1.

Force per unit positive charge

B1
[1]

2.

(i)

Suitable recognisable pattern around (not just between) the charges Quality mark: symmetry, spacing, lines joined to charges Consistent arrows toward B on some lines
2

B1 B1 B1

(ii)

Use of E = (1/40)Q/r Sum of two equal terms 9 19 10 2 E = 2 9 10 1.6 10 / (2.0 10 ) 10 1 1 E = 7.2 10 N C or V m The separation between the ions because this has an effect on the breaking force. (Allow the size of ionic charges)

C1 C1 A1

(iii)

B1
[7]

3.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Cp = 2 + 4 = 6 F 1/C = 1/2 + Cs = 4/3 =1.33 F 6.0 V Q = CpV = 6 6 = 36 C

A1 C1 A1 A1 C1 A1

(b)

(i) (ii)

(c)

E = CsV = 24 10

C1 A1 B1

(d)

(i)

The capacitors discharge through the voltmeter.

(ii)

V = V0e

1/4 =e ln 4 = t / 72 t = 72 ln 4 100 s

t/(612)

C1 C1 A1
[12]

The Windsor Boys' School

4.

Any seven from: - particle scattering suitable diagram with source, foil, moveable detector 2 or more trajectories shown vacuum most particles have little if any deflection large deflection of very few reference to Coulombs law /elastic scattering alphas repelled by nucleus (positive charges) monoenergetic OR electron scattering High energy diagram with source sample, moveable detector / film Vacuum Electron accelerator or other detail Most have zero deflection Characteristic angular distribution with minimum Minimum not zero De Broglie wavelength Wavelength comparable to nuclear size hence high energy Clearly shows how evidence for the size of the nucleus follows from what is described. (1)

B1 7

[8]

5.

(a)

He nucleus, a few cm / 3 to 10 cm About 1 m / 0.3 to 2 m / several m, 1 to 10 mm Al / 1 mm Pb (high energy) e-m radiation, 1 to 10 cm of Pb / several m of concrete only 2 correct 1 mark, only 4 correct 2 marks Source, absorbers placed in front of detector on diagram Explanation of how results identify the source (2 marks possible) Allowance for background (max 2) (allow for distance expt to a max 2)

B3 B1 B2
[6]

(b)

6.

(a)

(i) (ii)

flux = B A (normal to B) with symbols explained linkage = N flux 2 2 A = x so linkage = NBx

B1 B1 B1

The Windsor Boys' School

(b)

(i)

Statement of Faradays law or indication 2 e.g. V = d(NBx ) / dt from (a)(ii) 2 V = NB x dx/dt or V = NBxv / argue area swept out per second as xv V = 1250 0.032 0.02 0.1 = 0.08 or 80 mV

B1 B1 B1 A0 B1 B1 B1 B1
[10]

(ii)

equal positive and negative regions equal positive and negative values of maxima labelled on y-axis value changes within correct time zones, t = 0.2 to 0.4, 0.6 to 0.8 s square pulse shape sinusoidal graphs score zero marks

7.

Universe is isotropic /same in all directions Homogeneous / evenly distributed

B1 B1
[2]

8.

Any four from: Uniform intensity in all directions / everywhere Structure in background intensity / ripples Produced when matter and radiation decoupled Originally gamma radiation (gamma) red-shifted to microwave / originally higher energy Evidence that universe began with big bang Temperature corresponds to 2.7 K / 3K / that predicted by big bang model Link between evidence and explanation. (1)

B1 4
[5]

9.

Any two from: No experimental evidence / no physical evidence State of matter unknown / laws of physics unknown Energies unreproducible / ref. to very high temperature

B1 2
[2]

10.

Open: Universe expands for all time Flat: expands to a limit (but never reaches it) Closed: Universe contracts / collapses back Reference to role of gravity / critical density Marks for (a) can be gained on a labelled diagram

B1 B1 B1 B1
[4]

The Windsor Boys' School

11.

Ho = (1 10

26

8 6.67 10 s

11

)/3

C1 A1
[2]

Ho = 2.36 10

18 1

12.

(a)

Density (of medium) Speed of ultrasound (in medium) or any factors that affect the speed of ultrasound in the medium e.g. Young modulus (i) blood: 6 6 2 6 6 2 f = (1.59 10 1.63 10 ) / (1.59 10 + 1.63 10 ) 4 f = 1.54 10 muscle: 6 6 2 6 6 2 f = 1.70 10 1.63 10 ) / (1.70 10 + 1.63 10 ) 4 f = 4.4 10 so the medium is muscle (bald muscle scores zero) (s = u t) 3 6 s = 1.54 10 26.5 10 = 0.0408 m depth = 0.0408 / 2 = 0.020 m
3 6

B1 B1

(b)

B1 B1 B1 A1

(ii)

C1 A1

(iii)

= 1.54 10 / 3.5 10 4 = 4.4 10 m (do not penalise the same power of ten error in (iii) as in (ii)

C1 A1
[10]

13.

(a)

Low energy X-rays are absorbed by the skin / undesirable as can cause damage /greater ionising
x 250 0.025 5 2

B1

(b)

I = I0e

ln I = ln I0 x ln I0 = ln 347 + 250 0.025

C1 C1 A1

I0 = 347 / e

I0 = 1.79 10 Wm (c)

P=IA 2 2 P = 347 (0.010 10 ) 3 P = 1.09 10 W

C1 A1
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

14.

(i)

P = 18 100 / 0.15 P= 12000 W

C1 A1

(ii)

Energy of one electron = 12000 / 7.5 10 (1.6 10 2 14 m v = 1.6 10 8 1 v = 1.9 10 m s

C1 A1

(iii)

tube current = 7.5 10 1.6 10 = 0.12 A P = V I = 12000 V = 12000 / 0.12 = 100000 V or 100 kV 14 19 5 Or: V = W/Q = 1.6 10 / 1.6 10 = 1.0 10 (V)

C1 C1 A1
[7]

15.

Any six from: method does not use ionising radiation hence no radiation hazard to patient or staff gives better soft tissue contrast than CT scans generates data from a 3D volume simultaneously information can be displayed on a screen as a section in any direction there are no moving mechanisms involved in MRI There is no sensation, after effects at the field strengths used for routine diagnosis Strong magnetic field could draw steel objects into the magnet Metallic objects may become heated Cardiac pacemakers may be affected by the magnetic fields CT scanners better for viewing bony structures B1 6
[6]

16.

(a)

Rb 94 Cs 55 U143 1 for each error Values from graph: U 7.4 MeV allow 7.3 to 7.4 Rb 8.6 MeV allow 8.5 to 8.6 Cs 8.4 MeV Total binding energies: U 235 7.4 (1739) Rb 94 8.6 (808) Cs 142 8.4 (1193) Total energy released = 808 + 1193 1739 = 262 MeV allow 8.6 + 8.4 7.4 = 9.4 MeV for 1 mark only

B2

(b)

C1

B2 A1
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

17.

Any six from: (two advantages and two disadvantages needed) problems with the reaction getting out of control maintaining the reaction so that it proceeds continuously does not produce acid rain or waste gases that could cause pollution risks from radiation: emissions due to an accident (1); emissions from radioactive wastes (1) long half life of some of the waste products (1) other examples are likely to be added but should be related to Scientific reasons rather than political.

B1 6
[6]

18.

(a)

(i)

mv = 7.6 10 to give v = (2 7.6 10 /6.6 10 (1) 14 7 1 evidence of calculation v = 2.3 10 or = 1.52 10 (m s ) (1) (electrostatic) repulsion between charged particles (1) slows alpha and accelerates nucleus/AW (1) momentum of system is conserved(as no external forces) (1) sum of momenta of alpha and nucleus must always equal initial momentum of alpha/be a constant (1) so speed of nucleus can be calculated as momentum = mv (1) max 3
27 7 25 5 1

13

13

27

(ii)

(iii)

mv = MV or V = 6.6 10

1.52 10 / 3.0 10
27 7

; = 3.3 10 (m s ) 2
20

(iv)

Ft = 2mv or 9.0 t = 2 6.6 10 1.52 10 ; t = 2.2 10 (s) give (1) mark for change in momentum = impulse or mv = F()t
2 2 2 2

(b)

(i)

Coulomb force distance or F1/F2 = r2 /r1 or Fr = constant (1) giving F = 4.0 N at 10 10

; = 1.8 N at 15 10

14

m (2)

3 1
[13]

(ii)

plot and draw correct curve ecf plausible values in b(i) (1)

19.

(a)

(i)

v = 2rf = 2 0.015 50; = 4.7 (m s )

(ii)

a = v /r = 4.7 /0.015; = 1.5 10 (m s ) ecf(a)(i)

The Windsor Boys' School

(iii)

the belt tension is insufficient to provide the centripetal force; (1) so the belt does not grip the pulley/does not hold the belt against the pulley/there is insufficient friction to pull/push/move the belt. (1) alternative argument the belt does not grip the pulley/there is insufficient friction to pull/push/move the belt; because of its inertia/insufficient to provide force for acceleration of (belt)-drum

(b)

resonance occurs; when the natural frequency of vibration of the (1) panel = rotational frequency of the motor (1) (i) 1 5, 15, 25 (ms) 2 0, 10, 20, 30 (ms) Stating/using = d/dt (1) 1 3 gradient = 0.67 0.05 (Wb turns ms ); emf = gradient 10 (V) (2)

(c)

(ii)

3
[12]

20.

(a)

Qo = CV = 1.2 10

11

5.0 10 ; = 6.0 10 ; C (3)

(b)

(i) (ii)

RC = 1.2 10 1.2 10
15

15

or = 1.44 10 (s) (1)

1 1

I = V/R = 5000/1.2 10 or = 4.16 10

(A) (1)
4

(iii)

t = Qo/I; = 6 10 / 4.16 10
1

= 1.44 10 (s)

(iv) (c) (i)

Q = Qoe ; Q = 0.37Qo so Q lost = 0.63Qo capacitors in parallel come to same voltage (1) so Q stored C of capacitor (1) 3 3 capacitors in ratio 10 so only 10 Qo left on football (1)
8 8 11 11 3

(ii)

V = Q/C = 6.0 10 /1.2 10 or 6.0 10 3 Q left so 10 V left; = 5.0 (V)

/1.2 10

or only 10

2
[14]

21.

(a)

(i)

equally spaced horizontal parallel lines from plate to plate (1) arrows towards cathode (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

(ii)

mv = qV; v = (2eV/m) = (2 1.6 10 7 1 v = 4.96 10 (m s ) (1)

19

7000/9.1 10

31

) so (1) 2 1 2

(b)

(i) (ii)

arrow perpendicular to path towards centre of arc (1) out of paper/upwards;using Flemings LH rule (for conventional current) (2)

(iii)

mv /r; = Bqv; r = mv/Bq = (m)

9.1 10 31 4.96 10 7 3.0 10 3 1.6 10 19

;= 9.4 10

(c)

change magnitude of current in coils to change field; (1) change field to change deflection; (1) reverse field/current to change deflection from up to down (1) max 2

2
[13]

22.

(a)

(i) (ii)

212; 208;

2 2

(b)

range/penetration/absorption experiment: place detector very close/ 2cm from source; measure count rate, (1) use paper screen or move back to 10 cm or more; contrast to (1) background count level/ other emissions from same source (1) place detector eg 10 cm from source; measure count rate, add (1) thin sheets of Al until count drops to very low or almost constant value (1) aliter deflection experiment: needs vacuum for experiment; (1) source for radiation passes through region of E- or B- field; (1) deflection of particles detected by detector to distinguish emissions; (1) detection method (1) max 4 marks
23 9 10

(c)

(i)

A = N;= mNA/M;= 0.0115 6.02 10 1 10 /212 = 3.27 10 min

3 1 1
[13]

(ii) (iii)

T1/2 = 0.693/ = 60.3 (min) (1) Curve passing through (0,32) (60, 16) (120,8) ecfs from (i) & (ii) (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

23.

Do not score the same marking point twice; some marking points appear more than once in a different context fission is splitting of nuclei: neutron is absorbed by the nucleus; (1) an (unstable) nucleus splits into two (major) fragments; (1) and several/two/three neutrons (1) charges on/Coulomb repulsion pushes fragments apart; (1) loss of mass/increased binding energy accounts for k.e of fragments/release of energy (1) fusion is fusing of nuclei: two light nuclei (are moving rapidly enough to overcome the Coulomb repulsion to touch and) fuse; statement in brackets gets second mark (1) has to be very hot for nuclei to have enough kinetic energy/ only (1) happens naturally inside Sun/star accept H-bomb (1) loss of mass/increased binding energy accounts for release of energy similarity: release of energy/total (rest) mass decrease/increase in (1) binding energy /conservation of charge/mass-energy, etc difference: /cold, hot/heavy, light nuclei/large (200 MeV), small (30 MeV) energy release per reaction (1) conditions: fission rate can be varied/controlled by absorbing and or slowing released neutrons in reactor where chain reaction is occurring/AW (2) max 2 marks fusion needs a very hot and sufficiently dense and plentiful plasma for random fusion collisions to occur, eg inside Sun/star/AW (2) max 2 marks Quality of Written Communication

7 2
[9]

24.

Appreciation that key is the difference in numbers of atoms/nuclei or equal number of nucleons involved if nothing else is achieved (1) Full argument: 235 g of uranium and 4 g of hydrogen/helium contain 1 mole of (1) atoms (1) there are 4.26 moles of uranium and 250 moles of helium (1) so at least 58 times as many energy releases in fusion (1) ratio of energies is only 7 fold in favour of uranium therefore more energy release from 1 kg of hydrogen any similar alternative argument along same lines scores 4 marks (1) eg For U each nucleon provides 0.85 MeV (1) For H each nucleon provides 7 MeV (1) (Approximately) same number of nucleons per kg of U or H (1) so 8.2 times as much energy from H Quality of Written Communication

4 2
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

25.

(a)

Sketch to include: Variable frequency A.C source to primary, core, coils; (1) resistor connected to secondary; (1) appropriate meters in primary and secondary circuits; (1) Quantities kept constant: Voltage of source; (1) Primary current / power; (1) Resistance of secondary circuit resistor; (1) Number of turns in both coils; (1) Procedure: Use several frequencies over a wide range / the range available; (1) At each frequency read meters; (1) Table headings to show: meter readings; (1) primary power, secondary power, efficiency. (1) Graph of efficiency against drawn; (1) Details of calculations of power (may use meter readings and value of resistor); (1) Expression for efficiency / % efficiency. (1) max Energy / heat is lost in core due to hysteresis; (1) Energy / heat loss in 1 cycle is proportional to area of hysteresis loop; (1) Frequency increase reduces efficiency because energy loss (per second) = frequency area enclosed by hysteresis loop. (1) Energy loss takes place due to heat generated in core by induced / eddy currents; (1) Induced voltage in core increases with frequency / is proportional to frequency; (1) (so) induced current in core increases with frequency / is proportional to frequency. (1) max

10

(b)

4
[14]

26.

acts only on nearest neighbour / when nuclei are 1 diameter apart; (1) either so force holding nucleons/ neutrons together independent of size of nucleus (1) or reference to b so distance apart (of nucleons) must be constant; so density of nucleus is independent of size; (1)

3
[3]

27.

(a)

239

239 0 0 92U 93Np + 1 / 1e 238 1 allow 92U + 0n on LHS 239 93Np

+ v (1)

239

94Pu

1e

+ v (1)

allow neutrino instead of antineutrino omits neutrino altogether - gets 1/2

(b)

straight line starts from zero and reaches 1.08 10 at 5 t = 6.0 10 s or equivalent (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

10

(c)

(i)

rate of decay increases with time; (1) because rate of decay increases with / is proportional to number of nuclei; (1) (eventually) rate of decay (of
239 93Np)

2 1

(ii) (iii)

= rate of formation (1)

dN/dt = () equation (1) = 0.693 / T 7 5 so N = (dN/dt) / = 1.8 10 / (0.693 / [2.04 10 ]) subs. (1) 12 = 5.3 10 ans. (1) calculation of gets 1/3
12

(iv)

correctly curved from zero to (5.3 10 ) or less (1)

1
[10]

28.

(a)

(i)

to come to rest simultaneously, total mtm. = 0 or AW (1) (but initial mtm. not zero) initial mtm. = 3 m u 2 m u = m u (1) when closest, mtm. = (3m + 2m) v (1) so 5m v = m u (and v = u / 5) initial k.e. = final k.e. + (gain of) p.e. (1)
2

(ii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

k.e. = m v (1) 2 2 2 total k.e. = 3 m u + 2 m u (= 2.5 m u ) (1) 27 2 27 2 = 2.5 1.67 10 u (= 4.18 10 u ) (1) 27 allow m = 1.66 10 kg for full credit gain of p.e. = initial k.e. final k.e. (1.6 10 19 ) 2 27 2 27 2 = 4.18 10 u 4.18 10 (u/5) (2) (4 8.85 10 12 1.5 10 15 ) 1.53 10 = 4.01 10 6 1 u = 6.18 10 m s (1) omits - 4.18 10
27 13 27

(iii)

u (1) algebra 4
6 1

(u/5) , gets u = 6. 06 10 m s : 1/2, 1, 1 = 3/4

The Windsor Boys' School

11

29.

(much) greater energy per unit mass of fuel (1*) detail: greater change of binding energy / nucleon for fusion than fission (1) no / little radioactive waste (1*) detail: by-product is (stable) helium (1) materials in JET structure will not become radioactive over long period (1) tritium has short half-life (and is used anyway) (1) fuel / reactants (virtually) limitless (1*) detail: deuterium available from water (1) deuterium easily separated from normal hydrogen (1) lithium is a common material (1) but not tritium is widely available no chance of runaway / meltdown (1*) detail: only minute quantities of reactants (in vessel) (1) reaction ceases immediately (temperature falls) (1) any two reasons (*) @ 1mark + corresponding detail @ 1 mark = 2 + 2 accept other valid answers
[4]

30.

(a) (b)

236

92U

100

40Zr

131

52Te

+ 5 0n (1)

(i) (ii)

nucleon number: no change proton number: increases by (1) nucleon number: 100 proton number: 44 (1) 5 correct points (1) 4 correct arrows (1) straight line through / close to 56 / 44 of (1) gradient < 2 if curved, correct sense (1) reactant mass = 99.895 808 u product mass = 99.891 679 + 0.000 549 (= 99.892 228 u) (1) mass defect = 0.003 580 u (1)

1 1

(iii)

(iv)

(c)

(i)

The Windsor Boys' School

12

(ii)

m = 0.003 580 1.66 10 (= 5.943 10 kg) (1) 2 E = ()m c 30 8 2 13 = 5.943 10 (3.0 10 ) (= 5.35 10 J) (1) or uses 1 u = 931 MeV so 0.00358 = 931 0.00358 (= 3.33 MeV) (1) 13 12 = 3.33 1.6 10 (= 5.33 10 J) (1)

27

30

(iii)

(anti-)neutrino is also emitted (1) (anti-)neutrino has (some) energy (1) recoiling (niobium) nucleus has (kinetic) energy (1) any 2

2
[12]

31.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Q = VC; W = VC.V ( = CV ) (2) parabolic shape passing through origin (1) 2 plotted accurately as W = 1.1 V (1)
3 4

(b)

(i) (ii)

T = RC; = 6.8 10 2.2 = 1.5 10 s = 4.16 h W = C(V1 V2 ) = 1.1(25 16) ; = 9.9 (J)
4 4 3 2 2

2 2

(iii) (iv)

4 = 5 exp(t/1.5 10 ) ; giving t = 1.5 10 ln 1.25 = 3.3 10 (s) P = W/t = 9.9/3.3 10 = 3.0 mW ecf b(ii) and (iii) 2 2 3 allow P = Vav /R = 4.5 /6.8 10 = 2.98 mW
3

2 1
[11]

32.

(a)

(i) (ii)

suitable pattern; arrows from + ion to ion F = kQ1Q2/r ; Q1 = Q2 = e (2) F = 9 10 1.6 10

2
10

/25 10

20

= 9.2 10

(N) (2)

(b)

(N2 gives) FH = mHaH and FI = mIaI (1) (N3 gives) FH = FI (1) can be implicit SHM gives a x (1) hence xH/xI = aH/aI = mI/mH = 127 (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

13

(c)

(i) (ii)

sine or cosine curve; amplitude 8.0 10

12

m; period = 1.5 10

14

3 2
[15]

resonance situation; driving frequency of radiation = natural (1) frequency of oscillation of molecule/AW (1)

33.

A: the number of (undecayed) nuclei which decay per second/rate of decay of nuclei : the probability of a given nucleus decaying in the next second or in unit time/the (decay) constant relates the activity to the number of undecayed nuclei N: the number of undecayed nuclei/nuclei of the original nuclide (remaining)

1 1 1
[3]

34.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

90 and 234 2 10 7.0 10 = 14 (kg) N = (m/M) NA = 14 10 6 10 /238 (= 3.5 10 ) = 0.69/T = 0.69/4.5 10 3.2 10 = 4.8 10 (s ) 18 25 8 1 A = N = 4.9 10 3.5 10 = 1.7 10 ; s or Bq
9 7 18 1 3 23 25 6 6

1 1 1 1 2
[6]

35.

force per unit (positive) charge force per unit mass force per unit length of conductor carrying unit current; perpendicular to field and current examples of similarities: all explain action at a distance all forces per unit something. field lines never cross; density of lines indicates relative strength of field E and g have the same laws/geometry, e.g. for point and/or plane distributions; for E and g force in direction of field; field lines perpendicular to surface

1 1 1 1

1 1 2 1 2

The Windsor Boys' School

14

examples of differences: forces caused by different entities; and act differently i.e. E and g different to B; force caused by stationary versus moving charge; direction of force for B given by F.L.H.rule, etc. g is only attractive, E (and B) can cause attractive and repulsive forces field lines for B field closed loops others start and finish on m,Q magnitudes of forces very different for unit ; detail. max 7 marks quality of written communication

1 2 2 1 1 2 2
[9]

36.

magnetic flux = BA meanings of B and A, i.e. flux density or field strength and area to it magnetic flux linkage refers to the flux linking/passing through a coil; and equals N flux where N is the number of turns (of the coil) Faradays law: induced e.m.f./voltage is proportional to rate of change of flux linkage through it /correct mathematical formulation/AW Lenzs law: the direction of the induced e.m.f./voltage is such as to oppose the motion/change that produced it relationship of Lenzs law to conservation of energy or other valid explanation/discussion/description max 5 marks quality of written communication

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
[7]

37.

(a)

(to a maximum of 7 marks) e.g. X-ray source + detectors round patient rotated around patient / the signal / X-ray passes through the same section of the body from different directions. producing a (thin) slice / cross-section. Idea of absorption / less gets through / more is absorbed by dense material / bone / material of high Z / High Z related to materials such as bone / Low Z to materials such as soft tissue attenuation is by the photo-electric effect the possibility of using a contrast medium. better than a simple X-ray at differentiating other organs. patient is moved a small distance and the process is repeated / process continues in a spiral. a computer (analyses the data) / identifies the position of organ/bone and forms a 3-D image. 7

(b)

Patients are exposed to ionising radiation. (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

 (Ionising radiation) could cause cancer / damage cells (1) Plus a maximum of ONE from:-e.g. (1) Its expensive. Time consuming / uses valuable resources, etc.. 3
[10]

38.

[to a max. of 5] A p.d. / voltage must be applied causing the (piezoelectric) crystal to change shape. A named crystal (eg quartz, lead zirconate titanate [PZT], lithium sulphate, barium titanate) An alternating p.d. causes the crystal to oscillate / vibrate (accept resonate). If the frequency applied matches the natural frequency of the crystal, resonance occurs. The crystal is damped / stops vibrating when the applied voltage stops due to the backing material / epoxy resin which also absorbs backward-travelling sound waves (which might give spurious reflections). 5
[5]

39.

(i)

5.4 cm +/ 0.1 cm read from the graph (1) = 5.4 20 s cm 1.5 10 m s (1) = 0.162 m (1) 0.162 / 2 = 0.081 m or 8.1 cm (1) 4
1 3 1

(ii)

High reflection at the air-skin boundary / Little ultrasound enters the body / A very large peak right at the start (1) due to large difference in acoustic impedance / allow due to large difference in density. (1) Very low peaks / no (subsequent) peaks (not just nothing) (1) 3
[7]

The Windsor Boys' School

16

40.

(i)

(neutrons) having energies comparable with thermal energies / slow moving / low kinetic energy / energy in range 6 - 100 eV / energy similar to (energy of ) atoms of surroundings ; either thermal neutrons will be captured / absorbed (by U-235 nuclei) or higher energy neutrons do not get absorbed;

1 1
[2]

(ii)

41.

(i) (ii)

3 points plotted;

any point incorrect loses this mark

1 2

curve through 3 points and heads down towards zero; (1) line peaks between Br and origin; (1)
235

(iii)

BE per nucleus of BE of products

= 7.60 235 (= 1786 MeV) = 8.20 146 + 8.60 87 both lines (1) (= 1197 + 748 MeV) so energy released = (1197 + 748) 1786 (1) = 159 MeV (1) omits multiplication by nucleon number to get 9.2 MeV gets 0,1,0 = 1

92U

3
[6]

42.

confines / pulls together plasma / nuclei / ions / nucleons / protons; (1) so increases density/ concentration / number per unit volume; (1) and increases frequency / number of collisions among nuclei; (1) gravitational attraction heats plasma / gravitational p.e. changed to heat; (1) any 3
[3]

43.

either area is potential / stored energy / work done / energy to overcome coulomb barrier or minimum k.e. at infinity or AW; (1) it is (minimum) energy needed for fusion; (1)
[2]

44.

(i)

reactant mass = 2 1.007 276 = 2.014 552 u product mass = 2.013 553 + 0.000 549 = 2.014 102 u so m = 4.5 10 u (1) 2 E = m c (1) 4 27 8 2 14 = 4.5 10 (1.66 10 ) (3.0 10 ) =6.7 10 J (1) allow conversion using 1 u = 931 MeV
4

The Windsor Boys' School

17

(ii)

positron and electron annihilate

1
[4]

45.

(a)

number of decayed U-238 nuclei = number of undecayed U-238 nuclei; (1) so 1/3 of U-238 has decayed and 2/3 of U-238 has not decayed; (1) (so ratio = 2/3)
9 10 1

(b)

either = 0.693 / T = 0.693 / (4.47 10 ) (= 1.55 10 N = N0 e

y ) subs. (1)

so N / N0 = e

and ln (N / N0) = t alg. / arith. (1) ans. (1)

ln (0.667) = 1.55 10 9 so t = 2.61 10 y or and

10

N / N0 = () so 0.667 = () and ln (0.667) = x ln(0.5) x = 0.584 then t = x T = 0.584 4.47 10 = 2.61 10 y

(c)

either N0 = (5.00 / 238) 6.02 10 = 1.26 10 atoms or

subs. (1) ans. (1) 2 238) (1)

N0 = (5.00 10 ) / (1.67 10 = 1.26 10 atoms (1)

27

(d)

exponential decay graph for U: starts from N0 and approaches t axis; (1) exponential growth of Pb from zero: approaches a constant value of N0 ; (1) lines sensibly mirror images; (1)

3
[10]

46.

(i) (ii)

leptons; neutrino / muon / tau(on);

1 1
[2]

47.

(i) (ii)

up down down / udd; Q u (+)2/3 d 1/3 B (+)1/3 (+)1/3 S 0 0

u values (1) d values (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

18

(iii)

so for neutron

Q=0 B=1 S=0

1
[4]

48.

(a) (b)

one (or more) electrons removed (or added) to an atom E = hf = hc/ together with knowledge of symbol meaning (1) 6.63 10 34 3.00 10 8 = (1) 238 10 9 19 = 8.36 10 (J) (1) frequency of UV is greater than frequency of light OR alternative statement in terms of wavelength. so photon energy of visible light is less than photon energy of UV (1) PLUS one of the idea of conservation of energy it is not possible for a low energy photon to give a high energy photon this is a one to one process (1) E = V/d and power of 10 correct for d (1) = 30/0.00020 = 150 000 (1) 1 V m (1)

(c)

(d)

3
[9]

49.

(a)

appropriate shape; lines perpendicular to and touching plate and sphere; (2) arrows towards negative sphere (1) (i)

(b)

By moments, e.g F cos 20 = W sin 20 / by triangle of forces / by resolution of forces / other suitable method; i.e. justification needed (1) 5 5 6 F = 1.0 10 tan 20; = 1.0 10 0.364; (= 3.64 10 N) (2) triangle of forces gives W/F = tan 70, etc (1) 3
6 9 3 1 1

(ii)

E = F/Q; = 3.64 10 / 1.2 10 = 3.0 10 ;N C / V m

(c)

E = (1/4o)Q/r ; 3.0 10 = 9 10 1.2 10 /r ; (2) or use F = (1/4o)Q /r ; r = 3.6 10 giving r = 6 10 (m) (1)
2 2 3 2

The Windsor Boys' School

19

(d)

field line sketch minimum of 5 lines symmetrical about line joining centres with arrows; (1) Fig 1 sketch matches RHS of Fig 2/plate analogous to mirror/AW relating to symmetry (1)

2
[14]

50.

(a)

29; 34
7 10 1

(b)

= 0.693/T = 0.693/(120 3.2 10 ) = (1.8 10

s ) accept ln 2
10

(c)

(i)

Q = CV = 1.2 10

90; evidence of calculation (= 1.1 10

C)

(ii) (iii) (iv)

n = Q/e = 1.1 10

10

/1.6 10
8

; = 6.9 10 allow sig. fig. variations ; = 3.8 10 using 7.0 gives 3.9
18

2 3

A = N; N = 6.9 10 /1.8 10

10

1 y is less than 1% of 120 y so expect to be within 1%/ t using e gives exactly 1% fall/ problem of random emission or other relevant statement

1
[11]

51.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

F is towards open end of tube; using Flemings L.H. rule F = BIw F = 0.15 800 0.0025; = 3.0 (N) A voltage is induced across moving metal as it cuts lines of flux/AW; (1) voltage is proportional to flux change per second/AW; (1) the flux change per second is Bwv / is proportional to the area of metal moving through the field per second / is proportional to v (1) or Faradays law fully stated; with reasonable attempt to; (2) relate flux linkage per second proportionally to speed (1) flux (linkage) doubles; so using Faradays law V doubles/AW

2 1 2

(b)

(i)

3 2
[10]

(ii)

The Windsor Boys' School

20

52.

nature and features: -particle is 2p + 2n/ mass 4 u (1) charge of +2e (1) very short range/heavily ionizing/absorbed by paper (1) spontaneous; and random nature of radioactive decay (2) energetically more favourable to eject four particles together than a single one/other comment about energy minimisation/mainly occurs from higher A nuclei/AW (1) small mass decrease/loss provides kinetic energy of -particle (1) particle energy of a few MeV; particular decay is monoenergetic (2) -particle scattering: suitable diagram and/or description to illustrate experiment up to 2 marks (2) most particles have little if any deflection (1) large deflection of very few shows nucleus is small; and very massive (2) (Coulombs law enables closest approach to) estimate nuclear size (in case of -particle back scattering with conservation of energy argument) Quality of Written Communication

max 7 2
[9]

53.

description: (4) hydrogen or light nuclei/protons are fused together to form a helium/heavier/larger nucleus; (1) two positrons must also be released; to conserve charge; (2) the process is more complicated than the summary equation suggests/AW; 2 mass reduction provides energy release/ m = E/c (1) the process requires very high temperatures (to bring the protons together); (1) normally achieved inside a star; only by man in a bomb so far; (1) comparison: (2) Energy release in fusion is much greater than in radioactive decay; because mass reduction/change in fusion is much greater than in radioactive (1) decay/AW; (1) as the helium nucleus is so strongly bound; (1) also energy release from annihilation of positrons; (1) Quality of Written Communication

max 5 2
[7]

54.

(5.2 1.5 10 ) = 7.80 10 m

11

11

1
[1]

The Windsor Boys' School

21

55.

Hydrogen atoms/particles (1) Collapse under gravity/ decrease of gpe (1) Increase in kinetic energy/ temperature (1) Fusion of protons (1) 2 Energy released/ ref. to E = mc (1)
[5]

56.

v r / v = Ho r (1) labels (including one reference to Earth/Sun/Galaxy) (1)

2
[2]

57.

infinite Universe (1) all lines of sight end on star (1) so night sky should be bright/ not dark (1) either expanding Universe/light undergoes red shift (1) more distant galaxies have greater red shift (1) or age of Universe is finite (1) light from distant stars not yet reached Earth (1)
[5]

58.

(i)

accept description of plan view or side view. side: central bulge (1) galactic disc each side (1) plan: accumulation of stars in centre. (1) spiral arms (minimum of 2 arms) (1) correct position of Sun (accept 28000ly from centre) (1)

2 1
[3]

(ii)

59.

(i) (ii)

hydrogen / helium gas (1) formed after big bang / remnants of supernovas (1) critical density is condition for flat Universe. (1) dark matter increases density of Universe. (1) density greater than critical density. (1) Universe will contract / big crunch. (1)
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

22

60.

Formation of image to a max 3 e.g. X-rays are detected by a film / scintillation counter etc., (1) High Z means high attenuation / low transmission [Allow atomic mass / nucleon number] (1) shadow on the film / reference to exposure after attenuation (1) Reference to photoelectric effect / energy range around 1100keV / 3 absorption Z (1) Explanation of the use of a contrast medium to a max.4 e.g. X-rays do not differentiate / show up soft tissues well (1) as similar absorption / Z is similar / Z is low for these tissues. (1) Contrast medium has high Z / absorbs X-rays strongly.(1) It is usually taken orally / as an enema / can be injected.(1) Example of type of structure that can be imaged to a max.1 e.g. digestive tract / throat / stomach.(1) to a max. 8
[8]

61.

(a)

6 points plotted correctly (1) remaining point plotted correctly (1) sensible continuous smooth graph drawn (1) (i) (ii) 0.95 +/ 0.10 mm (1) I / Io = e (1) 0.50 = e = 730 (1) 1 m (1)
0.0009 x

3 1

(b)

(1) 4
[8]

62.

(a)

forces FS and FG acting inwards, force FE acting outwards - all through centre of proton; 3 forces 2/2, 2 forces 1/2, marked and labelled (2) FE = FS + FG; accept FE + FS + FG = 0 allow ecf from (a) (1)
2 2

(b)

(c)

(i)

FE = Q / (4 0 r ) (1) = (1.6 10 ) / [4 8.85 10 (2.8 10 15 use of r = 1.4 10 m (1) once only

) ] = 29 N (1) 2

The Windsor Boys' School

23

(ii) (iii) (d) (e)

FG = m G / r (1) = (1.67 10
27 2

) 6.67 10

11

/ (2.8 10

15 2

) = 2.4 10

35

N (1)

2 1 1 1

FS = 29 N / same as FE allow ecf (1)

FE >> FG so FG negligible / insignificant / can be ignored or AW (1) (i) (ii) (iii) FE = 0 (1) FG = 2.4 10 FS = 2.4 10
35

N (approx.) allow ecf (1) N (approx.) (1)

35

comment: FS now repulsive (not attractive) or AW or indicated by minus sign with FS; (1) any 3

1
[12]

63.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

238 92 U 239 92

1 + 0n

239 92 U

1 + 0 v ( bar) 0 2 1

239 0 93 X + 1 e

239 Pu + 0 e + 0 v ( bar) 94 1 0 omits any neutrino (1) once only electron incorrectly represented (1) once only 24 000 year / >24 000 year = ln 2 / T = ln 2 / (24000 365 24 3600) subs. (1) = 9.16 10 s or < 9.16 10 s ans. (1) 5 failure to convert years to s, giving 2.89 10 , gets 1/2
23 13 1 13 1

239 93 X

(b)

(i) (ii)

(c)

(i)

239 g of Pu contain 6.02 10 atoms or alternative correct use of NA (1) N = (0.05 4.4 / 0.239) 6.02 10 ie applies % and units correctly (1) 23 (= 5.54 10 (atoms))
23

(ii)

activity = N (1) 13 23 = 9.16 10 5.54 10 allow ecf 11 1 = 5.08 10 Bq / s ans. + unit (2)

3
[12]

The Windsor Boys' School

24

64.

(a)

p.e. increases (1) k.e. decreases (1) or k.e. is converted to p.e. gets 2/2 eventually all k.e. is changed to p.e. (1)
19 2 12 13 15 13

(b)

EP = (1.6 10

) / (4 8.85 10

2.1 10

) (= 1.1 10 J (1)

J) (1) 2

so k.e. of each proton = 1.1 10

= 5.5 10
9

14

(c)

5.5 10 = 2.07 10 9 accept 2.6 10 K

T so T = 2.7 10 K ans. (1) 1

(d)

either: EK is the mean k.e. of protons (1) protons (in plasma) have a range of k.e.s (1) any 1 so (at any instant) some protons have much greater k.e. than average or: protons can fuse for separations > 2.1 fm (1) because of (quantum) tunnelling (effects) (1)
13 13 13 13

(e)

(i) (ii)

2 (2.3 10 ) + 2 (8.8 10 ) + (20.6 10 ) = 42.8 10 13 adds energies, without 2 gives 31.7 10 J for 1/2 2 neutrinos escape from the Sun (and carry away energy) (1)

J (2)

2 1

(f)

either T ( EK) Q1Q2 and Q1Q2 is greater for reactions in carbon cycle (eg 1 12 > 1 1); or verbally: repulsion is greater between nuclei in carbon cycle; (1) greater repulsion / Coulomb barrier means more energy needed (so higher temp.) (1) 2
[13]

65.

(a)

79 Au 192 : 79 Au

+ 192

0e + 1

0 e (1) 1 omits both neutrinos gets 1/2 max.

192 0 78 Pt + 0 v (1) + 192 Hg + 0 v (bar) 80 0

(b)

decay: reactant mass = 191.921 47 u product mass = 191.918 24 + 0.000 55 = 191.918 79 u (1) products mass < reactant mass so reaction can occur (1) decay: (reactant mass = 191.921 47 u) product mass = 191.921 41 + 0.000 55 = 191.921 96 u products mass > reactant mass so reaction cannot occur (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

25

(c)

mass defect / mass loss= 191.921 47 191.918 79 (1) (= 0.002 68 u) 27 then either: mass loss in kg = 0.002 68 1.66 10 (1) 30 (= 4.45 10 kg) 2 so energy loss = m c (1) 30 8 2 4.45 10 (3.0 10 ) 13 = 4.00 10 J (1) or : 0.002 68u = 0.002 68 932 MeV (2) = (2.50 MeV) 6 19 = 2.50 10 1.6 10 (1) 13 = 4.00 10 J (1) 1 13 accept 930 934 MeV u giving 3.99 4.00(5) 10 J

4
[11]

66.

all free hadrons (thought to be) (somewhat) unstable; (1) protons and neutrons are (both) hadrons; (1) + (1) protons and neutrons inside a nucleus are stable; (1) free neutrons have half life of 10 - 15 minutes; (1) 32 free protons are stable / have half life of about 10 year; (1) allow equivalent marks for other hadrons and / or other relevant points

any 5
[5]

67.

(i) (ii)

weak (force / interaction); (1)

1 1

2He +

1e

+ v ; (1)

(iii)

d u + e + v ; (2) d u gets 1/2 u d u + e / + v is not in simplest form, so gets d baryon reaction 0n 1p +

+ v gets

2
[4]

68.

fission is when splitting (into two parts releasing energy) takes place and fusion is when joining together takes place (1) nuclei as the active particles (1)

2
[2]

The Windsor Boys' School

26

69.

(a)

(i) capacitor

capacitance / F

charge / C

p.d. / V = Q/C = 6 (V) (1)

energy / J = CV (1) =56 = 90 (1)

30

= CV Y 25 = 25 6 =150 (C) (1) 30 + 150 = Z 10 180 (C) (1) = Q/C = 180/10 = 18 (V) (1) Each box correctly calculated scores (1) + (1) for CV (ii) 1 18 V + 6 V = 24 (V) (1) 2 180 (C) (1) 3 180 / 24 = 7.5 (1) 4 90 + 450 + 1620 = 2160 (J) (1) (b) (i) (ii) (c) (i) Kirchhoffs second law OR conservation of energy (1) Kirchhoffs first law OR conservation of charge (1) time constant = CR (1) 6 = 7.5 10 200 000 = 1.5 (s) (1)
4 CR CR

= 6 (V) (1)

= 450 (1)

= 1620 (1)

4 1 1

(ii)

Q = Qo e

(1) 2
[19]

Q/Qo = e = 0.0183 (1)

70.

(a) (b)

zero (do not allow small) (1) 300 W for 1 watt therefore 300 W 20 for 20 W 6000 W (1)

1 1

The Windsor Boys' School

27

(c)

e.g. if run at 92 K there is a danger that superconductivity will cease as a result of a slight temperature rise (1) a 15 K difference provides a safety region (1) 77 K is the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (1) other sensible suggestion (1) MAXIMUM (2)

(d)

(i)

area of cross-section of wire = 10 m (1) 6 2 8 2 current = 10 m 2.0 10 A m (1) = 200 A (0)

(ii)

2 1

(e)

(i) (ii)

F = BQv (1)
v2 (1) r r = mv/BQ (1) 27 m = 235 1.66 10 kg (1) 235 1.66 10 27 8.3 10 5 r= = 1.51 m (1) 1.34 1.6 10 19

BQv = m

(iii)

circular paths for both ions (1) U235 ion with slightly smaller radius (1) paths curving upwards (1)

3
[16]

71.

(a) (b)

(mv =) 300; kg m s or N s (2) (i) (The speed of the bar increases so) it is accelerated forwards/AW; (1) this requires a resultant (forward) force/F = ma idea (1) Arrow in direction of motion/to right (1) (t = s/v = 3.0/0.60 =) 5.0 s (1) F = m (v u)/t; = 500 1.2/5.0; = 120 (N) ecf b (iii) (3)

2 1 1 3

(ii) (iii) (iv)

The Windsor Boys' School

28

(c)

ray source; (1) the only radiation with sufficient penetrating power/ability to discriminate between different thicknesses/AW (1)

2
[11]

72.

(a)

(i) (ii)

5.0 (V) (1) 10.0 (V) (1)

1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

Q = CV;= 1.0 10 (C) (2) The total capacitance of each circuit is the same (namely 100 F); (1) because capacitors in series add as reciprocals/ in parallel add/ supply voltage is the same and Q = VC, etc. (1) max 2 marks A1 will give the same reading as A2; because the two ammeters are (1) connected in series /AW (1) answer only in terms of exponential decrease for a maximum of 1 mark A4 will show the same reading as A2 at all times; (1) A3 will show half the reading of A2 initially; and at all subsequent times (2)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

3
[11]

73.

(a)

Positive as E-field is downwards/top plate is positive/like charges repel/AW (1)

(b)

(i)

k.e. = QV; = 300 1.6 10

= (4.8 10
26

J) (2)
2 9

(ii)

1/2mv = 4.8 10 ; = 0.5 2.3 10 4 1 (giving v = 6.46 10 m s ) (2)

v so v = 4.17 10 ; 2

(c) (d)

E = V/d; so d = V/E = 600/4 10 = 0.015 m (2) (i) (ii) semicircle to right of hole (1) ecf(a); (a) and d(i) to be consistent mv /r; = BQv; (2) 26 4 19 giving r = mv/BQ = 2.3 10 6.5 10 /(0.17 1.6 10 ); (1) r = 55 mm;so distance = 2r = 0.11 m (2)
2

2 1

5
[13]

The Windsor Boys' School

29

74.

(a)

(i) (ii)

138 (1) 86 (1)

1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

= 0.693/1600 3.16 10 = 1.4 10

s (1)

1 3

A = N; N = 6.02 10 /226; evidence of calculation to give 3.6 or (2) 10 3.7 10 Bq (1)

(c)

m = 0.0053 u (= 8.8 10 kg); (1) 2 14 13 E = c m; = 9 8.8 10 = 7.9 10 (J) (2)

(d)

Q = mc; so 0.8 3.7 10 7.9 10 = 0.001 110 : (2) 1 giving = 0.213 K s ; and t = 1/ = 4.7 s (2) 1 or Q = mc; Q/K = 0.001 110 = 0.11 J K ; (2) Q/s = 0.0234 J; so t = 0.11/0.0234 = 4.7 s (2)

4
[13]

75.

Faradays law: the emf/voltage induced across a coil/component/circuit is (1) proportional to the rate of change of flux (linkage) through it /AW (1) magnetic flux = BA; (1) meanings of B and A, i.e. flux density or field strength and area ( to it) (1) magnetic flux linkage refers to the flux linking/passing through a coil; (1) and equals N flux where N is the number of turns of the coil (1) Quality of Written Communication

max 5 2
[7]

76.

sine or cosine wave of regular period and amplitude (1) V doubles when the speed v of rotation of the coil doubles; (1) when v doubles the rate of change of flux linking the coil doubles; (1) the frequency of the a.c. signal doubles/period halves/AW (1) V doubles when the number n of turns on the coil doubles; (1) when n doubles there is twice as much flux linking the coil/AW; (1) the frequency/period of the signal is unchanged; (1) without iron core flux linking coil is much less/flux would spread in all directions/flux not channelled through low reluctance path/AW (1) amplitude of output voltage is smaller (1) actually is tiny/negligible/mV rather than V Quality of Written Communication

max 7 2
[9]

The Windsor Boys' School

30

77.

any 4 from: end of H burning/red giant/supergiant (1) onset of He fusion/fusion of heavier nuclei (1) gravitational collapse of core (1) supernova explosion/ star explodes (1) suitable mass limit (chanderasekha limit 1.4M) (1) supported against gavity by neutron gas pressure/ ref to Fermi pressure (1) internal structure protons and electrons combined/ very thin atmosphere/ metallic crust (1)

4
[4]

78.

(i)

volume = 4 (10,000) /3 = 4.2 10 (1) 30 12 density = 3.5 10 / 4.2 10 ecf (1) 17 3 density = 8.4 10 kg/m (1) any two from density (very) much greater than material on Earth (1) 4 3 quotes typical density on Earth 1 10 kg m (1) atomic structure collapsed / density same as atomic nucleus (1)

12

(ii)

2
[5]

79.

(i) (ii)

energies/temperatures irreproducible on Earth / laws of Physics break down (1) temperature decreases (1) universe expanding/work done against attractive forces/ energy converted to mass (1) any 3 from protons and electrons separate initially (1) matter-radiation equilibrium/charge prevents passage of em waves (1) proton-electron recombination /formation of atoms (1) gamma/ em waves no longer absorbed (1)

(iii)

3
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

31

80.

any 5 from: star-light shows red shift (1) galaxies (stars) receding from Earth (1) recessional velocity proportional to distance (1) cosmological microwave background radiation (CMBR) (1) uniform intensity in all directions (1) small ripple (1) (black body temperature) 2.7 K (3K) (1) High ratio of helium to hydrogen (1) Indicates very high temperatures existed (1) ratio too high to originate from stellar fusion (1)

5
[5]

81.

isotropic (1) homogenous (1)

2
[2]

82.

(i)

H0 = 75 / 3.1 10 (1) t0 = 1 / H0 = 4.13 10 s (1) t0 = 4.13 10 s / 365 24 3600 = 1.3 10 y (1)

19

(ii)

any two from universe expands to a limit/ flat universe (1) but never reaches that limit (1) density of universe = critical density (1) curve: passes through P (1) curves over and back to time axis (1) Universe not so old (no ecf from (iii)/ Universe will end in big crunch (no ecf from iii) / universe has finite lifetime (1)

(iii)

(iv)

1
[8]

83.

(a)

The intensity of sunlight is too small (inverse square law) or The area of panel required would be too large/massive to launch (i) Energy required = V I t = 12 5 120 60 (1) 5 = 4.32 10 J (1)

(b)

The Windsor Boys' School

32

(ii)

Steady power required = (4.32 10 100/25) 24 3600 (2) = 20 W (18.5W if 0.40 MJ used) (or P = VI = 12 5 = 60W for 2h so only 5W for 24h if 100% efficient but = 5 / 0.25 = 20W)
6 19 13

(iii)

Energy carried by alpha = 5 10 1.6 10 = 8.0 10 J (1) 13 Activity required = 20 (8 10 ) 13 = 2.5 10 Bq (1) 13 13 (or 0.432MJ / 8 10 J alphas per day = 0.432 MJ / 8 10 / 24 3600 alphas per sec)

(c)

Decay constant of Pu 238 = 0.69 / T = 0.69 / 88 365 24 3600 10 1 = 2.5 10 sec (2) 9 (allow mark for conversion of 88 years to 2.78 10 seconds) Number of nuclei required = A / = 2.5 10 / 2.5 10 23 = 1.0 10 (1) (allow mark for formula A = N) 23 23 Mass required = 1.0 10 238 / 6.02 10 (1) = 40 gms = 0.040 kg (1)
13 10

(1)

(d)

On launch, the rocket gives the spacecraft a huge kinetic energy (in order to escape) Failure at this point could cause spacecraft and contents to burn up in atmosphere But plutonium would still be radioactive and being vaporised it could be ingested. Sensible comment on danger periods of launch (or re-entry) Sensible comment on mechanism of ingesting Plutonium Allow one sensible comment on no risks in the isolation of deep space

2
[15]

The Windsor Boys' School

33

84.

X-ray (photons penetrate patient (1) attenuation by different media / bones attenuate more than soft tissue (1) less X-ray reach film under bone / shadow effect (1) intensity of X-rays is proportional to darkening of film / ref. To fogging or blackening (1) X-ray photons hit crystals / atoms in intensifying layer (1) atoms become excited / fluorescence occurs (1) emitting light (photons) (1) detail: as they return to ground state (1) so extra fogging of film (1) detail: metal backing stops X-rays passing through / film more sensitive to light than X-rays / most X-rays pass through the film / double sided / photographic film / more contrast but not clearer (1) Response is quicker / less X-rays needed (1) so less exposure (1) to maximum of 8 8
[8]

85.

alternating voltage or alternating E-field across crystal (1) at resonant frequency (1) allow reference to resonance of crystal

2
[2]

86.

(i) (ii)

position of 3 lower oxygen ions closer to positive plate (1) ref. to change in dimension / shape / distort/ it gets longer (1)

1 1
[2]

87.

(a)

(i)

Z for air is 429 (kg m s ) and 6 2 1 Z for skin is 1.71 10 (kg m s ) (1) Substitution into equation leading to F = 0.999 (1) 2

2 1

(ii)

with gel, more ultrasound enters body / without gel, most ultrasound is reflected (1) most ultrasound is reflected (without gel) when the difference in Z is large or most ultrasound enters body when the different in Z is small (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

34

(b)

1.5 cm 1 10 = 1.5 10 s (1) s = vt or 4080 1.5 10 (1) s = 6.12 cm (1) ecf if speed is wrong /2 = 3.06 cm (1) 4
[8]
5

88.

At least 3 field lines inside solenoid parallel to axis; (1) Lines equally spaced over some of length of solenoid. (1) Arrows on lines pointing left to right. (1)

3
[3]

89.

(a)

similar mass means large momentum transfer (in collision); (1) hence fewer collisions are needed; (1) neutron colliding with heavy nucleus bounces off with similar speed / k.e. scores 1/2 max. neutron colliding with similar mass nucleus transfers large k.e. / speed scores 1/2 max.
236 110 121 1 92U 45Rh + 47Ag + 5 0n (2) 235 1 110 121 allow 92U + 0n 45Rh + 47Ag

(b)

+ 5 0n

no neutrons 0/2, incorrect number of neutrons 1 5 5 0N gets 1/2 max. 0n gets 0/2 if
1 0

missing from neutron symbol, 1/2 max. + 0n

236

92U

121

47Ag

+ 6 0n gets

2
[4]

90.

neutron is udd / proton is uud; (1) quarks are: up down strange top bottom charm; (1) either up / u has Q = (+)2/3, B = (+)1/3; or down / d has Q = 1/3, B = (+)1/3; (1) quarks are fundamental particles; (1) for every quark there is an antiquark; (1) antiquarks have opposite values of Q, B and S (compared to quark) (1) quarks are held together by strong force / gluons (1) Q, B and S are conserved in (quark) reactions (1) any 2

5
[5]

The Windsor Boys' School

35

91.

(a)

(i)

calculates b.e. per nucleus: 1.11 2 (= 2.22) 2.57 3 (= 7.71) both expressions (1) so energy released = 7.71 2 2.22 (= 3.27 MeV) (1) 6 19 = 3.27 10 1.6 10 13 = 5.2(3) 10 J (1) omits multiplication by 2 and 3, 1/3 max.

(ii) (b)

reaction 2 generates more energy (than reaction 1); (1)

initial mtm. = final mtm. so 0 = mH vH + mn vn (1) 0 = (4 mn)vH + mn vn so vn = 4 vH (1) k.e. of 2He = mH vH k.e. of 0n = mn vn either or
1 1 0n 1 2 4 2 2

k.e. equation applied (to n or He) (1)

= (4mn) vH = 2 mn vH

= mn (4vH) = 8 mn vH alg. (1) 5

k.e. of 0n = 4 (k.e. of He) has 80% of total energy (1)

80% unsupported scores 1/5 k.e. stated to be proportional to 1/(mass) scores 2/5 if correct answer obtained
[9]

92.

(i)

In J: E = m c (1) 27 8 2 10 = (2 1.67 10 ) (3.0 10 ) (= 3.0 10 J) subs. (1) 10 10 19 9 In GeV: 3.0 10 = 3.0 10 / (1.6 10 10 ) = 1.88 GeV ans. (1) allow 1.9 GeV uses only one mass, can get 2/3 max.

(ii)

particle mass increases with energy / speed; (1) accelerating voltage gets out of step with passage of particle between electrodes / if voltage out of synch. proton energy cannot increase or AW; (1) 1.88 GeV is high enough to cause (significant) mass increase; (1)

3
[6]

The Windsor Boys' School

36

93.

(a)

Np graph: graph has exponential shape / there is exponential decay of Np nuclei / number (of Np nuclei) is halved in 2.3 days / constant time / in its half life; (1) Pu graph: sum of Pu + Np nuclei = 3.0 10 at all times; (1) either because one Np nucleus decays to one Pu nucleus or rate of decay of Np and formation of Pu are equal; (1) and half life of Pu >> / much bigger than half life of Np; (1) any 2 (2) 3
20

(b)

time required = time for Np nucleus to fall to 0.30 10 ; (1) then either N = N0 () so N/N0 = () t = 7.8 days (1) or
t/T t/T

20

(1) lg (0.1) = t/2.36 lg (0.5) (1)

lg(N/N0) = t/T (lg 0.5)

uses N = N0 e

where = ln 2 / 2.36 (= 0.294 day ) (1) t = 7.8 days (1)

so 0.1 = e (1) ln (0.1) = 0.294 t or

0.294 t

= ln 2 / (2.36 24 3600) = 3.41 10 s (1) 3.41 10exp(6) t 6 0.1 = e ln (0.1) = 3.41 10 t (1) 5 5 t = 6.76 10 s = 6.76 10 / (24 3600) = 7.8 days (1)
20 20

calculates time for Np to fall to 2.7 10 / Pu to rise to 0.3 10 = 0.36 day gets 0 1 1 1 = 3/4 uses T for plutonium can get 2/4 max. attempts to use repeated halving of N can get 2/4 max. if using 0.3 (not 2.7)
[7]

94.

(a)

equally spaced horizontal parallel lines from plate to plate; arrows towards B; quality mark
4 1

(b)

E = V/d; = 600/0.04;(= 1.5 10 V m )

(c)

F = QE / 1.6 10
2

1.5 10 ;= 2.4 10
19

(N)
15

(d)

1/2mv = Fd or QV; = 1.6 10 600 or = 2.4 10 0.04 ecf (c) or alternative method by constant acceleration formulae; 2 14 7 1 (either method giving v = 2.1 10 and v = 1.45 10 m s )
7 1

(e)

2v = 2.05 10 (m s )

The Windsor Boys' School

37

(f)

fewer electrons will reach grid B or C (as higher initial speed required); so current will fall (to zero if beam is taken to be monoenergetic)

2
[12]

95.

(i) (ii)

C = Q/V or gradient of graph / = 24 C/3V; = 8.0 (F) E = CV / = 8 3 ; = 36 (J) ecf a(i) or QV / = 24 3; = 36 (J)
3 2 2

2 2

(iii) (iv)

T = RC = (0.04); R = 0.04/8.0 = 5.0 10 () ecf a(i) idea of exponential/constant ratio in equal times; which is independent of t/RC initial value/AW or argued mathematically in terms of Q/Qo = e give 1 mark for statement that time depends only on time constant/RC

2
[8]

96.

(i) (ii)

Cp = C + C = 6 F; 1/Cs = 1/2C + 1/C; = 3/2C giving Cs = 2C/3 = (2 F) 2 sets of (3 in series) in parallel/ 3 sets of (2 in parallel) in series

3 2
[5]

97.

(i)

number of decays/atoms/nuclei decaying per second/unit time in the source/AW count (rate) without source present/AW distance of detector from source/dimensions of source or detector window/efficiency of detector/rate of emission v detection, e.g dead time correction/other sensible suggestion; reason/effect on count rate

1 1

(ii)

1 1
[4]

98.

(i)

(take lns of both sides) appreciate ln e or when multiplying logs add

= t; and ln C/Co = ln C ln Co 2

(ii)

gradient = 0.056 h allow 0.002 h ; T = ln2/ = ln2/gradient = ln2/0.056 h; T = 12.4 h allow 0.4 h

3
[5]

The Windsor Boys' School

38

99.

mass change/charge change/range/speed of emission/monoenergetic v range of speed/alpha emitted from only high mass nuclei/number of particles in the decay/other sensible suggestion or further detail any three 3
[3]

100. (a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

BA / = 0.05 0.05 0.026; = 6.5 10 ; Wb/T m BA sin 45/BAcos 45 = 4.6 10 Wb ecf (a)i 0 a point where curve crosses t-axis
5

3 1 1 1 1 1 3
[11]

(b)

(i) (ii)

voltage is proportional to the rate of change of flux linking the coil; rate of flux change is zero/very small when the flux linking the coil is a maximum sinusoidal curve; of double the amplitude; and half the period

(iii)

101. proves existence of a nucleus to the atom; containing most of the atomic mass; because of bouncing back; of very small size; because of few scattered through any angles at all; containing charged particles; because the scattering is consistent with the pattern predicted by Coulomb/electrostatic repulsion; electrons have opposite/smaller charge; and a much smaller mass; a diffraction pattern is observed (superimposed on the Rutherford scattering curve); as the electrons behave like waves; with a of the order of d for significant scattering/having a de Broglie wavelength; pattern/size of ring enables radius of the nucleus to be found max 7 Quality of Written Communication

1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
[9]

102. (a)

uniform intensity detected in all directions/ isotropic

The Windsor Boys' School

39

(b)

Hydrogen and helium in early stars and sun Sun has greater proportion of helium than early stars/ H changed to He by fusion in sun. Virtually no higher elements in first stars/ sun contains traces of higher elements (accept specific examples up to iron)

1 1 1
[4]

103. Any 5 from red shift data for galaxies (accept stars) calculate velocity from red shift galaxies/ stars receding from Earth distance data for galaxies/ stars velocity distance / v/r = constant / v-r graph straight line universe began at a single point

1 1 1 1 1 1
[5]

104. (a)

Any two stars rotate around galactic centre star with velocity component towards Earth reference to motion/shape of galaxy or other valid points eg blue shift
19 1

1 1 1

(b)

Ho = 75/ 3 10 s t 1/ 2.5 10 17 t 4 10 s
18

1 1 1
[5]

105. critical density is that for flat universe density > p0 universe closed/contracts/big crunch density < p0 universe open/ expands forever any 2 from fate unknown because size/mass/density universe uncertain fate unknown because p0 / H0 not known

1 1 1 1 1
[5]

106. (i)

P = IV (1) = 3.0 12 = 36 W (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

40

(ii)

Ps = 0.96 Pp (1) Ip = Ps / 0.96 Vp (1) = 36 / (0.96 230) = 0.163 A (1)

3
[5]

107. (a) (b)

repulsion/attraction correctly labelled on axis; (i) correct point N - where strong line crosses distance axis; at N (resultant) force is zero; (1) so neutrons must be at equilibrium; (1) any 1 not just forces equal correct point P; (1) at P electrostatic and strong forces balance (or AW); (1)

(ii)

(c)

crosses axis at P; allow P on either curve if forces equal (1) crosses e/s force line at point vertically above N; (1) generally correct shape, entirely above strong line; (1)
2 2 2

(d)

(i)

(F =) Q /[40(x) ] allow (F =) Q1 Q2 /[40(x) ] (1)

(ii)

25 = (1.6 10 ) / (4 8.85 10 [d] ) subs. (1) 15 15 d = 3.0(3) 10 m allow 3 10 m (1)

2
[11]

108. (a)

either produced in a nuclear (fission) reactor or bombard (natural) uranium with neutrons (1) uranium 238 (nucleus) absorbs / captures a neutron (1) product (uranium 239) undergoes -decay (1) any 2 (i) (ii) alpha particle (1)
239 94Pu

2 1

(b)

2He +

235

92U

each correct product nucleus gets (1)

(c)

(i)

24000 years / 7.57 10 s (1)

11

The Windsor Boys' School

41

(ii)

either = 0.693/24000 = 2.89 10 y t N = N0 e

or

N = N0 ()

9000/24000

equation(s) (1) subs. (1)

= 5 10 () 20 (= 3.85 10 )
5

20

0.375

= 5 10 exp(2.89 10 9000) 20 (= 3.85 10 ) (d) (i) (ii) ratio = 4.0 (1) original ratio N240 / N239 = 40 10 /(5 10 ) = 8 (1) (ratio after 9000 years = 4) equal numbers after another 9000 + 9000 = 18000 years (1) so total time = 9000 + 18000 = 27000 years (1)
20 20

2 1

3
[12]

109. either 4 23 26 number of atoms of 2He in 1.0 kg = (1 / 0.004) 6.02 10 (= 1.51 10 ) (1) so total energy = 1.51 10 28.4 1.6 10 10 (1) 14 14 = 6.9 10 J (accept 6.8 10 J) (1) or 4 27 27 mass of 2He = 4 1.67 10 (= 6.68 10 kg) so number of 2He in 1.0 kg = 1 / (6.68 10
26 4 27 26 19 6

) (= 1.50 10 ) (1)
33

26

and energy generated = 1.50 10 28.4 MeV (= 4.25 10 eV) (1) 33 19 = 4.25 10 1.6 10 J 14 = 6.8 10 J (1)

3
[3]

110. (a) (b)

equation 1H + 1H 2He (+ energy) (1) (i) ke of nuclei converted to (electric) potential energy (1) all ke is converted (1)
19 19 12 13

(ii)

pe = (1.6 10 ) (1.6 10 ) / (4 8.85 10 correct charge subs. (1) correct remaining subs. (1) 16 (= 7.5 10 J)

3.07 10

) 2

(iii)

initial momentum = final momentum or equivalent (1) m u (2m) v = 0 (so u = 2v) (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

42

(iv)

ke = m v (1) 2 2 ke of deuterium = (2 m) v (= m v ) 2 2 ke of hydrogen = m (2v) (= 2m v ) so deuterium has 1/3 of total ke ) 2 hydrogen has /3 ) working (2) so ke of hydrogen = 2/3 7.5 10 = 0.50 10 J) 16 15 ke of deuterium = 1/3 7.5 10 = 0.25 10 J) (1)
16 15

4
[11]

111. (a) hadron neutron proton electron neutrino 4 lines correct 2/2: 3 lines correct 1/2: 2 or 1 line correct 0/2 (2) (b) (i) (ii) 1015 minutes - any value within range (1) weak force / interaction (1)

baryon

lepton

2 1 1

(iii)

d u + e + (-bar) (u) (u) (d) (d)

omits e or loses 1 each (2)

(iv)

charge: /3 (+ /3 /3) /3 (+ /3 /3) 1 (+0) (1) baryon number: /3 (+ /3 + /3) /3 (+ /3 + /3) + 0 (+0) (1) nuclear values: charge 0 = 1 1 (+ 0) and baryon no. 1 = 1 + 0 gets 1/2
1 1 1 1 1 1

(c)

(i) (ii)

arrowed line plus resultant / pr label anti- (1) neutrino (1) is emitted carried away some momentum (1) shows neutrino momentum vector (1)

any 3

3
[12]

The Windsor Boys' School

43

112. (a)

the splitting of a nucleus into two (or more) smaller nuclei/particles/ fragments (spontaneously/after absorption of a neutron)
235 141 92 1

(b)

92U

+ 10n 56Ba + 36Kr + 3 0n 1 mark per error

(c)

E = c m; m = 0.186 u (= 3.09 10 kg); (2) 16 27 11 E = 9 10 0.186 1.66 10 = 2.78 10 (J) (1)

28

(d)

F = kQ1Q2/r ; Q1 = 56e, Q2 = 36e; (2) F = 9 10 56 36 (1.6 10

) /(1.3 10

14 2

) ; = 2.7(4) 10 (N) (2)

4
[10]

113. (a)

B = F/Il with symbols explained or appropriate statement in words; (1) explicit reference to I and B at right angles/define from F = BQv etc (1) (i) (ii) arrow towards centre of circle field out of paper; Flemings L.H. rule/moving protons act as conventional current F = Bev allow BQv
2 2

2 1 2 1

(b)

(iii)

(iv)

F = mv /r; Bev = mv /r; (2) 27 7 19 B = mv/er = 1.67 10 1.5 10 /(1.6 10 60); = 0.0026; T (3) 2 allow Wb m

(v)

the field must be doubled; (1) B v (as m, e and r are fixed)/an increased force is required to maintain the same radius (1)

2
[13]

The Windsor Boys' School

44

114. helium nucleus electron photon/e-m radiation/energy (1) charge +(2e) mass 4mp/4u charge (e) mass me charge 0 mass 0 (2) emission energy 3 7 MeV emission energy 1 2 MeV emission energy about 1 2 MeV or all of the same order of magnitude/AW (1) monoenergetic from given nuclide range of emission energies from given nuclide from zero to a maximum monoenergetic from given nuclide or comparison in terms of velocities (1) range 3 7 cm of air range 1 2 m of air range inverse square law in air/ order of kms (1) absorbed by paper absorbed by thin/ 1 mm Al sheet up to cm of Pb sheet (1) strongly ionising weakly ionising hardly ionising at all (1) any other sensible comparison (1) max 6 marks Quality of written communication

6 2
[8]

115. range/penetration/absorption/deflection experiment suggested (1) but no further progress made to answer question otherwise: suitable arrangement and choice of apparatus all can be shown on a diagram (2) range/penetration/absorption experiment: place detector very close/ 2cm from source; measure count rate, use paper screen or move back to 10 cm or more, measure count rate, interpret result; contrast to background count level/ other emissions from same source (3) place detector e.g. 10 cm from source measure count rate, add thin sheets of Al until count drops to very low or almost constant value; interpret result (2) place detector e.g. 10 cm from source measure count rate, add thin sheets of Pb until count drops to very low/background level; interpret result (2) max 6 marks aliter deflection experiment: needs vacuum for experiment; (1) source for radiation passes through region of E- or B- field; (1) deflection or not of particles detected by detector to distinguish emissions; (1) detail of directions; all 3 correct 2 marks can only score max of 1 mark unless vacuum mentioned (2) amount of curvature determines energy of emission; and nature of particle (1) max 6 marks

6 2
[8]

Quality of written communication

The Windsor Boys' School

45

116. Planets move in ellipses (Sun at one focus) (1) Planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. (1) 2 3 2 3 Period radius / T / r = constant (1)

3
[3]

117. (i)

v/c = / (1) 9 8 = 656.3 10 6.1 / 3 10 (ignore minus sign) (1) 14 = 1.33 10 m (1) Graph: any 4 points plotted correctly (1) all correct (1) graph: draw curve, reasonable attempt (1) Either point where star moves perpendicular to line of sight (1) time = 72 h (1)h (ecf read value from their graph 1 h) (1)
3 11 30 2 2

(ii)

2 1 1 1

(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

r = (6.7 10 4 10 [72 3600] / 4 ) ecf (1) 9 r = 7.70 10 m ecf . (1) (use of t = 72h 1/2)

2
[10]

118. correct reference to (1) AU (1) parallax of (1) arcsecond (marks can be gained on labelled diagram) (1) 2
[2]

The Windsor Boys' School

46

119. Any 6 from Nuclear/hydrogen burning ends (1) Mass > Chandrasekhar limit (1) Expanding gas/planetary nebular/red giant (1) Gravitational collapse /ref. to burning He or higher metals (1) Correct ref. to (Fermi) pressure/ radiation pressure (1) (must have ref. to pressure or force from radiation.) Neutron star (neutron by itself, not enough) (1) Correct reference to Schwarzschild radius/ allow mass> 3M/ allow ref. critical radius (1) Black Hole (1) 6
[6]

120. (i)

Mass = 3.8 10 / (3 10 ) (1) Mass = 4.2(2) 10 kg s (1)

26

8 2

(ii)

3.8 10 = 10 / time (1) time = 8.2(2) 10 y (1)

26

44

2
[4]

121. Universe is isotropic/ same in all directions (1) homogenous/ evenly distributed (1) 2
[2]

122. Any 5 from Uniform intensity in all directions/ everywhere (1) Structure in background intensity/ripples (1) Produced when matter and radiation decoupled (1) Originally gamma radiation (1) (gamma) red-shifted to microwave/originally higher energy (1) Evidence that universe began with big bang. (1) Temperature corresponds to 2.7K / 3K / that predicted by big bang model (1) 5
[5]

The Windsor Boys' School

47

123. Any 2 from No experimental evidence/ no physical evidence (1) State of matter unknown/ laws of physics unknown (1) Energies unreproducible/ ref. to very high temperature (1)

2
[2]

124. Open: Universe expands for all time (1) Flat: expands to a limit (but never reaches it) (1) Closed: Universe contracts/ collapses back (1) reference to role of gravity/ critical density (1) Marks for a. can be gained on labelled diagram. 4
[4]

125. Ho = 1 10

26

8 6.67 10 s (1)

11

/ 3 (1) 2
[2]

Ho = 2.36 10

18 1

126. 1 each to a maximum of 7: Electrons are emitted from C / (hot) cathode. There is a high voltage between C and A . or stated p.d. >1000 V (so) electrons are accelerated towards A / anode. Electrical energy becomes KE (of electron). Electrons undergo a sudden deceleration at A / collide with A (Some of) the KE is converted to X-rays / (electromagnetic) radiation The X-rays are produced by the deceleration / reference to bremsstrahlung X-rays characteristic of target produced). Most of the (kinetic) energy becomes heat / thermal energy. The reason for the vacuum. 7
[7]

Other good point (eg anode rotated / inner shell electron of target atom knocked out / higher pd gives more penetrating X-rays/higher energy photons).

127. (a)

Low energy X-rays are absorbed by the skin / undesirable as can cause damage / greater ionising (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

48

(b)

I = I0e Io =

(1) e 2500.025 5 2 Io = 1.79 10 Wm (1) (c) P = I A (0) 2 2 P = 347 (0.10 10 ) (1) 3 P = 1.09 10 W (1) (i) P = 18 100 / 0.15 (1) P = 12000 W (1)
17

(1) 347

ln I = ln Io x ln Io = ln 347 + 250 0.025 3

(d)

2
14

(ii)

12000 / 7.5 10 (= 1.6 10 2 14 0.5 m v = 1.6 10 (0) 8 1 v = 1.9 10 ms (1)

J = energy of each electron) (1) 2

(iii)

tube current = 7.5 10 1.6 10 = 0.12 A (1) V I = 12000 (1) V =12000 / 0.12 = 100,000 V or 100 kV (1)

3
[13]

128. (a)

density (of medium) (1) speed of ultrasound (in the medium) (1) or any factors that affect the speed of ultrasound in the medium e.g. the Young modulus 2

(b)

(i)

blood: 6 6 2 6 6 2 f = (1.59 10 1.63 10 ) / (1.59 10 + 1.63 10 ) (0) 4 f = 1.54 10 (1) muscle: 6 6 2 6 6 2 f = (1.70 10 1.63 10 ) / (1.70 10 + 1.63 10 ) (1) 4 f = 4.4 10 (1) so the medium is muscle (1) bald muscle gets 0/4 4

(ii)

(s = u t) 3 6 s = 1.54 10 26.5 10 = 0.0408 m (1) 0.0408 / 2 = 0.020 m (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

49

(iii)

1.54 10 / 3.5 10 = (1) 4 7 3 4.4 10 m (1) 4.4 10 m gets full credit if 10 penalised in (ii)

2
[10]

129. (i)

I = V/R = 12/50 (1) = 0.24 A (1) Power in primary = power in secondary / IpVp = IsVs (1) Ip = 0.24 12 / 230 = 0.0125 A (1)

(ii)

2
[4]

130. (a)

(i)

either (mass / mass-energy / energy of separate nucleons) - (mass / mass-energy / energy of whole nucleus) or AW; or energy needed to separate / split / break apart neutrons and protons (completely); or energy released when separate nucleons / protons and neutrons combine to form nucleus; but NOT energy that binds / holds nucleus together NOT energy to break bonds between nucleons atoms gets 0

(ii)

either high binding energy (/ nucleon) means greater stability / less likely to fuse or fission or nuclides (tend to) move to / react towards the lowest potential energy/ highest binding energy (/nucleon) can be won in any of C, U, or Fe explanations or as separate statement; (1)
12 6C can undergo fusion; (1) 235 92U can undergo fission; (1) 12 235 6C and 92U are both unstable 56 26Fe

gets 1/2 4

is stable / does not experience fission or fusion; (1)

(b)

(i)

either neutron that is at (thermal) equilibrium with medium / substance / material through which it is passing or neutron whose (kinetic) energy is equal / comparable / similar / to energy of atoms / molecules through which it is passing or slow moving neutron or neutron having low (kinetic) energy / energy of 1 10 eV;
235 1 236

(ii)

92U

+ 0n

92U

+ neutrino gets 0 (1)

The Windsor Boys' School

50

(iii)

236

92U

235

135

53I

+
1

95

39Y

+ 6 0n
53I

accept
235

92U

+ 0n

135

95

39Y

+ 6 0n for 1/1

(iv)

7.6 53I: 8.4 39Y: 8.6 MeV read from graph, nuclides identified with readings (1) total BE:
235 135 95 92U: 53I:

92U:

135

95

7.6 235 (= 1786)

8.4 135 (= 1134) 8.6 95 (= 817) three expressions (1)

39Y:

so energy released = 1134 + 817 1786 (1) = 165 MeV (1) 8.4 + 8.6 7.6 = 9.4 MeV gets 1,0,1,0 = 2/4 uses 236 to get 157.4 MeV gets 4
[12]

131. (a)

energy

= V I t (1) = V (area under I-t graph) (1) 6 = 1.2 4 10 (20 + 5) (1) 8 = 1.2 10 J (1)

no V gets 0/4 except if stated area under graph = charge which gets area calculation errors eg wrong triangle areas can get 6 omits 10 can get 3/4 (b) nuclei have (net) charge but atoms dont; (1) nuclei would be deflected by B field / atoms are not; (1) (momentum conservation: mH vH = mn vn mH = 4 mn so) vn = 4 vH (1) ke = m v (1) ke of 0n = m (4 vH) = 8 m vH
4 2 1 2 2 2 2

(c)

ke of 2He = 4 m vH = 2 m vH } subs. (1) so (ke of 0n) = 4 (ke of He) (so 0n has 80%, 2He has 20% of total ke) (1)
1 4 1

4
[10]

The Windsor Boys' School

51

132. baryon: two examples proton; (1) neutron; (1) 3 particles quoted, including one wrong gets 1/2 only quark composition: proton neutron uud; (1) udd; (1)

(aware consists of 3 quarks, unspecified, gets 1/2) stability: proton stable inside (stable) nucleus; (1) 32 proton possible decay / half life = 10 years when free; (1) 30 allow any half life > 10 years neutron stable inside (stable) nucleus; (1) neutron half life = 10/15 minutes when free; (1) any 6
[6]

133. lepton: two examples: electron; (1) positron; (1) neutrino; (1) any 2 (2) (allow muon, tauon) 3 particles including one wrong gets 1 only composition: fundamental (- no quark components); (1) forces: weak force / interaction; (1) electron / positron - (also) electromagnetic / electrostatic force; (1) where found: electron - in atom, outside nucleus or in decay; (1) positron (rarely) emerging from (high mass) radioisotopes / + in decay / accelerating-colliding machines; (1) neutrino - travelling in space eg from Sun or emitted (with electron / positron) in beta decay; (1) allow ONCE resulting from high energy particle collisions any 6
[6]

134. (a)

v = u + at no, but if u is zero then v is proportional to t (1) provided a is constant (1) pV = nRT not unless T is in kelvin (1) and both n and V are constant (R is a constant) (1) P = Fv yes if v is constant (1) but all three terms can vary so proportion unlikely (1) then EITHER if v is constant then P and F will also be constant OR P is proportional to F when going up hills of different gradient (at constant v) (1) MAXIMUM 2 yes ( is a constant and A is directly proportional to r ) (1)
2

A = r

The Windsor Boys' School

52

(b)

graph must be a straight line (1) graph must go through the origin (1)

2
[9]

135. (a)

(i)

radioactive implies the emission of ionising radiation (1) OR emits alpha, beta and gamma radiation (1) nuclide refers to a particular nuclear structure (with a stated number of protons and neutrons) (1) half-life is the (average) time taken for the activity to fall to half its original value (1)

(ii)

(iii)

(b) time / hour 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 (i) and (ii) activity of material / Bq 4600 3713 3002 2436 1984 1619 1333 activity of nuclide X /Bq 4200 3334 2646 2100 1667 1323 1050 activity of nuclide Y /Bq 400 379 356 336 317 296 283

2100 as first figure to be filled in for nuclide X (1) 1667 (1) 1050 (1) idea of subtraction for nuclide Y (1) correct values for the ones given in nuclide Y column (1)

(c)

sensible graph plotted (1) extrapolation done (1) value 70 5 hours (1) A = A0 e (1) ln A = ln A0 t e.g. when A = 296, t = 30 h 5.6904 = 5.9915 30 (1) 0.3011/30 = 0.01004 = = ln 2/ = 69.0 h answers will vary slightly dependent on starting and finishing times (1)
t

OR

The Windsor Boys' School

53

(d) OR OR (e)

separate the two nuclides (before starting the count) (1) by chemical means (if possible) (1) using a centrifuge or diffusion (if isotopes) sensible idea about shielding against one of the emitted particles decay constants or half lives are different (1) half-life at the start is approximately that for X (1) X decays more rapidly than Y so after a long time the half-life is that for Y (1) in between it has a value intermediate between the two (which varies) (1) MAXIMUM 3 dealt with mathematically, along the lines of two separate exponential decays (1) when added together do not give an exponential graph (1) with back up maths (1)

OR

[16]

The Windsor Boys' School

54