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    6.1 Sampling and Reconstruction of Analog Signals: Piyush Kumar 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur

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    Er Vishuuu
    Sampling is the process of measuring the instantaneous values of a continuous-time signal in discrete form. To discretize signals, the gap between samples must be fixed as the sampling period Ts. The sampling frequency fs is the reciprocal of Ts. For a signal bandlimited to W Hz, the sampling rate must be at least 2W Hz to perfectly reconstruct the original signal, as stated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs if a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequency foldover that results in loss of information.

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    6.1 Sampling and Reconstruction of Analog Signals: Piyush Kumar 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur

    Uploaded by

    Er Vishuuu
    57 views9 pages
    Sampling is the process of measuring the instantaneous values of a continuous-time signal in discrete form. To discretize signals, the gap between samples must be fixed as the sampling period Ts. The sampling frequency fs is the reciprocal of Ts. For a signal bandlimited to W Hz, the sampling rate must be at least 2W Hz to perfectly reconstruct the original signal, as stated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs if a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequency foldover that results in loss of information.

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    DSP Unit 6

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    Sampling is the process of measuring the instantaneous values of a continuous-time signal in discrete form. To discretize signals, the gap between samples must be fixed as the sampling period Ts. The sampling frequency fs is the reciprocal of Ts. For a signal bandlimited to W Hz, the sampling rate must be at least 2W Hz to perfectly reconstruct the original signal, as stated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs if a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequency foldover that results in loss of information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views9 pages

    6.1 Sampling and Reconstruction of Analog Signals: Piyush Kumar 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur

    Uploaded by

    Er Vishuuu
    Sampling is the process of measuring the instantaneous values of a continuous-time signal in discrete form. To discretize signals, the gap between samples must be fixed as the sampling period Ts. The sampling frequency fs is the reciprocal of Ts. For a signal bandlimited to W Hz, the sampling rate must be at least 2W Hz to perfectly reconstruct the original signal, as stated by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Aliasing occurs if a signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate, causing frequency foldover that results in loss of information.

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    of 9

    DSP

    UNIT 6

    Sampling

    6.1 Sampling and reconstruction of Analog signals

    Sampling is defined as, “The process of measuring the instantaneous values of


    continuous-time signal in a discrete form.”

    Sample is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is continuous in the time
    domain.

    When a source generates an analog signal and if that has to be digitized,


    having 1s and 0s i.e., High or Low, the signal has to be discretized in time. This
    discretization of analog signal is called as Sampling.

    DT signals

    The following figure indicates a continuous-time signal x (t) and a sampled signal xs (t).
    When x (t) is multiplied by a periodic impulse train, the sampled signal xs (t) is
    obtained.

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    Sampling Rate

    To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That gap can
    be termed as a sampling period Ts.

    Sampling Frequency=1/Ts=fs

    Where,

     Ts is the sampling time


     Fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate

    Sampling frequency is the reciprocal of the sampling period. This sampling


    frequency, can be simply called as Sampling rate. The sampling rate denotes the
    number of samples taken per second, or for a finite set of values.

    Nyquist Rate

    Suppose that a signal is band-limited with no frequency components higher


    than W Hertz. That means, W is the highest frequency. For such a signal, for effective
    reproduction of the original signal, the sampling rate should be twice the highest
    frequency.

    Which means,

    fS=2W

    Where,

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


     fS is the sampling rate
    W is the highest frequency

    This rate of sampling is called as Nyquist rate.

    Sampling theorem in time domain

    The sampling theorem, which is also called as Nyquist theorem, delivers the theory of
    sufficient sample rate in terms of bandwidth for the class of functions that are
    bandlimited.

    The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled
    at the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency W.”

    Let us consider a band-limited signal, i.e., a signal whose value is non-zero between
    some –W and W Hertz.

    Such a signal is represented as x(f)=0 for ∣f∣>W


    For the continuous-time signal x (t), the band-limited signal in frequency domain, can
    be represented as shown in the following figure.

    If the signal x(t) is sampled above the Nyquist rate, the original signal can be
    recovered, and if it is sampled below the Nyquist rate, the signal cannot be recovered.
    The following figure explains a signal, if sampled at a higher rate than 2w in the
    frequency domain.

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    The above figure shows the Fourier transform of a signal xs (t).
    If fs<2W
    The resultant pattern will look like the following figure.

    Here, the over-lapping of information is done, which leads to mixing up and loss of
    information. This unwanted phenomenon of over-lapping is called as Aliasing.

    Aliasing

    Aliasing can be referred to as “the phenomenon of a high-frequency component in the


    spectrum of a signal, taking on the identity of a low-frequency component in the
    spectrum of its sampled version.”

    Numerical:

    1. The continuous-time signal x(t) = cos(200πt) is used as the input for a CD


    converter with the sampling period 1/300 sec. Determine the resultant discrete-
    time signal x[n].

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    Solution:

    We know,

    X[n] =x(nT)

    = cos(200πnT)

    = cos(2πn/3) , where n= -1,0,1,2……

    The frequency in x(t) is 200π rad/s while that of x[n] is 2π/3.

    2. Determine the Nyquist frequency and Nyquist rate for the continuous-time signal x(t)
    which has the form of:

    X(t) = 1+ sin(2000πt) + cos (4000πt)

    Solution:

    The frequencies are 0, 2000π and 4000π.

    The Nyquist frequency is 4000π rad/s and the Nyquist rate is 8000π rad/s.

    2. Consider an analog signal.

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    Solution.

    The frequency in the analog signal

    The largest frequency is

    The Nyquist rate is

    3. The analog signal

    1. What is the Nyquist rate for this signal?


    2. Using a sampling rate . What is discrete time signal obtained
    after sampling?
    3. What is analog signal we can reconstruct from the samples if we use ideal
    interpolation?

    Solution.

    1. The frequency of the analog signal are

    2. For
    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur
    For ,the folding frequency is

    Hence is not effected by aliasing

    Is changed by the aliasing effect

    Is changed by the aliasing effect

    So that normalizing frequencies are

    The analog signal that we can recover is

    Which is different than the original signal

    4.

    1. Find the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.


    2. If , what is the discrete time signal after sampling?
    3. If , what is the discrete time signal after sampling?

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    4. What is the frequency F of a sinusoidal that yields sampling identical to obtained
    in part c?

    Solution. a.

    The minimum sampling rate is

    And the discrete time signal is

    b. If , the discrete time signal is

    c. If Fs=75Hz , the discrete time signal is

    d. For the sampling rate

    in part in (c). Hence

    So, the analog sinusoidal signal is

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur


    5. Suppose a continuous-time signal x(t) = cos (Ø0t) is sampled at a sampling
    frequency of 1000Hz to produce x[n]: x[n] = cos(πn/4)

    Determine 2 possible positive values of Ø0, say, Ø1 and Ø2. Discuss if cos(Ø1t) or cos(Ø2t)
    will be obtained when passing through the DC converter.

    Solution:

    Taking T= 1/1000s

    Cos(πn/4) =x[n] = x(nT) = cos (Ø0n/1000)

    Ø1 is easily computed as

    Ø1 = 250π

    Ø2 can be obtained by noting the periodicity of a sinusoid:

    Ø2n/1000)

    Ø2 = 2250π

    Video Refrence :- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdLVtjQcKdc

    PIYUSH KUMAR 20104148901 G.E.C, Kaimur

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