection and/or distribution of a fluid to or ISO 23251 - 3.45
from multiple flow paths
maximum allowable explosion maximum explosion pressure measured during the explosion EN 13237 - 3.21.1
pressure pressure test when the proportion of combustible substances in
the mixture is varied
maximum allowable pressure maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed as 97/23/EC (PED)
(pressure equipment) specified by the manufacturer
maximum allowable maximum temperature for which the equipment is designed as 97/23/EC (PED)
temperature specified by the manufacturer
(pressure equipment)
maximum allowable working maximum gauge pressure permissible at the top of a completed ISO 23251 - 3.47
pressure (MAWP) vessel in its normal operating position at the designated coincident
temperature specified for that pressure
maximum experimental safe gap the maximum gap width between the two parts of the interior -
(MESG) chamber of the test equipment which, when the internal gas
mixture is ignited and under specified conditions, prevents ignition
of the external gas mixture through a 25 mm long joint for all
concentrations of the tested gas or vapor in air. The MESG is a
property of the respective gas mixture (EN 1127-1: 1997) Note:
IEC 60079-1 A standardizes the test equipment and the test
method
maximum operating maximum temperature reached when a piece of equipment or -
temperature protective system is operating under its intended operating
conditions
measurable type flame arrester where the quenching gaps of the flame arrester ISO 16852 - 3.17.1
(static flame arrester) element can be technically drawn, measured and controlled
melting element component which melts at a defined temperature and triggers -
an action (opening of hood, closing of valve)
most inflammable explosive explosive atmosphere with a concentration of flammable -
atmosphere substances which, under specified conditions, requires the
smallest amount of energy to ignite
nominal size (DN) alphanumeric designation of size that is common for ISO 4126-1.3.22
components used in a piping system, used for reference purposes,
compromising the letters DN followed by a dimensionless number
having an indirect correspondence to the physical size of the bore
or outside diameter of the component end connection
non-measurable type flame arrester where the quenching gaps of the flame arrester ISO 16852 - 3.17.2
(static flame arrester) element cannot be technically drawn, measured or controlled
(e.g. random structures such as knitted mesh, sintered materials
and gravel beds)
normal pressure venting outbreathing under normal operating conditions EN 14015 - 3.1.35
(pumping product into the tank and thermal outbreathing)
normal vacuum venting inbreathing under normal operating conditions EN 14015 - 3.1.36
(pumping product out of the tank and thermal in-breathing)
42 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Glossary

normal venting venting required because of operational requirements or ISO 28300 – 3.7
atmospheric changes
opening pressure the vacuum or gauge pressure at which the valve reaches the DIN 3320 - 54
distance required for mass flow to be released; it is equal to the
set pressure plus overpressure
operating pressure pressure existing at normal operating conditions within the system ISO 4126-2:2003(E)
being protected - 3.16
operating temperature temperature reached when the equipment is operating under -
design conditions
overpressure pressure increase over the set pressure. Overpressure is usually ISO 4126 - 3.7
expressed as a percentage of the set pressure
pallet type valve (disc valve) valve with disc-shaped seal and axial guide -
pilot-operated pressure relief valve pressure relief valve in which the major relieving device or main ISO 23251 - 3.52
valve is combined with and controlled by a self-actuated auxiliary
pressure-relief valve (pilot)
pilot-operated valve valve controlled by a control device (pilot) -
pipe away valve pressure or vacuum valve to which a vent pipe may be connected EN 14015 - 3.1.44
pressure (gauge pressure) Pressure for which the value is equal to the algebraic difference ISO 21013-2:2007
between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure
pressure-relief valve valve designed to open and relieve excess pressure and to reclose ISO 23251 - 3.56
and prevent the further flow of fluid after normal conditions have
been restored
pressure/vacuum valve (PV valve) weight-loaded, pilot-operated, or spring-loaded valve used to EN 14015 - 3.1.41
relieve excess pressure and/or vacuum that has developed in
a tank
pre-volume flame arrester flame arrester that, after ignition by an internal ignition source, ISO 16852 - 3.23
prevents flame transmission from inside an explosion-pressure-
resistant containment (e.g. a vessel or closed pipe work) to the
outside, or into the connecting pipe work
product includes equipment, protective systems, devices, components and -
combinations of these
protective screen component which allows free flow but prevents the passage of -
foreign matter, e.g., animals
protective system all devices, with the exception of components (see A.6) of the EN 13237 – A.5
equipment, intended to immediately stop explosions and/or to limit
the area affected by an explosion and separately placed on the
market as autonomous systems
quenching cooling of a fluid by mixing it with another fluid of a lower ISO 23251 - 3.59
temperature
relieving pressure pressure at the inlet of a relief device when the fluid is flowing at ISO 28300 - 3.15
the required relieving capacity
reseating pressure value of the inlet static pressure at which the disc re-establishes ISO 4126 - 3.8
contact with the seat or at which the lift becomes zero
right-wound orientation (angle) of gaps of crimped ribbon element -
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 43
Appendix
Glossary

ring-shaped flame arresting unit flame arrester consisting of ring-shaped crimped ribbons -
safety shut-off valve a safety shut-off valve is a valve which closes automatically to DIN 3320-2
prevent a predetermined gauge pressure from being exceeded
safety valve valve which automatically, without the assistance of any ISO 4126 - 3.1
energy other than that of the fluid concerned, discharges a quantity
ofthe fluid so as to prevent a predetermined safe pressure being
exceeded, and which is designed to re-close and prevent further
flow of fluid after normal pressure conditions of service have been
restored
sampling and air bleed valve flashback-proof and non-flashback-proof taps or valves for out- -
breathing and in-breathing plant components
set pressure gauge pressure at the device inlet at which the relief device is set ISO 28300 - 3.19
to start opening under service conditions
set vacuum internal negative gauge pressure at which a vacuum valve first EN 14015 – 3.1.4
opens
shock absorber component to reduce the kinetic energy of a detonation -
Shock-Wave-Guide-Tube (SWGT) component for decoupling of shock wave and flame front: -
PROTEGO® patent
short time burning stabilized burning for a specific time ISO 16852 - 3.5
spacer component that is installed on and between the crimped ribbon -
elements of a flame arrester
sparge pipe inlet pipe into the stored substances of a hydraulic flame arrester -
stabilized burning steady burning of a flame stabilized at, or close to the flame ISO 16852 - 3.4
arrester element
stable detonation a detonation is stable when it progresses through a confined ISO 16852 - 3.10
system without significant variation of velocity and pressure
characteristics
static electricity build-up of an electrical difference of potential or charge, through EN 14015 - 3.1.18
friction of dissimilar materials or substances e.g. product flow
through a pipe
static flame arrester flame arrester designed to prevent flame transmission by ISO 16852 - 3.17
quenching gaps
stoichiometric air chemically correct ratio of fuel to air capable of perfect combustion ISO 23251 - 3.73
with no infused fuel or air
storage tank/vessel fixed tank or vessel that is not part of the processing unit in ISO 23251 - 3.74
petrochemical facilities, refineries, gas plants, oil and gas
production facilities, and other facilities
swivel joint part of a swing pipe system -
temperature class classification of equipment, protective systems, or components EN 13237 - 3.63
for explosive atmospheres based on their maximum surface
temperature, or to classify flammable gases and vapors according
to their ignition temperature
temperature sensor temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature -
test pressure pressure to test the static strength and/or tightness of a device -
theoretical discharge capacity calculated capacity expressed in mass or volumetric units of a ISO 4126-1:3.19
theoretically perfect nozzle having a cross-sectional flow area
equal to the flow area of a safety valve
44 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Glossary

thermal inbreathing movement of air or blanketing gas into a tank, when vapours in the ISO 28300 - 3.20
tank contract or condense as a result of weather changes
(e.g. decrease in atmospheric temperature)
thermal outbreathing movement of air or blanketing gas out of a tank, when vapors in ISO 28300 - 3.21
the tank expand and liquid in the tank vapourizes as a result of
weather changes (e.g. increase in atmospheric temperature)
unstable detonation detonation during the transition of a combustion process from a ISO 16852 - 3.11
deflagration into a stable detonation. The transition occurs in a
limited spatial zone where the velocity of the combustion wave
is not constant and where the explosion pressure is significantly
higher than in a stable detonation
upper explosion limit (UEL) highest concentration limit in the explosion range with which an EN 13237-3.19.2
explosion can occur
valve disc guide valve element for guiding a valve pallet -
valve lift actual travel of the valve pallet away from the closed position -
when a valve is relieving
valve pallet gasket sealing element between valve pallet and valve seat -
vent cap end-of-line device for free out-breathing and in-breathing of plant -
components. This device can be flame transmission-proof
vent header piping system that collects and delivers the relief gases to the vent ISO 23251 - 3.78
stack
vent pipes pipes for valves with pipeline connection EN 14015 - 3.1.45
venting system system which consists of pipeline and devices for free out- -
breathing and in-breathing of plant components
venting system with flame vent and vent hood or pressure/vacuum valves combined with DIN EN 14015 -
arresting capability a flame arrester or with integrated flame arresting elements 3.1.42
vessel container or structural envelope in which materials are processed, ISO 23251 - 3.80
treated or stored
zone 0 a place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture 1999/92/EC – appx. 1
with air of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapor or mist
is present continuously or for long periods or frequently
is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally
is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will
persist for a short period only
zones for gases/vapors hazardous areas are classified into zones based on the frequency 1999/92/EC – appx. 1
and duration of the occurrence of an explosive gas atmosphere;
the definitions are only applicable to equipment group II
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 45
Materials, Terms, and Conversion Tables
Pressure DN 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100
14.504 psi 1 lb/ft2 = 47,88 N/m2
1 bar =
= 29.530 inch Hg = 0,4788 mbar Size 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 21/2 3 4
= 0.987 atm = 4,882 mm WC
= 401.46 inch W.C. DN 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
1 mbar =
0.0145 psi 1 inch W.C. = 249,09 N/m2 Size 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
= 0.0295 inch Hg = 2,4909 mbar
= 0.4015 inch W.C. = 25,4 mm WC
= 2.089 lb/ft2 1 inch Hg = 33,864 mbar DN 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Size 28 32 36 40 48 56 64 72 80
1 kPa = 10 mbar 1 psi = 68,94757 mbar
1 inch H2O =
2,49089 mbar 1 inch Hg = 33,8639 mbar
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 psi = 1 lb/in2
Length
Temperature 1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 inch = 25,4 mm
To convert ºC in ºF use TF = 32 + 1,8 TC 1 m = 3.2808 ft 1 ft = 12 inch = 0,3048 m
0ºC = 32ºF = 1.0936 yards 1 yard = 3 ft = 0,9144 m
100ºC = 212ºF 1 km = 0.621 miles 1 mile = 1,609 km
5/9 (T - 32)
To convert ºF in ºC use TC = F
0ºF = -17,8ºC
100ºF = 37,8ºC Area
1cm2 = 0.1550 sq inch 1 sq inch = 6,4516 cm2
Material 1 m2 = 10.7639 sq ft 1 sq ft = 0,0929 m2
DIN Material DIN-Material ASTM-Material = 1.196 sq yards 1 sq yard = 0,836 m2
Number 1km2 = 100 hectares
0.6020 GG 20 A 278-30 C.I. = 0.3861 sq miles
0.7040 GGG 40 A 536-77 C.I. = 247 acres
1.0619 GS-C 25 A 216 Gr. WCB C.S.
1.4301 X5 CrNi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 304 S.S.
1.4408 G-X6 CrNiMo 18 10 A 351 Gr. CF 8 M S.S. Volume
1.0425 P 265 GH A 515 Gr. 60 C.S. 1 cm3 = 0.06102 cu inch 1 cu inch = 16,3870 cm3
1.4541 X6 CrNiTi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 321 S.S. 1 liter = 0.03531 cu ft 1 cu ft = 28,317 liter
1.4571 X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 A 240 Gr. 316 Ti S.S. = 0.21997 gal (UK) 1 gal (UK) = 4,5461 liter
3.2581 AC 44200 A 413 Alu = 0.26417 gal (US) 1 gal (US) = 3,785 liter
Ta Tantal UNS R05200 1 m3 = 35.315 cu ft 1 cu ft = 0,028317 m3
2.4610 NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti UNS N06455 C-4 = 6.290 petr. barrels 1 petr. barrel = 0,15899 m3
2.4686 G-NiMo 17 Cr UNS N30107 Casting
2.4602 NiCr 21 Mo 14 W UNS N06022 C-22
2.4819 NiMo 16 Cr 15 W UNS N10276 C-276 Mass
1 g = 0.03527 oz 1 oz = 28,35 g
The applicable materials are specified in the quotation or the order 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 lb = 16 oz
acknowledgement: = 0,4536 kg
In general the following means
CS (Carbon steel) = 1.0619 or 1.0425
SS (Stainless steel) = 1.4408 or 1.4571 Velocity and Volume Flow
Hastelloy = 2.4686 or 2.4602 1 m/s = 196.85 ft/min 1 ft/min = 0,508 cm/s
1 km/h = 0.6214 mph 1 mph = 1,60934 km/h
Important differences: US decimals in accordance with 1 m3/h = 4.403 gal/min (US) 1 gal/min (US) = 0,227 m3/h
SI-System = 3.666 gal/min (UK) 1 gal/min (UK) = 0,273 m3/h
e.g. 1 m = 100 cm = 100,00 cm (UK/US: 100.00 cm) = 0.5886 cu ft/min 1 cu ft/min = 28,317 liter/min
1 km = 1.000 m = 1.000,00 m (UK/US: 1,000.00 m) 1 kg/h = 0.0367 lb/min 1 lb/min = 27,216 kg/h
1 cu ft/h = 0,028317 m3/h
Sealings and Coatings
PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene
PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride Torsion
PFA = perfluoralkoxy polymer 1 Nm = 0.738 lb ft 1 lb ft = 1,36 Nm
FPM 70 = fluoropolimer elastomer
WS 3822 = aramide and anorganic fibers as well as mineral
reinforcement materials bonded with NBR rubber Density
ECTFE = ethylene chlorotrifluoro etylene 1 kg/dm3 = 62.43 lb/cu ft 1 lb/cu ft = 0,016 kg/dm3
FEP = perfluoroethylene propylene
46 KA / 1 / 0619 / GB
Design Data Sheet for PROTEGO® - Valves and Flame Arresters
Project Data Sheet

Quotation-No. Order-No.
Project-No. Project Reference
Valve / Flame Arrester Tag No. Tank / Vessel No.
Storage Tank / Vessel
 aboveground diameter m/ft design pressure mbar/inch W.C.
 underground height m/ft design vacuum mbar/inch W.C.
 insulated wall height m/ft pumping-in-rate m³/h cu ft/min
ins. thickness mm / inch blanketing level m/ft pumping-out-rate m³/h cu ft/min
 inert gas inert gas blanketing level tank design standard
Stored Product Offgas/Vapor-Composition
Components Flashpoint CAS MESG Ex.-
Name Formula Vol.% °C/°F mm/inch Group
Processing Plant
design temperature °C/°F design pressure bar/psi
operating temperature °C/°F operating pressure bar/psi back pressure mbar/inch W.C.
Installation
 in-line  horizontal distance to source of ignition m/ft
 end-of-line  vertical
Function
 pressure  endurance burning proof  temperature monitored on side
 vacuum  short-time burning proof  temperature monitored both side
 pressure/vacuum combined  deflagration proof  pressure monitored
 detonation proof  bidirectional flame arrester
Valve and Flame Arrester Data
.
size nominal DN flow V m³/h cu ft/min density kg/m³ lb/cu ft
pressure nominal PN inlet flange DN PN form
set pressure mbar/inch W.C. outlet flange DN PN form
set vacuum mbar/inch W.C. pressure drop ∆p mbar/inch W.C.
Material
pressure carrying parts internals lining
Inspection/Documentation
material certificate works certificate performance certificate
Piping Flow Diagram (excerpt) / Additional Remarks / Miscellaneous → refer to seperate sheet
Fill in and  check, if applicable
signed: date: approved: released:
KA / 1 / 0619 / GB 47
Germany
PROTEGO Headquarters:
Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH
Industriestrasse 11
38110 Braunschweig
: PROTEGO® Headquarters
phone: +49(0)5307-809-0
fax: +49(0)5307-7824 : PROTEGO® Subsidiaries
email: office@protego.com : PROTEGO® Representatives
Russia USA Spain Great Britain

PROTEGO RUS  PROTEGO (USA) Inc. PROTEGO España PROTEGO UK Ltd.
Teterinsky pereulok 4, building 1 9561 Palmetto Commerce Parkway Pintor Serra Santa, 19 Studio 1, Europa House Europa Way Britannia
Moscow 109004 Ladson, SC 29456 08860 Castelldefels Enterprise Park
Russian Federation  phone: +1-843-284 03 00 phone: +34-93-6 34 21 65 Lichfield, Staffordshire, WS14 9TZ
phone: +7-49 56 63 36 69   fax: +1-843-284 03 04 fax: +34-93-6 34 25 45 phone: +44-15 43-42 06 60
fax: +7-9 15 0 39 10 06   email: us-office@protego.com email: es-office@protego.com fax: +44-15 43-42 06 63
email: russia-office@protego.com email: uk-office@protego.com
Switzerland France Austria India

Ramseyer AG PROTEGO France PROTEGO PROTEGO India Pvt. Ltd.
Industriestraße 32 4 avenue de Strasbourg Armaturen- und Apparatetechnik Ges.m.b.H R-665, TTC. Industrial Area MIDC, Rabale
3175 Flamatt ZAC des Collines Grossmarktstrasse 7C Navi Mumbai, 400 701
phone: +41-31-7 44 00 00 68350 Didenheim 1230 Wien phone: +91-22-27 69 11 56
fax: +41-31-7 41 25 55 phone: +33-3-89 60 62 70 phone: +43-(0)1 890 15 28-16 fax: +91-22-27 69 20 85
email: info@ramseyer.ch fax: +33-3-89 60 62 75 fax: +43-(0)1 890 15 28-12 email: protegoindia@protego.com
email: fr-office@protego.com email: office@protego.co.at
Middle East Brazil China

PROTEGO Middle East FZE PROTEGO Brasil PROTEGO (Nanjing) Safety Equipment LTD
FZS1 BL05 Válvulas e Corta Chamas Ltda. 89 Wantai Road, Dongshan Subdistrict,
JAFZ, Dubai, U.A.E. Rua Montevideu, 486 - Penha Jiangning District, Jiangsu Province 211103
P.O. Box 261505 CEP 21020-290 Rio de Janeiro RJ Nanjing
phone: +971-4-88 600 95 phone: +55-21-2112 5700 phone: +86-25-8717 9277
fax: +971-4-88 600 96 fax: +55-21-2112 5723 fax: +86-25-8717 9278
email: sanjiv.advani@protego.com email: protegobrasil@protego.com email: yan.zhang@protego.cn
www.protego.com
48 KA / 1 / 0321 / GB

Protego Technology: For Safety and Environment

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Protego Technology: For Safety and Environment

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PROTEGO® Technology

for safety and environment

The PROTEGO® catalog has a modular structure.

Typical Applications Exotic Applications Special Applications

Safe Systems in Practice 26

Overview of Products and Services 34

All rights and modifications reserved in accordance with ISO 16016.

for safety and environment

Our Vision & Mission PROTEGO® World Team

PROTEGO® Vision: Excellence in Safety and Environment. • Solution-oriented

Competence is Top Priority

PARC´s: PROTEGO® Authorized Repair Centers (PARCs) assist with

Our Research & Development Center

Our products are developed in close cooperation with users, technical

for safety and environment

Figure 1b: Detonation Flame Arrester with Shock-Absorber

predetermined by experiments in each case.

for safety and environment

They are categorized as:

c) dynamic flame arresters

The FLAMEFILTER® is made of wound, corrugated metal strips

and by cooling down the product below its ignition temperature

determines its extinguishing ability.

Original PROTEGO® technology

international certifications in prototype tests (Fig. 7a and b).

Corrugated steel strip Flat steel strip

All static dry PROTEGO flame arresters are based on the

working principle of the FLAMEFILTER®. Gap length

Gap width of the FLAMEFILTER®

b) Liquid seal flame arrester Explosion Max. Experimental NEC Reference

for safety and environment

Combustion Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Pre-volume In-line Stable Unstable and

Products → Section 2 → Section 2 → Section 2 → Section 3 → Section 3 → Section 4 → Section 4

Development Valve Technology

Figure 1: Free venting of the storage tank with PROTEGO® EH/0S

Figure 2: Venting of the storage tank with pressure and

In principle, the diaphragm valve, which is loaded with liquid (as

for safety and environment

Advantages of PROTEGO® 10% technology:

closed Discharge with full-lift

Figure 5a: Discharge with full-lift pallet and air-cushioned seal

Figure 5b: Discharge with full-lift pallet and metal seal

Overpressure 10%: valve is closed up to 18 mbar

PROTEGO® pressure and vacuum relief valves with

Emission reduction for a fuel storage tank with 20 mbar

for safety and environment

Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves for Pressure Location of installation

PROTEGO® valves fulfill the above-mentioned functions of

Example (Fig. 12):

Partial-load operating range

For sizing of combined single component devices which

Location of End-of-line Valves In-line Valves

Product → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 5 → Section 6 → Section 6 → Section 6

for safety and environment

Development Pressure and Vacuum Relief Valves

The operating conditions must be carefully considered.

Location of End-of-line Valve

Products → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7 → Section 7

PROTEGO® has the right valve for all applications.

. p N, Gas TB 1,013 barabs.

● ATEX approved Flame Arresters 