Exp 10 Flow Visualization

8.
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL, ARCHITECHTURE AND MARINE ENGINEERING
NAME 254 (HYDRODYNAMICS SESSIONAL)
Experiment No. 10
To demonstrate the phenomenon associated to the flow in an open channel
10.1 General: An open channel flow is a watercourse, which allows part of the flow to be
exposed to the atmosphere. This type of channel includes rivers, culverts, storm water
systems that flow by gravity, roadside ditches, and roadway gutters.
10.1.1 Kinds of open channel:
An open channel is a conduit in which water flows with a free surface. Open channels are
classified on different criteria as follows:
1. Natural and artificial channel:

Natural: Rivers and tidal estuaries
Artificial: Irrigation canals, Laboratory flumes, drops, culverts, roadside gutters etc.
2. Prismatic and non-prismatic channels

Prismatic: Artificial channels
Non-prismatic: Natural channels
3. Rigid and mobile boundary channels:

Rigid: Lined canals, Sewers, non-erodible unlined channels
Mobile boundary channels: Alluvial channel
4. Small and large slope channels
10.2 Types of open channel flow:
1. Steady flow
a. Uniform flow
b. Gradually varied flow
c. Rapidly varied flow
d. Spatially varied flow
2. Unsteady flow
a. Gradually varied flow
b. Rapidly varied flow
c. Spatially varied flow
8.2
Fig: An Open Channel
10.2.1 Applications: Open channel flow design criteria are used in several areas of
transportation design including:
1. River channel changes

2. Stream bank protection
3. Partially full flow culverts
4. Roadside ditches
5. Downstream analysis
10.3 Theory:
We will estimate the velocity distribution V 2 (h) over the weir by using the Bernoulli’s
equation.
V 21 V2
+ H + Y = 2 + H + Y-h
2g 2g
V 22 = 2gh + V 21
8.3
Then, the flow over the weir will be, approximately:

H
Q = ∫ V 2 dh
H
3
H
= ∫ √ 2 gh+ V 1 dh
2
H
3
2 3 2 3
2 H
= √ 2 g [ ( H + V 1 ¿2 - ( - V 1 ¿2 ]
3 2 3 2g
Where it is accepted the free surface has a height of 2 H/3 over weir. Normally, the kinetic
height upstream is worthless, so we will use the following equation,
2
Qa = Cw. √ 2 g H 3/2
3
Or, Qa = Cw. Qt
So, Cw = Qa/Qt
2
Qt = √ 2 g H 3/2
3
We can also find out the value of Cw using T. Rehbock formula:

0.075 H
Cw = 0.611 +
Y
Where, Y = Weir height
10.4 Objectives:
1. To demonstrate the phenomenon associated to the flow in an open channel.
10.5 Apparatus:
8.4
Equipment of flow visualization in channels, Hydraulic bench, Stop watch etc.
Equipment of flow visualization Stop Watch
Hydraulic Bench
10.6 Procedure:
- Place the model in use in the channel using the setscrews. The model will be placed
in the appropriate hole in the lower part of the channel.
- In case of not using any model, it will be necerrary to place the screws, for the
practical procedure, the hole we are not using will be covered with screw.
- For better visualization of the flow, we should use ink, injected through the
hypodermic needles. These must be placed at the channel inlet. We will regulate the
ink outlet with the pointer of the main value of the proportioner.
- It is recommended to use a vegetable ink with density similar to that of the water, so
the flow lines are clear. The use of fluorceine is recommended.
- Start the pump, in order that the water begins to circulate through the channel being
the ink control valve closed. Adjust the flow through the channel with the control
valve of the bench and regulating the outlet floodgate of the channel. To study the
weirs, lift the adjustable board up, so the water doesn’t find any obstruction in the
drain. As we increase the flow with the flow control valve of the bench, we will get
down the adjustable plate in order that the water doesn’t overflow on top of the
channel.
8.5
Open the ink control valve located in the base of the tank and adjust the current
density.
- Once the model of corresponding flow has been visualized, turn off the pump and
remove the model from the channel, placing the corresponding screw instead.
- To see the visualization of the flow lines clearly, we can place a blank sheet at the
back part of the channel.
- Measure the heights upstream of the weir for different flows. Take note of the flow
obtained by the bench.
Experiment No. 10
To demonstrate the phenomenon associated to the flow in an open channel
Experimental Data Sheet
Group Volume Time Actual Height Theoretical Weir Weir

No Discharge, measured, discharge, coefficient, coefficient
Qa H Qt Cw by T.
Rehbock,
Cw
1 3x 10-3 23.1 1.29 x 10-4 0.030 2.3 x 10 -4
0.56
Level / Term : Dept. :

Reg No. : Section:
Group No. : Date :
8.6
_____________________
Signature of the Teacher
10.8 Calculation:
H = 0.030 m
V = 3 litre = 3 x 10-3 m3
T = 23.1 sec
Qa = V/T = 1.29 x 10-4 m3/sec
2
Qt = √ 2 g H 3/2
3
= 2.3 x 10-4 m3/sec
Cd = Qa/Qt = 0.56
10.9 Discussion:
8.7
10.10 Assignment:

Exp 10 Flow Visualization

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8.

MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

10.1.1 Kinds of open channel:

1. Natural and artificial channel:

2. Prismatic and non-prismatic channels

3. Rigid and mobile boundary channels:

Mobile boundary channels: Alluvial channel

4. Small and large slope channels

10.2 Types of open channel flow:

Fig: An Open Channel

1. River channel changes

Then, the flow over the weir will be, approximately:

We can also find out the value of Cw using T. Rehbock formula:

Where, Y = Weir height

Equipment of flow visualization in channels, Hydraulic bench, Stop watch etc.

Equipment of flow visualization Stop Watch

Group Volume Time Actual Height Theoretical Weir Weir

Level / Term : Dept. :

= 2.3 x 10-4 m3/sec

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