Part 3-2 Well Completion Equipment
Part 3-2 Well Completion Equipment
Part 3-2 Well Completion Equipment
Part 3‐2
Well Completion Equipment
By
Prof. Abdel‐Alim Hashem
UPPER
COMPLETION
Side Pocket Mandrel
EQUIPMENT
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Side Pocket Mandrels
• Originally designed" for gas lift completions to provide a
means of injecting gas from the casing‐tubing annulus to
the tubing via a gas lift valve.
• In recent times, they have also been commonly used in
place of an SSD as a circulating device
• Because of seal failure, it Can be rectified by pulling the
dummy gas lift valve (or kill valve) with wireline and
replacing the seals.
Side Pocket Mandrels
• SPMs are installed in the completion string to act as receptacles
for the following range of devices:
• Gas lift valves
• Dummy valves
• Chemical injection valves
• Circulation valves
• Differential dump kill valves
• Equalizing valves.
• It is essential to understand the operation of the device installed
in an SPM before conducting any well intervention as it may
affect well control.
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Valves Definitions
• Gas lift valves When installed in the SPM, the valve responds to the pressure of gas
injected into the annulus by opening and allowing gas injection into the tubing..
• Chemical injection valves These allow injection of chemicals (e.g. corrosion inhibitors)
into the tubing. They are opened by pressure on the annulus side.
• Circulation valves These are used to circulate fluids from the annulus to the tubing
without damaging the pocket.
• Equalization valves: Are isolation and pressure equalization devices that prevent
communication between the tubing and the annulus, and can provide an equalization
facility by initially removing a spike from the valve.
• Differential kill valves: Used to provide a means of communication between the annulus
and the tubing by the application of annulus pressure. An SPM with a differential valve
installed provides the same function as a sliding side door.
• Dummy valves: Solely isolation devices that prevent communication between the tubing
and the annulus.
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SIDE POCKET
Orientation MANDREL
Sleeve
Tool
Discriminator
Latch Lug
Upper Packing Bore
Pocket
Lower Packing Bore
Section A-A
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SPM
LATCH/VALVES
TYPICAL LATCH
KICKOVER TOOL
OPERATION -
Upward jarring
shears trigger
pin and permits
tool to be pulled
out of hole
Tool now
in a position
to jar down
VALVE
INSTALLATION
into the pocket
Latch Lower
knuckle
now in line
with pocket
Valve
Catcher
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UPPER
COMPLETION
EQUIPMENT
Tubing
Flow Coupling
SCSSSV Landing Nipple
Flow Coupling
UPPER
COMPLETION
EQUIPMENT
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Flow Couplings
• Heavy‐walled tubular 1‐6 ft length
• Installed above any completion component which
may cause flow turbulence such as wireline nipples,
SSD’s, SCSSV landing nipples etc. and fight internal
erosion.
• Manufactured from harder materials
• Have a thicker wall thickness for maintaining pressure
integrity over the projected life of the well in case of
errosion
• In higher velocity wells, such as high pressure gas
wells or injection wells, a flow coupling may also be
placed below restrictions.
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Comparison of WRSVs and TRSVs
WRSV Applications TRSV Applications
General application: where General application: where larger flow
intervention by wireline is available area is desired for the tubing size
High pressure gas wells High volume oil and gas wells
Extreme hostile environments where Subsea compel ion
well fluids or temperature tend to
shorten the life of component
materials
High velocity wells with abrasive Multiple zone completions where
production several flow control devices are set
beneath the TRSV
Greater depth setting capabilities 13
Valve Mechanisms and Components
Poppet Valve
Flapper Valve
Ball Valve
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Typical Safety Valve System
• A component on an oil and gas
well
• Acts as a failsafe to prevent the
uncontrolled release of reservoir
fluids in the event of a worst‐
case‐scenario surface disaster.
• Almost always installed as a vital
component on the completion.
• Installed with a lock mandrel in
the nipple
WIRELINE
RETRIEVABLE
SAFETY VALVES
Open Closed
Ball Type Flapper Type 16
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ANNULUS
Production Casing
SAFETY VALVE
Multi-Purpose
Expansion Joint
Annulus Ports
Tubing
Poppet Valves
Tubing Retrievable Safety
Valve Control Line
Spacer
Tubing Hanger
UPPER
COMPLETION
EQUIPMENT
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Horizontal Conventional
Production Well
Completion
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Horizontal Monobore
Production Well
Completion
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Casing Profile Example
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Typical Surface Wellhead System
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Well Head Equipment
Tubing Hanger Christmas Tree
Hanger Pins
VR Plug
Valve Removal
Guide Pins
Tubing Hanger
Spool Production Tubing
SC‐SSSV Hydraulic
Control Line
Production Casing
Slip and seal
assembly
Conductor Casing
Surface Casing
Landing Base
Drive Pipe
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Bowl Type Tubing Head/Mandrel Type
Tubing Hanger
A Tubing Head/Tubing Hanger combination unit is attached to the uppermost casing
head on the wellhead. The main functions of this unit are to:
• Suspend the tubing
• Seal the annular space between the tubing and the casing
• Lock the tubing hanger in place
• Provide a base for the wellhead top assembly (Xmas Tree)
• Provide access to the annular space ('A' annulus).
• Suspension of the tubing is accomplished usually by threads, slips or any other
suitable device, i e. rams.
• The tubing head consists of a spool piece type housing where the internal profile of
the top section is a straight or tapered cylindrical receptacle (bowl) into which the
tubing hanger is landed, suspending the tubing and sealing off the volume between
the tubing and the casing.
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Features of Tubing Hanger Spools or
Tubing Heads(1)
Top and Bottom Connections
• The size and pressure ratings of these connections (usually flanged) must be
compatible with the size and pressure rating of the joining connections.
Upper Bowl
• Provides the seal area for various tubing hangers and a load shoulder to support the
production tubing.
Lower Bowel
• Provided to house some type of isolation seal.
Set Screw or Hold‐down Screw
• Found in most tubing heads and have two important functions:
• Retain (hold) the tubing hanger and prevent any upward tubing movement due to
pressure surges.
• Activate (energize) the body seals on the tubing hanger.
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Features of Tubing Hanger Spools or
Outlets
Tubing Head(2)
• Provide access to the annulus (e.g. for pressure monitoring or gas lift) during
production.
Test Port
• This permits the pressure testing of the hanger seal assembly, lockdown screw packing
connection between flanges, and the secondary (isolation) seal.
• The important features of tubing hangers are:
Landing Threads
• These are the uppermost threads on the hanger and they must support the entire
weight of the tubing string during landing operations.
Bottom Threads
• These must support the entire weight of the tubing string and seal the producing
conduit from the tubing/casing annulus.
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Features of Tubing Hanger Spools or
Tubing Heads(3)
Sealing Area
• Provide compression type sealing between the outside diameter
of the hanger body and the inside diameter of the hanger bowl.
• Sealing accomplished by energizing elastomer seals or metal‐to‐
metal seals by the action of tubing weight on various load‐
bearing surfaces.
• Tubing hangers are sized according to the upper bowl of the
tubing head and the tubing size the hanger win be supporting.
• Thus, a 7" x 2‐7/8" tubing " hanger means a 2‐7/8" production
string suspended from a tubing head 7" top bowl. ..
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X‐tree Photo
Typical Solid Block (OCS) Tree
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X‐mas Trees
• An assembly of valves and fittings used to control the flow of
tubing fluids at surface
• Provide access to the production tubing and on some subsea
completions to provide access to the annulus string.
• Is essentially a manifold of valves, installed as a unit on top of a
tubing head or subsea wellhead.
• The ranges of trees available is wide
• Valve layout of surface Xmas trees is similar throughout and
typically contains the following valves and features: Lower
Master Valve (LMV), Upper Master Valve (UMV), Flow Wing
Valve (FWV), Choke Valve, Kill Wing Valve, Swab Valve, Tree
Cap, Pressure Gauge 31
Xmas Trees
Lower Master Valve (LMV)
• Utilized on all Xmas trees to shut in a well.
• Usually operated manually. As its name implies, the master is the most
important valve on the Xmas tree.
• When closed, this valve should keep the well pressure under fun control
and therefore should be in optimum condition ‐ it should never be used as
a working valve.
• In moderate to high‐pressure wells, Xmas trees are often furnished with a
valve actuator system for automatic or remote controlled operation (i.e.
surface safety valve system).
• This is often a regulatory requirement in sour gas or high‐pressure wells.,
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Xmas Trees
Upper Master Valve (UMV)
• Used on moderate to high pressure wells as a emergency shut‐in system
where the valve should be capable of cutting at least 7/32" braided‐
wireline.
• Can be actuated pneumatically or hydraulically.
• Is a surface safety valve and normally connected to an emergency shut‐
down (ESD) system.
Flow Wing Valve (FWV)
• Permits the passage of well fluids to the choke valve.
• Can be operated manually or automatically (pneumatic or hydraulic)
depending on whether a surface safety system is to be included in the
production wing design.
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Xmas Trees
Choke Valve
• Used to restrict, control or regulate the flow of hydrocarbons to the production
facilities.
• Operated manually or automatically and may be of the fixed (positive) or adjustable
type.
• The only valve on the Xmas tree that is used to control flow.
• Sometimes located downstream at the production manifold.
NOTE:
• All other valves used on Xmas trees are invariably of the gate valve type providing full
bore access to the well.
• These valves must be operated in the fully open ∙or closed position. .
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Xmas Trees
Kill Wing Valve
• Permits entry of kill fluid into the completion string and also for
pressure equalization across tree valves e.g. during wireline
operations or prior to the removal/opening of a sub‐surface
safety valve.
• This valve is usually manually operated.
Swab Valve
• Permits vertical entry into the well for wireIine (e.g. running
BHP/BHT gauges, tubing conditioning) or for well interventions
such as coiled tubing operations and logging.
• This valve is operated manually.
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Xmas Trees
Xmas Tree Cap
• Provides the appropriate connection for well control equipment when
conducting wen interventions and is installed directly above the swab
valve.
• Normally includes a quick union type connection and should be strong
enough to support the well control equipment.
• The bore of the cap flange should be compatible with the tree and
permit the running of service tools.
• Sometimes the cap is removed and replaced by tertiary well control
equipment. (e.g. Shear Seal)
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Composite
Wellhead and
Xtree
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Integral X‐Tree
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39
Identical
Seal Assemblies
13-5/8" 10,000 W.P.
Cameron 'Fastlock'
Connector
13-5/8" Compact
Housing
2-1/16" Outlets
9-5/8" Casing
13-3/8" Casing
Landing Base
20" Casing
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Subsea (Wet) Xtree
Subsea X‐tree Types
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End
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