Visual Aid Module 1.2

READING AND WRITING SKILLS
Module 1.2: Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text

prepared by: Ms. Mary Grace L. Sagun
LET US REVIEW:
What are the two types of Brainstorming strategies that we learned yesterday?
How can this organizing strategy help in daily activities?
Presentation of Activity:
You are planning to write an essay about the most urgent health-related concerns in your barangay. This
as the main topic, create a concept map that illustrates the causes, effects and preventive measures
against every concern identified.
OUTLINING
Outlines serve as a road map or blueprint when writing. It helps organize the ideas as it shows the
hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information. Formal outlines are not required by most
writing instructors. However, an outline can help writers refine ideas in the prewriting process by
organizing key points into a clear, logical framework. They can also help keep you from wandering off-
topic. An outline serves as a blueprint of a to-be-finished paper. Most students find that producing a well-
organized outline before they begin writing makes it easier to get started.
a. Topic Outline
A topic outline allows writers to organize the topics of a paper quickly without going into details.
It may use noun phrases, infinitive phrases, or gerund phrases instead of sentences. A topic outline
gives all headings and subheadings in brief phrases or words. Topic outlines do not use full
sentences. Let’s now look at a simple example to understand this type of outline better.
Benefits of Playing Chess for Senior Citizens – Thesis

I. Pleasure
A. Relaxation
B. Competition
1. Chess tournaments
2. Mental Health
II. Mental alertness
A. Relieves stress
B. Retains youth
III. Companionship
A. Activity done with others
B. Introduces new friends
1. Chess tournaments
2. Mental Health
b. Sentence Outline
A sentence outline allows writers to crystallize ideas by summarizing a paragraph’s point or a
major sub-point in a paragraph in one clear sentence. It also enables the writer to judge the
overall organization of their paper in terms of clarity, coherence, and flow. A sentence outline is
an outline that uses complete sentences. Unlike topic outlines, sentence outlines do not use words
or phrases. Therefore, they may be more time-consuming to write. Given below is an example of a
sentence outline.
Benefits of Playing Chess for Senior Citizens – Thesis

I. It provides pleasure for senior citizens.
A. It is a good way to relax.
B. Competing with others gives a sense of excitement.
1. They can participate in chess tournaments.
II. Chess has many mental health benefits.
A. It can increase mental alertness.
1. It can relieve stress.
2. It helps seniors to retain youth.
III. Chess can also provide seniors companionship.
A. It is an organized activity done with others.
B. It’s a great way to make new friends.
There are four principles in creating an effective outline:
a. Parallelism – putting the words in the same grammatical order
(parallel grammatical structure)
b. Coordination – arranging ideas according to their value or importance; ideas of the
of the same relevance or value are labeled in the same way;
c. Subordination – arranging ideas in levels of significance: major and minor
d. Division – separating the kinds of points you are making by using a consistent basis
of division and distinction
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
Graphic organizers are visual and graphic displays that show the relationships among concepts or ideas.
There are many kinds of graphic organizers depending on the type of information being organized. A
graphic organizer is a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationships between facts, terms, and
or ideas within a learning task. Graphic organizers are also sometimes referred to as knowledge maps,
concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2. Outlining and Using Graphic Organizers.
1. With Mental Health during the Pandemic as the main thesis, create a topic outline with these 3 main
ideas:
 nature and importance of mental health,
 symptoms of failing mental health,
 and strategies in protecting one’s mental health during the pandemic
What I Have Learned

What new or additional ideas did you learn after taking up this lesson?
What other situations can you use outlining and Graphic Organizer?
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2.2 Outlining and Using Graphic Organizers.
Using any graphic organizers, make a visual representation of how important getting reliable
information is during the pandemic and how to acquire them.
READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Module 1.3: Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text
prepared by: Ms. Mary Grace L. Sagun
Presentation of Activity:
Using any graphic organizers, make a visual representation of how important getting reliable
information is during the pandemic and how to acquire them.
REVIEW:
Reflect on what you have learned in Lesson 1.2. Why is it important to carefully select and organize
information whenever you are writing?
What’s New
As a writer, it is important to arrange your ideas in a text according to your purpose in writing. Are you
narrating an event, showing cause and effect, defining a term, or comparing or contrasting items? Your
purpose suggests a method of organization or logical arrangement known as the pattern of development.
It could be a way of logically organizing the whole text or a just an individual paragraph.
What Is It
Different Patterns by which Ideas are Developed
Narration – refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of events
Definition – Explains an idea, term or phrase using distinguishing characteristics or synonyms. It is used
to set working generalizations that help control the meaning and scope of important terms or ideas
(Perelman, et al., n.d.)
Description – similar with narration for having many specific details, description “emphasizes the senses
by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. Description is often used to
establish a mood or atmosphere” (Bedford, Freeman and Worth, 2019, p.2).
Comparison and contrast – compares two things to highlight their subtle similarities and differences. The
author's intent is to describe a connection between two things by showing their distinguishing and shared
attributes (Bohaty, 2015).
Sequence – describes steps, events, processes, or procedures. There are three types of Sequence: steps,
timeline, and cycle. Regardless of the type, the author is putting information in an order (Bohaty, 2015, p.
40). 6.
Cause and effect – shows the linkage of causation – how events are influenced or caused by another. “The
author's intent is to tell us how an event always leads to an outcome. The event is the cause and the
outcome is the result. The relationship is between the cause and the effect” (Bohaty, 2015, p. 40).
Problem and Solution - divides information into two main sections, one that describes a problem and one
that describes a solution. Here, the author’s intent is to discuss or propose a solution to a problem. The
relationship between the problem and the solution is explored (Bohaty, 2015).
Example:
a. Narration – narrate how you prepared for the opening of classes this year
b. Definition – make a definition of the different classifications of community
quarantines in the Philippines
c. Description – describe how COVID-19 affected the mobility of people
d. Comparison and Contrast – note the similarities and differences in the
local educational setup before and after the global pandemic
e. Sequence – explain how to properly wash your hands following the
guidelines of the authorities like WHO and DOH
f. Cause and Effect – note the possible reason behind the continuous increase
of COVID-19 cases in the country
g. Problem and Solution – What are some problems in modular and blended
learning approach in education? Propose possible
solutions for each.
What I Have Learned
What were your thoughts or ideas about the features of effective communication prior to the discussion
of this lesson?
What new or additional ideas did you learn after taking up this lesson?
Assessment
Match the items in column A with the given descriptions in column B.
1. BRAINSTORMING A. a principle of separating ideas using a consistent
2. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER distinction
3. OUTLINING B. process of generating ideas from individual/group
4. PARALLELISM C. method usually used in writing to categorize points and
5. SUBORDINATION organize paragraphs
D. principle in arranging ideas based on their level of
significance
E. tool used in visually representing ideas
F. use of same grammatical form of words
Homework
Review for a short quiz on next week’s meeting.

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READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Module 1.2: Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text

Benefits of Playing Chess for Senior Citizens – Thesis

Benefits of Playing Chess for Senior Citizens – Thesis

What I Have Learned

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

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