1.

Edward Jenner discovered vaccination with cowpox ( Smallpox vaccination) to replace

the fearful dangers of inoculation with smallpox. This development resulted in immunity
to smallpox and ushered in the era of preventive measures for contagious diseases.
2. Louis Pasteur was the first to discover anthrax, rabies, and cholera vaccines. These
vaccinations are in charge of boosting the body's immune system in order to protect the
person from infection or disease in the event of a subsequent encounter. The anthrax
vaccination works by exposing you to a protein called an antigen, which allows your
body to develop immunity to the disease. The cholera vaccination is given to persons
who plan to travel to areas where cholera is common to help avoid the disease. This
vaccine protects you from cholera by exposing you to a small dosage of live cholera
germs, which allows your body to acquire immunity to the disease.
3. Elie Metchnikoff discovered the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis is a mechanism in these cells that allows germs to be confined, destroyed,
and processed for antigen presentation. It is an important part of the innate immune
response to infections and helps to initiate the adaptive immune response.
4. Paul Ehrlich discovered antibody formation theory. Microorganisms attack us, and our
immune system protects us. The immune system produces antibodies in the blood that
neutralize poisons, or toxins, produced by bacteria as part of its defenses. The transfer
of blood serum containing antibodies to cure and combat diphtheria, which Paul Ehrlich
carried out with Emil von Behring, was one of his contributions to immunology.
According to Paul Ehrlich, cells have a receptor that binds to harmful substances. The
cell's receiving elements are knocked off and turn into antibodies.
5. George Kohler discovered the first monoclonal antibodies. Purified antibodies cloned
from a single cell are known as monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies are exhibit
exceptional purity  and specialized, allowing them to recognize and attach to a specific
antigen.
6.  Nicolas Maurice Arthus discovered the Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity.
The Arthus reaction is a rare adverse reaction that usually occurs after vaccination with
large and more severe local reactions, belonging to type Ⅲ hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Karl Landsteiner is credited with the discovery of major human blood groups and the
development of the ABO blood typing system, which has made blood transfusion a
common medical practice. The ABO system is acknowledged as the most important
blood-group system in transfusion medicine because of severe hemolytic transfusion
reactions and, to a lesser extent, infant hemolytic illness. To determine a person's blood
type, the ABO grouping test is used.
8. Frank . Macfarlane Burnet. Clonal selection theory is an immunological scientific
hypothesis that explains how immune system cells (lymphocytes) respond to distinct
antigens invading the body. The concept became the foundation of molecular
immunology, particularly in adaptive immunity.
9. Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin To battle the dreaded disease polio, they developed
two vaccinations, one with a killed virus and the other with a live virus. They discovered
a means to safeguard the world against poliomyelitis, a disease that causes paralysis. Dr.
Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin developed vaccines that almost completely eliminated
polio worldwide. Polio vaccine is a poliovirus preparation used to prevent polio, an
infectious disease of the nervous system.  The first polio vaccine, known as
inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or Salk vaccination. The second type of polio
 vaccine, known as oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) or Sabin vaccine, is given by oral
and contains live attenuated (weakened) virus. Vaccines can contain strains of all
three poliovirus serotypes—PV1, PV2, and PV3—or only one or two of them
(serotypes are closely related though distinguishable forms).
10. Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered antitoxins that led to the development of
toxoids for diphtheria and tetanus. When the guinea pigs were re-exposed to deadly amounts of
C. diphtheriae and its toxin, Kitasato and von Behring discovered that their blood products (sera,
or, singular, serum) contained a substance that prevented the bacteria's and toxin's harmful
effects. They showed that injecting an animal with serum from an immunized animal might cure
it of diphtheria. Antitoxin was the name given to the chemical, while serum therapy was the
name given to the treatment. Developers concluded that huge animals like horses and sheeps
would need to be immunized in order to produce enough antitoxin to keep people safe.
11. John H, Humphrey. He is best known for his groundbreaking work on the fate of antigen in
tolerance and antibody formation, where he emphasized the need of quantification and the use
of radioactive and fluorescent labels to determine antigen distribution.
12. Ian Frazer (1953-), He is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist whose research resulted in
the development of a vaccine against the human papillomavirus (HPV) strains that cause the
majority of cervical cancers. The best protection against cervical cancer is a combination of
HPV vaccination and cervical screening. Furthermore, HPV vaccination lowers the risk of
cancers caused by HPV in locations other than the cervix. The vaccine was found to be
highly effective in protecting women against infections caused by two HPV strains that
caused 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts in women.
13. Samuel O. Freedman (1928-), He discovered Carcinoembryonic antigen. Most
gastrointestinal, breast, and lung cancer cells express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA
overexpression is associated to liver metastasis, which is the leading cause of death in
colorectal cancer. CEA is widely used in cancer patients as a diagnostic and prognostic
tumor marker.
14. William Bradley Coley He was an American bone surgeon and cancer researcher who
made early contributions to cancer immunotherapy research. Immunotherapy aids the
immune system in identifying cancer cells as non-self rather than self. Some immune
cells destroy cancer cells directly, while others assist stimulate specific immune cells to
kill cancer cells through immunotherapy.
15. Albert Coons (1912-1978),  He was the first to conceptualize of and develop
immunofluorescent labeling techniques for antibodies. Dr. Albert Coons' fluorescent method
for the detection and localization of antigens and antibodies in tissues is one of the most
widely used newer techniques in immunology and pathology. Dr. Coons and his colleagues
used this innovative technique to make antibodies visible under a special UV microscope by
tagging them with fluorescent dyes. Because antibodies react only with specific invaders, the
new method allows researchers to identify a virus by tracking its attached antibody under a
microscope's ultraviolet beam.
16. Shimon Sakaguchi (1948-), The regulatory T cells discovered by Shimon Sakaguchi help the
immune system to distinguish between friend and foe and are instrumental for achieving self-
tolerance. Strengthening or weakening this peacekeeping force gives the immune system a
kick or a damper. Both strategies can be harnessed to develop new treatments for human
diseases.
17.  Jules Bordet He was known for discovery of the complement system in the immune system.
The complement system is a component of the immune system that improves antibodies'
and phagocytic cells' ability to clear pathogens and damaged cells from an organism,
stimulate inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. It is a part of the innate
 immune system, which is immutable and does not change during individuals lifetime.
Antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system, on the other hand, can be used to
recruit and activate the complement system.
18. Jacques Miller. He is known for having discovered the function of the thymus and for the
identification, in mammalian species of the two major subsets of lymphocytes (T cells and B
cells) and their function.
19. Cesar Milstein
20. Jean Dausset looked for and found the MHC in humans after Snell discovered
histocompatibility antigens in mice and identified the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
that encodes them. The group of genes was called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
group by him.  Dausset created the possibility of matching organ donors and recipients by
identifying the genes that determine HLA type, dramatically decreasing the risk of rejection
following transplantation.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00684/full

1. Immunology is the study of the immune system, which produces antibodies to protect
the body, primarily against illnesses. Vaccination causes the body to produce specific
antibodies that protect it from the disease.

The study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and
disposal of foreign (nonself ) material; how body components respond and interact; the
desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions; and the ways in which the
immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease are
all topics covered by immunology.

2. Serology is a small part of immunology that focuses on the study or diagnostic

examination of blood serum, particularly in relation to the immune system's reaction to
pathogens or foreign substances.

Immunology is the science of the immune system and serology is more of a diagnostic tool.

3. The immune system is our body's defense mechanism that helps to keep bacteria and
diseases out of our bodies. When our immune system is powerful enough, no foreign
particles (bacteria and pathogens) are allowed to enter our bodies. When the immune
system is weak, the problem occurs. Foreign particles can easily invade the body in this
situation, causing allergies or infections.

Cells of immune system

4.
5. Humoral immunity is also called antibody-mediated immunity. B cells differentiate into
plasma B cells, which can produce antibodies against a specific antigen, with the support of
helper T cells. Antigens from infections that are freely circulating or outside diseased cells
are dealt with by the humoral immune system. Antibodies generated by B cells bind to
antigens, neutralizing them or causing lysis (cell death due to rupture of the cell wall or
membrane) or phagocytosis.
Cellular immunity, on the other hand, is mediated by T lymphocytes and occurs inside
infected cells. Antigens of the pathogen are expressed on the cell surface or on antigen-
presenting cells. Helper T cells secrete cytokines that assist activated T cells in binding to
infected cells and maturing into cytotoxic T cells. The infected cell is then attacked by the
cytotoxic T cell, which causes it to lyse.

To simply put, Humoral Immunity is what happens outside of our cells. Cellular Immunity
occurs inside our cells.

6. Acquired immunity is immunity you develop over your lifetime. It can come
from a vaccine, exposure to an infection or disease and another person’s
antibodies (infection-fighting immune cells).  protects against all germs, like
bacteria and viruses, by trying to keep them from entering your body.

Natural immunity is an Immunity that is naturally existing, Natural

immunity does not require prior sensitization to an antigen

7. Antigens are any material that binds specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor,
whereas immunogens are any stimulus that causes a humoral or cell-mediated immune
response. All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens; for example,
some very small compounds known as haptens can bind to antibodies or B-cell receptors
but cannot initiate an immune response.
Hapten is a molecule that reacts to specific antibodies but is not immunogenic by itself;
nevertheless, it can be made immunogenic by conjugating it to a suitable carrier.  A hapten
is essentially an incomplete antigen.   Only when these small molecules are connected to a
large carrier, such as a protein, can they elicit an immune response; the carrier does not
usually elicit an immune response by itself.

8. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, is a protein produced mainly by plasma which

neutralise pathogens in a number of ways and are large Y-shaped proteins which function
to identify and help remove foreign antigens or targets such as viruses and bacteria. Every
different antibody recognizes a specific foreign antigen. This is because the two tips of its
“Y” are specific to each antigen, allowing different antibodies to bind to different foreign
antigens

9. The complement system is part of the immune system which enhances the ability of the
immune cells and antibodies to kill the invaded pathogens such as bacteria. The system
includes several proteins which are synthesised by the hepatocytes and released in the
serum. There they remain in the inactive state until and unless some signal is generated.

10. MHC is Major Histocompatibilty Complex. It is basically the genes that code specifically
for our immune system. It is unique in all of us. The MHC is the reason why organ
transplants can be rejected from the donor to the acceptor.

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are genes  in major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
that help in the code for  proteins that distinguish between self and non-self. They have an
important role in illness prevention and immunological protection. They can be beneficial to
the immune system, but they can also be detrimental.

11. Immunopathology is the study of diseases in which humoral (body fluid) and cellular
immunological factors have a role in the pathology of cells, tissues, and the host. Immune
responses that are defective or dysfunctional frequently result in illness or disease.

An  Autoimmune disease  is defined as the condition when our body identifies the self
components of our body as non-self components, an autoimmune response is produced which
leads to destruction of one’s own tissue and causes autoimmune diseases.