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  • Elective

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    gazzie ray
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    - Frequency, path length, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, fog, and rainfall can all impact multipath propagation in microwave links. - Common forms of diversity used to mitigate fading include space diversity using two antennas/receivers, frequency diversity using two transmission frequencies, and hybrid diversity using a combination of techniques. - Microwave links can be extended over longer distances using cascaded links with reflectors or repeaters to redirect the signal path as needed.

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    - Frequency, path length, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, fog, and rainfall can all impact multipath propagation in microwave links. - Common forms of diversity used to mitigate fading include space diversity using two antennas/receivers, frequency diversity using two transmission frequencies, and hybrid diversity using a combination of techniques. - Microwave links can be extended over longer distances using cascaded links with reflectors or repeaters to redirect the signal path as needed.

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    13 views7 pages

    Elective

    Uploaded by

    gazzie ray
    - Frequency, path length, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, fog, and rainfall can all impact multipath propagation in microwave links. - Common forms of diversity used to mitigate fading include space diversity using two antennas/receivers, frequency diversity using two transmission frequencies, and hybrid diversity using a combination of techniques. - Microwave links can be extended over longer distances using cascaded links with reflectors or repeaters to redirect the signal path as needed.

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    of 7

    Castro_ SLIDE 51-59

    SLIDE 51:

    Frequency
    - The two carrier frequencies used may behave differently
    - Multipath propagation occurs in unidirectional path only
    - Both directions of propagation is affected
    Path Length
    - Long haul paths:
    - variation in atmospheric conditions in parts of the path cause multipath propagation
    - Slight deviation from antenna alignment even by a few degrees may cause misalignment
    Humidity
    - The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
    - The more humid the location the higher the refractive index of the location
    - Paths with water in the middle has higher humidity
    Temperature
    - Wide temperature shift and extreme temperature values causes variations in humidity
    and refractivity
    - The temperature rises and falls at great depths causes elevated ducts
    - Extreme heat temperature causes water vaporization
    - Extreme cold temperature causes condensation
    Wind Velocity
    - High wind velocities pushes rain, fog or low level clouds between the paths at erratic
    intervals.
    - Low wind velocities cause rain, fog or low level clouds to maintain an almost stationary
    position.
    Fog
    - Low level clouds
    - Cold saturated water vapor close to the point of condensation
    Rainfall Rate
    - Covers rain drop size and terminal velocity
    - Causing factors like diffusion, refraction and absorption (re-propagation )
    - MHSB (Monitored Hot Stand By) protects the link from equipment failure.
    - Diversity protects the link from severe but predictable path condition.
    SLIDE 52:
    The Most Common Form of Diversity: Space Diversity & Frequency Diversity
    1. Space Diversity
    - 2 Separate antenna and receiver are used for each single transmitter.
    - Fading of the two system is not constant thus the system will select the antenna with a
    lower down time, reduce duration of the fade

    SLIDE 53:

    2. Frequency Diversity
    - 2 frequency are used instead of 1 frequency per simplex path
    - Different frequencies have different effects of the same atmospheric phenomena.
    3. Quadrature Diversity
    SLIDE 54:
    4. Hybrid Diversity

    Hybrid and Quadrature Diversity


    - Provide greater improvement factor, co
    - More equipment is needed to set-up the diversity block

    5. Angle Diversity
    - Used special kind of antenna with 2 feeds
    - The propagation pattern from the lower feed causes the signal to move angled upward
    and reflect directly to a second receiving antenna much higher to primary antenna.
    - There is considerable amount of signal delay because of the longer path.

    6. Path Diversity
    - Simply method of signal rerouting where the signal is sent to a link which connects to
    the original destination.
    -
    SLIDE 55:
    Identifying Stations, Terminals and Sites
    Near End or Local Terminal - located on the left side of the shown link
    Far End or Remote Terminal – located on the right side, or from your point of view, or the
    terminal on the end of the link

    Extending the Distance Cascaded Links

     Reflectors
    - Commonly employed to purposely bend the path around obstructions which cannot be
    avoided
    Two common forms of reflectors:
    - Billboard reflector – a flat reflected surface which is constructed at a strategic point
    which allows controlled reflection. It is constructed primary from metal.
    - Back-to-back antenna reflector – are simply 2 parabolic dishes which are connected
    together by a short piece of waveguide.

     Repeaters
    - Considered and computed as 2 separate links.
    - Both links have terminated with their corresponding paths and only the information
    which is carried commonality between both of them.
    - The overall reliability of the repeated hop is computed the same as cascaded hops.
    SLIDE 56
    Billboard Reflector

    SLIDE 57
    Back-to-back Antenna Reflector

    SLIDE 58
    Active Repeater

    SLIDE 59
    Reliability-Path Length-Antenna Size

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