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Standard Model of Physics

The document summarizes a seminar presentation about the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It describes that the Standard Model categorizes elementary particles into fermions (matter particles like quarks and leptons) and bosons (force carriers). It explains the particle content, including six flavors of quarks and six leptons, and four gauge bosons (photon, gluon, W, and Z) that mediate the fundamental forces. The Higgs boson is also included and is responsible for generating mass through interactions with the Higgs field. The Standard Model successfully describes three of the four fundamental forces but has drawbacks like not incorporating gravity.

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Saurabh Waghare
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© © All Rights Reserved
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114 views

Standard Model of Physics

The document summarizes a seminar presentation about the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It describes that the Standard Model categorizes elementary particles into fermions (matter particles like quarks and leptons) and bosons (force carriers). It explains the particle content, including six flavors of quarks and six leptons, and four gauge bosons (photon, gluon, W, and Z) that mediate the fundamental forces. The Higgs boson is also included and is responsible for generating mass through interactions with the Higgs field. The Standard Model successfully describes three of the four fundamental forces but has drawbacks like not incorporating gravity.

Uploaded by

Saurabh Waghare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Institute Of Science

◆Department Of Physics◆
Seminar Presentation

Seminar Topic: Standard Model Of


Particle Physics
Presented By_ Saurabh
Waghare
(M.sc.Physics 3rd sem )
Contents:
• Introduction
• Historical Background
• What Is Standard Model Of Particle Physics
• Particle Content
• Fundamental Forces
• Drawbacks
Introduction :
• All the matter around us is made up of elementary particles which we can
say building block of matter.

• Standard Model categorizes elementary particles on basis of their


properties into two groups
i.e.bosons and fermions

• Elementary particles are the particles whose substructure is unknown,that


is we don’t know what is that particles made up of.

• Fermions are Matter particles that includes


quarks,leptons,antiquark,antilepton ,That also include antimatter particles.

• Bosons are the Force carriers which mediate force between fermions.
Historical Background :
• First step towards the standard model was Sheldon Glashowls discovery in 1961
to combine electromagnetic and weak interactions.

• In 1967 Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs


mechanism into Glashow's electroweak interaction, giving it its modern form.

• The Higgs mechanism is believed to give rise to the masses of all the elementary
particles in the Standard Model. This includes the masses of the W and Z bosons,
and the masses of the fermions, i.e. the quarks and leptons.

• After the neutral weak currents caused by Z boson exchange were


discovered at CERN in 1973, the electroweak theory became widely accepted and
Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for
discovering it.

• The W± and Z bosons were discovered experimentally in 1983; and the ratio of
their masses was found to be as the Standard Model predicted.
What Is Standard Model Of Physics ???
• Standard Model Explains How
Basic Building Block of matter
interacts with each other By Four
Fundamental Forces Of Nature.

• Because of its Success in


predictions of verity of
experimental results it’s called
“Theory Of Almost Everything”

• It is Classification Of All Subatomic


Particles Known.
Particle Content :
Standard Model

Fermions(Matter Particles) Bosons (Force Carriers)

Quarks Leptons Gauge Bosons Higgs Boson


• Fermions obey Pauli’s
exclusion principle

• Fermions characterized
by Fermi Dirac Statistics.

• Fermions have spin ½


particle.

• Bosons don’t obey Pauli’s


exclusion principle.

• Bosons are characterized


by Bose-Einstein Statistics.

• Bosons are integer spin


particles.
Fermions (Matter Particles )
Quarks:

• There are six types of quarks “up ,down, charm, strange ,top ,bottom”

• Quarks carry colour charge.

• Quarks are type of particles which occurred in binding to other quarks always
and don’t occure independently.

• Quarks do bind in doublets or triplets.


Doublets are called Meson’s and Triplets are called as Baryon’s.

• Protons have two up quarks and one down quarks , Neutrons Have two
down quarks and one up quarks
Leptons :

• There are six Leptons in standard model namely “electron ,electron neutrino
,Muon , Muon neutrino ,tau and tau neutrino.

• Leptons don’t carry colour charge ,Neutrino among them don’t carry electric
charge.

• All the leptons in standard model are spin ½ particles.

• Neutrinos have very little mass (even for leptons) and interact so weakly with
the rest of the particles that they are exceptionally difficult to detect
Bosons
Gauge Bosons :

• There are four gauge bosons namely


“Gluon,Photon,W boson,Z boson”.

• Gauge bosons also called as vector


bosons as it is associated with vector
field.

• Bosons associated with each force of


nature is called gauge Boson
Higgs Boson :
• Elementary particles gain their mass from a fundamental field associated with the
Higgs boson.
• Higgs Boson works on Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism.
• Higgs Boson Has no spin and no charge.
• Higgs Boson has associated field called higgs field which is pervaded in all space
and is invisible.
• Higgs Field Is Scalar Field.
• Higgs Boson Is Produced By Quantum Excitation Of Higgs Field.

How the elementary particles gain their mass???


• At the start of big-bang there were no higgs field but as temperature cool down
below critical temperature higgs field spred in universe.
• So those particles which interact with higgs field gain mass ex.electrons,muons
And Those which do not interact become massless ex.photon,gluon.
• The More Particle interacts with the field heviour it’s become.
Fundamental Forces
• There are four forces of nature:
1) Electromagnetic Force
2) Gravitational Force
3)Strong Force
4) Weak Force
From above standard model give explanation to only three forces excluding
gravitational force.
Drawbacks of Standard Model
• Standard model does not explain about gravity and do not
Incorporated graviton in standard model.

• It does not give explanation about dark matter and dark


energy.

• It does not explain About neutrino oscillations and non zero


mass of neutrino.

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