Me 8513 MM Lab 2022 Odd

Subject Code / Name: ME8513 Metrology & Measurement Laboratory
A .V. C COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MANNAMPANDAL - 609 305.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME 8513- METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LAB MANUAL
Name : ………………………………………
Reg. No. : ………………………………………
Year & Sec. : ………………………………………
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Vision of the Department:
To establish as a center of excellence in the field of Mechanical Engineering in academics,

research and development and serve the society by moulding the rural students as engineers to
meet the challenges of the industry.
Mission of the Department:
1. To ensure high quality Mechanical Engineering education to rural students by providing

excellent academic environment
2. To develop professional skills through Student centric initiatives and industry interaction
3. To prepare students for higher Education, research and Innovation
4. To make globally competent and socially committed Mechanical engineers with moral
and Ethical values as per the expectation of the Industry.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO):

PSO 1: Apply their knowledge in the domain of engineering mechanics, thermal and fluid
sciences to solve engineering problems utilizing advanced technology with professional ethics.
PSO 2:Successfully apply the principles of design, analysis and implementation of mechanical
systems/processes which have been learned as a part of the curriculum.
PSO 3: Develop and implement new ideas on product design and development with the help of
modern CAD/CAM tools, while ensuring best manufacturing practices.
Programme Educational Objectives
PEO 1:Graduates will contribute to the industrial and societal needs in line with recent
developments using knowledge acquired through basic engineering education and training in
modern tool usage
PEO 2:Graduates will be able to demonstrate technical knowledge and skills in their career with
systems perspective, analyze, design, develop, optimize, and implement complex mechanical
systems
PEO 3:Graduates will be able to work in multidisciplinary environment developing complex

mechanical systems.
PEO 4:. Graduates will work as a team or as an individual with utmost commitment towards the
completion of assigned task using apt communication, professional ethics, technical and
management skills.
PEO 5:Graduate will recognize the importance of professional development through lifelong
learning of evolving technologies.
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SYLLABUS
ME8513 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY L T P C

0 0 4 2
OBJECTIVE:
 To familiar with different measurement equipment’s and use of this industry
for quality inspection.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Calibration and use of measuring instruments – Vernier caliper, micrometer, Vernier height gauge –
using gauge blocks
2. Calibration and use of measuring instruments – depth micrometer, bore gauge, telescopic gauge
3. Measurement of linear dimensions using Comparators
4. Measurement of angles using bevel protractor and sine bar
5. Measurement of screw thread parameters – Screw thread Micrometers and Three wire method
(floating carriage micrometer)
6. Measurement of gear parameters – disc micrometers, gear tooth vernier caliper
7. Measurement of features in a prismatic component using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
8. Programming of CNC Coordinate Measuring Machines for repeated measurements of identical
components
9. Non-contact (Optical) measurement using Toolmaker’s microscope / Profile projector and Video
measurement system
10. Measurement of Surface finish in components manufactured using various processes (turning,
milling, grinding, etc.,) using stylus based instruments.
11. Machine tool metrology – Level tests using precision level; Testing of straightness of a machine tool
guide way using Autocollimator, spindle tests.
12. Measurement of force, torque and temperature
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to

CO1 Measure the gear tooth dimensions, angle using sine bar, straightness and flatness,
Thread parameters, temperature using thermocouple, force, displacement, torque and
vibration.
CO2 Calibrate the vernier, micrometer and slip gauges and setting up the comparator for the
Inspection.
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LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS
S. No. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

1 Micrometer 5
2 Vernier Caliper 5
3 Vernier Height Gauge 2
4 Vernier depth Gauge 2
5 Slip Gauge Set 1
6 Gear Tooth Vernier 1
7 Sine Bar 1
8 Floating Carriage Micrometer 1
9 Profile Projector / Tool Makers Microscope 1
10 Mechanical / Electrical / Pneumatic Comparator 1
11 Autocollimator (Study) 1
12 Temperature Measuring Setup 1
13 Force Measuring Setup 1
14 Torque Measuring Setup 1
15 Coordinate measuring machine(Study) 1
16 Surface finish measuring equipment 1
17 Bore gauge 1
18 Telescope gauge 1
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INDEX
MARK
Sl.No DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE SIGN
(10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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MARK
Sl.No DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE SIGN
(10)
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Completed Date:
Average Mark: Staff-in-charge
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LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING VERNIER CALIPER
Ex No:
Date:
AIM:
To calibrate the Vernier caliper and determine the dimensions of the given specimen
using Vernier caliper.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Vernier Caliper
2. Slip gauges
DESCRIPTION:
It consists of fixed main scale, movable vernier scale. The Vernier scale
slider over the main scale. Both scale having measuring jaws. It is used by closing the
jaws and work surface and readings are taken from the main scale and vernier scale. This
is used for internal and external measurement and depth measurement.
Least Count = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division

= 1- 49/50
= 0.02mm
PROCEDURE:
1. The Vernier caliper is checked for zero error

2. The calibration was done by checking the slip gauges of various sizes.
3. The given specimen is placed between the measuring tip.
4. The jaws are moved till the flat surface is touched.
5. Fine adjustment screw is adjust and the sliding jaws are tightened by clamping
screw.
6. Fine adjustment clamping placing screw is tightened.
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7. The MSR and VSC are noted.

8. By reading same procedure, the readings at different place of specimens are noted.
9. Readings are tabulated and calculated.
TABULATION
CALIBRATION:
LC = 0.02 mm
Scale
VSR = OR =
S.No Slip reading CR =OR + ZC AVG
VSC X LC MSR + VSR ERROR
Gauge MSR VSC (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (Div)
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Measuring given part:
Main
Vernier OR =
Scale VSR= CR =OR Average
Scale MSR +
Specimen Reading VSC X LC + ZC Value
Coincidence VSR
in’mm’ in’mm’ (mm) in’mm’
in’div’ (VSC) (mm)
(MSR)
A1
A2
A3
RESULT:
Thus the given Vernier caliper is calibrated and the dimensions of given
specimen were measured.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS :-
1. List the various linear measurements.

(i) Length
(ii) Heights
(iii) Thickness
2. What are the various types of linear measuring instruments?
(i) Vernier calipers
(ii) Micrometer
(iii) Slip gauge
(iv) Comparators
3. What is the main difference between linear and angular measurement?
The main difference between linear and angular measurement is that no
absolute standard is required for angular measurement
4. List down the errors when vernier caliper is used in measurement.
(i) Errors may arise in manipulation of vernier caliper.
(ii) Jaw movement should be perpendicular to the scale readings.
Otherwise, measurements will not be correct.
5. What are precautions to be carried while using vernier calipers?
(i) The jaws should not be used as a wrench or hammer because vernier
caliper is not a rugged instrument.
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LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING MICROMETER
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:
To calibrate the given micrometer and determine the dimension of a part
using micrometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Micrometer
 Slip gauges
DESCRIPTION:
The micrometer consist of ‘V’ shape and has a fixed and movable spindle it is
used by placing the work in between the angle and spindle moving to touch the work
surface the reading are taken from main scale and thimble scale.
Least Count = 1 main scale division / Number of division on thimble scale

= 0.5 / 50
= 0.01mm
PROCEDURE:
1. The micrometer is checked for zero error.

2. The given component is held between the faces of angle and spindle.
3. The spindle is moved by rotating the thimble until the anvil and spindle
touches the cylinder surface of the component.
4. Final adjustment is made by ratchet the main scale reading and thimble
scale readings are noted.
5. Two or more readings are taken at a different faces of the component.
6. Readings are tabulated and calculated.
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TABULATION: - LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING
MICROMETER CALIBRATION:
LC= 0.01mm
Scale
HSR = OR =
S.N Slip reading CR =OR + ZC AVG
HSC X LC PSR + HSR ERROR
o Gauge PSR HSC (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
1
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Measuring given part:
Pitch
OR =
scale Head Scale HSR= CR =OR Average
PSR +
Specimen reading Coincidence HSC X LC + ZC Value
HSR
in’mm’ in’div’ (HSC) in’mm’ (mm) in’mm’
(mm)
(PSR)
RESULT:
Thus the given Vernier caliper is calibrated and the dimensions of given
specimen were measured.
1. What is laser micrometer?

It is used for checking the profiles of complex components like turbine blades.
2. Name the main parts of micrometer.
(i) Frame
(ii) Anvil
(iii) Spindle
(iv) Ratchet driver
(v) Thimble and barrel
(vi) Adjusting nut.
3. What are the different types of micrometer
(i) Outside micrometer
(ii) Inside micrometer.
4. Mention the two important requirements of the measurement?
(i) The standards used for comparison must be accurate and internationally
accepted
(ii) The apparatus or instrument and the process used for comparison must be
provable.
5. What are the applications of measurement?
(i) Measurement provides the fundamental basis for research and development
activities.
(ii) Measurement is used to evaluate the performance of any plant or a process.
(iii) It establish the validity of design and determines data for new and improved
design.
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LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

Ex . No :
Date :
AIM
To determine the height of the given specimen by using Vernier Height gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Vernier Height gauge,

 Work piece,
 Surface plate.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the main scale, Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Height gauge
2. The vernier height gauge is checked for zero error
3. Place the job in Surface plate.
4. Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the
Smooth surface
5. Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier Height
gauge
FORMULA:
MD = [MSR + ( VSC × LC ) ]
1. MD-Measured Dimension
2. MSR-Main Scale Reading
3. VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide
4. LC-Least Count
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VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
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TABULATION:
Least count = 0.02 mm

Vernier Scale
Main scale reading ( Vernier scale reading ( VSR ) Measured Dimension= (MD)
Specimen coincidence
MSR ) = VSC × LC in
S.NO Details ( mm)
( VSC )
(mm) ( mm) (MSR + VSR)
( mm)
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CALCULATION:
GRAPH :
Main scale reading Vs Measured Dimension
RESULT:
Thus the height of the given Specimen is determined using vernier height gauge.
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VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

Ex . No :
Date :
AIM
To determine the Depth of the given specimen to accuracy using Vernier Depth gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Vernier depth gauge

 Surface plate
 Work piece
PROCEDURE:
1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error.

2. It is placed on the surface Plate
3. Thus the given specimen is placed on the surface plate
4. The work piece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument
5. The main scale reading and vernier scale reading are noted
6. The readings are tabulated.
FORMULA USED:
MD = [MSR + (VSC × LC)]
 MD-Measured Dimension
 MSR-Main Scale Reading
 VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide
 LC-Least Count
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TABULATION
Least count = 0.02mm

Main scale reading ( Vernier Scale Vernier scale reading ( Measured Dimension =
MSR ) coincidence VSR ) MSR + VSR
Specimen ( VSC ) VSC X LC
S. No
Details
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
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CALCULATION:
GRAPH :
Main scale reading Vs Measured Dimension
RESULT :
Thus the Depth of the given Specimen is determined using vernier depth gauge.
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BORE GAUGE
Ex No:
Date:
AIM
To measure the cylinder bore using bore gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Cylinder block
 Bore gauge
 Vernier caliper
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the bore using vernier caliper to get the gross reading of the bore.
2. Select and install the suitable anvil and washers
3. Make a zero adjustment of the bore gauge using inside measuring jaw of the vernier
caliper.
4. After the zero adjustment is done insert the bore gauge into the bore and observe the
measurement and record the data.
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TABULATION
Bore Gauge Dial Gauge

Cylinder Size
S. No
Anvil Washer’s SCR VSR TR= SCR+VSR
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CALCULATION:
RESULT
Thus the bore measurement by using of bore gauge.
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BORE DIAMETER MEASUREMENT USING TELESCOPIC GAUGE
Ex No:
Date:
AIM
To measure the bore diameter using given telescopic gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Telescopic gauge
 Work piece
 Vernier caliper
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the given work piece to be measure

2. Select the telescopic gauge and insert into the cylinder bore.
3. Selected the telescopic gauge from the telescopic gauge set.
4. Unlock the telescopic gauge and inserted into the cylinder bore.
5. Measure the distance of telescopic gauge by using vernier caliper.
6. Tabulate the given readings.
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TABULATION
Telescopic Gauge range Vernier Scale Reading Bore Diameter

S.No (mm) (mm)
MSR VSC VSR
1
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CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus the given bore diameter is to be measure by using of telescopic gauge.
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CALIBRATE THE DIAL GAUGE USING SLIP GAUGE
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To calibrate the given dial gauge by using slip gauge set.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. Slip gauge set

2. Mechanical comparator (Dial Gauge)
3. Surface plate
4. Vernier caliper
DESCRIPTION:-
Mechanical comparator magnifies small deviations. The methods of

magnifying small event of the indicator in all mechanical comparators are effected by
means of a combination of these elements. These are mostly used for the inspection of
small parts machined to close limits.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Initially the dial gauge stand is cleaned.

2. The dial gauge is mounted on the stand.
3. Slip gauge is cleaned with cloth.
4. The readings are tabulated and calculated.
5. Repeat the experiments.
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TABULATION: -
Sl.
Actual Value in’mm’ Error in ‘mm’
No. Nominal Value in ‘mm’
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
GRAPH :
Nominal Value Vs Actual Value
RESULT:-
Thus the error in dial gauge is tabulated and graph has drawn.
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1. What is comparator?
Comparator is one form of linear measurement device which is quick and
more convenient for checking large number of identical dimensions by comparing the
actual dimensions with standard dimensions.
2. Define least count and mention the least count of a mechanical comparator.
The least value that can be measured by using any measuring instrument
known as least count. Least count of a mechanical comparator is 0.01mm.
3. What are the different types of comparators?

 Mechanical comparator
 Electrical comparator
 Optical comparator
 Pneumatic comparator
4. What are the advantages of mechanical comparator?

 It is usually robust, compact and easy to handle.
 There is no external supply such as electricity, air required.
 It has very simple mechanism and is cheaper when compared to other
types.
5. What are advantages of pneumatic comparator?

 The wear of measuring heads is avoided due to absence of direct contact
 Friction is less due to less number of moving parts.
High magnification is possible.
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ANGULAR MEASUREMENT BY USING BEVEL PROTRACTOR
Ex No:
Date:
AIM:
To measure the angle in the given work piece using Bevel Protractor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Work piece
 Bevel Protractor

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the Bevel protractor with the fine cotton cloth.
2. The work piece whose angle to be measured is placed between the stock and the
blade.
3. Note down the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence.
4. Tabulate the readings.
FORMULA:
𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 =
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐞
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TABULATION (Work Piece 1)
Least count = 5 mins
Main scale reading Vernier Scale reading (VSC Total reading = (MSR + VSR)
Vernier scale coincidence
(MSR) × LC)
S.NO (VSC) ‘div’
‘deg’ ‘mins’ ‘deg’
AVERAGE
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TABULATION (Work Piece 2)
Least count = 5 mins
Main scale reading Vernier Scale reading (VSC Total reading = (MSR + VSR)
Vernier scale coincidence
(MSR) × LC)
S.NO (VSC) ‘div’
‘deg’ ‘mins’ ‘deg’
AVERAGE
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CALCULATION :
RESULT:
The angle of the given work piece was measured using Bevel protractor
Angle of the given work piece1 = ` ‘degree’
Angle of the given work piece2 = degree’
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DETERMINATION OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To determine the taper angle of the given specimens using sine bar.
INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:-
1. Surface plate
2. Sine bar
3. Slip gauge
4. Dial gauge
PROCEDURE:-
1. Place the job on the sine bar that the angle of the face which has to be measured is
placed upward.
2. A gauge block of a slip gauge having small values is placed under one of the
cylinder such that the taper face is made parallel to the surface plate.
3. Using deflectometer, deflection reading is noted down at the end of the taper face.
4. Check whether the two readings are equal.
5. If the readings are not equal then add (or) subtract the values of slip gauge block.
6. If the readings are equal then the taper face is said to be in the surface plate.
7. After making the taper face use the height ‘h’ can be calculated by summing the slip
gauges.
8. The angle of taper can be calculated as Sin Ө = h / L.
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TABULATION: - DETERMINATION OF ANGLE AND TAPER USING SINE BAR
Dial gauge readings

Sl. Slip Gauge Height of Slip Initial Final Taper Angle
No. Combination mm Gauge mm reading Reading (deg)
mm mm
01
02
03
CALCULATION:
Sin O = oppo/ Hypo
Sin O = h/l
Sin O = h/200
O= sin -1(45/200)
O = 12o15I
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RESULT:-
Thus the unknown angle is determined by using sine bar

Angle Ө =
1. What are the different taper measurements?

(i) Slip gauges
(ii) Sine bar
(iii) Autocollimator
(iv) Alignment telescope
(v) Angle dekkor
(vi) V-block
2. Define slip gauge.

Slip gauges are used as measuring blocks. It is also called as
precision gauge blocks. They are made of hardened alloy steel of rectangular
cross-section.
3. What are the uses of sine bar?

(i) Measure angles very accurately
(ii) Locate the work piece to a given angle with very high precision.
4. State any two limitations of sine bar.

(i) Sine bars are fairly reliable for angles than 150
(ii) It is physically difficult to hold in position.
5. What the sources of errors in sine bars?

(i) Error in distance between roller centers
(ii) Error in slip gauge combination.
(iii) Error in checking of parallelism.
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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING FLOATING CARRIAGE

MICROMETER
Ex No :
Date :
AIM: To measure the Major, Minor and Effective diameter of external parallel screw threads
using Floating Carriage Micrometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Floating Carriage Micrometer, Prism, Wire, Specimen, Master, Hooks etc.
THEORY:
In order to ensure the manufacture of screw threads to the specified limits laid down in
the appropriate standard it is essential to provide some means of inspecting the final
product. For measurement of internal threads thread plug gauge is used and to check these
plug gauges Floating Carriage Micrometer is used for measuring Major, Minor and Effective
diameter.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PARALLEL SCREW THREADS
Major Diameter:
The diameter of an imaginary cylinder (termed the major cylinder) which just
embraces the crests of the external thread or the roots of an internal thread.
Minor Diameter:
The diameter of an imaginary cylinder (termed the minor cylinder) which just
embraces the roots of an external thread or the crests of an internal thread.
Simple effective(or Pitch) Diameter:

The diameter of an imaginary cylinder(termed the pitch cylinder ) which intersects the
surface of the thread in such manner that the intercept on an generator of the cylinder
between the points where it meets the opposite flanks of the thread groove is equal to one
half the basic of the thread .
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CALCULATIONS:
(i) Major Diameter:
Major Diameter = D ± (Difference between ‘R’ and ‘ RS’)

RS = Micrometer reading over setting master.
R = micrometer reading of threaded work piece.
(Note: The + or – is determined by relative size of the master and the work piece.
Use – sign as master is of greater size than work piece and vice-versa for + sign.)
(ii) Minor Diameter:
C = D ± (Difference between ‘Rp’ and ‘Rq’) C

= core or minor diameter of the work piece.
Rp = reading over master with prisms.
Rq = Reading over work piece with prisms.
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(iii) Effective Diameter:
T = D ± (RW - ROW )
E=T+P
P=(0.86603 x p) – w
E = effective or pitch diameter
ROW = Reading measured over work piece with wires.

RW = Reading measured over setting master with wires.
T = measured dimension under cylinders.
P=constant depending upon the pitch and angle of thread
P=pitch, w= wire dia
Observations:
D = Diameter of Setting master=
Major Diameter:
Rs R Major diameter, mm
Minor Diameter:
Rp Rq Minor diameter C, mm
Effective Diameter:
Effective Diameter
Rw Row T
E, mm
PROCEDURE:
 The diameter of setting master or a cylinder should be nearly same as the diameter
of the thread gauge to reduce error.
 First meet the anvil of micrometer to dial gauge and rotate micrometer in forward to
rotate needle in dial by 10mm with setting its scale zero at needle position and make
micrometer to zero by pressing button.
 Put master in between centers and make dial needle to zero by moving micrometer.
 Take the reading on micrometer as RS.. Similarly replace master with a threaded
work piece again second reading is taken as “R”
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 Hang the required set of prisms on the hooks provided on both sides of standard.
Take the reading on micrometer and zero indicator in such a way that portion of
prism touches master and flat portion of prism is on micrometer & zero indicator.
 Take reading for master as RP and work piece as Rq on micrometer as needle on
dial indicating zero.
 Now place two small wires or cylinders in place of prism. The wires should be
choosen so that, when placed between the threads, they should contact about
halfway down the flanks.
 Take the readings for master as RW and work piece as ROW on micrometer as
needle on dial indicating zero.
RESULT:
Thus the major diameter, minor diameter and effective diameter of the given screw
thread was calculated by the Floating Carriage Micrometer and the readings are,
Major Diameter =
Minor Diameter =
Effective Diameter =
1. Name the various methods of measuring effective diameter.

(i) wire method
(ii) Two wire method
(iii) Three wire method
2. Define the effective diameter of thread.

Effective diameter is the average of minor and major diameter of thread.
3. Name the two corrections to be applied for the measurement of effective

diameter.
(i) Rake corrections
(ii) Compression correction.
4. What is meant by “Best size wire” in screw thread measurement?

Best size of wire is a wire of such diameter that it makes contact with the
flanks of the thread on the pitch line.
5. Define periodic error.

The periodic error repeats itself at equal intervals along the thread.
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DETERMINATION OF GEAR TOOTH THICKNESS BY GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To determine the gear tooth thickness using gear tooth vernier
1. Gear tooth vernier
2. Specimen
3. Gear vernier caliper
SPECIFICATION:-
SL.NO. INSTRUMENT L.C. (mm) RANGE (mm)

01 Gear tooth vernier 0.02
02 Vernier caliper 0.02
DESCRIPTION:
It is used to measure the thickness of gear tooth at pitch line or chordal
thickness of tooth and the distance from top of the tooth to the root. The thickness of a
tooth at pitch line and the addendum is measured by an adjustable tongue each of which is
adjusted independently by adjusting screw on graduated bars. The pitch circle diameter and
whole depth of the gear are found out using the test plug method where the actual values
are noted. Nominal values are found by calculations.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Find the addendum of the given specimen gear by using vernier caliper and formula.
2. Set the determined addendum value of the vertical scale of gear tooth vernier, hence
the position of the torque is fixed.
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3. Note for the setting, place the gear tooth vernier on the tooth such that torque rest on
the top of the tooth surface and tighten the horizontal scale and clamp the
dimensions.
4. Note down the main scale reading and vernier scale coincidence.
5. Repeat the procedure for different teeth on the some gear to get a set of readings.
Formula to find addendum:-
H = m + (Dp / 2 ) ( 1 – Cos ( D0/z )) Where, H = addendum

M = module ( m = Do / ( Z + 2 ))
Dp = Pitch circle dia ( Dp = m X Z )
Z = no. of teeth
= M + (Dp/2) (1- cos (Do/2))
=
=
TABULATION: - DETERMINATION OF GEAR TOOTH THICKNESS GEAR TOOTH

VERNIER
Scale Readings Gear tooth

No. of Addendum Sl. M.S.R. V.S.R. = thickness = M.S.R.
Teeth value No. in ‘mm’ V.S.C. X LC + V.S.R. + ZE
in ‘mm’ in ‘mm’
Average gear tooth thickness:
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CALCULATION:
RESULT:-
Thus the thickness of the gear tooth for the given gear for the given gear is
Determined and is found to be
1. List out any four angular measuring instrument used in metrology.

(i) Angle gauges
(ii) Divided scales
(iii) Sine bar with slip gauges
(iv) Autocollimator
(v) Angle dekkor
2. What are the types of bevel protractors?

(i) Vernier bevel protractor
(ii) Universal protractor
(iii) Optical protractor
3. What is the main difference between linear and angular measurement?

The main difference between linear and angular measurement is that
no absolute standard is required for angular measurement.
4. Define precision.
Precision refers to ability of an instrument to reproduce its readings
again and again in the same manner for constant input signal.
5. Define accuracy.
It is defined as the closeness with which the reading approaches an accepted
standard value or true value.
43 / 69
44 / 69
STUDY OF CO-ORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE

Ex No :
Date :
AIM: To study the classifications and constructions of co-ordinate Measuring machine.
INTRODUCTION:
 Measuring machines are used for measurement of length over the outer surfaces of
a length bar or any other long member. The member may be either rounded or flat
and parallel.
 It is more useful and advantageous than vernier calipers, micrometer, screw gauges
etc. the measuring machines are generally universal character and can be used for
works of varied nature.
 The co-ordinate measuring machine is used for contact inspection of parts. When
used for computer-integrated manufacturing these machines are controlled by
computer numerical control.
 A general software is provided for reverse engineering complex shaped objects. The
component is digitized using CNC, CMM and it is then converted into a computer
model which gives the two surface of the component.
 These advances include for automatic work part alignment on the table. Savings in
inspection 5 to 10 percent of the time is required on a CMM compared to manual
inspection methods.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF CMM
 Co-ordinate measuring machines are very useful for three dimensional
measurements. These machines have movements in X-Y-Z co-ordinate, controlled
and measured easily by using touch probes
 These measurements can be made by positioning the probe by hand, or
automatically in more expensive machines. Reasonable accuracies are 5 micro in. or
1 micrometer.
 The method these machines work on is measurement of the position of the probe
using linear position sensors.
 These are based on moiré fringe patterns (also used in other systems). Transducer
is provided in tilt directions for giving digital display and senses positive and negative
direction.
TYPES OF CMM:
(1) Cantilever type: -

The cantilever type is very easy to load and unload, but mechanical error takes place
because of sag or deflection in Y-axis.
(ii) Bridge type: -

Bridge type is more difficult to load but less sensitive to mechanical errors.
(iii) Horizontal boring Mill type: -

This is best suited for large heavy work pieces.
(iv) Vertical Boring Mill type:

It is ighly accurate but slower to operate.
45 / 69
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 CMM is used for measuring the distance between two holes.
 The work piece is clamped to the worktable and aligned for three measuring slides x,
y and z.
 The measuring head provides a taper probe tip which is seated in first datum hole
and the position of probe digital read out is set to zero.
 The probe is then moved to successive holes, the read out represent the co-ordinate
part print hole location with respect to the datum hole.
 Automatic recording and data processing units are provided to carry out complex
geometric and statistical analysis.
 Special co-ordinate measuring machines are provided both linear and rotary axes.
This can measure various features of parts like cone, cylinder and hemisphere.
 The prime advantage of co-ordinate measuring machine is the quicker inspection
and accurate measurements.
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CMM

APPLICATIONS:
1) Co-ordinate measuring machines find applications in automobile, machine tool,
electronics, space and many other large companies.
2) These machines are best suited for the test and inspection of test equipment, gauges
and tools.
3) For aircraft and space vehicles, hundred percent inspections is carried out by using
CMM.
4) CMM can be used for determining dimensional accuracy of the components.
5) These are ideal for determination of shape and position, maximum metal condition,
linkage of results etc. which cannot do in conventional machines.
6) CMM can also be used for sorting tasks to achieve optimum pairing of components
within tolerance limits.
7) CMMs are also best for ensuring economic viability of NC machines by reducing their
downtime for inspection results. They also help in reducing cost, rework cost at the
appropriate time with a suitable CMM.
ADVANTAGES:
The inspection rate is increased.

 Accuracy is more.
 Operators error can be minimized.
46 / 69
 Skill requirements of the operator is reduced.

 Reduced inspection fixturing and maintenance cost.
 Reduction in calculating and recording time.
 Reduction in set up time.
 No need of separate go / no go gauges for each feature.
 Reduction of scrap and good part rejection.
 Reduction in off line analysis time.
 Simplification of inspection procedures, possibility of reduction of total inspection
time through use of statistical and data analysis techniques.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The table and probe may not be in perfect alignment.
 The probe may have run out.
 The probe moving in Z-axis may have some perpendicular errors.
 Probe while moving in X and Y direction may not be square to each other.
 There may be errors in digital system.
RESULT:
Thus the classifications and constructions of co-ordinate Measuring machine were studied.
47 / 69
MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING TOOL MAKERS MICROSCOPE
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To check the outer diameter and pitch of the screw thread using tool maker’s
microscope.
1. Screw thread
2. Tool makers microscope
3. Cross line chart
PROCEDURE:-
1. Worktable is placed on the base of the base of the instrument.

2. The optical head is mounted on a vertical column it can be moved up and down.
3. Work piece is mounted on a glass plate.
4. A light source provides horizontal beam of light which is reflected from a mirror by 90
Deg upwards towards the table.
5. Image of the outline of contour of the work piece passes through the objective of the
optical head.
6. The image is projected by a system of three prisms to a ground glass screen.
7. The measurements are made by means of cross lines engraved on the ground glass
screen.
8. The screen can be rotated through 360°.The difference between the readings will
give the outer diameter and this is to be repeated at five different places.
9. Similarly the readings are tabulated and error is to be found out.
48 / 69
TABULATION: - MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING TOOL MAKERS

MICROSCOPE
OUTER DIAMETER:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
SL. Initial Reading Final Reading Nominal –
Diameter Diameter
NO. (mm) (mm) Actual
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
INNER DIAMETER:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
PITCH:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
DEPTH :
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
49 / 69
RESULT:-
Thus the dimensions of the screw thread were measures by tool makers
microscope..

1. What are the types of gears?
(i) Spur
(ii) Helical
(iii) Bevel
(iv) Worth and worm wheel
(v) Rack and pinion.
2. Name the methods used for checking the pitch of the gear.
(i) Step by step method
(ii) Direct angular measurement.
3. What are the various methods used for measuring the gear tooth thickness?
(i) Gear tooth vernier
(ii) Constant chord method
(iii) Base tangent method
(iv) Measurement over pins.
4. What are the direct angular measurements methods?
(i) Profile checking
(ii) Thickness measurement.
5. What are the factors affecting surface roughness?
(i) Vibrations
(ii) Material of the work piece
(iii) Tool
50 / 69
MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING PROFILE PROJECTOR
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To check the outer diameter and pitch of the screw thread using profile projector.
1. Screw thread
2. Profile projector
3. Cross line chart
DESCRIPTION:-
The profile projector consists of
 A projector having a light source, a condenser, a collimating lens to direct the light
passed into the optical system.
 A work holding table which is of movable type.
 A projector optic including both mirrors and lenses.
 A screen where the image is projected. It has got two micrometer heads of the range
0 to 25mm. which enable to measure in horizontal as well as in vertical direction.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Fix the cross line chart on the profile projector. The range of micrometer is 0 to
25mm and keeps it around 12.5 mm so that we can measure in either direction.
2. Adjust the screw on the table such that the crest of the screw coincides with the
horizontal coincides with the crest of the other side. Take the final reading.
3. The difference between the readings will give the outer diameter and this
is to be repeated at five different places.
4. Adjust the screw tread on the table such that the vertical coincides with the crest of
one thread and note the reading.
5. Move the micrometer till the cross line vertically coincides with the crest of next
thread and the reading is to be noted.
6. The difference in readings gives the pitch and this is to be repeated at five different
places.
7. The readings are tabulated and error is to be found out.
51 / 69
TABULATION: - MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING PROFILE

PROJECTOR
OUTER DIAMETER:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
INNER DIAMETER:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
PITCH:-
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
DEPTH :
Error =
Actual Nominal
Diameter Diameter
(mm) (mm)
in(mm)
01
02
03
52 / 69
RESULT:-
Thus the dimensions of the screw thread were measures by profile projector.
1. What are the various elements of thread.

(i) Major diameter
(ii) Minor diameter
(iii) Effective diameter
(iv) Pitch
(v) Thread angle and form
2. Name the various methods of measuring pitch diameter.
(i) Pitch measuring machine
(ii) Tools makers microscope
(iii) Screw pitch gauge.
3. What are the commonly used forms of gear teeth?
(i) Involute
(ii) Cycloidal
4. Define error.
Error can be defined as the difference between the measured value and the
true value.
5. What is an instrument error?
It is the error due to poor design / construction of the instrument.
53 / 69
CALIBRATION OF GIVEN MASTER PIECE BY SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTER
Ex No :
Date :
AIM: To calibrate the given master piece by using surface roughness tester
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Surface roughness tester, master piece
SURFACE ROUGHNESS:
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a measure of the texture of a
surface. It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal form. If
these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small the surface is smooth.
Roughness is typically considered to be the high frequency, short wavelength component of
a measured surface (see surface metrology).
Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with
its environment. Rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction
coefficients than smooth surfaces Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance
of a mechanical component, since irregularities in the surface may form nucleation sites for
cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion.
Although roughness is often undesirable, it is difficult and expensive to control in
manufacturing. Decreasing the roughness of a surface will usually increase exponentially its
manufacturing costs. This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a
component and its performance in application. Roughness is typically measured in "RMS"
micro inches and is often only measured by manual comparison against a "surface
roughness comparator", a sample of known surface roughness’s.
PROCEDURE:
 First hold the surface roughness tester on the Vernier height gauge as per our
required height
 Then place the measuring tip on the given master piece with a travelling length of
15mm.
 Note down the reading of Ra from digital meter
 Similarly take the 3 set of readings from different areas.
OBSERVATION:
Masterpiece Ra, µm Ra, µm
S.No Error
Value Measured Average
1
2
3
RESULT:
Thus the calibration of given master piece was done successfully with the help of
Surface roughness tester.
54 / 69
MEASUREMENT OF THE STRAIGHTNESS USING AUTO COLLIMATOR
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:
To measure the flatness of the given Workpiece using Autocollimator.
AUTO COLLIMATOR:
1. Auto-collimator is an optical instrument used for the measurement of small angular

differences, changes or deflection, plane surface inspection etc.
2. For small angular measurements, autocollimator provides a very sensitive and
accurate approach.
3. An auto-collimator is essentially an infinity telescope and a collimator combined into
one instrument.
BASIC PRINCIPLE:
If a light source is placed in the flows of a collimating lens, it is projected as a parallel

beam of light.If this beam is made to strike a plane reflector, kept normal to the optical axis,
it is reflected back along its own path and is brought to the same focus.If the reflector is
tilted through a small angle ‘ 0’. Then the parallel beam is deflected twice the angle and is
brought to focus in the same plane as the light source.The distance of focus from the object
is given by
PROCEDURE:-
Make the distance of 50mm internal on the w/p

(1) Set the cross wire so that two cross will coincide.
(2) Set the mirror so that the cross wire will be visible
(3) Move the reflector on next 50mm mark and adjust it to see reflection of cross
wire.
(4) Take the reading of reflected crosswire deviated or moved up or down. Measure
the distance between two crosswire
RESULT: -
The mean deviation of surface is found out to be upward and downward

55 / 69
1. What are different types of standards in measurement?

(i) Internal standard
(ii) Primary standard
(iii) Secondary standard
(iv) Working standard
2. List the various linear measurements.

(i) Length
(ii) Heights
(iii) Thickness.
3. Name the various methods of measuring the minor diameter of the thread.
(i) Using taper parallels.
(ii) Using rollers and slip gauges.
4. Name the various methods of measuring the major diameter of the thread.
(i) Ordinary micrometer
(ii) Bench micrometer.
5. What are the different types of bimetallic sensors?

(i) Spiral type
(ii) Helix type
(iii) Flat type
(iv) Cantilever type
57 / 63
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE BY LOAD MEASUREMENT TRAINER KIT
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To determine the force by load measurement trainer.
Load measurement trainer kit.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front
panel that display glows.
2. To indicate the instrument is ‘ON’.
3. Allow the instrument is ON.
4. The instrument is ON position for 10 min for initial warm up.
5. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel the display reads “0.00”
6. Apply the load on the sensor using the load arrangement of provided.
7. The instrument reads the load on the screen and display through ‘LED’ reading can
be tabulated % error of the instrument.
58 / 63
TABULATION: - MEASUREMENT OF FORCE BY LOAD MEASUREMENT TRAINER KIT
Load applied Load display (kg)

S. No Error
(kg) Loading Unloading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT:-
Thus the instrument of force by load measurement trainer was found out.
1. Define force.
The mechanical quantity which changes or tends to change the motion or
shape of a body to which it is applied is called force.
2. List the devices used to measure the force.

(i) Scale and balance
(ii) Elastic force meter proving ring
(iii) Load cell.
3. Mention the various methods used for limiting temperature errors.

(i) Minimisation through careful selection of materials and operating
temperature ranges.
(ii) Compensation through balancing of inversely reacting elements or
effects.
(iii) Elimination through temperature control.
4. What are the instruments used to measure temperature?

(iv) Filled systems in temperature measurement
(v) Bimetallic strip
(vi) Pressure thermometer
(vii) Thermocouple
(viii) Pyrometer.
59 / 63
MEASURE THE TORQUE USING TRANSDUCER
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To measure the torque using transducer kit.
1. Strain gauge trainer kit

2. Load
DESCRIPTION:-
1. Unique digital torque measuring setup comprises if torque indicator and torque cell
with loading system.
2. Torque indicator is strain gauge signal conditioner and amplifier used to measure
the torque due to load applied on cell.
3. Strain gauge are used bonded on the specimen and are connected in the form of
Wheatstone bridge.
4. A pand and weight upto 1 kg with fulcrum arm of 1m length is provided to load the
torque cell.
5. The torque indicator is provided with zero balancing facility through adjustable
potentiometer.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Check the connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at front
panel.
2. The display source to indicator the instrument is ON.
3. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 min for initial warm up.
4. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display read 0.00.
5. Apply the load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weight the set of 100g.
6. The instrument reads the loads on the cells are and display through LED, readings
can be calculated.
GRAPH:-
Actual reading Vs Indicator reading is drawn.
60 / 63
TABULATION: - DETERMINE THE TORQUE USING STRAIN GAUGE
Load applied Digital torque indicator (kgm)

S. No Error (kgm)
(kg) Loading Unloading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
RESULT:-
Thus the torque was determined using strain gauge and the % of error is tabulated.
1. What is the purpose of torque measurement?

The main purpose of torque measurement is to determine the
mechanical power required or developed by a machine.
2. Name the instruments used for measurement of torque.

(i) Mechanical torsion meter
(ii) Optical torsion meter
(iii) Electrical torsion meter
(iv) Strain gauge torsion meter
3. What is meant by pressure?

Pressure is the force exerted by a medium (fluid) on a unit area due to
the interaction of fluid particles among themselves.
4. What are the facilities that should be provided by the intelligent instrument?
Good precision, 100% accuracy and repeatability.
5. What are the mechanical units?

Mass, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, torque, work energy, power
etc.,
61 / 63
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY USING THERMOCOUPLE
Ex No :
Date :
AIM:-
To measure the temperature by using thermocouple and thermistor
measuring trainer and compare with water temperature in thermometer.
1. Thermocouple
2. Thermistor trainer kit
PROCEDURE:-
1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at front
panel.
2. The display glows to indicate the instrument is NO.
3. Allow the instrument is ON position for 10 min for initial warm up with ¾ full of water.
4. Note down the initial reading, adjust initial potentiometer till display leads initial
temperature.
5. Switch ON and wait till water boil, repeat the readings.
6. Change the water and repeat the water, now display state showing exact
temperature rise.
7. Note down the reading for every 100C rise in temperature and tabulated the reading.
8. Compare the readings with thermocouple and thermistor.
62 / 63
TABULATION: - MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE BY USING THERMOCOUPLE

AND THERMISTOR
Indicator Reading (oC)

Sl. Temperature
No. reading oC Thermocouple
RTD Thermister
01
02
03
04
05
RESULT:-
Thus the temperature using thermocouple and thermistor temperature was

measured and the % of error was also found out.
1. What is the use of thermometer and pyrometer?

Thermometer is used to measure the absolute temperatures. The
pyrometer is used to measure high temperature.
2. What is the principle involved in bimetallic strip?

The principle involved in bimetallic strip is based change in dimension.
3. What is thermocouple?
When two dissimilar metal are joined together, it will create and
e.m.f. it is primarily a function of the junction temperature.
4. What are the laws of thermocouples?

(i) Law of intermediate metals
(ii) Law of intermediate temperature.
5. What are the different types of thermocouple materials?

(i) Chromel
(ii) Copper
(iii) Iron
(iv) Tungsten.
63 / 63

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Subject Code / Name: ME8513 Metrology & Measurement Laboratory

A .V. C COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 8513- METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LAB MANUAL

Reg. No. : ………………………………………

Year & Sec. : ………………………………………

Vision of the Department:

To establish as a center of excellence in the field of Mechanical Engineering in academics,

Mission of the Department:

1. To ensure high quality Mechanical Engineering education to rural students by providing

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO):

Programme Educational Objectives

PEO 3:Graduates will be able to work in multidisciplinary environment developing complex

ME8513 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY L T P C

Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

S. No. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

Average Mark: Staff-in-charge

LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING VERNIER CALIPER

Least Count = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division

1. The Vernier caliper is checked for zero error

7. The MSR and VSC are noted.

Measuring given part:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS :-

1. List the various linear measurements.

LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING MICROMETER

Least Count = 1 main scale division / Number of division on thimble scale

1. The micrometer is checked for zero error.

6. Readings are tabulated and calculated.

TABULATION: - LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING

Measuring given part:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS :-

1. What is laser micrometer?

LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY USING VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

 Vernier Height gauge,

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

Least count = 0.02 mm

VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

 Vernier depth gauge

1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error.

Least count = 0.02mm

To measure the cylinder bore using bore gauge.

Bore Gauge Dial Gauge

Thus the bore measurement by using of bore gauge.

BORE DIAMETER MEASUREMENT USING TELESCOPIC GAUGE

To measure the bore diameter using given telescopic gauge.

1. Clean the given work piece to be measure

Telescopic Gauge range Vernier Scale Reading Bore Diameter

Thus the given bore diameter is to be measure by using of telescopic gauge.

CALIBRATE THE DIAL GAUGE USING SLIP GAUGE

1. Slip gauge set

Mechanical comparator magnifies small deviations. The methods of

1. Initially the dial gauge stand is cleaned.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS :-

3. What are the different types of comparators?

4. What are the advantages of mechanical comparator?

5. What are advantages of pneumatic comparator?

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT BY USING BEVEL PROTRACTOR