UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND HYDRAULICS
DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
FINAL THESIS ON GISH ABAY TOWN WATER SUPPLY
PROJECT

Prepared by:

NAME ID NO

1. Abdurhim Nuredin……………………………….00588/10
2. Daniel Jemberu……………………………………05074/11
3. Limenew Tade…………………………………….00924/10
4. Mels Alehign………………………………………00778/09
5. Nahom Abrham…………………………………...00594/10
6. Natnael Moges………………………………..…..00286/10

Thesis project Advisor: Mr.Kindu

Submitted Date:

Gondar, Ethiopia
FINAL THESIS ON GISH ABAY TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT 2014E.C

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND HYRAULIC

DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING

FINAL THESIS ON GISH ABAY TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Approved by:-

Chairman Date Signature

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Advisor Date Signature

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Internal Examiner Date Signature

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External Examiner Date Signature

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DECLARATION

This thesis work is our original work and has not been presented for a degree in

any other university, and that all source of material are duly acknowledged. And it

is successfully done by the following members

Thesis Made by:-

Members ID No

1. Abdurehim Nuredin……………………………....00588/10
2. Daniel Jemberu……………………………………05074/11
3. Limenew Tade………………………………….…00924/10
4. Mels Alehign………………………………………00778/09
5. Nahom Abrham…………………………………....00594/10
6. Natnael Moges…………………………………….00286/10

Title of the thesis: Final Thesis on Gish Abay Town Water Supply System Project

DEPARTMENT
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SIGNATURE
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ADVISOR
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SIGNATURE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, we would like to thank almighty God, for giving us the courage and endurance to
start the graduate studies and finalize this thesis and then we would like to express our deepest
gratitude to our advisor, Mr.Kindu, whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. He
has been an inspiration as we hurdled through the path of this Thesis project. He is the true
definition of a leader and the ultimate role model. This thesis would not have been possible
without him, whose guidance from the initial step in research enabled us to develop an
understanding of the subject. We are thankful for the extraordinary experiences he arranged for
us and for providing opportunities for us to grow professionally. It is an honor to learn from
Mr.Kindu. We also express our deepest gratitude to our family and friends for their unfailing
support and continuous encouragement.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF FIGURES

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LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF ABBEREVATIONS

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Water plays an important role in making life comfortable and luxurious rich and superior in
quality). That is why we say “water is life”. The most common national requirement is for
drinking water of suitable quality, and many countries base their own standards on the World
Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality, natural water is inadequate
for certain purposes as defined by recommended or guideline concentrations, (Source WHO
2006).Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a global concern. However, developing
countries, like Ethiopia, have suffered from a lack of access to safe drinking water from
improved sources and to adequate sanitation services (As a result, people are still dependent on
unprotected water sources such as rivers, streams, springs and hand dug wells. Since these
sources are open, they are highly susceptible to flood and birds, animals and human
contamination. In addition, most sources are found near gullies where open field defecation is
common and flood-washed wastes affect the quality of water, (Source WHO).

The project area, Gish Abay town, is the capital town of Sekela Woreda in West Gojjam zone of
Amhara National regional state. It is located at 75 km from the zone center (Finote Selam town)
and 175 km from the region Center [Bahir Dar town].The woreda has 33 kebeles of which 3 are
urban and 30 are rural kebeles with total area of 77,792 ha. With inadequate service reservoir,
hand dug well and river for their entire water requirement. The availability of sanitation facilities
is even worst. The combined effects of the poor water supply situation and virtually none
existent sanitation facilities account diseases in the town .The negative impact that this fact has
on the economic progress of the country is obvious. The problem to design the project area is
that Funds available for the completion of the project, materials availability, less society’s
awareness to the project use etc. In the design of any water supply scheme for a town or city it is
necessary to determine the total quantity of water required for various purposes by the city’s
designing water supply for town become crucial. Based on foregoing fundamental objectives of
safe water supply, Gish Abay town is selected as our design project. The design study includes
brief assessment of physical and social conditions of infrastructures, water sources and
potentially existing and future water requirement of the town. The study is made for the design
of water supply of peak demand project for year 2039.

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1.1 Location of project area

The project area, Gish Abay town, is the capital town of Sekela Woreda in West Gojjam zone of
Amhara National regional state. It is located at 75 km from the zone center (Finote Selam town)
and 175 km from the region Center [Bahir Dar town].

The woreda has 33 kebeles of which 3 are urban and 30 are rural kebeles with total area of
77,792 ha. There is 24 hour power supply in the project area and telecommunication access.

1.2 Climate and topography

As per the Ethiopian temperature zoning 79% of the woreda is classified as Dega and 21% is
classified under woinadega climatic zone.

The temperature recorded in the woreda ranges from 16 ºC to 18 ºC in the woreda and the annual
average precipitation record is 1600mm.

1.3 Social service and institutions

1.3.1 Education
Indeed, education is among key development tools. As a result, due attention was given for this
sector both at national and regional level.

Table 1-1 Educational institution in project area [2018] Source: Sekela Woreda Education office

No. of students No. Remark

Educatio
No Name of School n Staff
Male Female Sum
Level s
Zeleke Desta
1 1-8 1,028 1,024 2,052 52
Elementary school Limited Water
Gish Abay Supply
2 1-8 1,339 1,346 2,685 62
Elementary school access
Abay Minch
4 9-10 1,020 2,065 3,885 134
High School
6 Preparatory School 11-12 1,267 1,528 2,795 98
Total 1,870 2,490 4,360 249

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1.4 Health and Hygiene

Table 1-2 Health services in project area [2018]

Total No. of Professionals

Institutions No. beds Doctors Nurses Others Total
Health center 01 08 - 12 16 28
Health Post 01 - - 04 04
Pharmacy 02 - - 03 03
Clinics 02 02 - 01 03 04
Total 39

The major prevalent diseases and the numbers of reported cases are shown in the table below.

Top Ten diseases in Gish Abay town health center

Top ten diseases Number of Coverage in Remark
No Cases (%)
1 Acute Febrile Illness 1,184 23.12 WATSAN related
2 Trauma injury 900 17.58 WATSAN related
3 Acute Upper Respiratory infection 640 12.57 WATSAN related
4 Pneumonia 530 10.35 WATSAN related
5 Dyspepsia 471 9.20 -
6 Urinary tract infection 307 6.0 -
7 Parasitic infection 296 5.78 WATSAN related

8 Diarrhea 275 5.37 WATSAN related

9 Typhoid Fever 261 5.10 WATSAN related

10 Skin Infection 256 5.10
Source: Gish Abay town health centre

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1.4.1 Economic Situations

Agriculture is practiced predominantly in the surrounding areas of the town. In addition, Small
scale and petty trade, retail and wholesale trades and few construction activities are among
economic activities on which people of the town are engaged.

According to Sekela Woreda Trade and industry office data, there are 93 Cafeteria and
restaurants, 15 Hotels, 87 Shoes shops, 36 hair Style shops, 651small shop/kiosk and other many
local drinking houses.

The town is expected to have good prospect of development as it is the source of the great Blue
Nile River and Famous Monastry called ‘Abune Zera Biruk Monastry’.

1.5 Existing water supply and Sanitation system and Components

1.5.1 Water Supply Problem

Currently, there are seven hand dug wells of which four are functional and three are non-
functional and one shallow well for Gish Abay town. But, these sources are insufficient in
quantity for the town as it is capital town of the Woreda.

According to field visit and information obtained from Gish Abay town water supply service
office and Water Committee the major water supply problems in the town are:

 There is no potable water access for some villages like Entoto, Mercato & Taliaber
 Water is addressed to most of the population once in 3 days by part for gots. The town
population highly complains and it is becoming source of good governance problem.
Only lower elevation areas in the town are getting water when water is distributed and
higher elevation areas are suffering from lack of water
 The Population of the town is increasing in fast rate due to movement of the rural
communities to the town.
 The water demand & supply is not balanced/inadequate water source/
 Existing distribution pipes are not laid according to the master plan
 Restaurants, Café and hotels get limited amount of water

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1.6 Population and demand projection

1.6.1 Base population

According to Sekela woreda administration office Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
department population number confirming letter to the consultant, the target population of the
town is 15,157 in 2019.

In addition to the above mentioned human population figures, there are 1,228 Live stocks of
which 555 are cattles, 598 are sheep & Goats and the rest 76 are equines.

1.6.2 Population distribution by mode of services

Currently, based on the socio-economic data collected, the percentages of the different modes of
service from the total population of the town are shown below. House connection (0.1%), Yard
connection (65%), and Public connection (24.9%.

1.6.3 Proposed scheme description

1.6.3.1 Water source

The source of water supply system is a borehole drilled in 2010 E.C and developed in 2011 E.C.
It is located in Bahirzaf kebele, Gollem got close to Shinguti River with UTM location of N-
1209225.108, E-304047.735 and Elevation of 2400.45m above mean sea level.

According to the pump test conducted, the water well drilling and Pump test analysis results is
summarized below.

Table 1-3 Drilling and Pumping test data

Item No. Design parameters Unit Values

1 Well Depth m 300
2 Well diameter inch 14 3/4

3 Casing Type Steel/PVC Steel

4 Casing Diameter inch 8
5 Static Water Level m 0.0
6 Dynamic Water level m 76.9
7 Recommended Pump Position m 233.3
8 Discharge during constant test l/s 6.0

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9 Recommended discharge l/s 6.0

1.7 Population and demand projection

1.7.1 Base population

The total population of the town is 23,500 of which 11,620 are males and the rest 11,880 are
females. In addition to the above mentioned human population figures, there are 1,146 cattle,
1,430 are sheep & Goats and 99 equines.

1.7.2 Proposed scheme description

1.8 Objective

1.8.1 General Objective

The general objective of this project is to design sustainable water supply project for new fast
growing town “Gish Abay” of special zone in Amhara region by using Water CAD software.

1.8.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this project were the following

 To asses domestic and non-domestic water supply of the study area

 To design water source, borehole, of the study area
 To assess and Design the capacity of service reservoir for the town.
 To design the water supply distribution network of the study area
 To provide the chlorination dosage for distribution system
 To fix the bill of quantity required for the water supply project

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1.8.3 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to extend the new and existing water supply system into large and
sufficient system to satisfy the water requirement of the expected design period.

1.8.4 Significance the project

This project also has the greatest importance on the improvement of the health and hygiene
standards of the Gish Abay town as whole

1.9 Methodology
This report is prepared mainly based on the field assessment. During the preparation of detail
engineering design, the following points were followed and modified to suit into the actual
condition.

 Studying the current population information of the town.

 Assessing the water demand of the town based on the current and projected
population.
 Studying distribution of the water users by category, and setting the nodal demand.
 Designing of each scheme components based on the basic related design criteria.
 Preparation of the cost estimates of the project by using the current market prices.
 Data collection which are essential for demand assessment.
 Using design manuals for accurate design.

1.9.1 Methodology of the design procedure

Since the design requires population number for which the water supply of the town is to
designed as shown below the following Method for population forecast are compared to bring a
convenient result. Similarly the method used for reservoir storages capacity are listed below.

Population determination Methods

 Arithmetic increase method

 Incremental increase method
 Geometric increase method
 Ethiopian statistics authority method
Methods used for reservoir storage capacity analysis

 Mass curve method

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 Analytical method
 Simple method
Water CAD software is successfully used for water supply distribution system.

Darcy Weisbach formula is used for the calculation of head loss due to friction in the system.

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Chapter 2 POPULATION FORECASTING AND WATER DEMAND

ASSESSMENT
Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected population of a particular
city, estimated for the design period. Any underestimated value will make system inadequate for
the purpose intended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly. Factors affecting
changes in population are:

 Increase due to births

 Decrease due to deaths
 Increase/ decrease due to migration
 Increase due to annexation

Knowing the factors which affect the growth of population is very important to predict the future
population number. Some of these factors are birth rates, death rates and migration rates. These
factors are influenced by the following:-

 Economic and social activities of the people

 Development of new industries
 Improvement of transport facilities
 Increase in educational and other public facilities

Some of the factors which affect the demand of water are:-

 Climatic condition,
 Size of town,
 Culture of people, and religion
 Industries,
 Cost and Quantity of water,
 Pressure in the distribution system and system of supply

2.1 Design Period

It is necessary to fix the design period and forecasting population of the area in the design of any
water supply schemes. Water supply projects are usually designed for a certain period after the
completion of construction works in order to satisfy the population demand. Design period is the
number of years for which the design of water works has been done. The factors which will keep
in view while fixing the design period are.

 Funds available for the completion of the project .If more funds are available
design period may be more and vice versa.
 Life of the pipe and other structural materials used in the water supply Scheme
 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the life time rate of
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interest on the loans taken to complete the project.

If the rate of Interest is less; it will be good to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is
very high the design period should be small. Anticipated expansion rate of the town for design of
water supply schemes for medium town, design period of 20-25 years is considered. For Gish
Abay town water supply project by considering the above factors we adopt a design period of 20
years. This period is divided in to two phases. The first phase covers the time up to the year 2031
and the second phase up to the year 2041.

Table 2-4 water supply design periods

Category Base Population Target Year Design Period

Phase I Phase II
Large towns >50,000 20 10 10
Medium towns 10,000 - 50,000 20 10 10

Small towns 2,000 - 10,000 15 15 -

Rural villages <2,000 15 15 -

Source: (Amhara Water Resources Development Bureau Water Supply Core Process Water
Supply Design Guideline, November 2012)

2.2 Population Growth

2.2.1 Factors Affecting population Growth

Knowing the factors, which affect the growth of population, is very important to predict the
future population number. Some of these factors are birth rates, death rates and migration rates.
These factors are influenced by the:

 Economic and social activities of the people.

 Development of new industries,
 Improvement of transport facilities,
 Increase in educational and other public facilities,
 Earthquakes, floods, epidemic and frequent famines,
 National project in or near the town, for which water supply is designed,
2.2.2 Growth Rate
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) of Ethiopia has established the population growth rate
for Amhara Region with in five years interval (1995 2030).

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Table 2-5 population growth rate for Amhara region

Year 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 2025- 2030-

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Low Variant (for large towns and surrounding rural villages)

Growth rate 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7

Urban 4.8 4.1 4.2 4 3.9 3.8 3.6

Rural 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3

Medium variant (for medium towns, small town and surrounding rural villages)
Growth rate 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9

Urban 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.1 4 3.8 3.6

Rural 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 2 1.7 1.5

Source: (The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Amhara Region,
Volume II Analytical Report).

Table 2-6 CSA country level population growth rates

Year Growth rate (%) Remark

2019 4.1 Medium town from 2015-2020
2021 4 Medium town from 2020-2025
2026 3.8 Medium town from 2025-2030
2031 3.6 Extrapolation
2036 3.56 Extrapolation
2041 3.52 Extrapolation

Source :( The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Amhara
Region, Volume II Analytical Report).

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2.2.3 Base population of the town

The base population of Chefa robit town in 2019 was 23500 and an accurate population of the
town is absolutely necessary since a town or city population determines water requirement for
the purpose of water supply system. It includes all peoples, who utilize water for drinking,
washing clothes, cooking, bathing, and cleaning utensils (an implement for practical use
(especially in a household) and watering animals. Even though the Central Statistics Authority
(CSA) is recognized body in Ethiopia to determine the official figures and growth rate that
should be taken for any development activity periodically.

2.2.4 Population Forecasting

In the design of a water supply scheme, after deciding the design period the next step is to
determine population in various times. Several methods are present, but it should be point out
that judgment must be exercised by the engineer as to which method is most applicable.

Through analysis of comparing the following three method ESA method which has the minimum
error is selected as best.

Table 2-7 Comparison of population forecast method

METHOD Arithmetic Incremental Geometric ESA

S
Increase Incre. incre. Method
Year k===393 k ====6.22% k==6.0343
%
2007
5,941 5,941 5,941.000 5,941.00
2008
6,334 6,334 6,310.530 6,310.54
2009 6,727 6,727
6,703.045 6,703.06
2010
7,120 7,120 7,120.000 7,120.0
2011
7,513 7,562.864 7,562.86
2012 Per decade pop.
7,906 Increase 8,033.274 8,033.28
2013
8,299 393 8,532.944 8,532.96
2014
8,692 393 9,063.693 9,063.71
2015
9,085 393 9,627.455 9,627.48
2016 x===393
9,478 10,226.282 10,226.32

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2017 y====0
9,871 10,862.357 10,862.41
2018
10,264 11,537.996 11,538.06
2019 10,657
10,657 12,255.659 12,255.73
Error
(1.20512) (1.20512) (0.917482) (0.917470)

Using ESA method we can estimate the population of the next 20 years of design period by
extrapolating of the growth rate of years between 2030 and 2041

The ESA formula for the determination of design population is Pn = Poenk where Pn= future
population Po = Present population n = number of decades k = growth rate factor

For example P2021 =25,483 K = 4% n = 5 P2025 =?

P2025 = 25,483*(2.718281828)5*4% = 29,904.

Using this we can continue finding the population numbers in design horizons 2031 and 2041

Table 2-8 population forecast using ESA method

Year G. rate Population

2007 4.50% 5,941
2010 4.30% 7,120
2015 4.30% 9,627
2019 4.10% 23,500
2020 4.10% 24,484
2021 4% 25,483
2025 4% 29,904
2026 3.80% 31,062
2031 3.60% 37,487
2036 3.56% 44,862
2041 3.52% 53,581

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