-

dB p ê W u L ³` 2

mnb n`
ldoon;mnb n` m s ?bmtdbdPgnnm tds tds ?
y ;mn5-tlth`.rb.s,³ î. ³ b,
p.s.nfP`lioO(nb  ³ d.`cm`.sf.n tn2lb.

Cdmdrbln
Cdmdrblngbgd
gbgds
s Qsnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfn tnvb f`mtdjp`râmdb
³ Nmtr`guffnöm b lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb G`s h`rjbs gd bi`rgbr lb f`cmnfnöm
Gdhnmnfnöm gd f`cmnfnöm gd Mdlssdr Jdt`g`l`cêb gd lb psnf`l
psnf`l`cêb
`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb
Qlbm`s gd bmâlnsns? jdmtbl; mdur`mbl y Xblngdz
Xblngdz df`löcn fb
f`cm`sfn tnv` F`jdmtbrn`s hnmblds y rdf`jdmgbfn`mds gd
Flbsds gd f`m`fnjndmt` y tnp`s gd pr`fd- ldfturbs bgnfn `mblds
sbjndmt` ³• ³ . . ³Dmh`qud gd l nmvdstncbfnöm? ¡By, y dstâ r`jpng`
Wdjbs gd lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb ³ ., ³ -³P. ³Wîrjnm`s flbvd
Bmtdfdgdmtds gd lb pslf~l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb ³, . ³ ³ ? ³³ -,
³.. ? Nmvdstncbfnöm gd l`s hbft`rds eujbm`s dm lb ³. ³.,~, - ? ³ . 2r.?, ³, ?,

Vdcumgb Cudrrb Jumgnbl ,, ³ . , .  - . . . .= • ; ³ ? ~

Jâqunmbs gd fâl~ul` ; ?', n ~.-.,-,.,.?..2 • •

³ . ,; Lnmcüêstnfb ³³³ ? ³ ¡ 3.;-;.,°-;³, ,³ .< .,³•.t?- ?; . . , ³• ; ,   ³,-.P..
.. - - .
Mdur`f`jputbfnöm ?P ; ³ .• ³.? . ? '³' ? ? ³ ;;
•. •X?-

? ³.• ³2, ?? ³ ? . •,

•, - . -?, . ? ... n .... . ~. n ³.
. . -³ ³: ?; ~-.³ O -
• ³¡¡~ 2

' ³ ³ ;  . .,(. . ³? O ~-.

m d. r b 2 g b g d s

Lb sdjbmb pbsbgb enfd blc` juy pbsbodr`. Dl tn d jp` ebiêb

ebiêb dm hr nbg`
dxtrbò`. Gdspuîs gd f`jdr, ld gnod b jn ibstbmtd dm lb sdjbmb, bsê qud supusd
dsp`sb
dsp `sb qud
qud nib b lb tndmgb p`r ldfed y qud p`gêb f`jprbr lb l dfed prnjdr` y
dllb jd pngnö, bpr`vdfebmg` jn sbPlngb, gdobrlb dm dl but` snm tdj`r gd qud sd
qud gdv`lvndrb um ln ir` b lb iniln`tdfb. dfebrb b pdrgdr dm tbmt` gdv`lvêb dl ln ir`.
Gdgnquî um`s jnmut`s b `tr`s Gdspuîs gd ebfdr dst`, j d njbcnm` qud

qudebfdrds y fubmg` jd gnspusd b pbrtnr pusd lb jdmtd dm pnl`t` but`jâtnf`

fbsn jd `lvng` gîl lnir`
lnir`,, qud t`jî y pusd jndmtrbs jbmdobib
jbmdobib.. F`jprî, puds, l b
dm dl f`fed, s`ird dl bsndmt` gdl ldfed, lb pusd dm dl bsndmt` oumt` bl lnir`,

6
 

Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM

lldcuî b lb iniln`tdfb, iboî, gn lb vudltb bl f`j` f`sbs dm dl bsndmt` gdl gd lbmtîr`³ y

f`fed, t`jî dl `iodt`, dm tPî b lb m` dstbibm jdjirdtbg`s f`m .sus ³
iniln`tdfb, fbjnmî ebstb lb jdsb gd dspdfnhnfbfn`mds
dspdfnhnf bfn`mds f`jpldtbs
prîstbj`s y jd t`pî f`m lb jnrbgb um pdrjbmdmtds. Gbg` qud l`s g`s dstbibm
tbmt` s`fbrr`mb gdl iniln`tdfbrn` bmtds dm dl jnsj` lucbr, jd pbrdfd qud tdmêb
gd gbr
gbr jd fudmtb gd qud m` trbêb dl lnir`, 41 p`r fndmt` gd pr`ibinlngbgds gd dmtrbr
snm` lb ldfed. Bvdrc`mzbg`, jd v`lvê y dm b lb iniln`tdfb f`m dl brtêful`
um`s nmstbmtds rdcrdsî f`m dl `iodt` dqunv`fbg`..
dqunv`fbg`
f`rrdft` . B pbrtnr gd dstd dodj`l` surcdm vbrnbs
m dl fbjnm` b fbsb, trbtî gd prd~umtbs
prd~umt bs y tdr?mbs
tdr?mbs qudP
qud Prbtbrdj`s dm
bvdrncubrr p`r quî ebiêb f`jdtng`
bvdrncub f`jdt ng` dsd dstd fbpêtul` y qud bpbrdfdrâm umb `trb
drr`r. Bl prnmfnpn`, m` sd jd `furrêb lb vdz b l` lbrc` gdl lnir`. °Fuâl ds lb
rdspudstb. Lbs i`tdllbs gd ldfed l`s rdlbfnöm dmtrd f`cmnfnöm f`mfndmfnb0
lnir`s m` sd pbrdfdm; m` fujpldm lbs °Föj` sd gdsfrnid y ~xplnfb dl
³ jnsjbs humfn`mds; dst`s g`s `iodt`s m` f`m`fnjndmt` eujbm`0 °V`m l`s
tdmêbm lb jnsjb tdjpdrbturb mn pdsbibm pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s tbm j`gulbrds
l` jnsj`. °Föj` hud qud jd f`mhumgê0 ` nmgdpdmgndmtds f`j` sd judstrbm dm dl
Qbrb gbr f`m lb rdspudstb, eby qud dodjpl`0 Dm dstd fbpêtul` f`jdmzbrdj`s
`isdrvbr qud jn snstdjb f`cm>sfntnv` b dxpl`rbr dstbs fudstn`mds.
fudstn`mds .
frdö rdprdsdmtbfn`mds nmtdrmbs gd lb Bquê tbjinîm f`msngdrbrdj`s blcum`s
ldfed y dl lnir`, fbgb umb f`m sus gd l`s jufe`s `rêcdmds gd l b ps psnf`l`cêb
nf`l`cêb
pr`pndgbgds pdfulnbrds. Blcumbs gd îstbs f`cm`sfntnvb. Vus rbêfds sd dmfudmtrbm
sd ibsbm dm l` qud sî gd l`s `iodt`s; p`r . ( dmtrd `tr`s sntn`s) dm lb lnmcüêstnfb, lbs
. bmt`, s`m dstbilds jâs ` jdm`s fndmfnbs gd lb f`jputbfn
f`jputbf n öm, lb mdur`l`cêb
nmjutbilds. Q`r dodj
dodj..pld, sî quî lb ldfed y lb nmvdstncbfnöm gd l`s hbft`rds
ds um blnjdmt` y dl lnir` m`, y dstbs eujbm`s. Ld s`rprdmgdrâ sbidr qud lb
fbrbftdrêstnfbs s`m pbrtd gd jn psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb tndmd umb enst`rnb
rdprdsdmtbf nöm nmtdrmb pdrjbmdmtd gd rdlbtnvbjdmtd irdvd. Bumqud l`s
l`s g`s brtêful`s.
brtêful`s . Qdr` `trbs pr`pndgbgds pr`ildjbs qud nm nmvdstncb
vdstncb s`m bmtncu`s,
gd lbs rdprdsD?mtbfn`mds nmtdrmbs sd fbsn t`g`s sus humgbg`rd
humgbg`rdss sncudm vnv`s.
rdhndrdm b fbrbftdrêstnfbs qud l`s `iodt`s Bgdjâs, dxbjnmbrdj`s g`s h`rjbs gd
p`sddm
p`s ddm tdjp`rbljdmtd; ds gdfnr, mudstr` bi`rgbrr l`s pr`ildjbs gd lb psnf`l`
bi`rgb psnf`l`cêb
cêb
snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` tndmd umb sdffnöm f`cm`sfntnvb? lbs td`rêbs gdl
gd brfenv`s tdjptdjp`rbl
`rblds
ds dm lb qud
qud,, gd . pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`rjb
nmh`rjbfnöm
fnöm lbs
sdcur` p`r f`mvdmndmfnb, sd sntÿb um f`mdxn`mnstbs. F`j` vdrdj`s, bjibs
`iodt` p`r blcÿm tndjp`. m dst`s p`sturbs
p`stur bs tndmdm prdjnsbs
brfenv`s ds p`snild qud dl `iodt` dstî humgbjdmtbljdmtd gnstnmtbs s`ird lb
rdprdsdmtbg` p`r fbrbftdrêstnfbs qud m` f`cmnfnöm eujbmb, bumqud m` gnhndrdm
p`sdd dm h`rjb pdrjbmdmtd. m dsdmfnb, sndjprd dm sus prdgnffn`mds
prdgnff n`mds s`ird
s`ird îstb.
bsê ds f`j` jd dxplnf` dl drr`r? dm jns l fbpêtul` f`mfluyd f`m umb gdsfrnpfnöm

gnvbcbfn`mds, dm dstbg` gd pnl`t` gd vbrn`s jît`g`s y tîfmnfbs gd

but`jâtnf`, l`s g`s `iodt`s gdl bsndmt` nmvdstncbfnöm qud djpldbm l`s psnföl`c`s
³ gdlbmtdr` dstbibm rdprdsdmtbg`s söl` dspdfnblnzbg`s dm dl fbjp`.
 

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd l b psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb

t r`g
`guu  nöm b lb psnf
psnf``l`cê
cêbb f`cm
`cm`s
`s  t vb

Tstdg yb l` ebfd; ds gdfnr, yb p`md dm oudc` vbrn`s pr`fds`s f`cm`s

f`cm`sfntnv`s
fntnv`s.. Gd edfe`,
sdr eujbm` f`msnstd dm djprdmgdr dst`s pr`fds`s. Fbgb vdz qud lddj`s um tdxt` pbrb
dmtdmgdrl`,
dmtdmgd rl`, fbgb vdz qud trbtbj`s
trbt bj`s gd rdf`rgbr. gömgd g~obj`s blc`, fbgb vdz qud rd
s`lvdj`s um pr`ildjb blcdirbnf`, bplnfbj`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfn
f`cm`sfntnv`s. Bum sn m` s`
j`s f`msfndmtds
dodjpl`; ustdg m `gdds dll`s,
f`msfndmtdgdobm
m`
gd lb gd `pdrbr. mdfdsbrnb
f`cmnfnöm Qrdstbr btdmfnöm flbsdl` dsebfd.
b umb³söl`
pbrb btdmgdr,³
btdmgdr,
um

Qdr` prdstbr btdmfnöm ds umb pbrtd f`jplnfbgb gdl bsumt` gd lb f`cmnfnöm, m` nj
p`rtb quî tbm hâfnl y gdsfbmsbgb m`s pbrdzfb. Gd edfe`, t`gbs lbs pblbirbs gd dstd ln 
ir` (jâs gd 261 11 1 ) m` dstâm dsfrntbs jâs qud pbrb dxpln
dxplnfbr
fbr dstb f`jpldongbg. Dm .
fndrt` sdmtng`, dl rdst` gdl lnir` ds söl` umb dlbi`rbfnöm gd l` gnfe` dm dstd pârrbh`.

dhnmnfnöm gd
gd f`cmn
f`cm nf nöm gd Md n  d r

Dm 2>83, Tlrnf Mdnssdr puilnfö su be`rb flâsnfb `cmntnvd Qsyfe`l`cy dm lb qud `hrdfd
dstb gdhnmnfnöm? Lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb sd `fupb gd t`g`s l`s pr`fds`s p` r l`s
qud lb nmh`rjbfnöm gd l`s sdmtng`s sd trbmsh`rjb, rdgufd, dlbi`rb, cubrgb, rdfupdrb
y utnlnzb . Dxbjnmdj`s l`s tîrjnm`s gd lb gdhnmnfnöm
gdhnmnfnöm.. Mdnssdr ebfd qud lb f`cmnfnöm
djpndfd .f`m lb nmh`rjbfnöm gd l`s sdmtng`s. Mudstr`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s s`m
sndjprd s`ird blc`; mudstr`s sdmtng`s trbdm lb dmdrcêb gdl jumg` jbtdrnbl dxtdrm` b
mudstr`s snstdjbs mdur`mbl y f`cm`sfntnv`, g`mgd sd bftÿb dm dll dllb.
b. Dst`
D st` ds l` qud dm
dm
tndmgd Mdnssdr fubmg` gnfd qud eby qud trbmsh`rjbr lb nmh`rjbfnöm sdms`rnbl. Lb
dmdrcêb hnsnfb gdl jumg` gdid .f`mvdrtnrsd
f`mvdrtnrsd dm u m pbtröm gd sufds`
sufds`ss mdur`mblds - umb
h`rjb gd dmdrcêb mdur `mbl - qud sdb lb ibsd gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` f`cm`sfnt f`cm`sfntnv`
nv` p`std-
. tn`r. D m fubmt` lb dmdrcêb hnsnfb gdl dstêjul` sdms`rnbl e b sng` trbmsh`rjbgb dm dsd pb
tröm gd sufds`
sufds`ss mdur`mblds,
mdur`mb lds, t`g` dstêjul` hnsnf` qud m ` ebyb sng` trbmsh`rjbg` sd
pndrgd pbrb sndjprd. Îstb ds lb trbmsh`rjbfnöm qud `furrd fubmg` mudstr~ snstdjb
f`cm`sfntnv` rdgufd lb nmh`rjbfnöm gd l`s sdmtng`s.
. Dstb rdguff
rdguffnöm
nöm sncmnhnfb
sncmnhnfb qud l`s pr`fds`s mdur`mblds y f`cm`sfntnv`s m` f`msdr
vbm t`g`s l`s bspdft`s gdl jumg` sdmsnild, dm dl qud dstbj`s ibòbg`s ibòbg`s gd fömtnmu`
fömtnm u`
p`r dstêjul`s p`tdmfnblds. Lb rdguffnöm ³m` ds jblb p`r hudrzb, p`rqud lb jby`r
pbrtd gd lb dmdrcêb gdl jumg` hnsnf` m` f`jumnfb nmh`rjbfnöm mn ds mdfdsbrn` trbms
h`rjbrlb. Q`r dodjpl`, snm v`ltdbr lb pâcnmb, gncb fuâl hud lb prnjdrb pblbirb gd lb
prnjdrb `rbfnöm gd lbs Cdmdrblngbgds. Ebcb umb f`modturb y l udc` vdrnhnqud. °Bfdrtö
f`m su rdspudstb0 Vn l` enz<0 jbcmêhnf`; sn m`, m` jd dxtrbòb. Fubmg` ld ldyö
yö lb `rb
fnöm, gd bl cÿm j`g` sbiêb qud drb p`f` pr`ibil d qud hudsd njp`rtbmtd rdf`rg br
pblbirb blcumb. Fndrt` ds qud gurbmtd u m nmstbmtd, oust` gdspuîs gd lb ldfturb, ebirêb
rdpdtng` dsd prnjdr v`fbil`, pdr` bl sncundmtd j`jdmt` lb nmh`rjbfnöm yb m` dstb
ib beê y ustdg drb nmfbpbz gd rdfupdrbrlb. °Gnrêb qud `lvngö lb nmh`rjbfnöm, dst`
ds, lb prnjdrb pbpbllbi rb gd lbs Cdmdrblngbgds0 @lvng` ds umb pblbirb qud f`jprdmgd
vbrnn`s pr`fds`s. ^` prdhdr
vbr prdhdrnnrêb gdfnr qud su.
su. snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` rdguo` dstb nmh`rjb
nmh`rjb
fnöm. Gurbmtd su ldfturb gd lb lbss Cdmdrblngbgds, bl trbtbr gd f`jprdmgdrlb, su snstdjb
f`cm`sfntnv` s`jdtnö fbgb `r` rbfnöm b gnvdrs`s bmâlnsns qud bl fbi` frdbr`m umb rdprd
sdmtbfnöm gd lb sdffnöm, tbl f`j` be`rb cdmdr
cdmdr bm umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm gd dstd pârrbh`
y dm ÿltnjb nmstbmfnb, gd t`g` dl fbpêtul` y dl lnir` (pdr` m` sd prd`fupd, e`y m`
 

V³ Qbrtd Üm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

tdmgrâ qud h`rjbr umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm gd t`g` dl lnir`? m` lb tdmgrdjq§ ~nm` ebstb
dl hnmbl gdl sdjdstrd). F`mh`rjd bvbmzö p`r lbs³ Cdmdrblngbgds, lb rdprdsdmtbfnöm
fbjinö y pr`crdsö jndmtrbs ustdg gdtdftbib l`s pw2t`s prnmfnpblds. Bf`stujir`
f`jpbrbr lb nmh`rjbfnöm s`ird l`s cnr`s gd lb rdgbffn ö m f`m lbs m`tbs qud um` dsfrn-
id bl njpuls` gdl j`jdmt` pbrb `rcbmnzbr sus pdmsbjndmt`s. Jâs tbrgd, ustdg bj-
plnbrâ y pulnrâ sus m`tbs y sd gdsebrâ gd lbs dsp` dsp`mtâmd
mtâmdbs.
bs. Gu rbmtd um rbt` , dsbs m`tbs
. s`m umb iudmb rdprdsdmtbfnöm gd sus pdmsbjndmt`s pdmsbjndmt`s,, pdr` dm fubmt` îst`s fbjinbm,
bquîllbs tbjinîm?
Lb dlbi`rbfnöm ds dl `tr` lbg` gd lb j`mdgb gd lb rdguffnöm. Jndmtrbs qud lb
rdguffnöm dstrni
dstrnibb dm gdsfbrtbr gbt`s, lb dlbi`rbfnöm f` f`msnstd
msnstd dm vnmfulbrl`s. Fubmg`
dlbi`rbj`s umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm , lb rdlbfn`mbj`s f`m rdprd rdprdsdm
sdmtbfn`md
tbfn`mdss jâs f`mfrdtbs
` jâs cdmdrblds. Dl rdsultbg` ds qud lb dlbi`rbfnöm, b gnhdrdmfnb gd lb rdgu ffnöm, qud
dlnjnmb blcum`s bspdft`s gd umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm pbrb dl p r`fdsbjndmt` p`stdrn`r,
bòbgd dldjdmt`s b îstb. Q`r ³dodjpl`, fbgb pdlêfulb gd lb sdrnd gd lb Cudrrb gd lbs
cblbxnbs djpndzb f`m umb pbmtbllb qud bmumfn bmumfnb? b? Ebfd jufe` tndjp`, dm umb cblbxnb
j uy ldobmb . . .
Fubmg` jn eno` jdm`r vn` p`r prnjdrb vdz dl Dpns`gn` X ( T mb mudvb dspd-
rbmzb ), tdrÿb sndtd bò`s y l` f`mhumgnö dl jdmsbod. Qd r` sn lb pdlêfulb ` furrd dm dl
hutur` - p r d c u m t ö - , °p`r quî gnfd qud pbsö ebfd jufe` tndjp`0 Runzâ b `tr`s
tbjinîm lds pbrdfnö dxtrbò`. ^` ld gn umb nmtdrprdtbfnöm um tbmt` gnstnmtb. °Ruî ld
rdfudrgb b ustdg0 Qbrb jê , sucndrd gd nmjdgnbt` umb dspdfnd gd hâiulb ` fudmt` gd
e bgbs? jufe`s fudmt`s nmhbmtnlds f`jndmzbm f`m lb `rbfnöm Eb fd jufe` tndjp` tndjp`,,
vnvnö um e`jird qud .. , y fbsn ³t`g`s s`m, dm blcÿm plbm`, mbrrbfn`mds mbrrbfn`mds gd bvdmtu
bvdmturbs.
rbs.
Be`rb indm, d m `tr` plbm` dst`s fudmt`s s` s`m
m nmstrujdmt`s gngâftnf`s, ds gdfnr, gbm
umb ldffnöm ` j`rbldob s`ird dl f`jp`rtbjndmt` yP yP b h`rjb f`rrdftb ` bpr`pnbgb g d
trbtbr b l`s gdjâs `³ ` ³ s`ird mudstrbs njpdrhdffn`mds ³rdjdgnbilds.
rdjdgnbilds. L` jnsj` pbsb f`m
lb sdrnd gd lb Cudrrb gd lb lbss cblb xnbs.. Ds, f`j` sd rdvdlb bl hnmbl, umb hâiulb y tndmd su
cblbxnbs
j`rbldob. @isdrvd qud dm mnmcumb pbrtd sd bhujb dxplêîntbjdmtd, snm` qud jn sns-
tdjb f`cm`sfntnv` jd hbfultö pbrb dlbi`rbr dstd rbz`mbjndmt` b pbrtnr gd lb flbvd
nmêfnbl y bòbgê t`gb dstb nmh`rjbfnöm b lb pdlêfulb jndmtrbs pr`fdgêb. Dl qud jn eno` eno `
hudrb nmfbpbz gd bprdfnbr dstd pumt`, bumqud t`gb su vngb ebyb `êg` fudmt`s gd eb-
gbs, nmgnfb qud bfbs` -dl pr`fds` gd lb f`cmnfnöm tndmd um bspdft` jbgurbtnv`. Ds
pr`ibild qud l`s mnò`s tbjinîm dlbi`rdm lb nmh`rjbfnöm nmh`rjbfnöm,, pdr` gd jbmdrb gnstnmtb gd
lb gd l`s bgult`s.
Bquê surcd
surcd umb pr dcumtb s`ird lb humfnöm gd lb dlbi`rbfnöm? °pbrb quî pbsbr p`r
t`gbs l bs j`ldstnb
j`ldstnbss gd dlbi`rbr lb nmh`rjbfnöm0 Dl `iodtny` gd qud mudstr` snstdjb
f`cm`sfntnv` dlbi`rd ds dstbildfdr, pbrb lb rdpr rdprdsd
dsdmtbfn
mtbfnöm qud nmtdrdsb, um f`mtdxt` qud
f`jprdmgd `trbs rdprdrdprdsdmtbfn`mds,
sdmtbfn`mds, tdjp`r
tdjp`rblds
blds ` pdrjbmdmtds, qud snrvdm pbrb ngdmtn-
hnfbr ` nmtdrprdtbr lb mudvb. Q`r dodjpl`, sn v`lvdj`s b lb udrrb gd lbs cblbxnbs jd
vblê gd jns f`m`fnjndmt`s gd lbs hâi hâiulb
ulbss pbrb nmtdrprd
n mtdrprdtbr
tbr lb pdlêfulb y dmtdmgdr gd quî
trbtb. F`j` vdrdj`s dm dl lnir`, lb dlbi`rbfnöm gd umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm tndmd jufe`
qud vdr f`m l` qud b hnm gd fudmtbs f`jprdmgdj`s y rdf`rgbj`s. F`j` irdvd bplnfb-
fnöm prâftnfb gd dstb td`rêb ld sucndr` qud tdmcb prdsdmtd g`s f`
f`sbs.
sbs. Lb prnjdrb, qud
jâs dlbi`rbfnöm lldvb b umb f`jprdmsnöm jâs e`mgb gdl jbtdrnbl. Q`r tbmt`, fubmg`
dstugnd prdcÿmtdsd sndjprd s`ird lb rdlbfnöm dmtrd lb mudvb rdprdsdmtbfnöm y l`s f`m`-
fnjndmt`s qud yb p`sdb ( °B quî sd pbrdfd0 °Ruî jd rdfudrgb0
rdfudrgb0   ). Dm sdcumg` lucbr
lucbr,,
 

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb psnf`l

psnf`l`cêb
`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 3

dl f`mtdxt` dm dl qud dlbi`rb tndmd blcumbs f`msdfudmfnbs pbrb dl bprdmgnzbod y lb rdjd-

j`rbfnöm p`stdrn`r. Blcum`s f`mtdxt`s l`s hbfnlntbm; `tr`s, m`. Wdmcb fungbg` f`m l`s
f`mtdxt`s qud cdmdrb. Lds gnc` b jns blujm`s qud tdmcbm dm fudmtb qud dl f`mtdxt`
qud dstbildfdm b lb e`rb gd dstugnbr sdrvnrâ söl~ dm tbmt` qud pudgbm dstbildfdrl` gd
mudv` dl gêb gdl dxbjdm. T m f`mtdxt` gnhnfnl gd rdstbildfdr dm dl dxbjdm m` sdrâ t m
ÿtnl f`j` bqudl qud sd rdfupdrb f`m jâs hbfnlngbg.
Dm l`s sncundmtds tîrjnm`s gd su gdhnmnfnöm, Mdnssdr sdòblb lb fbpbfngbg gdl
snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` gd cubrgbr y rdf`irbr lb nmh`rjbfnöm. Q`r f`stujird, pdmsbj`s
qud dst`s pr`fds`s f`rrdsp`mgdm b mudstrb jdj`rnb . Ds vdrgbg qud p`gdj`s s`s-
tdmdr p`r pdrn`g`s lbrc`s blcumbs gd lbs rdprdsdmtbfn`mds qud frdbj`s y jufebs lbs
rdfupdrbj`s f`m hbfnlngbg. Vnm djibrc`, fubmg` lldcudj`s b l`s fbpêtul`s s`ird lb
³ jdj`rnb vd vdrdj`s
rdj`s `trbs h`rjbs gd f`msngdrbrlb
f`msngdrbrlb,, bpbrtd gd f`j` jdr` bljbfdmbjndm
bljbfdmbjndm--
t` g d lb nmh`rjbfnöm. Lb pblbirb jâs njp`rtbmtd gd lb gdhnmnfnöm gd Mdnssdr ds lb
ÿltnjb.. Lb
ÿltnjb Lb.. f`cmnfnöm frdb rdprdsdmtbfn`mds qud utnlnzbj`s. Bquê vdj`s qud pbrb
Mdnssdr y l`s psnföl`c`s j`gdrm`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm îstb tndmd um v l`r humfn`mbl? m`s
pdrjntd l`crbr bqudll` qud gd `tr` j`g`, pbrb m` gdfnr jâs, sdrêb gnhnfnl.

Qlbm`s gd bmâlnsns? l jdmtbll dl mdur`mbl y dl f`cm`sfntnv`

jdmtb

Lb gdhnmnfnöm gd Mdnssdr sd sd fdmt rb dm lb f`cmnfnöm f`j` um f`moumt` gd pr`fds`s qud

cdmdrbm umb sdrnd gd bf`mtdfnjndmt`s. Fubmg` ustdg dlbi`rb umb rdprdsdmtbfnöm,
btndmgd l`s gbt`s
gbt`s mudv`s f` m dl `iodt` gd flbsnhn
flbsnhnfbr
fbrl`s l`s cubrg b dm lb jdj`rnb. Bsê
l`s y l`s
lb r dp rdsdmtbfnöm ds dl prnjdr `iodt` gd l`s pr`fds`s gd btdmfnöm y p`r tbmt` sd f`m-
vndrtd dm umb dspdfnd gd edfe` gd lb btdmfnöm; dm sdcungb ds flbsnhnfbgb y pbsb b h`rjbr
pbrtd gd umb fbtdc`rêb, dtf. °Ruî flbsd gd edfe`s s`m dstbs r dprdsdmtbfn`
dprdsdmtbfn`mds
mds f`cm`s-
fntnvbs0 Ds umb iudmb prdcumtb, y lbP dspudstb dxncnrâ tndjp` y jdgntbfnöm gd pbrtd
gd ustdg
ustdg..
Qbrb djpdz
djpdzbr,
br, ld png` qud rdhldxn`md dm dsb pbrtd gd ustdg qud llbjb su jdmtd.
D m dstb gdj`&trbfnöm, sn bsê l` gdsdb
gdsdb,, pndmsd dm su jdmtd f`j` su f`mfndmfnb ` su

dstbg`
`
gd bldrtb. Ebcbj`s u m pdqudò` dodrfnfn` jdmtbl? qundr` qud dv`qud lb fbsb
dl bl`objndmt` g`mgd pbsö lb jby`r pbrtd gd su mnòdz
mnòdz.. Fubmg` dstî lnst`, rfspömgb-
jd dstb prdcumtb sdmfnllb? °Fuâmtbs vdmtbmbs ebiêb dm? lb hbfebgb0 °Vup` lb rdspudstb0
Lb jby`rêb gd lbs pdrs`mbs rd rdsp`m
sp`mgdm pr`mt` y f`m hbfnlngbg, l` qud ds m`tbild sn um`
l` pndmsb. °Föj` enz` pbrb rdsp`mgdr0 L` jâs pr`ibild ds qud, fubmg` ld prdcum-
tî, ebyb cdmdrbg` umb njbcdm jdmtbl gd lb fbsb, umb njbcdm qud ds f`j` umb h`t`-
crbhnb jdmtbl.
jdmtbl. Bsê, bmtd dl `o` gd su jdmtd sd ebirâ prdsdmtbg` gd sÿint` umb vnstb gd
su fbsb. Bgdjâs, dstb rdprd
rdprdsd
sdmtbfnöm
mtbfnöm ju dstrb blcumbs pr`pndgbgds s`rprdmgdmtds qud
sd dqunpbrbm f`m umb h`t` rdbl. Jufe`s gd jns dstugnbmtds jd gnfdm qud pbrb rds-
p`mgdr dst
dstbb prdcumtb (y y` lds frd`) ibrrdm lb njbcdm jdmtbl y fudmtbm lbs vdmtb-
mbs gd lb hbfebgb. Gdfnj`s qud dstb njbcdm
njbcdm y sus pr`pndgbgds sd ebllbm dm um plbm`
jdmtbl gd bmâlnsns.
bmâlnsns. Dm dstd plbm`, um` rdblnzb b v`lumtbg gnvdrsbs `pdrbfn`mds s`ird
dl f`mtdmng` gd lb jdmtd, oust` l` qud ustdg enz` fubmg` rdf`rrnö lb njbcdm y f`m-
tö lbs vdmtbmbs. Lb njbcdm p`sdd `trbs pr`pndgbgds? °sd bfudrgb gdl f`l`r gd l`s ju-
r`s0 °B quî gnstbmfnb gd lb fblld sd ldvbmtbib lb fbsb0 Gd sdcur` qud dstbs y `trbs
pr`pndgbgds ds tâm tbjinîm b su blfbmFd.
 

5 brtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

Vnm djibrc`, ustdg sbid qud dm rdblngbg m ` eby umb h`t`crbhnb gdmtr` gd su
fbidzb mn dm mnmcÿm `tr` lbg`; lb njbcdm s f`j`\ mb h`t`, pdr` m` ds umb h`t`. °Ruî
ds, dmt`mfds, dsb njbcdm y quî dxplnfb su prdsdmfnb0 Iudm`, pbrb djpdzb r b rdsp`m-rdsp`m-
gdr, mdfdsntbj`s ebilbr g d lb bftnvngbg gd su snstdsnstdjb
jb mdrvn`s`,
mdrvn` s`, su fdrdir`. Vn m`s
vnîrbj`s `ilncbg`s b prnvbrl` p`r f`jpldt` y snm bgvdrtnrld- gd su fdrdir`, tbj-
inîm l` prnvbrêbj`s, ` bl jdm`s ds` sup`mdj`s, gd su fbpbfngbg gd cdmdrbr y s`std-
mdr tblds njâcdmds, bsê f`j` gd fublqundr `trb fbrbftdrêstnfb psnf`löcnfb qud tuvndrb
blcÿm nmtdrîs.
nmtdrîs . Dstb gdflbrbfnöm m ` rd sp`mgd lb prdcumtb sP
P̀`ird
ird quî ds lb
lb njbcdm gd su
fbsb, pdr` m`s p`md dm dl fbjnm`
fbjnm`?? lb nj bcdm ds umb dxpdrndmfnb gd fndrt`s tnp`s,
fndrt`s pbtr`mds `, qunzâ, gd fndrt`s sntn`s g d³ bftnvngbg mdur`mbl. Gîodjd gdfnrl` dm
`trbs pblbirbs? fubmg` gdfnj`s qud su njbcdm ds umb dxpdrndmfnb gd flbsds pbrtnfulb-
rds gd bftnvngbg mdur`mbl, nmgnfbj`s qud su fdrdir` cdmdrb edfe`s mdur`mblds qud
s`m f`mstrunilds . Dst`s edfe`s m ` sd sndmtdm f`j` edfe`s mdur`mblds, pdr` ds`
ds l` qud s`m. Gdsgd dstd pumt` g d vnstb, su jdmtd m` ds f`j` um gnrdft`r dodfutnv`
qud dm l` jâs blt` gd u m dgnhnfn` g d `hnfnmbs t`jb gdfnsn`mds y gb örgdmds, snm` qud lb
dxnstdmfnb gd su jdmtd (eujbmb) ds lb h`rjb qud tndmd lb mbturbldzb gd gdfnrld qud
su fdrdir` eujbm` humfn`mb. Lb njbcdm gd su fbsb qud s~ dmfudmtrb dm su jdmtd m`

ds mbgb bpbrtd gd l`s edfe`s mdur`mblds qud lb f`jp`mdm; ds mbgb jdm`s y mbgb jâs
qud ds`s edfe`s, pdr` f`msngdrbgb gdsgd dl âmcul` jdmtbl y m` dl mdur`mbl.
°Dmf`mtrbrêbj`s dstb njbcdm, dstd crup` gd edfe edfe`s
`s mdur`mblds, sn m`s bgdmtrârb-
j`s dm dl fdrdir` qud lb f`mtndmd0 Xdb ustdg? m ` sd sdrêb
rêb .tbm hâfnl, y jâs bgdlbmtd, f`m
dstb tâftnfb m`s jdtdrdj`s dm blcum`s pr`ildjbs f`mfdptublds. Bsê, p`r be`rb, bmbln-
fdj`s dl ldmcubod f`m dl qud blcÿm mdur`fndmtêhnf` gdl jbòbmb dxplnfbrêb dstb njbcdm,
sup`mndmg` qud sd euindrb ngdmtnhnfbg` su ibsd ` sustrbt` mdurömbl. Dl prnjdr pumt`,
y dl jâs njp`rtbmtd, ds gbrm`s fudmtb gd qud sn dm ³ dl plbm`
sn³³ sd ngdmtnhnfbrb dstb njbcdm dm³
mdur`mbl, su gdsfrnpfnöm sdrêb dm tîrjnm`s m dur`mbld mblds;
s; ds gdfnr, mudstr` mdur`fndmtêhn.-
f` ebilbrêb gd lb njbcdm dm tîrjnm`s gdl mÿjdr` gd fndrtbs mdur`mb s, su uinfbfnöm
uinfbfnöm,, su
pbtröm gd gn sp
spbr`s,
br`s, sus nmtdrf`mdxn`mds, lbs sustbmfnbs trbmsjns`rbs prdsdmtds, dtf. °Xd
l` qud edj`s edfe` bquê0 W`jbj`s u m hdmöjdm`, lb njbcdm, y lb dxbjnmbj`s dm g`s

plbm`s? prnjdr`, dm um` djpêrnf` (g d lb dxpdrndmfnb)

dxpdrndmfnb ), qud llbjbrêbj`
llbjbrêbj`ss su jdmtd, y
ludc` dm dl f`mfrdt` ` hêsnf`, qud llbjbrêbj`s su fd rdir` . Fubmg` ebilbj`
ebilbj`ss gd lb njb-
cdm dm dl plbm` djpêrnf`, l ` ebfdj`s f`m l`s tîrjnm`s bgdfubg`s pbrb dl fbs`, l`s tî tîrr-
jnm`s jdmtblds qud gdm`tbm lbs pr`pndgbgds gd mudstrb f`mfndmfnb. Qdr` fubmg`
ebilbj`s gd lb njbcdm dm dl plbm` mdur`mbl, l`s tîrjnm`s bpr`pnbg`s s` s`m
m l`s qud gds
gds--
frnidm pr`fds`s y edfe`s mdur`mblds. Bji`s plbm`s s`m rdblds y dm tbmt` qud gdsfrnp-
fn`mds, dxnstdm f`m nmgdpdmgdmfnb gd qud sus f`mtdmng`s rdjntbm b lb jnsjb f`sb f`sb .
Vn ustdg rdfudrgb dl dmfbidzbg` gd dstb sdff
sdffnnöm, vdrâ qud fntb u m plbm` jdmtbl,
um` mdur`mbl y um` f`cm`sfntnv`. ^b rdvnsbj`s l` l`ss g`s prnjdr`s. Qbrb vdr gömgd dm dm--
trb dl plbm` f`cm`sfntnv`, rdcrdsdj`s b lb njbcdm gd lb fbsb. °Fuâmt` tndjp` vnvnö
dm lb fbsb qud nj bcnmö0 Vn hudr`m blcum`s bò`s, tdmdj`s bquê um hdmöjdm` nmtdrd-
sbmtd. Fubmg` t`jbj`s umb h`t`crbhnb, ldvbmtbj
ldvbmtbj`s`s lb fâjbrb b lb bljrb gd l`s `o`s
y vdj`s b trbvîs gdl vns`r. Lb njprdsnöm judstrb l`s dhdft`s gd mudstrb dstbjrb; ds
gdfnr, dl âmcul` gd lb fâjbrb fbjinb dm humfnöm gd lb dstbturb gdl h`töcrbh`. Bsê, g`s
h`t`s gdl jnsj` lucbr, t`jbgbs p`r pdrs`mbs gd tbllb gnstnmtb, sdrâm um tbmt` ftnhf-
rdmtds. Vn ustdg vnvnö dm lb fbsb nmflus` p`f`s bò`s, su dstbturb ebirâ fbjinbg` nmd-
vntbildjdmtd, y qunzâ jufe`.
 

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd l psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb >

L` qud v`y b pr`p`mdrld m` ds hbftnild p`r be`rb, pdr` sn pugnîrbj`s f`mvdrtnr

l`s edfe`s mdur`mblds d m blcÿm fögnc` dldftrömnf` y lddrl`, sdrêbj`s fbpbfds gd
ebfdr vn
vnsni
snild
ld su njbcdm
njb cdm dm umb pbmtbllb gd f`jp f`jputbg
utbg`rb.
`rb. sn l`crârbj`s ebfdr vn vnsn
sn--
ild su njbcdm pbrb l`s gdjâs, ds gd frddr qud j`strbrb um âmcul`, f`j` lbs h`t`-
crbhêbs f`jumds. Runzâ tndmd jufebs njâcdmds pbrb dsf`cdr. Dm su plbm` jdmtbl
gd bmâlnsns, m` dstbr
dstbrêb
êb f`msfndmtd
f`msfndmt d gd t`jbr mnmcum
mnmcumbb gdfnsnöm s`ird lb njbcdm qud f`m-
tdjplbrb, pdr` umb pbrtd gd ustdg gdfngnö snm qud ustdg l` supndrb supndrb.. Bgdjâs, dstb
gdfnsnöm s`ird dl âmcul
â mcul ` vnsubl
vnsubl m ` sdrêb lb ÿmnfb t`jbgb bl pr`ydftbr lb njbcdm.
njbcdm .
Fubmg` rdf`mstru
rdf`mstruyöyö ` dlbi`rö
dlb i`rö su njbcdm, °dstbib
°dstbib f`msfndmtd
f`msfndmtd gd lb îp`fb gdl bò`
qud dv`
dv`fbi
fbib0
b0 °Dstbib s`ldb
s`ldbg`
g` y fblur`s`
fblur `s` ` muilbg` y ll`vêb0 F`j` vd, bumqud m `
dstî f`msfndmtd gd dll`, dstbs gdfnsn`mds gdidm t`jbrsd dm blcÿm plbm`. Q`r tbmt` tbmt`,, bl-
bl-
cumb pbrtd gd ustdg  ` gd su snstdjb (qud m` pbrdfd sdr pbrtd gd su jdmtd jdmtd)) tuv` qud
r dblnzbr vb
vbrnb
rnbss bftnvng
bftnvngbgds
bgds gdhnmngbs. WuWuv`
v` qud l`fbl
l`fblnzbr
nzbr blcu
blcumbmb ` t`gb
t`gbss lbs rdprdsdm-
tbfn`mds b lb njbcdm y tuv` qud dlbi`rbr dsb njbcd njbcdmm hnm
hnmbl
bl gd lb qud ustdg f`irö
f`mfndmfnb. Ds vdrgbg qud dstbs bftnvngbgds sd gdsdmv`lvndr`m dm dl plbm` mdur`mbl?
fndrt`s edfe`s mdur`mblds sdrêbm lb fbusb gd l`fblnzbr, gdfngnr, g`tbr y dlbi`rbr d lbi`rbr lb njb-
njb-
cdm y sn m`s f`jplbfd, fblnhnfbrêbj`s lbs bftnvngbgds gd mdur`mblds. Qdr` tbjinîm ds
p`snild gdsfrninr dst`s edfe`s mdur`mblds dm h`rjb bistrbft bistrbftb,
b, f`j` edj`s edfe` bquê.bquê.
Fubmg` gdfnj`s qud umb pbrtd gd ustdg l`fblnzö lbs njâcdmds, gdfngnö quî
fbrbft
fbr bftdrê
drêstn
stnfbs
fbs nmf`rp`rbr y dlbi`dlbi`rö
rö ` enz` bpbrdfdr lb njbcdm, m` gdsfrninj`s dstbs
bftnvngbgds f`m tîrjnm`s mdur`mblds mn tbjp`f` jdmtblds (p`rqud m` dstuv` f`ms-
fndmtd gd mnmcumb). Qbrb gdm`tbr dst`s pr`fds`s mdur`mblds, bfugnj`s b u m ldmcubod .
bistrbft`, y f`m dll` j d rdhndr` b v`fbil`s qud m` sd vnmfulbm b mnmcuPmb mb `pdrbfnöm
.. mdßr`mbl. M`s ebllbj`s dm dl plbm` f`cm`sfntnv` gd bmâlnsns fubmg` gdsfrninj`s dm
tîrjnm`s bistrbft`s tblds pr`fds`s, y lb pbrtd gd ustdg qud l`s dhdftuö hud su snstdjb
f`cm`sfnntnv`.
f`cm`sf
Qbrb rdfbpntulbr irdvdjdmtd, dl plbm` f`cm`s f`cm`sfntnv`
fntnv` g d bmâlnsns ds umb dspdfnhnfb-
fnöm bistrbftb gd l`s edfe`s qud tndmdm lucbr d m dl plbm` mdur`mbl. Dl plbm` f`cm`s-
fntnv` ds tbm rdbl f`j` dl mdur`mbl y dl jdmtbl. Fbgb vdz vdz³³ qud usbj`s dtnqudtbs qud
m ` sd rdlbfn
rdlbfn`mbm f`m mnmcÿm edfe` mdur`mblmdur`mbl,, qud nmflu
nmfluyydm pblbirbs f`j` gdfngnr ,
btdmgdr , cubrgbr , rdfupdrbr y tbmtbs `trbs, gdsfrninj`s lbs bftnvngbgds gdl
snstdjb mdrvn`s`,
mdrvn`s` , ds gdfnr, su fdrdir`
fdrdir`nn bumqud dxplêfntbjdmtd m` usdj`s dtnqudtbs
mdur`mblds.
Dm lb hncurb 2.2 sd dmfudmtrb um nmtdmt` gd dsi`zbr lb rdlbfnöm dmtrd l`s plbm`s
gd bmâ
bmâlns
lnsns
ns jdmtbl, mdur`m
md ur`mbl
bl y f`cm`sfntnv`.
 

2Ü Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM

Bc urb 2 2 Ydprdsdmtbfnöm
gd l`s trds plbm`s gd
bmâlnsns.

~,; - ? r ~- . h >(~~,. ."~eP m ~ ..³v . .0.Q.t

.- ~[~ ?~?~³~'~?~. •.
??
•
 
³ ~28 ~>, mdur`mb
• -³ -~ .
dur`mbll < d. bmâ[nsês . ) .
• • - .. • 2. • - • P.. •

F`j` sd judstrb dm lb hncurb 2.2 ds p`snild gdsfrninr lb nmh`rjbfnöm mdur`mbl dm

h`rjb bistrbftb, y dm tbl fbs` ebilbj`s gd bmâlnsnbmâlns ns f`cm`sfntnv`. Bgdjâs, sd bprdfnb
qud l`s edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s (f`j` l `s jdmtblds) sndjprd sd ibsbm dm edfe`s mdu
r`mblds. Q`r dsb rbzöm l`s edfe`s f`cm`sf
f`cm`sfntnv`s
ntnv`s sd bm`tbm dm dl jns~` rdfubgr` qud
l`s md ur `mblds y tbjinîm p`r ds` lb hldfeb qud pr`fdgd gdl plbm` mdur`mbl sd pr`ydftb
dm dl f`cm`sfn
f`cm`sfntnv`. Gdsgd dstd pumt` gd vnstb, m ` eby edfe`s mdur`mblds gdspdrgn
fnbg`s ` nmÿtnlds, puds t`g`s ` fbsn t`g`s söm f`cm`sfntÊv`s.
D m fbjin`, m ` t`g`s l`s edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s s`m jdmtblds, l` quî dxpl dxplnfb
nfb qud
dl plbm` jdmtbl dstî bpbrtd y qud m ` t`gbs lbs hldfebs gdl f`cm`sfntnv` sd pr`ydftdm
ebfnb bquîl. Ds vdrgbg qud dm `fbsn`mds dstbj`s f`msfndmtds gd mudstr`s pr`fds`s
f`cm`sfntnv`s.. Fbgb vdz qud iusfbj`s gdlnidrbgbjdmtd dm
f`cm`sfntnv`s d m mudstrb jdj`rnb pbrb
rdf`r gbr blc` ` trbtbr gd rds`
rds`llvdr u m pr`ildjb gnhnfnl gd fâlful
fâlful` dstbj`s f`msfndmtds
g d mudstrb f`cmnfnöm. Qdr` jufebs `trbs vdfds -m ` ³m`s gbj`s fudmtb gd dst`s pr ` 
fds`s y dmt`mfds eb ilbj`s gd edfe`s dm dl plbm` ,f`cm`sfntnv` g d bmâlnsns qud m ` tnd
mdm f`rrdsp`mgdmfnb f`m mbgb dm mudstrb jdmtd. D m. `trbs pblbirbs, dl gnbcrbjb bird
lb p`sninlngbg gd f`cmnf
f`cmnfnn öm snm f`mfndmfnb
f`mfndmfnb ` jdmtblngbg
jdmtbln gbg
.Blcum`s gd dst`s dhdft`s sd `isdrvbr`m dm u m dstugn` dstugn`.. gd I`mdibkkdr t bl
(2>>8 ). L`s suodt`s, pbfndmtds b pumt` g d sdr s`jdtng`s nrucêb f`m bmdstdsnb b
cdmdrbn, `ydr` m lnst
lnstbs
bs gd pblbirbs
pblbirbs tbmt` bmtds gd f`j` gurbmtd lb nmtdrvdmfnöm (ds gd gd
fnr, fubmg` sd sup`mêb qud m ` ds ds..tbibm
t bibm f`msfndmtds). Ludc` gd lb `pdrbfnöm, sd lds pn pn
gnö qud rdblnzbrbm u m dodrf
dodrfnfn`
nfn` gd f`jpldtbr pblbpblbirb
irbss b pbrtnr gd
g d l  s g`s ` trds ldtrbs
nmnfnblds gd l`s v`fbil`s qud ebiêbm `êg` ` êg` bmdst
bmdstdsnbg`
dsnbg`s.
s. Vd trbtbib gd qud f`jpldtb
rbm lb rbêz f`m lb prnjdrb pblbirb qu d .sd lds `furrndrb, dxfdpt` umb gd gnstrbffnöm qud
sd lds ebiêb prdsdmtbg` bmtds gd lb `pdrbfnöm. L`s suodt`s f`jpld, f`jpld,tbr`m sncmnhnfbtnvb
j dm t d jâs rbgnfblds f`m lbs pblbirbs qud dsfufebr`m gurbmtd lb `pdrbfnöm qud f`m
l`s tîrjnm`s gnstrbft`rds. M ` p`sdêbm u m rdfudrg` f`msfndmtd gd lb fnrucêb mn gd
ebidr `êg` l s lnstbs g d pblbirbs (bumqud sbiêbm qud nibm b sdr rdpr`gufngbs g d umb
crbibfnöm jndmtrbs dstuvndrbm bmdstdsnbg`s).
bmdstdsnbg`s). Bgdjâs, m` sd sdmtêbm juy f`mhnbg`sf`mhnbg`s gd
sus rdspudstbs. M` bpbrdfnö dl jêmnj` nmgnfn` gd g d jdj`rnb dm dl plbm` jdmtbl,.
jdmtbl,. pdr`
dstd rdsultbg` sdòblb qud dm l `s p lbm`s gd bmâlnsns mdur`mbl y f`cm`sfntnv`, l`s sns
tdjbs-rdspdftnv`s gd l`s suodt`s m` gdobr`m g d trbmsh`
trbmsh`rrjbr lb dstnjulbfnöm sdms`rnbl,
f`j` ³s bsndmtb dm lb gdhnmnfnöm gd Mdnssdr. Dl dstugn` gd I`mdibkkdr dt bl prudib
dstd dhdft` p`rqud judstrb qud nmflus` fubmg` m ` sd tndmd l jdmtd gdl t`g` bldrtb
 (ds gdfnr, dspdrbj`s y prdsujnj`s qud l bmdst
bmdstdsnb
dsnb cdmdrbl suprnjd t`gb
t`g b f`mfndmfnb
f`mfndmfnb),
),
gd fublqundr jbmdrb eby f`cmnfnöm
f`cmnfnöm..

Fbpêtul` 2 • mnf n `mds bmtdfdgdmtds y j t âh`rbs gd l b psnf`l

hnmnf
hn psnf`l `cêb f`cm`sfn
f`cm`sfnt vb ?

Dstb dxp`snfnöm sncmnhnfb

sncmnhnfb qud ds p`snild
p`snild dstugnbr ` bi`rgbr jufe`s hdmöjdm`s dm
l`s trds plbm`s gd bm
bmâl
âlns
nsns
ns.. Qbrb dmtdmgdrl`
dmtdmg drl`,, f`msngdrdj`s u m hdmöjdm` dm f`mfrdt`?
lb btdmfnöm. Dm dl plbm` jdmtbl, ustdg gdsfrni
gdsfrninrêb
nrêb lb dxpdrndmfnb
dxpdrndmfnb f`msfn
f`msfn~mtd
~mtd qud tndmd
bl prdstbr btdmfnöm dm f`jpbrbfnöm f`m l` qud pbsb fubmg` m ` btndmgd btndmgd.. Qbrb djpd
zbr, sbid sn m ` eb pudst` btdmfnöm p`rqud ds f`msfndmtd gd qud su jdmtd m` sd eb

f`mfdmtrbg`
` lb sdmsbfnöm,dmgddlqud
dstêjul`. D m sdcumg` lucbr, fubmg` btndmgd tndmd lb dxpdrndmfnb,
rdfnid jâs nmh`rjbfnöm gdl dstêjul` qud fubmg` dstâ gnstrbêg`.
Dm dl plbm` mdur`mbl, m`s rdhdrnrê
rdhdrnrêbj`s
bj`s b pbtr`mds gd bftnvngbg fdrdirbl fbrbftdrêstnf`s
qud sd `isdrvbm fubmg` um` prdstb btdmfnöm; p`r dodjpl`, gncbj`s qud um pbtröm
p`sntnv` gd bftnvngbg fdrdirbl
fdrd irbl sd jbmnhndstb b l`s 611 jnlnsdcumg`s (js js)) gd lb prdsdm
tbfnöm gd u m dstêjul` nmusubl ` nmdspnmdspdrbg`.
drbg`. Dl fdrdir`
f drdir` nmtdrprdtb dstd pbtröm
pbtröm,, llbjb
g ` Q611 f`j` umb rdspudstb b umb m`vdgbg y dst` judstrb qud dl örcbm`
rbstrdb lb dstnjulbfnöm sdms`rnbl rdfningb. Bsê, fubmg` sd `isdrvb um dstêjul` nmd nmds
s
pdrbg`, dl fdrdir` rdsp`mgd gd jbmdrb fbrbftdrêstnfb. D m dl plbm` f`cm`sfntnv`, ds
gdfnr; dm bistrbft`, Pföj` gdsfrninrêbj`s dst`s hdmöjdm`s0 F`j` vdrdj`s dm dl
fbpêtul` 9 , l`s psnföl
psnföl`c`s
`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm sd ebm prdcumtbg` fuâmt`s dstêjuldstêjul`s`s rm gd-
pdmgndmtds gdtdftb dl snstdjb, gurbmtd fuâmt` tndjp` y fuâmt`s f`m`f f`m`fnjndmt
njndmt`s`s sÖird
sÖird
dll`s bgqunrnj`s jdgnbmtd dstb gdtdffnöm. Dl rdsultbg` gd dstbs nmv nmvdstncbfn`mds gd l`s
psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm sdrêb umb td`rêb qud bhnrjd qud prdstbr btdmfnöm dm cdmd
rbl ds Pf`j` f`jprbr; ds gdfngdfnr,
r, bsê f`j` um` pudgd cbstbr p`f` dm .jufebs f`sbs `
jufe` dm p`fbs, pudgd prdstbr p`fb btdmfnöm b jufe`s dstêjul`s ` jufeb b um`s
fubmt`s. Gdsgd ludc`, m ` ds rdbljdmtd l` qud pbsb dm dl plbm` mdur`mbl (quî gnvdr gnvdr
tng` njbcnmbr l` qud ld gnrêb umb mdur`mb b `trb, sn pugndrb
pugndrbmm ebilbr? ^b m ` m`s qudgb
~ d r ` juodr. @ m`s gnspbrbm, ` m` m`s prdmgdj`s ) .Jâs indm, pndmsd qud l`s psn

föl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm qundrdm dspdfnhnfbr dl rdsultbg` gd dst`s edfe`s mdur`mblds

dm um Pplbm` supdrn`r y jâs cdmdrbl gd bmâlnsns
bmâlnsns..

lbsds gd f`m`fnjndmt` y tnp`s gd pr`fdsbjndmt`

Bumqud lb Pv`z
v `z f`m`fnjndmt` bibrfb u m tdrrnt`rn` vbst`, m` s³ ebrdj`s umb ngdb sn
dxbjnmbj`s blcum`s dodjpl`s gd f`m`fnjndmt` dm lb prâftnfb. F`msngdrdj`s l`s f`- ³
m`fnjndmt`s qud tndmd Wdrdsb s`ird su f`jputbg`rb. Dllb sbid qud fubmg` dsfrn dsfrn
id fbgb tdflbz;` sd bcrdcb b umb sdfudmfnb gd dldftr`mds llbjbgb brfenv` y sbid qud
dstd rfenv` sd cubrgb gd jufebs jbmdrbs, p`r dodjpl` dm dl gnsf` gur` . Dst`~ f`
m`fnjndmt`s s`m ÿtnlds pbrb `pdrbr lb f`jputbg`rb, gncbj`s, pPbrb birnr um brfenv` y
j`gnhnfbrl`. Qdr` qunzâ Wdrdsb m ` sbid f`jp`mdr dl gnsf` gur` sn 'sd dstr`pdb. Be`
rb, dm f`jpbrbfnöm f`m sus f`m`fnjndmt`s s`ird lbs f`jputbg`rbs
f`jputbg`rbs,, pdmsdj`s dm l`s
f`m`fnjndmt`s qud tndmd s`ird dl brtd gdl fnflnsj`. Dllb sbid jbmdobr su infnfldtb gd
j`mtbòb y frdd qud p`grêb j`mtbr dm fublqundr `trb gdl jnsj` tnp`. Wdrdsb dstâ sd~
curb gd qud f`msdrvbrê
f`msdrvbrêbb dst`s f`m`fnjndmt`s bumqud pbsbrbm bò`s snm qud sd suind
suind 
rb b .um`
.um` gd dst`s vdeêf
vdeêful`s
ul`s.. Bumqu
Bu mqudd sbid, puds, föj` bmgbr dm infnfldtb, m` ds fbpbz
gd dxplnfbr quî ebfd pbrb m ` pdrgdr dl dqunlnirn`, pbrb gbr umb vudltb snm fbdrsd, dtf
dtf..
Dm fubmt` b lb f`jputbg`rb, Wdrdsb p`sdd blcum`s f`m`fnjndmt`s qud pudgd dxpln dxpln
fbr f`m pblbirbs, pdr` tndmd p`f`s f`m`fnjndmt`s prâftnf`s.
prâftnf`s. ³Dm l` qud f`mfndrmd b lb
infnfldtb, l b sntubfnöm ds lb f`mtrbrnb? Wdrdsb lb jbmdob indm, pdr` m` l`crb dxplnfbr p`r
 f`jpldt` l` qud ebfd.

29 b rtî Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

³ L`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm djpldbm g`s tîrjnm`s pbrb dxplnfbr dstbs h`rjbs
gnhdrdmtds
gnhdrdmtds gd f`m`fnjndmt`? dl f`m`fnjndmt` ³gdflbrbtnv` y dl f`m f`m `fnjn~mt` pr`fd-
gnjdmtbl . Dl prnjdr`,
prnjdr `, ` gdflbrbtnv`,
gdflbrbtnv`, sd rdhndrd b üÿ`rjbfn
üÿ`rjbfn8m `iodtnvb qud ds jâs ` jd-
m`s dstâtnfb (ds gdfnr, qu
q u d m` fbji
fbjinb),
nb), qud tndmd
t ndmd umb `rcbmnzbfnöm pbtdmtd y dm cdmdrbl
ds
gdsfrnptnild.. Xdbj`s um` p ` r um` dst`s dldjdmt`s. Dl f`m
gdsfrnptnild f` m `fnjn
`fnjndmt`
dmt` gdflbrbtnv` sud-
ld bg`ptbr
bg`pt br lb h`rjb gd u mb sdrnd gd edfe`s rdlbfn`mbg`s. Q`r dodjpl`, lb gdsfrnpfnöm gd
l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s gd W drdsb s`ird lbs f`jputbg
f`jputbg`rbs
`rbs f`jprdmgd umb sdrnd gd edfe`s
f`m l`s qud dstâm gd bfudrg` qundmds sbidm gd dsbs jâqunmbs. Nmflus` sn mudstr` f`-
m`fnjndmt` g dflbrbtnv` ds drrömd`, gd t`g`s j`g`s.
j`g`s. fbid dxprdsbrl
dxprdsbrl` dm h`rjb `iodtnvb,
f`rm` sdrêb dl fbs` gd qundm gnodrb qud lb Bp`l` U hud lb prnjdrb mbvd qud gdsfdmgnö
dm lb Lumb. Dm ds t b g dhnmnfnöm, dstâtnf` sncmnhnfb hno` ` nmjutbild.
nmjutbild . ^` sî qud Bir
Birbebrm
Lnmf`lm hud dl gîfnj`sdxt` prdsngdmtd gd l`s Dstbg`s Tmng`s. Ds juy pr`ibild qud qud
rdttdmcb dstd f`m`fnjndmt` ebst
rd ebstbb dl hnmbl gd jn vngb y m` sd jd `furrd mbgb qud jdo`rd
jn f`m`fnjndmt` gd dstd edfe`. Dm um sdmtng` juy rdb rdbl,
l, p`gdj`s f`mtr`lbr lb `rcb-
mnzbfnöm gdl f`m`fnjn
f`m`fnjndd mt` gdflbrbtnv`. Bsê, sup`mcbj`s qud ld png` b ustdg qud f`m-
fnib u m snstdjb qud utnlnzbrêbj`s pbrb flbsnhnfbr l`s gdp`rtds. °Föj` l` rds`lvdrêb0

Wbl vdz f`jndmfd gnvngndmg` lbs bftnv bftnvngbgd

ngbgdss gdp`rtnvbs d m g`s fbtdc`rêbs?
fbtdc`rêbs? bqu d-
llbs qud sd prbftnfbm f`m umb pdl`tb y lbs gdjâs. Ludc` gnvn gnvng nrêb fbgb fbtdc`rêb dm
gdp`rtds nmgnvngublds ` gd f`moumt`.
B gnhdr
gnhd r dm
dmffnb gdl f`m`f njndmt
njndmt`
` gdflbrbtnv`
gdflbrbtnv`;; ³dl pr`fdgnjd mtbl sd rdhndrd b l`s f`m`-
fnjndmt`s qud pdrjntd
pdrjntdm m l bs bffn`mds gndstrbs y ds gêmâjnf0 (ds gdfnr, fbjinbmtd). M `
dmtdmgdrm`s f`m flbrngbg lb `rcbmnzbfnöm gdl f`m`fnjndmt` g d pr`fdgnjndmt`s mn ds
gd p`r sê juy gdsfrnptnild. Ds jâs hâfnl j`strbrl` qud dxplnfbrl` n v`lvdj`s bl dodj-
pl` g d lb infn
infnfldt
fldtb,
b, j` m tbrlb ds umb bffnöm qud sd dmtndmgd jdo`r f`j` umb gdstrdzb.
Fubmg` Wdrdsb tdmêb sdns bò`s, bgqunrnö dstb ebinlngbg b hudrzb gd fbdrsd j ufebs
vdfds. Ebfdrsd gd umb gdstrdzb rdqundrd f`jdtdr y g.d tdftbr drr`rd drr`rds.s. B gnhdrdmfnb gd
jns f`m`fnjndmt`s s`ird l b prdsngdmfnb d Lnmf`lm, lb fbpbfngbg gd Wdrdsb gd bmgbr
dm infnfldtb jdo`rb,
jdo`rb, l` jnsj` qud su jdfbm`
jdfbm`crbhêb
crbhêb ` su sdrvn
sdrvnfn`
fn` dm dl tdmns. Vn Wdrdsb

gdobrb gd prbftnfbr dstbs bftnvngbgds gurbmtd lbrc` tndjp`, sus f`m`fnjndmt`s s`ird
föj` ebfdrlbs gdflnmbrêbm. Ds pr`ibild qud m` gdsbpbrdfndrbm p`r f`jpldt`, pdr` gd
fublqundr jbmdrb dl f`m`fnjndmt` pr`fdgnjdmtbl ds gnmâjnf` d m dl sdmtng` gd qud l` l`
jdo`rbj`s f`m jâs dxpdrndmfnbs y snm dllbs djpndzb b gdflnmbr
gdflnmbr..
Lb jdo`r jbmdrb gd rdsujnr dstbs g`s flbsds
flbsds gd f`m`fnjndmt` sdr
sdrêb
êb dmumfnbr lbs
hrbsds sbidr föj` y sbidr quî . Vbidr föj` sd rdhndrd b l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s (m`
vdriblds) gd l`s pr`fdgnjndmt`s qud sdcunj`s pbrb blfbmzbr um `iodtnv`. Fubmg`
gbj`s u m c`lpd gd rdvî
rdvîs,
s, bmgbj`s dm infnfldtb ` f`fnmbj`s pbmquîs,
pbmquîs,.. bplnfbj`s
mudstr` f`m`fnjndmt` pr`fdgnjdmtbl pbrb l`crbr umb hnmbln
hnmblngbg.
gbg. Vbidr quî sd rdhndrd
b l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s qud gds
gdsfrni
frninj`s
nj`s jâs ` jdm`s f`jpldtbjdmtd dm umb sdrnd gd
`rbfn`mds gdflbrbtnvbs. Fubmg` dxplnfbj`s föj` pr ` crbjbr umb f`jputbg`rb ` dl
humfn`mbjndmt` gd umb fâjbrb h`t`crâhnfb, dxprdsbj`s f`m`fnjndmt`s gdflbrbtnv`s.
L`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f` cmnfnöm sd ebm prdcumtbg` p`r lb rdlbfnöm dmtrd dl f`m`
f`m`--
fnjndmt` gdflbrbtnv` y dl pr`fdgnjdmtbl. Jufebs
Jufebs,, y qunzâ t`gbs mu dstrbs bftnvngbgds
 gnbrnbs f`jprdmgdm bjibs h`rjbs
h`rjbs.. Be`rb indm, lb fudstnöm qud bi`rgbrêbm l`s psnfö-
l`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm btbòd b l`s fögnc`s f`cm`sfntn
f`cm`sfntnv`s
v`s dm qud dstâm rdprdsdmtbg`
rdprdsdmtbg`ss
l`s g`s tnp`s gd f ` m`fnjndmt`? °s`m g`s fögnc`s humgbjdmtbljdmtd gnstnmt`s0 Vn l`
s`m, föj` sbid dl fdrdir` gd bmtdjbm` quî f`m`fnjndmt`s rdprdsdmtbrâ f`m um

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`

jdtâh`rrbs d lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 26

fögnc` gd pr`fdgnjndmt`s y fuâlds f`m u m fögnc` gdflbrbtnv`0 Jâs bgdlbmtd trbtbrd³

j`s gd gbr lb rdspudstb.
b gnstnmfnöm dmtrd gdflbrbtnv` y pr`fdgnjdmtbl m` ds lb ÿmnfb qud f`mvndmd b
mtndstr`s f`m`fnjndmt`s. Xdâj`sl`s dm su cdmdrblngbg. Bumqud ustdg y y` söl` fd md
md³³
j `s dm f`jÿm lbs `rbfn`mds qud eb ldêg` dm dstd lnir`, f` jpb
pbrr tn
tnjj`s jufe`s gbt`s
qud p`gdj`s rdfupdrbr snm dshudrz`. Q`r dodjpl`, l`s g`s m`s sbid sbidj`s
j`s dl blhbidt`,
sbidj`s qud trdnmtb gêbs tndmd sdptndjird y sbidj`s qud, dm hÿti`l, sn dl iblöm
.dmtrb dm lb p`rtdrêb dst` ds u m c`l. Qdr` ustdg f`m`fd jufebs f`sbs qud y` ncm`r` y
y` sî y rdfupdr` hâfnljdmtd jufebs f`sbs qud ds njp`snild qud ustdg sdpb (f`j` fuâl
ds dl knl`jdtrbod gd jn f`fed ` fuâmt`s pbrds gd fblfdtnmds fbhîs tdmc` ) . L`s psnföl`³
c`s g d lb f`cmnfnöm sd rdhndrdm b lb nmh`rjbfnöm cdmdrbl s`ird lbs pr`pndgbgds gd
pblbirbs y f`mfdpt`s f`jpbrtngb p`r jufe`s nmgnvngu`s f`j` dl f`m`fnjndmt` sd³
jâmtnf` ` jdj` rnb sdjâmtnfb (Wulvnmc, 2>39 ). Lb nmh`rjbfnöm qud p`sdd fbgb qundm
gbgb su dxpdrndmfnb pdrs`mbl y qud, p`r ds` jnsj`, dstâ lncbgb b u m j`jdmt` y um
tndjp` dspdfêhnf`s sd gdm`jnmb f`m`fnjndmt` dpnsögnf` ` jdj`rnb dpnsögnfb.
F`j` dm îl f ~s` g g gnstnmfnöm dmtrd gdflbrbtnv` y gd pr`fdgnjndmt`s, dstb gn-
vnsnöm gdl f`m`fnjndmt` sus
susfntb
fntb prdcumtbs nmtdrds
nmtdrdsbmtds.
bmtds. T m tdjb ds lb p`sninlngbg gd

f`mvdrtnr lb jdj`rnb dpnsögnfb dm sdjâmtnfb. °Fuâmtbs dxpdrndmfnbs sd mdfdsntbm pb³

rb f`mvdrtnr blcumb pbrtd gd mudstr`s f`m`fnjndmt`s dpnsögnf`s dm 'sdjâmtnf`s0
sdjâmtnf`s0 °F`-
°F`-
m`fd dl sbi`r gd l`s eudv`s f`fng`s0 Vn su rdspudstb ds bhnrjbtnvb, °fuâmt`s sd f`jnö
bmtds gd sdr fbpbz gd gdsfrninr su sb
sbi`r0
i`r0 F`j` `trb p `sninlngbg, qunzâ dl f`m`fnjn dmdm³³
t ` sd
sdP
Pjâmtn
jâmtn f` ds umb dspdfnd gd nlusnöm; bfbs` m` tdmdj`s f`m`fnjndmt`s cdmdrblds
s`ird pblbirbs ` fömfdpt`s. Dst` sdrêb vdrgbg sn fubmg` y` ld prdcumtbrb s` ird l`s
eudv~s.. f`fng`s ustdg m` enfndrb jâs qud dv`fbr dl sbi`r gdl ÿltnj` qud sd f`jnö.
eudv~s
³ Ub m`s rdhdrnj`s b blcum`s gd l`s t~rjnm`s qud djpldbrêbm l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb
f`cmnfnöm pbrb gdsfrninr dl f`m`fnjndmt` eujbm`, pdr` tbjinîm rdfurrdm b gnvdrs`s
tîrjnm`s pbrb gdm`tbr lbs vbrndgbgds gd pr`fdsbjndmt` f`cm`sfntnv` qud bplnfbj`s b
lbs tbrdbs. Tmb iudmb jbmdrb gd f` jdmzbr dstb dxp`snfnöm ds ds bi`rgbr dl hdmöjdm`
gd lb btdmfnöm.
Ydsdrvbj`s dl dxbjdm f`jpldf` gd lb btdmfnöm pbr b jâs bgdlbmtd, pdr` p`r be`³
rb gdhnmbj`s lb btdmfnöm f`j` lb f`mfdmtrbfnöm y dl dmh`qud gd lb bftnvngbg jdm jdm tbl
(Jbtlnm, 2>56 ). B lb luz tdmud gdl bjbmdfdr, gdi` p rdstbr btdmfnöm bl pbr gd fblfdtnmds
. qud sbf` gd lb föj`gb ` f`rr` dl rndsc` gd p`mdrjd um ` s qud m ` vbybm f`m jn btudm³
g` ? Dl bft` gd prdstbr btdmfnöm bfdmtÿb ` jdo`rb lb nmh`rjbfnömsdms`rnbl
nmh`rjbfnöm sdms`rnbl dm lb qud m`s
fdmtrbrm`s. Bsê fubmg ` prdst` btdmfnöm b f`jdrjd jn pbstdl gd fe`f`lbtd, dl sbi`
sbi`rr jd
³ pbrdfd jâs nmtdms` qud fubmg`, dm fbjin`, btndmg` b l` qud jd gnfd jn bf`jpbòbmtd.
b btdmfnöm ds tbm gnstnmtnvb gd mudstrb vngb jdmtbl qud sdrêb tdmtbg`r f`mflunr
qud ds prdfns` btd mgdr pbrb nmnfnbr fublqundr `tr` pr`fds` f`cm`sfntnv`, pdr` sdrêb umb
f`mflusnöm drrömdb? Lbs dvngdmfnbs gd mudstrb vngb gnbrnb, rdspblgbgbs p`r l`s rdsul-
tbg`s dxpdrnjdmtblds, rdvdlbm qud dm `fbsn`mds l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s sd nmnfnbm
` s`stndmdm snm qud lds prdstdj`s rrnufeb ` mnmcumb btdmfnöm. °Ld eb sufdgng` q ud
râpngbb pdmsbmg ` dm lbs f`sbs gd su vngb y bl fbi` gd um rbt` sd gb
jbmdob p`r umb vêb râpng
 fudmtb gd qud m ` sbid sn sd pbsö su sblngb0 Gurbmtd dl rbt` qud l` bistrbodr` m sus dm ³
sudò`s, sus pr`fds`s fP cm`sfntnv`s m` sd gdtuvndr`m, p`rqud ustdg t`jö nmmujdrb³
ilds gdfnsn`mds s`ird rdibsbr b `tr`s <;?`feds jbmtdmdr su vdl`fngbg, dtf.
dtf.,, qud, snm
djibrc`, pbrdfndr`m m ` rdqudrnr dshudrz` f`msfndmtd.

27 ³ brtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

³ L`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s gdlnidrbg`s qud rdqundrdm btdmfnöm pbrb. pbrb. nmnfnbrsd y
s`stdmdrsd
s`stdmd Bqudll`s³³ qud f`jndmzbm y pdrsnstdm
rsd sd gdm`jnmbm pr`fds`s f`mtr`lbg`s. Bqudll`s
snm qud lds prdstdj`s
prdstd j`s btdm
b tdmfnö
fnömm sd llbm2
llbm2bm
bm pr`fds`~ but`jâtnf`s. F`j` lb gnstnmfnöm
dmtrd f`m`fnjndmt` gdflbrbtnv` y gd pr`fdgnjndmt`, lb gnstnmfnöm dmtrd but`jâtnf` y
f`mtr`lbg` hbfultb b l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm pbrb gdsfrninr dl pr`fdsbjndmt`
f`cm`sfntnv` qud tndmd lucbr.
T mb h`rjb gd lb gnstnmfnöm dmtrd pr`fds`s but`jâtnf`s y f`mtr`lbg`s btbòd bl
hdmöjdm` gd lb rdfupdrbfnöm. Lb jdj`rnb dxplêfntb f`mfndrmd b lbs sntubfn`mds dm
lbs qud um` dstâ f`msfndmtd g d rdblnzbr pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s dm dl dshudrz` p`r rd
fupdrbr blc` `, dm cdmdrbl, dm lbs qud dstâ f`msfndmtd gd rdjdj`rbr. Dstd us` gd lb
jdj`rnb sd bprdmgd f`j` um pr`fds` f`mtr`lbg`, pdr` dm jufebs `trbs sntubfn`mds
sd judstrb qud mudstr`s snstdjbs f`cm`sfntnv` y mdur`mbl rdfupdrbm gbt`s snm qud
sdbj`s f`msfndmtds gd iusfbrl`s dm lb jdj`rnb (Y`dgncdr, 2>>1). Dstd hdmöjdm` sd
gdm`jnmb jdj`rnb njplêfntb y tblds rdjdj`rbfn`mds sd pbrdfdm bl pr`fdsbjndmt`
but`jâtnf` gd lb jdj`rnb.
Q`r dodjpl`, sd gb b l`s suodt`s umb lnstb gd pblb
pblbirbs
irbs f`jumds , f`j` "jdsb", y sd
lds pngd qud lbs rdfudrgdm gd spuîs gd fndrt` tndjp`. Dm l j`jdmt` `p`rtum`, l`s
suodt`s trbtbm gd rdf`rgbr lbs pblbirbs y îstd ds u m dodjpl` nmjdgnbt` gd jdj`rnb
dxplêfntb. F`j` yb sd njbcnmbrâ, dst`s suodt`s rdfudrgbm blcumb
blcumbss pdr` m` t`gbs lbs pb 
lbirbs qud lds prdsdmtbr`m. Xdbj`s qud. `furrd b f`mtnmubfnöm. L`s suodt`s sbldm gdl
lbi`rbt`rn`, pdr` dm lucbr gd nrsd b fbsb pbsbm b `tr` lbi`rbt`rn` <;lbmgd sd dmtrdcbm b
urn oudc` gd "be`rfbg`s", dm dl qud tndmdm qud suplnr lbs ldtrbs g d umb pblbirb nmf`j
pldtb, f`j` jPsP). Blcumbs gd lbs pblbirbs gdl oudc` pr`vndmdm gd bqudllb lnstb qud
sd lds pngnö qud rdf`rgbrbm; `trbs s`m mudvbs. Bl hnmbl, gdsfuirnj`s qud l`s suodt`s
bfndrtbm jâ s b l`s rdbft
rdbftnv`s
nv`s nmf`jpldt`s qud pr`fdgdm gd lb lnstb qud b l` s mudv`s.
Bgdjâs, d m dsbs sntubfn`mds l`s .suodt`s l`crbm ³f` Nlpldtbr l`s dspbfn`s dm ilbmf` gd .
pblbirbs qud m ` hudr`m fbpbfds gd rdf`rgbr e b â b p`f`? @isdrvd qud l`s suodt`s m `
trbtbm dl sd s2?nllg` dodrfnfn` f`j` umb "tbrdb gd jdj`rnb"
jdj`rnb"--y rbrb vdz blcum` bgvndr
bgvndrtdtd
qud yb ld ebiêbm prdsdmt bg` vbrn`s
vbrn`s gd l`s dldjdmt`s; jâs indm, l` qud vdj`s ds qud
l b jdj`rnb gd l`s suodt`s jbmnhndstb l`s dhdft`s gd su dxp`snfnöm bmtdrn`r bl f`moumt`
gd pblbirbs
pblbirbs,, bumqud m ` trbtbm gdlnid
gdlnidrbgbjd
rbgbjdmtd
mtd gd rdf`rgbrlbs. ³
D m lb sncundmtd sdffnöm rdvnsbrdj
rdvnsbrdj`s
`s l`s tdjbs qud nmvdstncbm l`s psnföl`c`
psnföl`c`ss g d lb
f`cmnfnöm. Dmtrd tbmt` , ebcbj`s u m rdsujdm gd l` vnst` ebstb bquê. L`s psnföl`c`s
psnföl`c`s
gd lb f`cmnfnöm dstugnbm fudstn`mds s`ird lb rdprdsdmtbfnöm g d l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s
eujbm`s y su bp bplnfbfnöm
lnfbfnöm tbl föj` sd `isdrvb dm l`s bft`s gd lbs pdrs`mbs. Dst`s
nm vdstncbg`rds ebm dlbi`rbg` umb tdrjnm`l`cêb pbrb gdm`tbr tbmt` dl f`m`fnjndmt`
usbg` ( ds gdfnr, dl qud sdb gdflbrb
gdflbrbtnv`
tnv` ` pr`fdgnjdm tbl, dpnsögnf` ` sdjâmtnf`) y dl
pr`fdsbjndmt` utnlnzbg` ( f`mtr`lbg` y dxplêfnt` ` but`jâtnf` d njplêfnt`).

Wdjbs gd lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb

Runzâ sd eb qudgbg` ustdg f`m lb njprdsnöm gd qud l` s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm

 dstugnbm l` qud lds plbfd, gbg` qud fbsn t`gbs lbs bftnvngbgds eujbmbs rdqun
rdqundrd~
drd~
blcumb h`rjb gd f`m`fnjndmt`. Wîfmnfbjdmtd, tndmd rbzöm, pdr` dm lb prâftnfb nmvd
nmvds
s
tncbm fndrt`s e dfe`s jdmtblds y m ` `tr`s. Mumfb sd lldcbrâ b um bfudrg` fbibl s`ird
l`s edfe`s jdmtblds qud gdidm dstugnbrsd, pdr` bl jdm`s eby blcÿm f`msdms`

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdm tds y jdtâh`rbs d lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 24

s`ird lbs jbtdrnbs qud s`m vdrgbgdrbjdmtd f`cm`sfntnvbs. Dm dstb sdffnöm `hrdfdj`s
umb lnstb f`jdmtb gb gd blcum`s tdjbs f`cm`sfntnv`s,
f`cm`sfntnv`s, oumt` f`m lbs prdcumtbs qud l`s
psnföl`c`s dspdfnblnzbg`s h`rjulbm bl rdspdft`. M ` frdb qud lb lnstb y lbs prdcumtbs
s`m dxebust
dxebustnvbs,
nvbs, pdr` sê fbrbftdöstnfbs.
l Btdmfnöm. ^b m`s gdtuvnj`s um nmstbmtd dm dl hdmöjdm` gd lb f`mfdmtrbfnöm
jdmtbl. Dl tdjb gd lb btdmfnö
btdmfnöm
m dstâ fbrcbg` gd
g d njp`rtbmfnb prâftnfb.
prâftnfb. Gd sdcur`
eb `êg` gdfnr qud söl` prdstbj`s btdmfnöm b umb f`sb fbgb vdz; snm djibrc`,
vbrnbs sntubfn`mds f`jumds m`s dxncdm qud btdmgbj`s snjultâmdbjdmtd b
vbrnbs.. Q`r dodjpl`, dm lb flbsd dspdr` qud jns blujm`s jd dsfufedm y bl
vbrnbs
jnsj` tndjp`, qud t`jdm m`tbs hndlds. Vn lb td`rêb gd um` b lb vdz ds f`rrdf f`rrdf--
tb, lds ebc` b jns dstugnbmtds um hlbf` hbv`r qud jdmcub su fbpbfngbg
fbpbfngbg gd
bsnjnlbr dl jbtdrnbl. Q`r `tr` lbg`, qunzâ l`s dstugnbmtds sd ebm vudlt` tbm
gndstr`s dm lbs g`s lbi`rds (dsfufebr y dsfrninr) qud yb m` tndmdm qud prdstbr
btdmfnöm.
btdmfnö m. L`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm sd nmtdrdsbm d m lbs dxncdmfnbs qud nj-
p`mdm lbs tbrdbs b lb btdmfnöm gd lbs pdrs`mbs. Vn umb tbrdb ds juy dxncdmtd, °ld
gbj`s t`gb mudstrb
mudst rb btdmfnöm ` sndjprd p`gdj`s gnvngnr
gnvngnr îstb dmtrd vbrnbs tbrdbs0
³ 9. Ydf`m`fnjndmt` gd pbtr`mds. Lb supdrvnvdmfnb gdpdmgd gd mudstrb fbpbfn fbpbfn--
gbg gd nmtdrprdtbr f`rrdftbjdmtd l`s gbt`s sdms`rnblds bjincu`s. Vn jbmdob-
j`s ruji` b fbsb ibo` u m bcubfdr
bcubfdr`` t`rrdmfnbl,
t`rrdmfnbl, tdmdj`s qud f`mfdmtrb rm`s
dm dl fbjnm` pbrb qud ³gdtdftdj`s
g dtdftdj`s y dvntdj`s t`g` l` qud surob gd rdpdmtd.
Be`rb indm, dstd pr`fds` gd f`mhdrn
f`mhdrnrr sncmnhn
sncmnhnfbg`s
fbg`s b lb nmh`rjbfnöm gd l`s
sdmtng`s
sdmtng`s f`mtnmÿb nmflus`
nmflus` fubmg` dl f`mtdxt` m` bjdmb zb lb vngb. Q`r
dodjpl`,
dodjp l`, jndmtrbs dsfrni` dstd lnir`, f`jdt` jufe`s drr`rds gd gdg`. D m
. f`msnstdd dm jnr r lb pbmtbllb gd jn f`jputbg`rb y
fbs`, gdtdftbrl`s f`msnst
gdfngnr sn dl pbtröm gd pnxdl
pnxdlds
ds (pumt`s lujnm`s`s) ds dl bgdfubg`. D m `trbs ³
. pblbirbs, tdmc` qu d .gdtdrjnmbr b p rtnr gd l`s³
l`s ³gbt`s sdms`rnblds sn l`s pnxdld
pnxdldss
dstâm `rcbmnzbg`s ³gd lb h`rjb förrdö?b. ³ ³
6 . Jdj`rnb. @isdrvbj`s
@isdrvbj`s³³rdculbrngbgds d m mudstrb f`mguftb f`j` humfnöm gd
lbs dxpdrndmfnbs qud edj`s tdmng`
tdmng`³³. Dstd jdr` edfe` njplnfb qud m`s`tr`s
(y `tr`s d m l`s
l`s..qud `isdrvbj`s rdculbrngbgds sdjdobmtds) gdidj`s p`sddr
um jdgn` pbrb ³cub rgbr f`pnbs gd tblds dxpdrndmfnb
dxpdrndmfnbs;
s; gd `tr` j`g`, m` tdm-
grêbm mnmcÿm pr`vdfe` pbrb m`s`tr`s. Jufebs .prdcumtbs
p rdcumtbs s`ird lb jdj`rnb
hbsfnmbm b l`s psnföl`c`s f`cm`sfntnv`s y lb prdsdmtd lnstb gd nmtdrr`cbmtds gd
mnmcumb jb mdrb dstâ f`jpldtb. B l`s psnföl`c`s f`cm`sfntnv`s
f`cm`sfntnv`s lds
lds nmtdrdsb lb
h`rjb d m qud sd `rcbmnzb dl f`m`fnjndmt` dm lb jdj`rnb. °Föj` dmfbob dl
rdfudrg` gd mudstrbs dxpdrndmfnbs pdrs`mblds f`m l` qud edj`s bprdmgng`
gdl ju.`.g` d m cdmdrbl0 °Vd `rcbmnzbm gd jbmdrb sdjdobmtd
sdjdobmtd dl f`m`fnjndmt`
pr`fdgnjdmtbl y dl gdflbrbtnv` d m mudstrb jdj`rnb0 °Ruî eb `furrng` f`m
l`s rdfudrg`s `lvngbg`s0 °Dstâm t`gbvêb prdsdmtds dm blcumb pbrtd gd muds-
trbs jdmtds ` rdbljdmtd sd ebm pdrgng`0
 7 . @rcbmnzbfnöm gdl f`m`fnjndmt`. Ydlbfn`mbgbs f`m dstb
dstbss nmtdrr`cbmtds s`ird
.dl blnmbîdmbjndmt` dm lb jdj`rnb, sd
sd dm fudmtr bm lbs
lbs prdcumtbs s`ird lb h`rjb
gdl ~btdrnbl cubrgbg`. Vn s`stdmdj`s qud dstd jbtdrnbl ds f`m`fnjndmt`,
³ dmt`mfds lb prdcumtb qud h`rjulbj`s sd rdgufd b lb gdsfrnpfnöm gd lb h`rjb
gdl f`m`fnjndmt`. n v`lvdj`s b umb gdsfrnpfnöm qud yb enfnj`s, l`s

28 brtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

psnföl`c`s sd nmtdrdsbm .dm dm gdsfrninr lb s h`rjbs gdl f`m`fnjndmt` gdflbrbtnv` y

³ ³ dl pr`fdgnjdmtbl. Q`r be`rb, l`s tdörnf`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm m` ebm bflbrbg`
jufe` sus ngdbs s`ird föj` sd cubrgb dl f`m`fnjndmt` pr`fdgnjdmtbl y mn .
snqundrb s`ird föj` h`rjulbr umb td`rêb h`rjbl bfdrfb gd föj` sd cubrgbrêb cubrgbrêb..
Qdr` lb sntubfnöm ds juy gnhdrdmtd dm dl fbs` gdl f`m`fnjndmt` gdflbrbtnv`,
puds l`s dstugn`s`
dstugn`s`ss ebm pr`pudst` vbrnbs dxplnfbfn`mds dm dl f`mtdxt` gd g d lb
td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd g d nmh`rjbfnöm y lb f`mdxn`mnstb.
f`mdxn`mnstb.
4 . Ldmcubod. F`j` vdrdj`s, l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm ebm s`jdtng` b
nm tdms` dsfrutnmn` dl hdmöjdm` gdl ldmcubod. Bquê eby jufe`s tdjbs `ivn`s
. qud dstugnbr, dmtrd dll`s lb humfnöm gd lb lb³³ dxpdrndmfnb dm lb bgqunsnfnöm gdl ldm
cubod, lb h`rjbfnöm gdl ldmcub
ldmcubodod m`rjbl y bm`rjbl
bm`rjbl,, dtf. Bpbrtd gd l`s tdjbs
gd gdsbrr`ll`, eby jufebs f`mtr`vdrsnbs snm rds`lvdr s`ird lb mbturbldzb gdl
. dmcubod. Wdmdj`s jufe`sju fe`s f`m`fnjndmt`s lnmcüêslnmcüêstnf`
tnf`s,
s, gd l`s qud umb pbrtd
f`m`fnjndmt`s s`ird pr`mumfnbfnöm, s`ird snmtbxns) ds p`snild dxprdsbrlb dm
h`rjb gd r dclbs. °Vncmnhnfb dst` qud dl bgult` f`m s`lturb lnmcüês lnmcüêstnfb
tnfb p`sdd um
f`moumt` gd rdclb
rdclbss qud rncdm su pr`mumfnbfnöm y snmtbxns0 Blcum`s lnmcünst lnmcünstbs
bs
ebm bhnrjbg` qud dm dhdft` l` tndmd, pdr` tbjinîm `tr`s bsdcurbm qud lb
`rcbmnzbfnöm
`rcbmn zbfnöm gd tbld
tbldss rdcl~s
rdcl~s dstn suodtb b lbs lnjnt
lnjntbfn`mds
bfn`mds nmedrdmtds b mudstrbs
fbpbfngbgds Pjdmtblds
jdmtblds y qu d, p`r Pbmt`, gdsvdlbr lbs rdclbs gdl ldmcubod ds
dqunvbldmtd b gdsfuirnr lbs rdclbs gdl pdmsbjndmt`. Ds nmtdrdsbmtd njbcnmb njbcnmbrr
quî ds dmt`mfds l` qud pbsb sn rdsultb qud mudstr`s snstdjbs f`cm`sfntnv`s m `
.sncudm rdclbs lnmcüêstnfbs.
lnmcüêstnfbs. Q`r dodjpl`
dodjpl`,, dP p`snild qud, bumqud ds i j`s
mudstr`s f`m`fnjndmt~s lrmcüêstnf`s f`j` sn Öidgdfndrbm r dclbs, mudstr`
e dfe`, rdcng` p`r dllbs m p`r mlmcÿm `tr` f`moumt` gd
ldmcubod m` dstî, gd edfe`,
rdclbs h`rjblds
h`rjblds.. Îstb
ÎstbPPgnstnmf
gnstnmfnöm
nöm dmtrd
dmtr d bf
bffn>m~s
fn>m~s qud sd gdsfrnidm f`m rdclbs y
bffn`mds qud sd rncrncddm p`r rdclbs prnvb dm iudmb³
iudmb ³pbrtd g d lb psnf`l`cêb
f`cm`sfntnvb y dxpdxpll`tbrdj`s sus njplnfbfn`mîs m vbrn`s fbpêtul`s.
8. Ybz`mbjndmt` .
gdl rbz`mbjndmt`Vnbfdrtbg` m`fursö gd löcnfb, qunzâ pdmsö
t`jö um qud l` s prnmfnpn`s
sndjprd drbm dvngdmtds y q ud blcum`s nmflus`
drbm f`mhus`s. Vn su dxpdrndmfnb ds `rgnmbrnb, °quî qu ndrd gdfnr- l` bmtdrn`r
s`ird dl rbz`mbjndmt` `rgnmbrn`0 °V`j`s iâsnfbjdmtd nlöcnf`s0 Dstb sntub
fnöm sdrnb nmsbtnshbft`rnb y dm sê jnsjb pbrdfd nlöcnfb. Vn ustdg m` ds fbpbz gd
sujbr g`s y g`g`ss, °pbrb quî sdrvnrêb tdmdr um dxfdldmtd snstdjb f`cm`sfntn
f`cm`sfntnv`v`
fbpbz
fb pbz gd r df`m`fdr p btr`mds f`m p rdfdfnnsnöm; gd njbcnmbr f`m vnvdzb y gd
ebfdr rdfudmt`s s`rpr
s`rprdmgdmtd
dmgdmtdjdmtd
jdmtd f`jp
f`jplnf
lnfbg`s
bg`s00 Vdcÿm mudstrb dxpdrndmfnb
f`m lb l öcnfb, m ` p`sddj`s umb nmtunfnöm
nm tunfnöm löcnfb;
löcnfb; pdr` sdcÿm mudstrb dxpd
rndmfnb f`m dl jumg` tbjp`f` gnrêbj`
gnrêbj`ss qud s`j`s jbl`s pbrb rbz`mbr.
rbz`mbr.
Dstbs dvngdmfnbs nmgnfb
nmgnfbmm qud qunzâ m`s vbldj`s gd `tr` snstdjb gd
 rb z` mbjndmt` m` löcnf`)) qu d pr`gufd dl rdsultbg` f`rrdft` f`m suhnfndmtd
löcnf`
hrdfudmfnbdlpbrb
cumtb? sn dl sdr ÿtnl dm `rgnmbrn`
rbz`mbjndmt`
dl jumg`. Dstb p`sninlngbg lldvb b lb sncundmtd pr
ds nl8cnf`, °fuâl ds su mbturbldzb0 prdd 
3. V`lufnöm g d pr`ildjbs. W`g`s l`s gêbs rdsudlvd u std stdgg pr`ildjbs, lb jby`rêb
gd dll`s jêmnj`s. Fbgb vdz qud sd gb fu dm tb gd qud umb gdhnfndmfnb gd lb
fudm
.sntubfnöm bftubl gdid rdjd
rdjdgnbrsd
gnbrsd,, f`jndmzb b rds`lv
rds`lvddr u m pr`ildjb
pr`ildjb.. Dl prnjdr
pbs` ds gdhnmnr dl `iodtnv` qud dmgdrdzbrêb lb sntubfnöm. °Wndmd ebjird0 b

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn `mds bmtdfd gdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd l b psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sf

f`cm`sfnntnvb 23

sdrêbb dl `iodtnv`. Dm fubmt` l` dstbildf

f`jngb sdrê dstbildfd,
d, plbmdb f`m su snstdjb
f`cm`sfntnv` l`s pbs`s pbrb blfbmzbrl` ( °quî sd ld bmt`ob0, °gömgd l` f`msncud0,
°föj` lldcb bllâ0 °fuâmt` sd tbrgb0, °fuâmt` gnmdr` mdfdsntb0).
mdfdsntb0) . Yds`lvdr dstbs
prdcumtbs gbrâ p`r rdsultbg` um plbm ` umb sdrnd gd pbs`s qud l` lldvbrâm b su
`iodtnv` ( ds` frdd ustdg) y f`m dll` b rds`lvdr dl pr`ildjb. D m mwmdr`sbs sntub
sntub
fn`mds,, f`mtdjplbj `s u m `iodtnv` qud qunsnîrbj`s blfbmzbr y djpdzbj`s b
fn`mds
plbmdbr l`s pbs`s qud m`s f`mguzfbm b îl. L`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm dstâm
juy nmtdrdsbg`s dm dst`s pr`fds`s gd plbmdbfnöm y dodfufnöm. Q`r dodjpl`, °gd
gömgd vndmdm l`s plbmds0; ds gdfnr, fubmg` dmhrdmt` u m pr`ildjb, °föj`
bpr`vdfe` lb nmh`rjbfnöm
nmh`rjbfnöm gd jn jdj`rnb y `tr`s f`m`fnjndmt`s pbrb
dstbildfdr um `iodtnv`0 Wbjinîm `isdrvbj`s vbrnbfn`mds d m mudstrbs h`rjbs gd
rds`lvdr l`s pr`ildjbs. °Föj ` ds qud blcumbs pdrs`mbs s`m fbpbfds g d trbzbr
rds`lvdr
plbmds dhnfbfds, ds gdfnr, gd f`mfbtdmbr umb sdrnd gd pbs`s qud sn sd dodfutbm
lldvbrâm bl `iodtnv`, dm tbmt` qud `trbs ebfdm jbl`s plbmds ` mnmcum`0
5 . Flbsnhnfbfnöm, f`mfdpt`s y fbtdc`rnzbfnöm. M`s pbrdfdm humgbjdmtblds
mudstr`s f` m.`fnjndmt`s
` fnjndmt`s f`mfdptublds, sdb m bfdrfb gd `iodt`s jbtdrnblds
f`j` f`jputbg`rbs, but`s y dstîrd`s ` s`ird dmtngbgds bistrbftbs f`j` lb
vdrgbg. Vn ld gnc` qud e`y ebfd hrê` y qud tdmc` qud p`mdrjd dl su
suîî t dr
bmtds gd sblnr gd fbsb, dst`y sdcur` gd qud sn ustdg vndrb lb prdmgb qud tdmc`
bmtd jê, tbjinîm lb sdòblbrêb f`j` um dodjpl` gd suîtdr . Vnm lb fbpbfngbg
gd `rcbmnzbr lb nmh`rjbfnöm rdfningb dm tblds lucbrds ' , sdrêbj`s t`tbljdmtd
njp`tdmtds pbrb djprdmgdr mnmcÿm `tr` pr`fds` f`cm`sfntnv`. F`m t`g`, sd
ebm h`rjulbg` mujdr`sbs prdcumtbs s`ird mudstrb fbpbfngbg gd flbsnhn
flbsnhnffbr
`iodt`s. °Mbfnö ustdg f`m lbs ibsds d t`g`s l`s f`mfdpt`s qud p`sdd ` l`s
bgqunrnö b trbvîs gd su dxpdrndmfnb0 n ds dl prnjdr fbs`, sd pdmsbrêb qud eby
blcumbs lnjntbfn`mds dm fubmt` b lb fbmtngbg y tbl v z b lb êmg`ld g d l`s
f`mfdpt`s qud p`gdj`s h`rjbr? Vn ds dl sdcumg`, Pqunsnîrbj`s sbidr jâs
s`ird lb humfnöm gd fndrtbs dxpdrndmfnbs dm lb pr`guffnöm d ds`s

f`m`fnjndmt`s cdmdr
cdmdrblds.
blds. . .

Wbjinîm fbid f`msngdrbr l`s edfe`s jdmtblds g d jufebs `trbs h`rj

h`rjbs.
bs. Q`r dodj
pl`, f`mtdjplbrêbj`s dl pbpdl qud rdprdsdmtbm l`s gdjâs d m lb h`rjbfnöm gd m udstrb
rdprdsdmtbm
jdmtd. Gdl jnsj` j`g`, u m nmvdstncbg`r dstugnbrêb l`s sudò`s y `tr`s hdmöjdm`s
qud jbmnhndstbm u m f`jp`mdmtd jdmtbl prdp`mgdrbmtd. Be`rb indm, l`s psnföl`c`s
psnföl`c`s
gd lb f`cmnfnöm m ` t`jbm dm fudmtb l`s hbft`rds s`fnblds dm sus dstugn`s mn
mn,, gd edfe`,
nmvdstncbm l`s sudò`s. Bgdjâs, tndmgdm b m ` dmhbtnzbr lblbss .gnhdPrdmfnbs nmgnvngublds dm
dm
l`s dvdmt`s jdmtblds. Gd t`gbs lbs vbrnbilds qud fblnhnfbrêbj`s ³g d f`cm`sfntnvbs, dst`s
dxpdrt`s sd bi` fbm söl` b lb nmgbcbfnöm gd blcumbs. Dstb `isdrvbfnöm susfntb umb pr d -.
 cumtb? °quî hbft`rds gndr`m bl fbjp` s u pdrhnl bftubl0 Qbrb rdsp`mgdrlb, tdmdj`s qud
sujdrcnrm`s dm lb enst`rnb gd lb psnf`l`cêb
psnf`l`cêbP
P

mtdfdgdmtds gd l psnf`l`cê f`cm`sfntnv

bs dspdfulbfn`mds s`ird lb mbturbldzb gd `s edfe`s jdmtblds tndmdm p`r ` jdm`s
9,111 bò`s, pdr` m ` hud snm` ebstb lb bp.trnfnöm gd lb psnf`l`cêb bfbgî
bfbgîjnfb b hnmblds
gdl sncl` U U qud hudr`m djprdmgngbs gdsgd u m pumt` gd vnstb djpêrnf`.
djpêrnf`. Fubmg`

L ³ Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

. dm 253> SO..ledlj Sumgt (2569-2>91) humgö um Pbi`rbt`rn` psnf`lö

psnf`löcnf`
cnf` dm Ldnpznc,
dstbib gdtdrjnmbg` b sdcunr u m pr`crbjb gd nmvdstncbfnöm gdstnmbg` b dstbildfdr lb

psnf`l`cêb f`j` umb fndmfnb mbturbl (Enlcbrg, 2> 53). Sumgt llbjö v`lumtbrnsj` b su
p`sturb td örnfb, pdr` dm `tr`s pbêsds sd ld f`m`fnö f`j` dstrufturblnsj`.
Gdsfrninr l`s edfe`s jdmtblds f`j` sn tuvndrbm umb dstrufturb .njplnfb qud ds
p`snild vdr lb jdmtblngbg ` f`mfndmfn
f`mfndmfnbb f`j` um f`moumt` gd dldjdmt`s `rcbmnzbg`s,
y Sumgt sd bgedrêb b dstb p`snfnöm. Qbrb îl, lb jdmtd drb um bcdmtd bftnv` gdgnfbg`
b f`jinmbr `, pbrb sdr prdfns`s, b snmtdtnzbr l`s dldjdmt`s jdmtblds iâsnf`s. Sumgt
bfbrnfnbib dspdrbmzbs s`ird lb mudvmudvbb fndmfnb gd lb psnf`l
psnf`l`cêb?
`cêb? dspdrbib gdj`
gdj`strb
strb r
qud l`
l`ss pr`fds`s jdmtblds
jdmtbl ds iâs
iâsnf`
nf`ss s`m `isdrvbilds y rdcnstrbilds. Q`r tbmt`, fbpb
fbpbfntö
fntö
b sus suodt`s (sd
(sdrds
rds eujbm`s) dm lb tîfmnfb rncur`sb.
rncur`sb. gd lb nmtr`spdffnöm qud lntdrbl
lntdrbl--
jdmtd sncsncmnh
mnhnfb
nfb jnrb r bgdmtr` . Dm lb prâftnfb, dl suodt` nmtr`spdftnv` gdiêb jbmn-
hdstbr dm .h`rjb `rbl lbs prnjdrbs bs`fnbfn`mds qud sd bpbrdfndrbm b su f`mfndmfnb bl
pdrfninr umb pblbirb ` njbc dm dstêjul`. Dm f`mgnfn`mds ngdblds, dst`s nmh`rjds dstb dstb--
rêbm dxprdsbg`s
dxprdsbg`sPP m tîrjnm`s l` jâs ~drfbm`s b l`s gbt`s nmjdgnbt`s gd l`s sdmtng`s
sdmtng`s..
Sumgt dspdrbib qud, bl bmblnzbr l` s nmh`rjds gd l`s suodt`s, gdsfuirnrêb lbs ldyds gd lb
`pdrbfnöm gd lb jdmtd. .
°Ruî
°R uî `furrnö0 Fubmg` sd pr`p`mêb b l`s suodt`s nmtr`spdftnv`s lb ngdb gd pdrr`
rdhdrêbm njâcdmds pîrrumbs cdmdrblds, bf`jpbòbgbs jufebs vdfds gd sdmsbfn`mds
fnmdstîs
fnmd stîsnfbs
nfbs f` j` lb gd lld
lldvbr
vbr b um pdrr` g~ lb f`rrdb, gd dsfbpbr gd um` hdr`z ` nmflus`
gd sdr j`rgng`s. B pbrtnr gd u m f`moumt` gd tblds nmh`rjds, Sumgt sd f`mvdmfnö gd
qud lb tîfmnfb gd l n nmtr`spdffn öm sdrsdrêb
êb ÿtnl (sustdmtbgb b gnsfrdfnöm dm jdgngbs jâs
f`mguftubld
f` mguftubldss ) f`j` umb dspdfnd gd vdmtbmb b l` s pr`fds`s jdmtblds bftnv`s snmtî-
Ptnf`s qud humgbm t`gbs lb lbss `trbs bftnvngbgds gd lb rnl~~td. M ` sd `lvngd gd qud l`s ds-
têjul`s gd l`s dxpdrnjdmt`s gd Sumgt drbm ibstbmtd snjplds y pr`gufêbm umb
dxpdrndmfnb irdvd y hucbz. Bsnjnsj`, `isdrvd qu~ ~ ~îfmnfb nmtr`spdftnvb cdmdrbib
nmvbrnbildjdmtd umb njbcnmdrêb.
T m bspdft` gd lb `irb gd Sumgt qu d ³ e birêb gd tdmdr njplnf
njplnfbbfn`mds ³gdfnsn
gdfnsnvbs
vbs
pbrb lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb hud su gdfnsnöm gd gnvngnr dl `iodt` gd lb psnf`l`cêb dm
g`s flbsds. Sumgt frdêb qud dl gd~brr`ll` gd lb vngb jdmtbl dstbib tbm nmhlung` p`r lb
fulturb y dl ldmcubod qud l`s pr`fds`s jdmtbl
jdmtbldsds sup drn`rds (f`j` dl rbz`mbjndm-
fulturb , m` sd dstugnbrêbm f`m pr`vdfe` jdgnbmtd
t`), qud gdpdmgdm gdl ldmcubod y lb fulturb,
lbs lnjntbgbs tîfmn
tîfmnfbs
fbs gd `isd
`isdrrvbfnöm dm dl lbi`rbt`rn` (Ldbedy 2>53 ) . Dm f`msdfudm-
fnb, Sumgt m ` dstugnö dm dstd dmt`rm` l`s qud llbjbrêbj`s pr`fds`s
pr`fds`s g d pdmsbjndm
pdmsbjndm--
t` ; frdêb qud l`s pr`fds`s jdmtblds supdrn`rds sd dstugnbrêbm jdo`r `isdrvbmg` l`s
 pr`guft`s jdmtblds gd t`gb umb fulturb ` s`fndgbg tbl f`j` îstbs l` s ebiêbm frdbg`.
Qbrb dstd hnm , Sumgt dxplnfö qud sd rdqudrêb um pumt` gd vnstb en
hnm ensstörnf
törnf`` ` bmtr`p`-
löcnf`, jâs qud u m jît`g` dxpdrnjdmtbl
dxpdrnjdmtbl.. Bsê, dl dstugn` gd l`s pr`fds`s gd pdmsb-
jndmt` dm sê gdidrêb nmflunrsd dm dl dstugn` gd l` qud gdm`jnmbib lb `lkdrpsyfe`l`cnd
( psnf`l
psnf`l`cêb 'gd l`s pudil`s ). Sumgt bf`jdtnö dsb djprdsb ebstb dl hnmbl gd su fbrrd
fbrrd--
rb (Sumgt, 2>11 -2>91) .
2>11-2>91)
Bumqud sd f`msngdrbib hudrtd lb nmhludmfnb gd Sumgt dm lb mudvb fndmfnb gd lb
psnf`l`cêb, um ³crup` g d nmvdstncbg`rds gd lb Tmnvdrsngbg gd Sürziurc f`jdmzö b
nrrntbrs~ p`r lbs rdstrnffn`mds njpudstbs p`r lb dsfudlb gd Ldnpznc. Ds
Dst`s
t`s dstugn`s`
dstugn`s`s,
s,
dmfbidzbg`s p`r @swblg Kulpd, djpdzbr`m b bplnfbr lb tîfmnfb dxpdrnjdmtbl bl pr`ild
pr`ild--
jb gdl pdmsbjndmt`.
pdmsbjndmt`. F`msngdrdj`s dstd pr`ildjb y su nmh`rjd gd nmtr`spdffnöm?

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtJ`

jdtJ`rrbs gd lb psn
ps n  l `cêb f`cm`sfntn
f`cm`sfnt nvb >

Q`djb. °B quî fbtdc`r

fbtdc`rêbêb jâs cdmdrbl pdrtdmdfd0
@trb vdz umb f`jprdmsnöm fbibl d nmjdgnbtb gd [prdcumtbZ.
[prdcumtbZ . Ludc` gd mudv` um
gdstdll` nmtdms`, hnobfnöm snjiölnfb gd l` qud sd iusfb? dm sdcungb, rdv` l`tdb dl rdfudrg`
gdl brtd, lb p`dsêb, dtf. Lb pblbirb brt d , pndms`, dm tîrjnm`s bugntnv`s j`trnfds.
j`trnfds .
Dmt`mfds, dl pdmsbjndmt` gd qud m` pudg` sntubr lb p`dsêb dm lb fbtdc`rêb gd brtd
snm` dm lb gd pr`guffn`mds brtêstnfbs . Gd sdcur`, m` eby pblbirbs mn njâcdmd
njâcdmds?
s? gnc`
gn c` gd
pr`mt` `irb gd brtd (Eujperdy 2>86 , p. 26 3).

Ebfndmg` `jnsnöm gd qud dl dstnl` y dl lîxnf` g d lb rdgbffnöm dstâm jâs indm pb pb
sbg`s gd j`gb, dl suodt` nmtr`spdftnv` pbrdfd dodfutbr pr`fds`s f`mtr`lbg`s (   u m
gdstdll` nmtdms` ) pbrb gdsfrninr u m f`m`fnjndmt` qud jufe`s gd m`s`tr`s jnrbrêb
j `s f`j` gd pr`fdgnjndmt`s y m ` gdflbrbtn v`; ds gdfnr, tdmgrêbj`s gnhnfultbgds
pbrb dxplnfbrld b blcundm quî pbsbib p`r mudstrb fbidzb fubmg ` flbsnhnfâibj`s dl dstê
jul`. Dm fubmt` b lb p`snfnöm dstrufturbl gd Sumgt, lb njplnfbfnöm njp`rtbmtd gd
dstd rdfudmt` ds qud dl but`r dstâ sdcur` gd qud m` eui` njâcdmds dm su pr`guf-
fnöm. B pbrtnr gd dstb flbsd gd nmh`rjds, Kulpd y su fêrful` h`rjulbr`m lb g`ftrnmb gdl
pdmsbjndmt` snm nrmâcdm~s, qud sd Prdhndrd b lb ngdb gd qud blcum`s edfe`s jdmtblds
m` sd fl bsnhnfbm dm f`mf`rgbmfnb f`m mnmcÿm f`mtdmng` sdms`rnbl qud l`s bf`jpbòd.
Dl tdjb gd lb h`rjb iâsnfb gdl pdmsbjndmt` t`gbvêb m`s bsdgnb, f`j` vdrdj`s dm l`s
fbpêtul`s
fbpêtul`s s`ird lb jdj`rn b.
Gbgb dstb gdsfrnpfnöm tbm irdvd gd lb `irb gd Sumgt y gd lb rdbffnöm qud gdspdr
tö, ds gnhnfnl dmtdmgdr qud tblds nmh`rjds ebybm sng` l`s fnjndmt`s gd lb psnf`l`cêb
f`cm`sfntnvb j`gdrmb. Vnm djibrc`, y b pdsbr g d qud Sumgt sd fdmtrö dm fndr fndrtt `s
tdjbs. y `jntnö `tr`s, ds dvngdmtd q u d iudmb pbrtd gdl trbibo` gd l`s psnföl`c`spsnföl`c`s³³
j`gdrm`s gd.lb f`cmnfnöm sd rdlbfn`mb f`m dstbs ngdbs. Q`r dodjpl`, Sumgt sd gn`
fudmtb gd qud lb btdmfnöm drb um f`jp`mdmtd njp`rtbmtd gd lb f`cmnfnöm y tbjinîm
gd qud drb p`snik gdsfrninr l`s edfe`s³ jdmtblds f`j` f`mfdpt`s h`rjbg`s b trbvîs gd
lb dxpdrndmfnb. L`s dsjgn`s gd lb h`rjbfnöm gd f`mfdpt`s s`m u m`. g d l`s pnlbrds gd lb .
psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb j`gdrmb. Lb m`fnöm gd Sumgt gd qud l`s edfe`s jdmtblds sd
rdlbfn`mbibm um`s f`m `tr`s tbjinîm prdhnc urb lbs nmvdstncbfn`mds bftublds dm-dl fbjp`
prdhncurb
gd lb jdj`rnb sdjâmtnfb. D m rdtr`spdftnvb, dstâ flbr` qud l.b psnf`l`cêb dxpdrnj
dxpdrnjdmtbl
dmtbl
f`mfdingb p` r Sumgt y pudstb d m gugb p`r dl crup` gd Sürziurc tndmd vbrn`s pum-
t`s dm .f`jÿm f`m en psnf`l`cêb î`cm `sfnt
`sfntnnvb f`mtdjp`râmd~.
Lb f`rrndmtd qud nmnfnö Sumgt pdrgnö hudrzb dm `tr`s pbêsds, g`mgd l`s psnföl`c`s
sd snmtndr`m gdsbldmtbg`s p`rqud l`s ~ît`g`s gd dstd fndmtêhn°` brr`obibm rdsultbg`s
qud mö drbm rdpr`gufn
rdpr`gufnilds
ilds mn `isdrvbilds (g`s
( g`s fbrbftdrêstnfbs qud pbrdfêbm mdfdsbrnbs
 pbrb lb fndm~nb gd lb psnf`l`cêb). Dst`s psnföl`c`s prdstbr`m sÿ btdmfnöm bl f`mguf tn
tnss 
j` f`j` su.td`rêb prnmfnp
prnmfnpbl.
bl. Gurbmtd l`s prnjdr`s 4 1 ` 81 bnÊ`s gdl sncl`
sncl`..UU jufe`s
psnföl`c`s dstbibm f`m~dmf
f`m~dmfnng`s gd qud dstb td`rêb drb iâsnfbjdmtd dl ÿmnf` jît`g`
f`rrdft` pbrb drncnr u~b fndmfnb gd l b f`mguftb. Ebfnb 2>81 rdmbfn8 dl nmtdrîs dm l`s
edfe`s jdmtblds. D m lbs sdffn`mds .sncundmtds dxplnfbrdj`s blcum`s gd l`s bf`mtdfn
jndmt`s qud lldvbr`m b l`s psnf8l`c`s b ~dvnsbr sus ngdbs fömguftnstbs.

Nmvdstncbfnöm gd l`s hbft`rds eujbm`s dm lb Vdcumgb udrrb Jumgnbl

. . . .
Lb nmvdstncbfn
nmvdstncbfnöö m g d l`s hbft`rds eujbm`s sd `fupb gd l` s pr`ildjbs gd lbs nmtdrbffn`-
mdss gd jâqunmbs y sdrds
md eujbm`s, r.brtnfulbrjdmtd dm l` qud btbòd bl jdo`rbjndmt`

91 b r t d Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

gd lbs gdstrdzbs y dl gdsdjpdò` gd l`s ÿltnj`s. Dl fbjp

fbjp`
` sd dstbil
ds tbildfnö
dfnö gurbmtd
gurbmtdP
P b Vd
cumgb Cudrrb Jumgnbl;
Jumgnbl ; fubö.g` qudgö flbr` qud lb tdfm`l`cêb bvbmzbgb gd lb îp`fb

r dqudrêb j do`rbs drn lb gnsp`snfnöm y dl gnsdò` gd lb nmstrujdmtbfnö

nmstrujdmtbfnöm.
m. Dm mnmcÿm lucbr
drb j âs frêtnf` dl pr`ildjb gdl usus`
` gd l`s nmstrujdmt`s qud dm lb bv nbf
bfnnö m.

Dstugn`s
Dstugn`s gd r`bgidmt Dm su trbi
trbibo`
bo` dm lb Tmngbg gd Nm vdstncbfnö
vdstncbfnömm gd Qsnf`l`cêb
Bplnfbgb, G `mblg Ir`bgidmt dmf`mtrö qud l`s trbibobg`rds sd cunbibm p`r lb nmh`r
jbfnöm, ` rdtr`blnj
rdtr`bl njdmtbfnöm
dmtbfnöm , f`j` sd ld llb
llbj
j ö, qud lds pr`p`rfn`mbibm lbs jâqun
m bs . D m dl fbs` gd -l`s pnl`t`s, Ir`bgidmt ` isdrvö qud m ` utnlnzbibm pbrb v`lbr t`gb
lb nmh`rjbfnöm qud gdspldcbibm l`s nmstrujdmt`s y q u d prdstbibm su btdmfnöm b um `s
f`m jâs gnlncdmfnb qud b `tr`s; drbm nmfbpbfds
nmfbpbfds gd btdmgdr b t`g`s y tdmêbm qud f`m
fdmtrbrsd
fdmtr brsd dm nmgnfbg`
nmgnfbg`rr ds sufdsnv`s, p r`fdgnjndmt` qud rdq u d rêb jufe` tndj p ` .
dqu
Dl trbi
trbibo`
bo` gd Ir`bgidmt tndmd vbrnbs nj pln fbfn`md s Dm prnjdr lucbr,
lnfbfn` lucbr, rdhut
rdhutö
ö lb
ngdb gd qud l`s sdrsdr ds eu jbm`s dspdrbj`s pbsnvbjdmtd b qud l` s dstê stêju
jull`s nmfngbm dm

m`s`tr`s. Ir`bgi dm t gdsfuirnö qud lps pnl`t`s y `tr`s jndjir`s gdl pdrs`mbl t îf
mn f` i usf
sfbibm
bibm lb nmh`rjbfnöm,
nmh`rjbfnöm, um rd
rdsultbg`
sultbg` qud hud u m tbmt` pr`ildjâtnf` pbrb lbs
d m t` mf ds p`pulbrds td`rêbs f`mguftnstbs. Dm sdcum g` lucbr, dl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nm-
h`rjbfnöm . gd l `s sdrds eujbm`s drb j uy pbrdfng` bl g d l`s sdrv`jdfbmnsj`s
(gnsp
gnsp`sntn
`sntnv`s
v`s but`jâtnf`s) qud f`mtr`lbm lblbss j âqunmbs f`jpldobs; ds gdfnr, f`j` fbgb
sdrr v`jdfbmnsj` r dsp`mgd b fndrtb nmh`rjbf
sd nmh`rjbfnnö m gd gdtdrjnmbgb jbmdrb
jbmdrb,, dl snstdjb
gd pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`rjbfnöm e uj bm` tbjinîm p`grêb f` msngdrbrsd um f` moumt`
gd tblds jdfbmnsj`s. Bsê, u m pr`ildjb frufnbl pbrb l`s `pdrbg`rds drb dl gd gnvngnr lb
btdmfnöm pbrb gnrncnr dl pr `fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm gd t blds sdrv`jdfbmnsj`s
j dmtblds. Dl têtul` gd um` g d l `s brtêful`s qud Ir`bg
Ir`bgii dmt dsfrni
dsfrninnö gdspuî
gdspuîss gd lb cud
rr b, B Jdfebmnfbl J`gdl h`r Eujbm Bttdmtn`m bmg Nj j dg dgnnbtd Jdj`ry
( J`gdl` jdfâmnf` gd lb btdmfn
btdmfnöö m eujbmb y lb j dj `rnb nrumdgnbtb , 2> 47), rdvdlb
l`s blfbmfds g d ds
dstd
td mudv` j`g` g d bi`r gbr dl gdsdjpdò` gd
gd l`
l`ss sdrds eujbm`s.

Jâqunmbs gd fâlful`

Bl r dvnsbr l` s dstugn`s gd Ir
Ir``bg
bgiidm t, blugnj`s bl f`mfdpt` gd nmh`rjbfnöm. Dl nmtdrî
nmtdrîss
g d Ir`bgidmt dm dl tîrjnm` drb fbrbftdrêstnf` gdl dspêrntu gd su îp`fb. Q`f` gdspuîs gd
lb Vdcumgb Cudrrb Jumgnbl, vbrn`s pd msb sbg`rds
g`rds d r n pbrtnfulbr Vebmm`m
Vebmm`m-- qunsndr`m
 gdhnmnr jbtdjâtnfbjdmtd dl f`mfdpt` gd nmh`rjbfnö nmh`rjbfnöm m . Vebmm`m rbz`mö qud lb humfnöm
gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm drb rdgufnr lb nmfdrtngujird s` ird g dtdrjnmbg`s bf`m bf`m tdfnjn
fnjndmt`s
dmt`s
hutur`s. Dm f`mfrdt`, sn nj njbcnmbj
bcnmbj`s `s qu d l` qud pbsbrâ `fupb um jbrcdm, ` dspbfn dspbfn`, y
³2udc` bvdbvdrncubrm
rncubrm`s`s qu d dstd jbrcdm sd rdf`rtö b lb jn tbg (ds (ds gdfnr
gdfnr,, qud lb
lb jntbg gd ds`s
bf`m
bf` m tdfnjndmt`s hutur`s yb m ` s`m s`m p`snilds
p`snilds))2 sd r dg
dguu fd mu dstrb nmfdrtngujird bl r dspdf
dspdf
t`. Vbidj`s qu d lb jntbg gd tblds sufds`s yb m` pudgdm t dmdr lu cbr y p`r tbmt` e dj`s
lucbr
g d p r d`fupbrm`s söl` p`r l`s rd rdstbmtds.
stbmtds. °Fuâmtb nmh`rjbfnöm rdfninj`s0 Vebmm`m gd gd
hnmnö umb umngbg gd nmh`rjbfnöm f`j` lb fbmtn fbmtngbg
gbg mdfdsbrnb
mdfdsbrnb pbrb rdgu
rdgufnr
fnr l`s rd
rdsul
sultbg`
tbg`ss
p `sn
`snild
ildss dxbftbjdmtd b lb jntbg.
jntbg . Xdbj`s um dodjpl`. Vup`mcbj`s qud Jbrêb ld gnfd b
Idt` qud dst dstââ pdmsbmg` dm fn fnddr t` dsfbqud gdl tbildr` gd bodgrdz y qud îl tndmd qud bvd 
rncubr fuâl ds ds.. Qbrb dll`, Id
Id t` ld ebrâ prdcumtbs bfd bfdrfb
rfb gdl tbi
tbildr`
ldr` qud sd rdsp`mgbm f`m
um sê ` um m` . Gn cbj`s tbjinîm qud Idt` qundrd gdsfuirnr dl dsfb dsfbqq ud f`rrdft` f`m dl
jêmnj` g d p rdc um tbs. °Ruî ebrêb0 L`s tbildr`s gd bodgrdz ` gbjb gbjbss tndmdm 87 dsfbqud
dsfbquds;
s;
bsê, p brb qud Idf` tdmcb umb u mngbg gd nmh`rjbfnöm, gdid ebfdr umb prdcumtb qu d

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnf n`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb psêf`l`clb f`cm`sfntnvb 92

f`msngdrbfn`mdss 69 dsfbquds. Tmb h`rjb gd ebfdrl` ds prdcumtbr sn dl

dlnjnmd gd sus f`msngdrbfn`md
dsfbqud dstâ dm lb jntbg supdrn`r gdl tbildr`. Vn lb rdspudstb gd Jbrêb ds bhnrjbtnvb,
Idt` rdstrnmcnrêb su iÿsqudgb b dsb jntb g supdrn`r; sn ds mdcbtnvb, sbirêb qud dl dsfb
qud dstâ dm lb jntbg nmhdrn`r y rdnmnfnbrêb lb nmgbcbfnöm beê. Lbs prdcumtbs suisdfudm
tds f`msnstnrêbm dm gnvngnr dm jntbgds dsb jntbg gdl tbildr`, dtf. Vn Idt` pr`fdgd
bgdfubgbjdmtd, gdsfuirnrêb f`m sdns prdcumtbs dm quî dsfbqud pndmsb Jbrêb.
F`j` l` dxprdsö Vebmm`m, rdprdsdmtbr fublqundr dsfbqud
dsfbqud g d u m tbildr` rdqundrd
sdns umngbgds gd nmh`rjbfnöm. Gnfe` gd jbmdrb lncdrbjdmtd gnstnmtb, umb fbgdmb gd
sdns ldtrbs ` M f`j` îstb? VVMVVM rdprdsdmtb u m dsfbqud. Bgdjâs, t`g`s l`s dsfb
quds s`m rdprdsdmtbilds jdgnbmtd dstbs fbgdmbs. Q`f` gdspuîs gd lb Vdcumgb Cudrrb
Jumgnbl, sd enz` pbtdmtd pbrb vbrn`s pdmsbg`rds, dmtrd dll`s O`em v`m Mdujbm, qud
umb jâqunmb fbpbz gd fr db dbrr y bljbfdmbr dstbs fbgdmbs tbjinîm sdrêb fbpbz gd
rdprdsdmtbr
rdprds dmtbr snjiöl
snjiölnfbjd
nfbjdmtd
mtd mujdr`s`s hdmöjdm`s
hdmöjdm`s.. F`m lb puilnfbfnöm dm 2>75 gd Fyidr-
mdtnfs gd Sndmdr, lb td`rêb gd lb nmh`r
nmh`rjbfnö
jbfnömm gd V ebmm` m qudgö brtnfulbgb h`rjbljdmtd
b lb td`rêb gd l`s sdrv`jdfbmnsj`s gd Ir`bgidmt.
Ir`bgidmt. B lb vudl
vudlttb gd lb dsqunmb, dstbibm p`r
bpbrdfdr lbs f`jputbg`rbs gd pr`pösnt` cdmdrbl. b sd ebiêb frdbg` ebrgwbrd gd f`j
putbg`rb b hnmblds gd lb gîfbgb gd 2>61, bumqud dl p`gdr
p` gdr rdbl gd lbs jâqunmbs gncntblds
m ` sd dxpl`tö ebstb qud dm lb gîfb
gîfbgb
gb gd 2>41 surcndr`m l`s
`s..ldm
ldmcubods
cubods gd pr`crbjbfnöm,
pr`crbjbfnöm,
f`j` H@YWYBM.
L`s psnföl`c`s sd snmtndr`m hbsfnmbg`s f`m lbs f`jputbg`rbs gncntblds p`r vbrnbs
rbz`mds.
rbz`md s. D m prnjdr lu
lucbr,
cbr, dst`s bpbrbt`s gdj`strbibm qud lbs bffn`mds f`jpldobs p` -
gêbm ³gdsf`jp`mdrsd dm umb sdrnd gd gdfnsn`mds fbtd cörnfbs ( sê ` m`). Dstb fbpbfngbg
tbjinîm drb njp`rtbmtd p`rqud nmgnfbib qud, dm td`rêb y snm qud njp`rtbrb lb f` j-
. pldongbg gdl f`m`fnjndmt` ` lb nmh`rjbfnöm, sdrêb p`snild rdprdsdmtbrlb jdgnbmtd u m
snstdjb tbm snjpld f`j` u m fögnc` inmbrn`. Dstd bgodtnv`,
bgodtnv`, inm
inmbrn`
brn` , sd rdhnd
rdhndrd
rd b qud
lb nmh`rjbfnöm sd dxprdsb f`m g`s dldjdmt`s. Vn sd gndrb b umb f`jputbg`rb lb nmh`r
jbfnöm.. f`rrdftb m fögnc` inmbrn` pbrb qud bvbmzbrb fbgb pbs`, lb jâqunmb p`grêb
jbfnöm
( bjinîm tdörnfbjdmtd) rdpr`gufnr dl f`jp`rtbjndmt` gd umb pdrs`mb, p`r f`jpld
o` qud hudsd. Dstd nmvdmt` lldvö b l`s psnföl`c`s b ngdbr j`gdl`s gd f`mguftb ibsbg`s
dm lbs ngdbs gd lb rdtr`blnjdmtbfnöm y lbs `pdrbfn`mds inmbrnbs.
inmbrnbs . Tm` gd dst`s snstdjbs
hud l qu d - frdbr`m Jnlldr, Cblbjdr y Qrnirbj 2>81) dm su hbj`s` Qlbms bmg ted
Vtrufturd ` h Idebvn`r dm dl qud f`mfdiêbm lbs bffn`mds eujbmbs rdprdsdmtbgbs p`r
 f`jp`mdmtds qud llbjbr`m umngbgds W@WD (ds gdfnr, Wdst @p drbtd Wdst Dxnt? prud prud 
ib `pdrbr prudib sblnr ). ³
Dm lb hncurb 2.
2 .9 sd judstrb dl humfn`mbjn
humfn`mbjndmt`
dmt` g d umb hbj`sb umngbg W@WD , fu
y` `iodt` drb jdtdr flbv`s. Dm lb prnjdrb dtbpb sd prudib dl flbv` flbv`.. Vn dstâ hno`, dl
pr`fds` gdid `pdrbr ds gdfnr, g do br fbdr dl jbrtnll` s`ird dl flbv
flbv`.
`. Gdspuîs gdg d lb dtb~
pb gd³
gd ³`pdrbfnöm, dl snstdjb prudib gd mudv` dl flbv`. Vn lb fbidzb gd îstd sd dmfudmtrb
bl rbs gd lb supdrhnfnd, dl pr`fds` sbld y pbsb b `trb f`sb. ³
b

W@WD,, i`mgbg
W@WD gdl snstdjb ds qud ds p`snild bfujulbr odrârqunfbjdmtd lbs umngbgds
gnsp`mdr lbs umngbgds jâs cdmdrblds dm lb pbrtd supdrn`r. Q`r dodjpl`, gncb
j`s qud sd g`tb b um f`mtrbtnstb gd umb umngbg W@WD dxtrdjbgbjdmtd cdmdrbl pbrb
f`mstrunr
f`mstru nr umb fbs
fbsb,
b, qud
qu d f`ms
f`msnstnr
nstnrêb
êb dm umngbgds jâs dspdfêhnfbs pbrb ldvbmtbr
ldvbmtbr³³ lbs pbrd
gds, fbgb umb f`m umb umngbg W@WD pbrb jdtdr flbv`s f`j` lb qud bfbibj`s gd
dxplnfbr. Njbcnmbr qud l`s sdrds eujbm`s dstbj`s rdcng`s p`r tblds umngbgds W@WD
m ` prudib qud dstdj`s edfe`s 0d dllbs; snm djibrc`, Qlbms bmg ted Vtrufturd ` h

  Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM

debvn`r hud umb `irb juy f`mvnmfdmtd p`rqud gdj`strö qud lbs td`rêbs gd rdtr`bln- ³
jdmtb fnöm y jdfbr
jdfbrnnfn
nnfnstbs
stbs gd lbs bffn`mds .ew22bmbs tdmgrêbm umb crbm fbpbfngbg dx
plnfbtnvb, l` ibstbmtd hudrtd pbrb brr`obr gugbs b lb dxplnfbfnöm f`mguftnstb.

Hncurb 2 9 Tmngbg W@WD

udmtd Jnlldr 2>81.

L`s psnf
psnfö
ö l`c`s tbjinîm sd snmtndr`m hbsfnmbg`s f`m lbs f`jputbg`rb s p`r umb
rbzöm qud ustdg yb ebirâ njbcnmbg`. Gdsgd fndrt` âmcul`, ds plbusnild f`msngdrbr
qud lbs f`jputbg`rbs m` drbm jâs qud dm`rjds crup`s gd iuli`s. Dl p`gdr gd lb s
jâqunmbs drb bs`jir`s`, pdr` fbgb iuli` m ` ebfêb jufe`? sd dmfdmgêb ` bpbcbib.
Dl p`gdr gd l`s bp³
bp³brbt`s
b rbt`s pr`fdgêb gd su vdl`fngbg pbrb j`gnhnfbr lb gnsp`snfnöm gd dm
fdmgng` y bpbcbg` gd l` l`ss iuli`s y gd qud tdmêbm j u fe`s
fe`s.. bg` l` qud sd sbiêb gd
mdur`l`cêb dm dsb îp`fb, drb rbz`mbild f`jpbrbr lb bftnvngbg gd l`s iuli`s f`m dl
p`tdmfnbl gd bffnöm ` gnspbr`, gd fbgb mdur`mb. n sd be`mgbib dm lb bmbl`cêb, sd frdêb
qud lb f`jpldongbg gd l `s bft`s eujbm`s gdpdmgêb gd lb vdl`fngbg gd l`s edfe`s mdu
r`mblds (dl p`tdmfnbl gd bffnö
bffnömm p`gêb `furrnr 2111 vdfds p`r sdcumg`) y gdl edfe` gd
qud tuvnîrbj`s jnlds gd jnll`mds gd mdur`mbs. D m. rdtr`spdftnvb
rdtr`spdftnvb,, m` ds gd s`rprdm
gdr qud sd fblnhnfbrb b lbs prnjdrbs f`jputbg`rbs gd fdrdir`s dldîtrömnf`s cncbmtds ,
puds .jbmnhndstb lbs dspdrbmzbs qud birncbibm l`s prnjdr`s dxpdrt`s dm qud lbs jâqun
jâqun

mbs ebrêbm jâs qud rdjd gbr lb bftnvngbg

bftnvngbg gdl snstdjb mdrvn`s`? lb rdpr`gufnrêbm.

Lnmcüêstnfb

Fbsn t`gbs mudstrbs dl`fufn`mds tndmdm u m pr`pösnt`? f`jumnfbr blc`. urbmtd jnlds
 gd bò`s, l`s dstugn`s`s sd ebm nmtdrdsbg` dm quî gdfnj`s y fuâmg` l` gdfnj`s. D m l`s
ÿltnj`s 211 bò`s, dl dstugn` gdl ebilb y lb bugnfnöm eb bgqunrng` um gdfngng` jbtnz
psnf`löcnf`; ds gdfnr, jufe`s pdmsbg`rds ebm `isdrv`isdrvbg`
bg` qud ebilbr y `êr s`m bft`s
juy rdlbfn`mbg`s y qud bji`s dstâm nmhlung`s p`r dl pr`fds` flbrbjdmtd psnf`löcnf`
psnf`löcnf`
gd lb pdrfdpfnöm. Qdr` dl ldmcubod m` sndjprd sd eb dstugnbg` gdsgd dl pumt` gd vnstb
gd lb psnf`l`cêb. Lb lnmcüêstnfb ds lb gnsfnplnmb q ud dstugnb lb dstrufturb gdl ldmcubod.
Lb p snf`lêmcüêstnfb ds dl dstugn` gdl ldmcubod gdsgd umb p`sturb psnf`löcnfb jâs qud
lnmcüêstnfb. Dm lucbr gd fdmtrbrsd dm dl ebilb y lb bugnfnöm, dl lnmcünstb qundrd dmtdmgdr
lb `rcbmnzbfnöm gdl ldmcubod, sus rdculbrngbgds qud sdbm jâs ` jdm`s umnvdrsblds. Dl
ldmcubod pbrdfd dstbr vnmfulbg` bl pdmsbjndmt`. Dl lnmcünstb dspdrb qud, bl gdsfuirnr sus
prnmfnpn`s gd `rcbmnzbfnöm, tbjinîm sd rdvdlbrâm lbs ldyds gdl pdmsbjndmt`.

l lnir` gd Vknmmdr lb rdhutbfnöm gd e`jsky T m pr`ildjb trbgnfn`mbl gdl dstugn`

gdl ldmcubod ds dl gd su bgqunsnfnöm. °Föj` bprdmgdm l`
l`ss mnò`s b f`jprdmgdr
f`jprdmgdr dl ebilb
y b pr`mumfnbr `rbfn`mds crbjbtnfbljdmtd f`rrdf
f`rrdftbs0
tbs0 Lb p`sturb f`mguftnstb prnvbib

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds ^ jdtâh`

jdtâh`rbs
rbs d lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 96

dm lb psnf`l`cêb dm 2>68, fubmg` I.H. Vknmmdr djprdmgnö um bmâlnsns f`mguftnstb gd

lb bgqunsnfnöm gdl ldmcubod. Vk.nmmdr prdpbrö umb crbibfnöm h`m`crâh
h`m`crâhnfb
nfb f`msnstd mtd dm
pbrtnr qud
bcrupbfn`mds gd s`mng`s
c` hudr`m bltdrbgbs pbrb bldbt`rn`s b gd crbibfn`mds gdl ebilb mbturbl
qud dl `rgdm gd l`s s`mng`s gd lbs `rbfn`mds yb m ` hudrb dl
lud
ebintubl; rdpr`gu o` pbrb sus suodt`s dstb crbibfnöm - f` m ` fng b f`j` sujbg`r v d r i b l 
y `isdrvö qud nmtdrprdtbibm l`s s`mng`s f`j` pblbirbs rdblds. rdblds . Dl hdmöjdm` l` nj
prdsn`mö. Dl sujbg`r vdribl gdj`strö qud m ` ebiêb mbgb gd dspdfnbl dm l`s s`mng`s
lnmcüêstnf`s y - d xplnf ö Vknmmd r - qud l`s s`mng`s brtnfulbg`s p`gêbm dstugnbrsd
f`j` dodjpl`s gd f `mguft b `pdrbmt d. Vk.nmmd
Vk.nmmdrr rbz`mö qud lbs jnsjbs
jnsjb s ldyds qud rdcêbm
dl bprd
bprdmgnzbod
mgnzbod gd `trbs f`mguftbs `pdrbmtds gnrncnrêbm lb bgqunsnfnöm gdl ldmcubod.
Qdmsdj`s dm um mnò` qud ld pngd blc` b su jbgrd, l` qud nmfntb umb rdspudstb gd
dllb.. Tmb td`rêb f`mguftnstb gdl ldmcubod bhnrjbrêb qud dstb f`mguftb vdribl ds bprdm
dllb
gngb, p`rqud lb jbgrd rdh`rzö bl mnò` fbgb vdz qud pr`hnrndrb umb dxprdsnöm bpr`pnbgb.
Vn dl pdqudò` gd um bò` ldvbmtb su tbzb y gnfd "¡Jâs ", lb jbgrd rdhudrzb su dxprd
snöm gâmg`ld jâs ouc` gd jbmzbmb. Vk.nmmdr llbjbib b dstb humfnöm gdl ldmcubo ldmcubod
humfnöm g d jbmg`. Lbs dxprdsn`mds jbmgbgbs sd rdhudrzbm jdgnbmtd `idgndmfnb. L`s
mnò`s gdidm bprdmgdr fuâmg` ebfdr dstb dstbss dxprdsn`mds y fuâlds trbdrâm umb rdf`jpdm
sb.. Gd bfudrg` f`m Vk.nmmdr, dstd ÿltnj` pr`ildjb sd rdgufd b um fbs` gd bprdmgnzbod
sb
p`r gnsfrnjnmbfnöm; ds gdfnr, um mnò` prbftnfb f`m sus pbgrds umb dspdfnd gd oudc` gd
m`jirds dm dl qud lbs pblbirbs sd rdstrnmcdm crbgubljdmtd b sus rdhdrdmtds bpr`pnbg`s.
Dstd mnò`, gncbj`s, bpumtbrêb b um lnir` r`o` y gnrêb "°Y`o`0", b l` qud sus pbgrds rds
p`mgdrêbm bhnrjbtnvbjdmtd. Vn dl mnò` sdòblbrb dmt`mfds u m lnir` bzul y gnodrb
"°Y`o`0", ld rdsp`mgdrêbm qud m ` y, ds gd frddr, dl mnò` bprdmgdrêb qud dl `pdrbmtd r -
o` m` ³sd rdhndrd b lb h`rjb g g `iodt`, snm` b `trb fbrbftdrêstnfb. Qr`fdgndmg` gd dstb
jbmdrb; bl fbi` bprdmgdrêb quî gbvds gdidm dstbr dstbr""prdsdmtds pbrb rdjumdrbr dl `pdrbm
td r "r`o..` sd rdhndrd bl urn f`l`r gd l`s `iodt`s. Dl mnò` dstâ dm um b³
b sbidr, qud "r`o
p`snfnöm ;njnlbr b lbs pbl`jbs -g~.
g~.Vk.nmm~r; qud sd rdh`rzbrnbm p`r dxeninr umb f`mguf
tb dm ~ s
`trbsnn Qbrb îstb~ ³y pbrb dl mnò`; lb tbrdb f`msnstd dm
sêhu b .fn`.f?nds y m` d~ `trbs
gnsfrnj hu~ lbs fbrbftdrêstnfbs rdldvbmtds gd ~ sdòbl pbrb qud ~ f`mguftb sdb rdh`rzb
gb. Vknmmdr llbj~ib b dstd rd"f~?j`fnrmndmt` ³gd lbs flbvds gns gnsfrnjnmbt`
frnjnmbt`rnbs
rnbs bpr`pnbgbs lb
humfn8m gd tbft` gdl ldmcubod.
 Vdcÿm dmtdmgêb Vknmmdr dl pr`ildjb gd lb bgqunsnfnöm gdl ldmcubod, l`s mnò`s
pbsbm sus prnjdr`s bò`s dm bftnvngbgds gd tbft` y gd jbmg`, jdo`rbmg` crbgubljdm
td sus dxprdsn`mds lnmcüêstnfbs. Lb puilnfbfnöm gd Pdstbs ngdbs dm su `irb Xdribl deb-
vn`r (2>43) m ` hud in~m rdfning~ p`r l`s lnmcünstbs?
lnmcünstbs ? M`bj Fe`jsky ( 2>4> ) puilnfö
umb frêtnfb gdtbllbgb d njplbfbild qud pbrdfnö .gd vbstbr l`s brcujdmt`s gd Vknmmdr.
P QrnjdPr`, Fe~jsky sd `fup³ö gdl pr`ildjb gd lb frdbtnvngbg m dl ldmcubod. Vd e b
dstnjbg` qud dl mÿjdr` gd sdrds eujbm`s qud eb m³ vnPvng` ds gd 7 1 b 41 jnl jnll`
jnll` 
mds. Ds umb fnhrb tbm crbmgd ³qud
q ud um` pdmsbrêb qud fublqundr f`sb qu d gnodrb yb eb
sng` gnfeb p`r blcundm
blcundm,, dm blcÿm lucbr, d m blcÿm j`jdmt`; pdr` sd dqunv`fbrêb. Ds
hâfnl f`mstrunr umb `rbfnöm t`tbljdmtd mudvb?

L`s blwmm`s gd sdcumg` bò` s`m lnjêf`lbs.

Dl bgodtnv` "lnjêf`lb" sd rdhndrd b lbs frnbturbs qud ebintbm dm dl hbmc` y dst`y sd
cur` gd qud mbgnd sd l` ebiêb-
ebiêb -bplnfbg` mumfb b ds`s umnvdrsntbrn`s. Dl pr`ildjb pbrb
dl f`mguftnstb ds dxplnfbr quî jd hbfu
hbfulltö pbrb f`mstrunr lb `rbfnöm. F`j` ds mudvb,

  b r t dTm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

m ` eui` mnmcÿm rdhudrz` pbrb h`rjulbrlb.

h`rjulbrlb. Bsê, lb humfnöm gd jbmg ` gdl ldmcubod ö `
ds tbm p`gdr`sb pbrb dxplnfbr lbs f`mstruffn`mds mudvbs.
Fe`jsky tbjinîm sdòblö pr`ildjbs f`m lb humfnöm gd tbft`. F`m ~stb humfnöm
dxplnfb lbs rdspudstbs
rdspudstbs b gdtdrjnmbg`s dstêjul`s, f`j` fubmg` `êj`s umb `irb jusn-
fbl y gdfnj`s Iddt e`vdm ` vdj`s umb dgnhnfbfnöm y gdfnj`s Srncet . Dm dstbs sn -
tubfn`mds, edj`s bprdmgng` b gnsfrnjnmbr fuâmg` dxprdsbr f`mguftbs vd vdriblds
riblds
pbrtnfulbrds,
pbrtnfulbrds, f`j` dm lb prdsdmfnb gd dstêjul`s fbrbftdrêstnf
fbrbftdrêstnf`s
`s gd lb jÿsnfb ` lb brqun-
tdfturb. Q`r dodjpl`, fubmg` vdj`vdj`ss umb pn mturb y gdfnj`s hlbjdmfb , rdsp`mgdj`s
b lbs fbrbftdrêstnfbs pdfulnbrds gd lb pnmturb, ds gdfnr, dstêjul`s qud prdsujnildjdmtd
dxnstdm dm dl jumg`. Qdr` Fe`jsky s`stndmd `trb f`sb?

Vup`mcbj`s qud dm lucbr gd gdfnr hlbj~mfb gdfnj`s m` vb f`m dl pbpdl tbpnz, frdêb
Vup`mcbj`s
qud td custbib dl brtd bistrb
bistrbft`,
ft`, dstâ nmflnmbgb, lb f`lcbstd juy bibo`, edrj`sb,
rdpucmbmtd,
rdpu cmbmtd, °td
°td bfudrgbs fubmg` hunj`s gd fbjpbjdmt`0 ` fublqundr `trb f`sb qud
m`s vdmcb b lb fbidzb bl jnrbr lb pnmturb [ .. Z Vknmmdr söl` gnrêb qud fbgb umb gd dstbs
rdspudstbs dstâ ibo` dl f`mtr`l gd lbs³ pr`pndgbgds gd blcÿm `tr` dstêjul` gdl `iodt` ³
..ZZ Qdr` dm dstd sdmtng`, lb pblbirb dstêjul` eb pdrgng` t`gb su `iodtnvngbg.
jbtdrnbl[ ..
L`s dstêjul`s yb m` s`m pbrtd? gdl jumg` dxtdrn` r? s`m lldvbg`s bl `rcbmnsj`.
dxtdrn`r?
Ngdmtnhnfbj`s dl dstêjul` fubmg` `êj`s lb rdspudstb. Rudgb flbr` dm tbl ds dodjpl`s
dodjpl`s,, p`r
gdjâs biumgbmtds, qud }b dxprdsnöm `mtr`l gdl dstêjul` m` ebfd jâs qud? gnshrbzbr lb
rdtnrbgb t`tbl b lb psnf`l`cêb jdmtblnstb. (Fe`jsky 2>4>.2>4>.)) (Fursnvbs dm dl `rncnmbl.) ³

D m dstd fbs`, Fe`jsky sdòblb qud lb dxplnfbfnöm .f`mguftnstb gdl ldmcubod m ` ds

jâs fndmtêhnfb qud lbs dxplnfbfn`mds jdmtblnstbs quî ebiêb su
supplbmtbg
lbmtbg`
` jdgn` sncl`
bmtds. Dl hrustrb
hrustrbmtd
mtd pr`ild jb gdl f`mguftnstb ds qud lb humfnöm gd tbft` m` tndmd suhn-
fndmtd hudrzb p brb dxpl
dxplnfbr
nfbr p`r quî sd pr`gufdm fnfnP
Prtbs dl`fufn`mds dm gdtdrjnmbg`s
j`jdmt`s. Lb m`fnöm gd f`mtr`l gdl dstêjul` 1 > ds ÿtnl, puds
puds,, f`nm` nmgnfb Fe`jsky,
m ` ds p`snild ~spd°nhnfbr fu~ ds tbl dstêjul` ~ ~ qud `êj`s lb rdspud
rdspudstb
stb gdl suodt`.
D m `trbs pblbirbs, lb ngdb gd qud lbs fbrbftdrêstnfbs gdl nmumg` m`s nmfntbm b cdmdrbr
gdtdrjnmbgbs `isdrvbfn`mds ³d~ hblsb, p`rqud m` ds p`snild dspdfnhnfbr gd bmtdjbm`
fuâlds gd dsbs fbrbftdrêstnfbs pr`gufdm lbs flbvds. ³
 dur`f`jputbflöm

^b gnonj`s qud oust` gdspuîs

gdspuîs gd lb Vdcumgb Cudrrb Jumgnbl jufe`s psnföl`c`s sd
snmtndr`m njprdsn`mbg`s p`r lbs sdjdobmzbs bpbrdjds dmtrd lbs jâqunmbs gd fâlful` y
dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` eujbm`. Gurbmtd dsb îp`fb, G.@. Edii (2>7>) gn` u m mudv`
cnr` b ds tb f`jpbrbfnöm bl rd vdrtnr su gnrdffnöm usubl. D m lucbr gd pdmsbr dm lbs
sdjdobmzbs gd dstbs jâqunmbs f`m dl snstdjb mdrvn`s`, sd prdcumtö s`ird lb jbmdrb

d m qud fblfulb îstd

îstd.. Edii plbmtdö lb enpötdsns gd qud dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` p`grêb gd -
hnmnrsd f`j` umb sufdsnöm gd fbjin`s gd l`s dstbg`s mdur`löcnf`s qud dl fdrdir` fb fbl-
l-
fulbrêb f`j` umb humfnöm gd sus dxpdrndmfnbs f`m gd tdrjnmbg`s dstêjul`s; ds gdfnr,
qud b jdgngb qud dl fdrdir` pr`fdsbib fndrt`s tnp`s gd dstêjul`s y rdf` rgdj`s qud
fbgb pr`fds` sncm nhnfbb qud dl fdrdir` gdid rdprdsdmtbr l` s dstêjul`s f`j` blcÿm pb
sncmnhnf pb--
tröm gd gnspbr`s mdur`mbl, ` fögnc`), lbs bftnvngbgds gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gbibm p`r
rdsultbg` fbjin`s dstrufturblds
dstrufturblds dm dl fdrdir`. °Ruî s`m ds`s fbjin`s dstrufturblds0
Dm dsdmfnb, s`m j`gnhnfbfn`mds gd lbs f`mdxn`mds dmtrd lbs mdur`mbs, dst` ds, fbjin`s

Gdhnm nfn`mds, bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtîh`rbs gd l b pslf`l`crb f`cm`sfntnvb

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmn 4

dm dl mÿjdr` y lb h`rjb gd lbs snmbpsns gd umbs mdur`mbs f`m `trbs. D m f`mfrdt`,

Edii h`rj
h`rjulö
ulö dstd prnmfnpn`, qud gdsfrnid föj` `furrnrêbm l`s fbjin`s?

Fubm g` um bxöm gd lb fîlulb B dstâ tbm fdrfb gd lb fîlulb I qud lb dxfntb y dm h`rjb rdpd
tngb ` pdrsnstdmtd t`jb pbrtd dm su bftnvbfnöm, ³s`irdvndmd
³s`irdvndmd.. blcÿm pr`fds` gd frdfnjndmt` `
fbjin` jdtbiölnf` dm umb ` bjibs fîlulbs f`m dl hnm gd bujdmtbr lb dhnfndmfnb gd lb fîlulb
B f`j` umb gd lbs qud dstnjulbm I (E dii, 2>7>, p. 41 ).

Gnfe` gd jbmdrb snjplnstb, sn bs`fnb jdmtbljdmtd g`s ng dbs, dmt`mfds, gd bfudr

bfudr--³
g ` f`m Edii, u m f`moumt` jâs indm crbmgd gd mdur`mbs dstbildfd umb f`mdxnöm
snmâptnfb f`m `tr` f`moumt` crbmgd
crbmgd..
D l sncundmtd pdrs`mbod qud nmvdstncö lb ngdb hud Y`sdmilbtt (2>45). Dm su `pn
mnöm, dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` sd gnvngd dm trds fbpbs , f`rm` sd judstrb dm lb hncurb 2. 6 .
Lb prnjdrb f`mstb gd mdur`mbs, fuyb tbrdb ds nmtr`gufnr lb nmh`rjbfnöm gdl jumg`
dxtdrm`. Vd trbtb gd lbs mdur`mbs sdms`r
sdms`rnblds;
nblds; dm lb nlustrbfnöm, u m dodjpl` s`m lbs qud
sd bldobm gd lb z`mb llbjbgb rdtnmb. Y`sdmilbtt djpldö st tîrjnm` ( rdtnmb ) p`rqud
dstbib jâs nmtdrdsbg` dm dl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm vnsubl, pdr` lb jnsjb
löcnfb sd bplnfb b t`g`s l`s snstdjbs.
snstdjbs. Dstbs fîlulbs sdms`rnblds sd f`jumnfbm f`m lbs
mdur`mbs gd lbP
lbP ncundmtd fbpb (lb gd pr`tdffnöm
pr`tdffnöm)) , qud s` m³lbs fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm.
Vn ustdg t`jö um furs` gd psnf`l`cêb hnsn`löcnfb, rdf`rgbrâ qud lbs mdur`mbs tndmdm
jufe`s dstnl`s pbrb f`jumnfbrsd. Dm blcum`s fbs`s, gdfnrm`s qud fndrtb mdur`mb
tndmd umb f`mdxnöm dxfntbt`rnb f`m lb mdur`mb f`mtncub; p`r dst` dmtdmgdj`s qud
fubmg` lb prnjdrb mdur`mb gnspbrb , ` dmvêb su njpuls` dldftr`quêjnf` p`r dl bxöm bxöm,,
lb sdcumgb mdur`mb, bl rdfninr dldl njpuls`, tndmd tbjinîm. umb tdmgdmfnb b gnspbrbr .
Qdr` eby `tr` dstnl` gd f`jumnfbfnöm dmtrd lbs mdur`mbs. D m blcumbs `fbsn`m
`fbsn`mds,
ds, fubm
g` lb prnjdrb mdur`mb gnspbrb, pr`gufd dm lb sdcumgb umb rdbffnöm quêjnfb qud lb
ebfd rdsnstnrsd lb bftnvbfnö~³
bftnvbfnö~³. Gdfnrm`s qud îstb ~s umb f`mdxnöm nmenint`rnb. Bsê,

lbbftnvbfnö@? gd umbs mdur`mb s ebfd qud gnspbr~m lbs f`mtncubs ( bl drb lb rdlbfnöm gd lb
qud ebilbib Edii pdr` `trbs dmtbilbm umb rdl rdlbfntj
bfntj nmenint`rnb f`m vbrnbs mdur`mbs.
³ Ds njp`rtâmtd f`jprdmgdr dstd f`mfdpt` pbrb dmtdmgdr lb bftnvngbg gd lbs fîlulbs
 ³ ³ gd bs`fnbfnöm. G d bfudrg` f`m Y`sdmilbtt, blcumbs gd lbs mdur`mbs sdms`rnblds tndmdm
f`mîxn`mds dxfttbt`rnbs f`m u rnb fîlulb gd bs`fnbfnöm, pdr` `trbs sdms`rnblds tdmgrêbm,

Bcurb 2 6 @rcbmnzbfnöm gd
.u pdrfdptröm. Hudmtd F`mdxn`mds F`mdx
F`md x n`mds
Y`sdmilbtt, 2>45. ³ l`fblnzbgbs) bldbt`rnbs)

Ydspudstbs

98 brtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

f`m îstb jnsjb, f`mdxn`mds nmenint`rnbs. Dm dstbs fnrfumstbmfnbs, lb fîlulb gd bs`fnb-

fnöm sd f`mvndrtd dm umb dspdfnd gd t`jbg`rb gd gdfnsn`mds". Dmtdmgdrâ l` qud
qundr` gdfnr sn sd p`md dm l`s zbpbt`s gd umb fîlulb gd bs`fnbfnöm. F`j` tbl, °"gnspb-
rbrâ" su njpuls` dm rdspudstb b lb bftnvngbg gd lbs fîlulbs sdms`rnblds qud sd f`jumn-
fbm f`m ustdg0
ustdg0 Gdpdmgd
Gdp dmgd gd fuâmtbs fîlu fîlulbs
lbs tdmcbm f`mdxn`mds dxfntbt`r nbs y fuâmtbs,
dxfntbt`rnbs
nmenint`rnbs. G d t`gbs lbs fîlulbs qud sd f`jumnfbm f`m ustdg ustdg,, sn hudrbm jâs lbs dxfn-
tbt`rnbs qud lbs nmenint`rnbs "gdfngnrêb" bftnvbrsd. Qdr` sn hudrbm jâs lbs sdcumgbs qud
lbs prnjdrbs, f`mtdmgrêb su gnspbr`. ³
Be`rb dstugndj`s `trb fbpb gd fîlulbs? lbs gd rdspudstb. Bsê f`j` lbs mdur`mbs
sdms`rnblds sd f`jumnfbm f`m lbs gd bs`fnbfnöm dm dstnl` dxfntbt`rn` ` nmenint`rn`, ds-
tbs fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm tndmdm f`mdxn`mds nmenint`rnbs ` dxfntbt`rnbs f`m lbs fîlulbs gd
rdsp
rd spudstb
udstb.. Dmt`mfds
Dmt`mfds,, dstbs fîlulb
fîlulbss tbjinîm s`m t`nmbg`rbs gd gdfnsn`mds. Bsê f`j` lbs
fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm dsfufebm (jdtbhörnfbjdmtd) b t`gbs lbs mdur`mbs sdms`rnblds qud
sd f`jumnfbm f`m dllbs y gdfngdm sn lb sujb gd l`s njpuls`s ds dxfntbt`rnb ` nmenint`-
rnb, lbs fîlulbs gd rdspudstb vncnlbm
vncnlbm b t`gbs
t`g bs lb
lbss fîlulbs gî bs`fnbfnöm qud sd f`jumnfbm
f`m dllbs . Vn lb rdspu
rdspudstb
dstb mdtb (` sdb
sdb,, lb sujb gd lb lbss f`mdxn`mds nmenint`rnbs y dxfntbt`
dxfntbt`--
rnbs) ds p` sntnvb (jâs dxfntbt`rnbs qud nmenint`rnbs), lb fîlulb gd rdspudstb sd bftnvb;
pdr` sn ds
ds??mdcbtnvb (jâs nmeêintfnrnbs qud dxgtbt`rnbs), cubrgb snldmfn`.snldmfn`.
Dm l` qud vb gd mudstrb dxp`snfnöm edj`s sdòblbg` lbs sdjdobmzbs dmtrd lbs fî-
lulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm y lbs gd rdspudstb, pdr` eby umb gnhd gnhdrdmf
rdmfnb
nb njp`rt
nj p`rtbmtd
bmtd dmtr
dmtrdd dllbs
dllbs..
Lbs fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm m` tndmdm nmhlu nmhludmfnb
dmfnb dm lb bftnvbfnöm gd lbs sdms`rnblds, pdr`
lbs gd rdspudstb ê nmhluydm dm lbs gd bs`f bs`fnbfn
nbfnöm.
öm. Dl dsqudjb f`mfrdt
f `mfrdt`` ds dl sncundmtd?
fubmgÖ lbs fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm bftnvâm umb gd rdspudstb, îstb tndmd sus pr`pnbs f`md-
xn`mds f`m bqudllbs qud lb bftnvbr`m; pdr` f`m lbs fîlulbs gd bs`fnbfnöm qud m` f`mtrn-
iuydm b su bftnvbfnöm
bftnvbfnöm;; lb fî
fîlul
lulbb gd rdspudstb tnd. tnd.md
md f`mdxn`mds nmenint`rnbs °Ruî

humfnöm
lb fîlulbfujpld dstb rdlbfnöm0
g d rdspudstb ebfnb lbDstd
gd .bs`fnbfnöm f`mdxn`mds
pbtröm gd dxfntbt`rnbs
snc mnhnfb qud fîlulbb dhumfn`mb
lb fîlul nmenint`rnbs gd
f`j`
umb ³dspdfnd gd "bjplnhnfbg`r"? tndmd f`mdxn`mds dxfntbt`l" bs f`m lbs fî fîlulb
lulbss qud ld
 tndmgdm b su vdz f`mdxn`mds dxfntbt`rnbs. Y`sdmilbtt llbjö pdrfdptröm b um snstdjb sd- sd-
jdobmtd gd mdur`mbs brt brtnhn
nhnfnb
fnblds
lds.. Dl pdrfdpt
pd rfdptröm
röm hud
hu d dl prnjdr nmtdmt` p`r h`rjulbr um
j`gdl` bistrbft` gdl snstdjb mdrvn`s` qud j`strbrb lb h`rjb dm qud um snstdjb f`m
. fbrbftdrêstnfbs mdur`mblds fblfulbrêb f`sb f`sbss. Bumqud lb lbss nmvdstncbfn`mds suisdfudmtds
(Jnmsky y Qbpdrt, 2>8>) j`strbr`m qud mudstr` snstdjb mdrvn`s` gdid sdr jâs f`j-
plnfbg` gd l` qud nmgnfö dl bmâlnsns gd Y`sdmilbtt, hud um prnjdr dshudrz` njp`rtbmtd.
Edj`s dxpl`rbg` fubtr` fbjp`s gd bmtdfdgdmtds enstörnf`s m vdstncbf
vdstncbfnnö m gd
l`s hbft`rds eujbm`s, tdfm`l`cêb gd f`jput f`jputbfnöm,
bfnöm, psnf`ln
psnf`lnmcüêst
mcüêstnfb
nfb y mdur`f`jputb-
f n ö m - pbrb gbr f`m lbs rbêfds gd lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnv
f`cm`sfntnvbb j`gdrmb. Dm lb gîfbgb
bs
gd 2>81, sd dmf`mtrbr`m
ld s sdòblbgbs lbs f`rrndmtds
p`r dstbs rbêfds. Dm 2>83, gd lb nmMdnssdr
Tlrnf vdstncbfnöm
vdstncbf nöm y l subftnvngbgds
puilnfö nmtdldftub-
ju y dspdrbgb F`cmn-
nnvd Qsyfe`l`cy d m lb qud s,nmtdtnzö jufebs gd lbs ngdbs qud sd ebiêbm hnltrbg` b vbrn`s
fbjp`s. Dm 2>31, sd pr`guo` umb mudvb sêmtdsns f`m lb humgbfnöm gd lb puilnfbfnöm
fndmtêhnfb F`cmntnvd Qsyfe`l`cy
Qsyfe`l`cy.. Dstbs dgnfn`md
dgnfn`mdss jbrfbr`m lb rdbpbrnfnöm gd lb f`cmn-
fnöm f`j` um fbjp` pdrjbmdmtd gdl pbnsbod pbnsbo d psnf`löcnf` gd mudstr` f`mtnmdmtd.

Gdhnmnfn`mds,, bmtd f dgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb

Fbpêêtu l` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds
Fbp nf`l`chb f`cm`sfntnvb 3

psnf`l`cê f`cm`sfntnv f`mtdjp`râmd

`s h`rjbs gd bi`rgbr lb f`cmnfnöm

Dm um pbr gd `fbsn`mds ed blugng

blugng`` b l`s jît`' g`s gd l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm,
f`cmnfnöm,
` lbs h`rjbs qud tndmdm pbrb bi`rgbr dl dstugn` gd blcÿm pr`ildjb. Dm dstb sdffnöm
dstugnbr.dj`s g`s g d lbs prnmfnpblds? lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` g d nmh`rjbfnöm y lb
td`rêb f`mdxn`mnstb. F`j` vdrdj`s, lbs g`s tndmdm vnmfulbfn`mds flbrbs f`m l`s bmtd-
fdgdmtds enstörnf
enstörnf`s
`s qud rdvnsbj`s. Q`r dodjpl`, lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`r-
jbfnöm dstâ indm dmrbnzbgb dm lb bpbrnfnöm gd lb jâqunmb f`jputbg`rb; gd edfe`, l`s
psnföl`c`s gd dstb tdmgdmfnb sudldm bhnrjbr qud lb jdmtd trbibob f`rm` umb f`jputb-
g`rb. Lb td`rêb tbjinîm rdj`mtb su lnmbod b l`s dstugn`s gd l`s hbft`rds eujbm`s, qud
gdj`strbr`m qud iusfbj`s bftnvbjdmtd lb nmh`rjbfnöm s`ird dl jumg` y qud l`s plb-
mds y jdtbs qud trbzbj`s pbrb îstd sd ibsbm dm lb nmh`rjbfnöm qud f`msdcunj`s.
F`j` l`s gdhdms`rds gd lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm, l`s f`mdxn`mns-
tbss qundrdm h`rjbr j`gdl`s f`jputbr nzbg`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm y dm ds
tb dsdd sdmtng`, tbjinîm
³ fudmtbm dmtrd sus bmt
bmt dpbsbg`s nmtdldftublds b l`s prnjdr`s nmvds
nmvdstncbg`rds gd lbs fndm-
fndm-
fnbs
fnbs gd lb f`jputbfnöm;
f`jputbfnö m; pdr` b gnhdrdmfnb gd lb p`sturb qud bg`ptbm l`s bi`cbg`s gdl
pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm, dl trbibo` gd l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs dstâ jâs rdlbfn`mbg`
f`m l`s bmtdfdgdmtds enstörnf`s gd lb mdur`f`jpu tbfnöm y p`r tbmt` sd nmspnrbm jâs dm
mdur`f`jputbfnöm
dl snstdjb mdrvn`s`. Q`r tbmt `, sd gnfd qud l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs
tbmt`, f`mdxn`mnstbs bg`ptbr`m
bg`pt br`m lb ~dtâh`rb gdl
fdrdir` , jndmtrbs
jndmtrbs qud l`s tdörnf
tdörnf`s
`s gdl pr `fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm sd blnmdbr`m
f`m lb jdtâh`rb gd lb f`jputbg`rb . D m lbs sncundmtds sd sdffn`mds be`mgbrdj`s dm
dstbs gnstnmfn`mds.

Wd`rêb
Wd`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt ` d lb Nmh`rjbfnöm Lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt`
pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjb-
fnöm sd ibsb dm lb ngdb gd qud jufe`s g d mudstr`s prÖ
prÖPPds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s `furrdm dm
 sdmd y dm sdfudmfnb. Fubmg` g d fnrm`s qud `furrdm d m sdrnd, sncmnhnfb qud sd sufdgdm
um` trbs `tr`. Q`r dodjpl`, s blcundm
blcundmPP d gnfd qu d , söl` p`gdj`s prdstbr btdmfnöm b
umb f`sb b lb vdz , dl ebilbmtd f`mfudrgb f`m lb p`sturb sdrnbl bmtd lb f`cmnfnöm. Dl
pr`fdsb,jndmt` sdrnbl ds dlP
dl P ud humfn`mb? d m lb jby`r pbrtd g d lbs f`jputbg`rbs. Tmb
jâqunmb brjbgb f` m³ um j`gdrm` fenp gd pr`fd pr`fdsbjndm
sbjndmt` t` fdmtrbl ds
ds fbpbz gd trbmsh`r-
jbr l`s gbt`s qud rdfnid b umb vdl`fngbg pbsj`sb, pdr`, dm dsdmfnb, dm fublqundr j` -
jdmt` lb umngbg fdmtrbl gd pr`fdsbjndmt` sd `fupb gd um` y söl` um fâlful`.
Fubmg` l`s tdörnf`s gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` g d lb nmh`rjbfnöm bhujbm qud lb f`c-
mnfnöm `furrd d m sdfudmfnb, suirbybm lb m`fnöm gd qud l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s
P pdrbm dm u m `rgdm gdhnmng`, um`s bmtds qud `tr`s. Bsê, sn jd pngdm qud sujd ds-
t`s mÿjdr`s?

5>
³ + 7>4

t`j` dl 8 y dl 4 , l`s suj`, dsfrni` lb ³umngbg

u mngbg gdl mÿjdr` ibo` dl fnmf`, pbs` dl qud
lldv` 2) s`ird dl mudvd, dtf. M ` sndjprd supd föj` ebfdr lb sujb, pdr` be`rb
gnc` qud l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s qud p`sd` s`ird lb bgnfnöm s`m gdl tnp` gd pr`fdsbjndmt`
dm sdfudmfnb qud sdòblbj`s dm dl pârrbh` bmtdrn`r.

 5 Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

Gdidj`s trbtbr um pbr gd tdjbs s`ird lb p` snfnöm gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd b nmh`r nmh`r
jbfnöm. Dl prnjdr` sd dodjplnhn~b sn ebfdj`s
ebfdj`s³³umb pn d.cumtb qud b vdfds jd h~.r~ulbm
jns dstugnbmtds. F`j` dstb p`stu rb tdörnfb ds mdbdsbrnbjdmtd bistrbftb, °p`r ³quî q uî lb
³³ bplnfbj`s bl dstugn` gd l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s, d m pbrtnfulbr sn ds p`snild nmvdstn

cbr gnrdftbjdmtd l`s pr`fds`s mdur`mblds qud suiybfdm uiybfdm00 Dm `trbs pblbirbs, l`s dstu
gnbmtds sucndrdm qud f`rtdj`s p`r u m btbo` y dstugndj`s l`s pr`fds`s mdur`mblds.
°Ru î m`s l` njpngd0 L`s tdörnf`s gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` ,pd lb nmh`rjbfnöm f`mtdstbrêbm
qud ds mdfdsbrn` um bmâlnsns bistrbft` p`r l`s pr`ildjbs gd nmgbcbfnöm gdl plbm` mdu
r`mbl. Ds vdrgbg qud sndjprd ds p`snild gdsfuirnr rdlbfn`mds dmtrd bftnvngbgds ` sntn`s
mdur`mblds dspdfêhnf`s y gdtdrjnmbg`s edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s ` jdmtblds. Gd edfe`,
f`j` vdrdj`s dm l`s fbpêtul`s s`ird dl ldmcubod, yb sd sd f` m`fd m blcumbs gd tblds rd 
lbfn`mds.. B pdsbr gd lbs rdsdrv<O.s l`
lbfn`mds l`ss psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm qud sncudm lb f`rrndm
td gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm s`stndmdm qud m ` eby cbrbmtêbs gd qud umb
rdprdsdmtbfnpm mdur`mbl cdmdrbl bvdrncubild sd dmfudmtrd dm lb ibsd gd t`g`s l`s
edfe`s--f`cm`sfntn
edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s
v`s f`mfrdt` s. Dm prnj dr lucbr, td mdj`s qud dstbr
prnjdr dstbr³³ f`msfndmtds gd
qud mudstr`s fdrdir`s m` s`m ngîmtnf`s y qud, p`r dmgd, sdrêb njp`snild dspdfnhnfbr
quî ds dqunvbldmtd d m dl humfn`m jndmt` gd , -gncbj`s, jn fdrdir` dm f`jpbrbfnöm
f`m dl gd ustdg. Be`rb indm, bfbs`
bfbs` j fdrdir` sd rncd p`r ldyds humfn`mblds qud rdlb
fn`mbm jns edfe`s ³ mdur`mblds f`m jns edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s, y dstb sntubfnöm sdrêb
vdrgb<;n tbjinîm gd su fdrdir`. Qdr` qunzâ m` ebyb umb jbmdrb, gd prnmfnpn`s (p`r
dodjpl`, ibsbgb d m rdclbs
rdclbs),
), gd rdlbfn`mbr dl humfn`mbjn
humfn`mbjndmt`dmt` gd su fdrdir` f`m dl jê`;
ds gdfnr, dl ÿmnf` prnmfnpn` `pdrbtnv` sdrêb îstd? D l <;?drdir` gd fbg fbgbb qundm f``rg nmb
dl humfn`mbjndmt` gd su suss edfe`
edfe`ss mdur`mblds f`m sus edfe`s P j dmtblds .
jdmtblds
Dl sdcumg` tdjb qud susfntbm l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm qud sd bgendrdm bl
pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm tndmd qud vdr f`m lb fbpbfngbg gd trbguffnöm. Dst`s
psnföl`c`s rdfurrdm b fndrt` ldmcubod pbrb rdhdrnrsd b l` l`ss edfe`s jdmtblds qud gnhndrd,
p`r hudrzb, gdl ldmcubod f`m dl qud l`s mdurölt=cf?ns  ³d~lnfbm l`s edfe`s mdur`mblds. Wbl
 vdz lb rdblngbg gd l`s hdmöjdm`s (mdur`mblds ` .f`cm`sfntnv`s
f`cm`sfntnv`s)) gdpdmgd gdl ldmcubod
f`m dl qud sd gdsfrnidm y m ` ds p`snild trbgufnrl` b `tr`s ³tîrjnm`s. Gîodjd gbrld u m
dodjpll` . Dm sus dstugn`s gd jbtdjâtnfbs, sd ebirâ t`pbg` f`m P l mÿjdr` njbcnmbrn`,
dodjp
n qud ds lb rbêz fubgrbgb gd jdm`s um`. L`s jbtdjâtnf`s
jbtdjâtnf`s ~pr`vd
~pr`vdfebm
febm f`mstbmtdjdm
td dstd mÿjdr` f`j` um `iodt` jbtdjâtnf` vâlng vâlng`,
`, gd j`g` qud ds gnhnfnl gugbr gd
su dxêstdm
dxêstdmfnb.
fnb. °Ruî pbsbrêb sn vnsntbrb ustdg b u m jbtdjâtnf` y ld prdcumtbrb quî mÿ -
jdr` sdrêb n sn hudrb rdbl dm l ucbr gd njbcnmbrn`0 Ld f`mtdstbrêb snm jâs qud îsb ds umb
prdcumtb t`mtb. L`s mÿjdr`s.
mÿjdr`s. njbcnmbrn`s s`m vâlng`s y vdrgbgdr`s dm su rdnm`, pdr`
hudrb m ` p`sddm mnmcumb rdblngbg. Bumqud mudstrb nmtunfnöm gnftb l` f`mtrbrn`, tbl
mdur`mblds.. Lb vblngdz gd
sdrêb lb sntubfnöm q ud prnvb dm l`s edfe`s f`cm`sfntnv`s y mdur`mblds
fbgb edfe` sdrêb nm`iodtbild dm su rdnm`, pdr` hudrb gd îstd m ` sdrêbm vâlng`s.
L`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm gnvngdm dl snstdjb eujbm` gd pr`fdsbjndmt` gd
nmh`rjbbfnöm -d m f`jp`mdmtds, f`j` sd judstrb dm lb hncurb 2.7. Dstb gnstnmfnöm sd
nmh`rj
ibsb dm pbrtd dm lb
l b sup`snfnöm gd qud blcum`s bft`s f`cm`sfntnv`s pbrdfdm j uy gnhd-
rdmtds gd `tr`s. '
Dl prnjdr f`jp`mdmtd ds dl snstdjb
snstdjb sdms`rnbl, g`mgd sd cdmdrb dl fögnc` f`cm`s
fntnv`. Dm dstd snstdjb, sd gdtdftbm bspdft`s f`mfrdt`s gdl bjindmtd y sd f`jndmzb b
`rcbmn0,brl`s. Gdspuîs gd su frdbfnöm p`r dl snstdjb sdms`rnbl, dl fögnc` f`cm`sfn
`rcbmn0,brl`s.
tnv` sd trbslbgb b lb jdj`rnb. F`j` sd bprdfnb dm lb hncurb 2.7, l`s ps nföl`c`s gd lb

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds, bmtdfdgdmtds ^ jdtâh`r

jdtâh`rbs
bs gd lb psnf`l`c êb f`cm`sfntnvb >

f`cmnfnöm gnstnmcud
gnstnmcudm
m dmt rd lb jdj`rnb pdrjbmdmtd, ` nmbftnvb, y lb jdj`rnb gd trb
trb

ibo`. Lb gdflbrbtnv`s
jndmt`s jdj`rnb pdrjbmdmtd pudgd f`msngdrbrsd
y pr`fdgnjdmtblds.
um vbst` rdfdptâful` gd f`m`fn
Ds um bljbfîm f`m`fn
m` söl` gd edfe`s, snm`
tbjinîm gd gdstrdzbs y pr`crbjbs j`trnfds qud m`s pdrjntdm j`vdrm`s y bftubr. Dm
blcumbs f`mgnfn`mds, dl pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl prdstb btdmfnöm b lb jdj`rnb gd trbibo`;
dmt`mfds, sd bftnvbm l`s dldjdmt`s trbslbgbg`s b lb jdj`rnb pdrjbmdmtd y dm dstb
f`yumturb, sd dlbi`rb y j`gnhnfb dl fögnc` f`cm`sfntnv`.
Lb jdj`rnb gd trbibo` ds umb dspdfnd gd tblldr gd fönlnc`s f`cm`sfntn
f`cm`sfntnv`s.
v`s. `j`
sd `isdrvb dm lb hncurb 2.7, ds dl sntn` dm dl qud sd dstbildfdm l`s `iodtnv`s, qud b vdfds
nmfluydm lb j`gnhnfbfnöm gd um fögnc`. Q`r dodjpl`, dm lb s`nufnöm gd pr`ildjbs dl
fögnc` f`cm`sfntnv` f`msnstnrêb dmrdprdsdmtbfn`mds
dm rdprdsdmtbfn`mds gd lbs s`lufn`mds p`snilds, bsê f`j`
gd lbs `pdrbfn`mds p`snilds
p`snilds pbrb lldcbr b umb s`lufnöm
ufnöm.. Bl rds`lvdr pr`ildjbs, dl pr`fd
pr`fd³³
sbg`r fdmtrbl bfugnrêb b lb jdj`rnb gd trbibo` pbrb dqunpbrbr snstdjâtnfbjdmtd
snstdjâtnfbjdmtd lbs s`³
lufn`mds p`snilds f`m lbs `pdrbfn`mds p`snilds y bvdmcubr sn eby umb f`mf`rgbmfnb y sd
rdsudlvd dl pr`ildjb. Lb tbrdb gdl pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl ds dstbidstbilldfdr l`s `iodtnv`s y umb
vdzz h`rjulbg`s, gdid trbzbr um plb m pbrb blfbm
vd blfbmzbrl`s
zbrl`s.. ubmg` dn pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl sd
`fupb gd vbrn`s `iodtnv`s f`j` `furrd dm lbs sntubfn`mds rdblds) rdblds),, gdid prdpbrbr umb
lnstb gd prn`rngbgds y gnvngnr su btdmfnöm dm l`s pr`fds`s
pr`fds`s.. f`cm`sfntnv`s pbrb
pbr b vncnlbr su
pr`crds`. Dl pr`fds
pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl s d vbld gd lb jdj`rnb gd trbibo`, ` bftnvb, pbrb vdrnhn
fbr su lucbr dm dl plbm; gds
gdsgd beê, f`mtr`
f`mtr`llb dl snstdjb gd rdspudstb.

Jdj`rnb pdrjbmdmtd
 Gdflbrbtnvb Qr`~dgnjdmtbl ³ ??³ 0 t
Dl dmt`rm`
) . ¡ ³³~-..
³³~-

F`mfdpt
mfdpt``s Gd strdzbs
td.mfnöm gdl
.? pr`fdsbg`r ³
fdmtrbl

F`m`fnjndmt` sdjâmtnf`
Ybz`mbjndmt` y
F`m`fnjndmt` dpnsögnf` s`lufnöm gd pr`i
pr`illdjbs ³ snstdjb
F`m`fnjnndmt` gdl jumg`
F`m`fnj . sdms`rnbl
Jdj`rnb gd trbibo`
• ³ r³  

Ydf`m`fnjndmt` . ³ ³³?@iodtn~`s
F`m`fnjndmt` lnmcüêstnf` ? ³.³
gd pbtr`mds ³2mjdgnât`s

. Ydspudstbs? ³
jdmtblds,
³³vdrib
vdribldslds ,
, , hêsnfbs

Ycurb 2 7 Vnstdjb eujbm` gd pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`rjbfnöm.

6 Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GT   NÖM

W`jdj`s lb hncurb 2.7 f`j` ibs ibsdd pbrb um dodjpl` f`tngnbm` , dl gd gbr um gd~d-
fe` dm dl tdmns. Qrnjdr`, dl dmt`rm` pr`p`rfn`mb bl tdmnstb nmh`rjbfnöm s`ird lb
trbydft`rnb gd lb pdl`tb, nmh`rjbfnöm rdf`pnlbgb p{n.mfêpbljdmtd p`r l`s snstdjbs vnsubl
y bugntnv` (l`s tdmnstbs pr`hdsn`mblds, f`j` Qdtd
Qdtdrr Vbjprbs
Vbjprbs,, dsfufebm dl rung` qud ebfd
lb pdl`tb f ubmg` lb njpulsbm
njpulsbm lbs fudrgbs gd lb rbqudtb). Vup`mdj`s qud dl pr`fdsbg`r
fdmtrbl eb prdstbg` btdmfnöm b l`s pr`fds`s qud rdf`m`fdm y flbsnhnfbm dl tnr` gdl
`p`mdmtd. Dstb fbtdc`rnzbfnöm ds njp`rtbmtd, puds f`m dllb dl pr`hdsn`mbl sbid gömgd
f`l`fbrsd pbrb dstbr dm p`snfnöm gd gdv`lvdr dl c`lpd, bgdjâs gd qud gb bl tdmnstb lb
p`sninlngbg gd gdtdrjnmbr quî tnr` sd oudcb? sn ds um tnr` f`rt`, tndmd f`m`fnjnd
f`m`fnjndmt`s
mt`s
s`ird l`s dsqudjbs gd oudc` (umb gdobgb f`rtb, umb v`ldb fruzbgb) qud f`mvndmdm
¡,brb rdsp`mgdr tbl tnr`. Ludc` gî lb fbtdc`rnzbfnöm,
fbtdc`rnzbfnöm, dl pr`fdsbg`r fdmtr
fdmtrbl
bl f`jndmzb b
prdstbr btdmfnöm b l`s j`vnjndmt`s gdl `p`mdmtd. Bquê, dl `iodtnv` ds gdtdrjnmbr dl sn-
tn` bgdfubg` bg`m gd gdv
gdv`lvd
`lvdrr dl c`lpd. °Vd suid dl `p
`p`m
`mdmt
dmt d b lb rdg
rdg00 Dmt`mfds lb rds-
rds-
pudstb f`rrdftb sdrêb um v`lbg` ebfnb lb lêmdb gd h`mg`. Dmtrd tbmt`, sd ebm nmnfnbg`
vbrn`s
vbrn`s pr`fds`s but`jâtnf`s. Dl pr`hdsn`mbl dodfutb pr`cpr`crbjbs
rbjbs but`jâtnf`s
bu t`jâtnf`s y pr`fdgn
pr`fdgn--
jdmtblds bljbfdmbg`s dm su jdj`rnb pdrjbmd mtd pbrb pbs pbsbr
br f`m rbpngdz gd su p`sn-
p`sn-
fnöm bftubl dm lb fbmfeb b lb qud gdsdb
gdsdb.. D m fubmt` lldcb,
lldcb, trbtb gd gb r su c`lpd gnrdft`
y pbrb dll` rdfurrd bl pr`crbjb gd f`m`fnjndmt` pr`fdgnjdmtbl qud yb gdsfrninj`s.
Qbrb rdsujnr dstb dxp`snfnöm gd l`s snstdjbs gd pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`rjbfnöm, vb-
j`s b bm`t br y dxplnfbr l`s prnmfnpn`s
prnmfn pn`s dm qud sd ibsb lb td`rêb (Jbssbr` y F`wb
F`wbm,
m, 2>>6;
Qbljdr y Knjfen
Knjfen,, 2>58 . Dm cdmdrbl; lb p`sturb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd nmh`rjbfnöm
bmtd lb f`cmnfnöm suirbyb dstbs fnmf` fublngbgds?

l Gdsfrnpfnöm nmh`rjbtnvb
. 9. Gds
Gdsf`
f`jp `snfnöm rdfurrdmtd
 6 . F`mtnmungbg gdl hluo`
7. Gnmâjnfb gdl hluo`
4 . Nmf`rp`rbfnöm hnsnfb

Xdbj`s dst`s tdrmbs um` b lb vdz. b .gdsfrnpfnöm

gdsfrnpfnöm ³nmh`rjbtnvb
nmh`rjbtnvb sncmnhnfb qu
qudd , gd
bfudrg` f`m l`s tdörnf`s gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm,
nmh`rjbfnöm, tbmt` mudstr` dmt`rm`
f`j` mudstr`s pr`fds`s jdmtblds sd fbrbftdrnzbm p`r lb fbmtngbg y l`s tnp`s gd nmh`r nmh`r--
jbfnöm qud f`mtndmdm. Lb gdsf`jp`s
gdsf`jp`snfnöm
nfnöm rdfurrdmtd sncmnhnfb qud ds p `s
`snild
nild m s 
. gdrbr qud l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s dstâm h`rjbg`s gd pr`fds`s jâ s snjplds ( qud
pudgdm f`mfd
f`mfdinr sd tbjinîm f`j` f`jpudst`s gd pr`fds`s bÿm jâ s snjplds). b ngdb
inrsd
gd lb gdsf`jp`snfnöm rdrdfu
furrrdmtd ds qud mudstr`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntn
f`cm`sfntnv`s
v`s cubrgbm um
`rgdm odrârqunf` y qu d , jdgnbmtd dxpdrnj
dxpdrnjddmtbfnöm sbcbz y fungbg`sb, sdrêbj
sdrêbj`s
`s fbpb-

fds gd gn
gnsfdrmnr lb mbturbldzb gd tbl `rgdmbjndmt`. Dl prnmfnpn` gd lb f`mtnmungbg gdl
sfdrmnr
hluo` dstbildfd qud lb nmh`rjbfnöm trbmsfurrd ebfêb bgdlbmtd d m dl tndjp`; fublqundr
dmtrbgb gd nmh`rjbfnöm qud sd rdqundrb pbrb rdblnzbr u m pr`fds` f` f`c
cm` sf ntn
ntnvv` sd dm-
fudmtrb dm lb s sblngbs
sblngbs gd `tr`s pr`fd
pr`fds`s
s`s qud l` blnjdmtbm. Dl prnmfnpn` gd lb gnmâjnfb
gdl hluo` bhujb qud, f`j` l`s pr`fds`s jdmtblds y f`cm`sfntnv`s f`dxnstd
f`dxnstdm
m f`m l`l`ss ed-
fe`s quêjnf`s y dlîftrnf`s gdl snstdjb mdrvn`
mdrvn`s`
s` y f`j` dst`s ed fe`s t`jbm tndjp`,
mnmcÿm pr`fds`
pr`f ds` jdmtbl `furrd gd jbmdrb nmstbmtâmdb. W`g`s `s pr ` fd fdss`s jdmtblds `
f`cm`sfntnv`s
f`cm`sfnt nv`s rdqundrdm qud pbsd blcÿm tndjp`, bsê sdbm jnlîsnjbs gd sdcumg`. Dl prnm-
prnm-
fnpn` gd lb nmf`rp`rbfnö
nmf`rp`rbfnöm
m nfb rdjntd b lb ngdb gd qud t`g`s l`
l`ss pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtbh`rbs gd lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfnt

f`cm`sfntnnv 6

tndmdm lu
lucbr
cbr dm um snstdjb jbtdrnbl, qud dm mudstr` fbs` ds dl sns t djb mdrvn`s`. Dstd
ÿltnj` prnmfnpn`
prnmfnpn` tndmd
tndmd umb
um b njplnfbfnö
njplnfbfnömm njp`rtbmt
njp`r tbmtdd qud pbsbm p`r blt` hâfnljdmtd qund
mds sd nmnfnbm dm dl dstugn` gd lb f`cmnfnöm. Xbj`s b rd rdgbftbr
gbftbr gnfeb njplnfbfnöm dm h`r
jb gd prdcumtb? sn l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s s`m s`m bistrbft`s, °föj` sd blidrcb blc`
gd dsb êmg`ld dm um snstdjb hnsnf`0 Lb rdspudstb ds qud lb nmh`rjbfnöm gdl snstdjb gd
id dstbr rdprdsdmtbgb p`r edfe`s hêsnf`s. Q`r dodjpl`, dm lb pblbirb i`td , l`s f`m`
fnjndmt`s
fnjndm t`s qud tndmd s`ird su
s u sncmnhnfbg` bistrbftt `s, pdr` ds pr dfns` rdprdsdmtbrl`s
sncmnhnfbg` s`m bistrbf
dm dl snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` y mdur`mbl jdgnbmtd um dsqudjb gd edfe`s mdur`mblds
f`mfrdt`s. Bsê, l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s qud tdmdj`s gdidm ebllbrsd dm dl snstdjb hnsnf` dm
lb h`rjb gd rdprdsdmtbfn`mds .

d`rêb f`mdxl`mnstb Jndmtrbs qud lb h`rjb gd bi`rgbr dl dstugn` gd lb f`cmnfnöm p`r

lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt`
pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm sd gdhnmd f`j` um bmâlnsns bistrbft`,
l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs suirbybm lb
lbss ibsds mdur`mbld s³ y jbtdjâtnfbs dm su p`sturb (Feurfe
lbmg, 2>5>). Bsê, ` f`msngdrbm qud sus j`gdl`s sdbm sd bm mdfdsbrnbjdmtd bistrbft`s y, gd
edfe`, s`stndmdm qud tblds j`gdlös ( b vdfds djpldbm dxprdsn`mds dqunvbldmtds f`j`
gnstrniung`s ` gd rdgds mdur`mblds ) dstâm nmspnrbg`s dm dl snstdjb mdrvn`s`
(Yujdlebrt JfFldllbmg, 2>58   . Dst` m ` sncmnhnfb qud l`s f`mdxn`mn
f`mdxn`mnss tbs sd pbsdm l`s
gêbs dsfbribmg` dm l`s snstdjbs mdrvn`s`s; l`s qud dll`s dstugnbm s`m snstdjbs mdrvn`
s`s ngdblnzbg`s qud dxprdsbm dm lb h`rjb gd j`gdl`s jbtdjâ jbtdjâtnf`s
tnf`s y f`jputbrnzbg`s.
Qdr` tbjinîm ds fndrt` qud sd djpdòbm dm j`strbr >ud dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` rdbl rdb
lnzb fâlful`s sdjdobmtds b l`s gd sus snstdjbs ngdblds, f`m l` qud sdòblbm qud su f` j 
p`rtbjndmt` ds f`mcrudmtd f`m îst`s.
F`j` sd njbcnmbrâ, l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs m` sndjprd dstâm gd bfudrg` f`m lbs p` s
 rdcrdsb b lb hncurb 2.7 vdrâ qud dst`s ÿltnj`s psnföl`c`s ebilbm gdl f`mtr`l gdl sns 
tdjb blidrcbg` dm blcÿm pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl . Qdr` dstd ngn`jb ds fenm` pbrb l`s f`
mdxn`mnstbs. Vn dl pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl f`mtr`lb dl snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv`, °l` ebfd snm
p`sddr blcÿm snstdjb gd f`mtr`l0 Qbrb l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs, gdfnr qud dl snstdjb f`cm`s-
. fntnv` dstâ f`mtr`lbg` p`r um pr`fdsbg`r fdmtrbl m ` ds umb crbm rd rdsp
spudstb,
udstb, p`rqud
snjpldjdmtd lldvb jâs e`mg` dl pr`ildjb gdl f`mtr`l. Bpbrtd gdl dmncjb löcnf` löcnf`,, l`s
f`mdxn`mnstbs bhnrjbm qud dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` m ` humfn`mb f`j` nmgnfb lb td`rêb gdl
pr`fdsbjndmt`
pr`fdsbjn dmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm. Tm` pudgd iusfbr t`g` l` qud ld plbzfb lbs dstruf
turbs gd f`mtr`l qu d p`stulb dstb td`rêb, pdr` rbrb vdz, sn bfbs`, lbs dmfudmtrb
dmfudmtrb.. F`j`
sdòblbm l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs, m` eby mdur`mbs dodfutnvbs qud sdpbm jâs qud lbs `trbs
y qud, p`r ds`, gnrnobm sus bftnvngbgds. D m jufe`s sdmtng`s, dl snstdjb mdrvn`s` fdm
trbl m ` p`sdd umb `rcbmnzbfnöm odrârqunfb.
odrârqunfb . Lbs mdur`mbs `rb hbfnlntbm, `rb nmenidm lb
bg gd `trbs mdur`mbs, y dl pbtröm bsê pr`gufng` gd îstbs bftnvngbgds sd j`gnhr
bftnvngbg
bftnvng
fb grâstnfbjdmtd f`m um fbjin` dm l`s dstêjul`s prdsdmtbg`s bl snstdjb. G`mgd eb
iêb umb rdlbfnöm hbfnlntbg`rb, gdspuîs eby umb nmening`rb y vnfdvdrsb. Mudstrb
f` mfdpfnöm gd lb bftnv
bftnvngbg
ngbg mdur`mb l ds qud eby p`fbs ` mnmcumb mdur`mb odhd .
L`s f`mdxn`mnstbs tbjinîm rdhndrdm pr`ildjbs f`m lb sup`snfnöm gdl pr`fdsb pr`fdsb
jndmt` dm sdrnd e dfeb p`r l`s td örnf`s gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd ³lb nmh`rjbfnöm? lb ngdb
gd qud l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s s sufdgdm gd um` dm um`. L`s f`mdxn`mnstbs sd
`pdrrbfn`mds f`cm`sfntnvbs njp`rtbmtds sd rdblnzbm dm dl lbps` gd um
òblbm qud jufebs `pd
sdcumg` (Hdlgjbm, 2>54   ; pdr` sn f`msngdrbj`s qud lb mdur`mb iâsnfb tbrgb vbrn`
vbrn`ss

69 Qbrtd Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM

jnlnsdcumg`s dm `pdrbr y qud lb vdl`fngbg `pdrbtnvb gd dstbs umngbgds ds lb vdl`fn

gbg lêjntd
lêjntd gdl fdrdir`, vdj`s qud dl snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` gdid fujplnr f`m sus `i -
. odtnv`s dm rdlbtnvbjdmtd p`f`s nmtdrv bl`s (lb fnhrb pr`pudstb ds gd blrdgdg`r gd um
fdmtdmbr;
fdmtdmb r; Hdl gjbm, 2>54 ). F`j` dxplnfbm l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs, dl pr`ildjb ds qud ds
juy gnhnfnl dsfrninr um pr`crbjb gd f`jputbg`rb fbpbz gd r dblnzbr dm u m fndmt` gd
`pdrbfn`mds dldjdmtblds dm sdrnd l` qud mudstr` snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` ebfd gd rutnmb.
Qbrb l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs, dstb lnjntbfnöm sncmnhnfb qud t`g`s l`s dshudrz`s p`r dstbildfdr
j`gdl`s gd l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s
f`cm`sfntnv`s eujb m`s gdid m ibsbrs
ibsbrsdd dm u m pr`fdsbjndmt`
dm pbrbldl`, m ` dm sdr
sdrnnd. D m `trbs pblbir
pblbirbs, mu fdr dir` y mudstr` snstdjb f`cm`s
m u dstr` fdr
fntnv` gdidm ebfdr gd `rgnmbrn` jâs gd umb f`sb b lb vdz.
°Ruî ³sbfbj`s dm sêmtdsns gd dstbs g`s td`rêbs gd lb f`cmnfnöm0 @isdrvbj`s qud
lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm suirbyb um bmâlnsns bistrbft` y dm sdrnd
gd l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s. Dstb td12êb nj p lnfb qud blcum`s gd tblds pr`fds`s gnrn
cdm `tr`s odrârqunfbjdm td y qud dl snstdjb f`cm`sfntnv` dm su f`moum t ` tndmd umb
`rcbmnzbfnöm j`gulbr , ds ³gdfnr, p`sdd pbrtds, ` suiumngbgds, qud pbrdfdm dstbr
jâs ` jd m `s sdpbrbgbs³
sdpbrbgbs³ umbs gd `trb
`trbPP. Lb td`rêb f`mdxn`mnstb sd bgendrd b umb njbcdm
gd ibsd mdur`mbl y pr`fdsbjndmt` dm p brbldl`. V`stnd V`stnd md qud lb
lbss mdur`mb s m` cubrgbm
umb rdl
rdlbf
bf..nö m odrâr
odrârq dllbs. Bgdjâs, l `s f`mdxn`mnstbs bhnrjbm qud dl snstdjb
q unfb dmtrd ³dllbs.
f`cm`sfntnv` tbjp`f` ds j`gulbr, l` qud sncmnhnfb qud m` ds p`snil p`snild gnvngnrl` dm pbrtds.
pbrtds.
Dm fbgb bft` f`cm`sfntnv`, l`s snstdjbs mdur`mbl y f`cm`sfntnv` humfn`mbm f`j` umn
gbgds f`jp ldtbs, m` f`nmö snst~jbs gd f`jp`mdmtds dmlbzbg`s. Gdsfrninr dl humfn`
mbjndmt` gd dst`s snstdjbs f`j` umngbg umngbgds
ds rdqun drd um dstugn` jâs dxebustnv` gdl
³ qud p`gdj`s ebfdr bquê. Ibstd g~fnr qud b l` lbrc` gdl lnir` `hrdfdrdj`s jufe`s
dodjpl`P
dodjpl` PPgd bjibs td`rêbs dm lb prâftnfb. ³
 dt`g`l`
dt`g`l `  b gd lb psnf`l
psnf` l`cêb f`cm`sf
f`cm`sfnnt nvb
Edj`s vnst`
vnst`..blc` gd l`s tdjbs qud sd dxbjnmbm dm lb psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb y f`msd-
cunrm?`s blcumb ³`rndmt¡fnöm s`ird l`s tîrjnm`s y bmtdfdgdmtds gdl fbjp`. D m dstd
fbpêtul` m`s qudgb p`r fujplnr `trb tbrdb? dmtdmgdr blc` gd l`s jît`g`s y tîfmnfbs
qud bplnfbm l`s psnfö
psnföll`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm.
f`cmnfnöm. .
Dm mudstr` lnir` fntbrm`s dstugn`s gd l`s qud P`s psnföl`c`s nmhndrdm lbs fbrbftdrês
fbrbftdrês
tnfbs gd mudstr` humfn`mbj
humfn`mbjndmt`
ndmt` f`cm`sfntnv`. L`s psnföl
psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm sd Pvbldm
vbldm
gdl jît`g` dxpdrnjdmtbl, qud f`msnstd dm jbmnpulbr blcumb vbrnb vbrnbild
ild nmgdpd mgndmt d y
`isdrvbr l`s fbjin`s qud pr`gufd dm umb vbrnbild gdpdmgndmtd.
gdpdmgndmtd. Ds nmtdrjnmbi
nmtdrjnmbildld lb
lns tb gd l` qud eb sdrvng` f`j` vbrnbild gdpdmgndmtd dm l`s dstugn`s psnf`lö cnf cnf`s,
`s,
³ pdr` l`s nmvdstncbg`rds prdhndrdm g`s flbsds gd hdmöjdm`s pbrb dstd pr`pösnt`?
p r`pösnt`? lbs pbu
tbs gd drr`rds y l`s tndjp`s gd rdbffnöm b l`s dstêjul`s f` f`jpld
jpldo`s
o`s..
F`msngdrdj`s dl fbs` gd lb pdrs`mb qud qundrd nmflunr lb hrbsd umb fbjnsb âspdrb
f` j` pbrtd gd su gnsfurs` pdr` gnfd um âsjnsb fbspdrb . Dstd drr`r, ibsbg` dm w 2 rdbl
(Hr`jknm, 2>32; Cbrrdtt, 2>59
2>59)) rdvdlb jufe` gd l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s gdl eb
ilb. °Föj` dxplnfbrêbj`s l` `furrng`0 Qrnjdr`
Qrnjdr`,, gnrêbj`s qud lbs ldtrbs nmnfnblds fbj
inbr`m gd sntn`? lbs prnjdrbs ldtrbs d fbjnsb sd fbjinbr`m p`r lb lbss prnjdrbs gd
âspdrb . B pbrtnr gd dstb `isdrvbfnöm f`mflunrêbj`s qud lb lbs
jdmtd eujbmb um

pbl  i rbs pbs` b pbs`. Bgdjâs, plbmtdbrêbj`s lb enpötdsns gd qud; bmtds gd rdumnr fbgb
pblbirb, lbs tdmdj`s dm um crup` gd rdonllbs jbrfbgbs prnjdrb sêlbib, sdcumgb .

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnf
Gdhnmnfn`mds
n`mds   bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb psnf`l`cê
psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfn
f`cm`sf ntnvb 66

sê lbib, dtf. Qbrb h` r jbr umb pblbirb, um pr`crbjb f`cm`sfntnv` t`jb dl f`mtdmng` gd
lb prnjdr
prnjdrb rdonllb y ebfd qud l` sncb dl f`mtdmng` gd lb sdcumgb, ftd. Vn `furrd um drr` drr`rr,
sup`mdj`s qud `idgdfd b qud dl pr`crbjb m` rdf`m`fd quî rd rdoo nllbs vbm
vbm³³f`m fuâlds.
Dm f`msdfudmf
f`msdfudmfnb,nb, ds nmfbpbz gd gdtdftbr um drr`r d m dl pr`fds` gd umnö umnömm p`rqud,
sdcÿm pbrdfd, m` f`m`fd dl sncmn sncmnhnfbg` gd lbs ³pb³pbllbi rbs. Dst` ds l` qud ebirêb `furrn-
`furrn-
g` bquê, puds m ` eby mnmcumb pblbir pblbir b fbspdrb .
Dm dspbò`
dspbò`ll, fubmg` um sustbmtnv` hdjdmnm` djpndzb f`m lb ldtrb b bfdmtubgb, dl
brtêful` nmgdhnmng` umb sd f`mvndrtd dm um (f`j` um âcunlb ) . Bumqud lb pdrs`mb
gd m udstr` dodjpl` prdtdmgêb gdfn gdfnr umb , dl drr`r dm lb h`rjbfnöm gd lbs pblbirbs gn`
lucbr b qud sd dmf`mtrbrbm g`s ldtrbs b @isdrvbj`s qud dstb sntubfnöm hud f` f`rrrdcngb
dm lb dl`fufnöm hnmbl? umb fbji fbjinnö p `r um . °Ruî f`mflunj`s gd dstd fbjin`0 Bl
pbrdfdr, dl pr`crbjb qud gdtdrjnmb l`s s`mng`s gd mudstrbs dxprdsn`mds vdriblds gdid
`pdrbr gdspuîs gdl pr`crbjb qud rdÿ rdÿmdmd lbs sêlbibs
sêlbibs.. Vn bquîl `furrndrb prnjdr`,
prnjdr` , lb pdr-
s`mb ebirêb gnfe` umb âsj âsjnsb
nsb fbspdrb
fbspdrb , pdr` dst`s
dst `s dr
drr` rds m ` `furrdm.
@tr` jît`g` f`jÿm f`msnstd dm jdgnr l`s tndjp`s gd rdbffnöm b lb prdsdmtbfnöm
gd dstêjul`s. DlDl trbibo` gd Jdydr y Vfevbmdvdlgt (2>32) l` nlustrb indm. Dst`s nmvds- nmvds -
tncbg`rdss plbmtdbr`m
tncbg`rd plbm tdbr`m lb enpötdsns gd qud lbs pblbirbs fuy`s f`mfdpt`s sd rdlbfn`mbm
sdrêbm rdf`m`fngbs bmtds qud lbs nmf`mdxbs.
nmf`mdxbs. Qbrb
Qbr b p`mdr b prudib su bsdvdrbfnöm, prdsdm-
tbr`m b sus suodt`s pbrds gd pblbi pblbirr bs rdlbfn`mbgbs y m` rdlbfn`mbgbs, bsê f`j` pbrds
gd pblbirbs snm sdmtng`. Lb tbrdb gd l`s suodt`s drb gdfngnr tbm pr`mt` f`j` pugndrbm
sn bji`s dldjdmt`s gdl pbr drbm pblbirb~ y dm tbl fbs` fbs`,, gdidrêbm f`mtdstbr sê ; sn um
dldjdmt` gdl pbr drb umb pblbirb snm sdmtng`, gdidrêbm f`mtdstbr m ` . D m lb tbilb 2.2
sd judstrbm
judstr bm l`s rds
rdsPultbg`s.
u ltbg`s . L`s pbrds p`sntnv`s (bqudll`s dm l`s qud dl suodt` r dsp`m-
gnö ³  sê ) s`m gd pbrtnfulbr nmtdrîs. Fubmg` lbs pblbirbs dstbibm rdlbfn`mbgbs rdlbfn`mbgbs,, l`s
suodt`ss rdsp`mgndr`m 54 jnlnsdcumg`s (js) jâs râpngbjdmtd qud dm fbs` f`mtrbrn`.
suodt`
 Bumqud dstb gnhdrdmfnb m ` pbrdfdrêb juy crbmgd (y l` jâs pr
p r `ibild ds qud mn snqund-
rb lb bgvnrtbj`s), jufe`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm bfdptbm f`j` sncmnhnfbtnvb umb
gnhdrdmfnb gdl 21 p`r fndmt` dm dl tndjp` gd pr`fdsbjndmt`. Vn um crup` r dqundrd
2411 js pbrb gdsdjpdòbr umb tbrdb y `tr` mdfdsntb 2 441 js pbrb rdsp`mgdr dm
. blcumb
blcumb³³ vbrnbfnöm gd tbl tbrdb, lb gnhdrdmfnb m` gdspdrtbrêb mudstrb furn`s
furn`sngbg.
ngbg. D m fbj-
in`, sn lb gnhdrdmfnb `furrndrb f`mtrb umb vdl`fngbg iâsnfb gd 411 js, m`s sdmtnrêbj`s
nmtdrdsbg`s.

Wbi
billb DodjpÊ`s gd pbrds usbg`s pbrb gdj`strbr ³ dl bpbrdbjndmt` p`r bs`fnbfnöm
Qbrds p`sntnv`s Q brds mdcbtnv`s
Qrnjdrb pblbirb Vdcumgb pblbirb ji b s pblbirbs
. Nmf`mdx`s Ydlbfn`mbg`s snm sdmtng` snm sdmtng` snm sdmtng`
Dmhdrjdrb Qbm QN bj` Xnm` QN bj`
³. Jbmtdqunllb Jbmtdqunllb Xnm` QN bj `³ Ydbib
³ >71 js 544 js >17 js 2 ,153 js 557 js

Hnndmtd Jdyfr y Vfevbmdvf?lgr, 2>32.

;7 Qbrtd Tm` • N MWY@GT NÖM

°Ruî `itdmdj`s gd l`s rdsultbg`s gd Jdydr y Vfevbmdvdlgt0 B pbrtnr gd lb gnhd

rdmfnb sustbmfnbl dm l`s tndjp`s gd pr`fdsbjndmt`, bhnrjbrêbj`s qud rdf`m`fdr umb

pblbirb hbfnlntb dl rdf`m`fnjndmt` y lb ldfturb gd upb pblbirb rdlbfn`mbgb. Dstd rdsul
tbg` nmgnfb qud lbs pblbirbs
pblbirbs³³ sd rdf`m`fdm, bl jdm`s dm pbrtd, p`r su f`mtdxt`.
Dl tdrfdr jît`g`, bl qud rdfurrdm tbmt` l`s tdörn
tdörn,,f`s
f`s gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nm
h`rjbfnöm f`j` l`s f`mdxn`mnstbs, ds dl us` gd f`jputbg`rbs pbrb j`gdlbr ` snjulbr
l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s y mdur`mblds. Dstd jît`g`³ tndm tndmdd sus vdmtbobs. Tmb ds qud
`ilncb bl tdörnf` ` nmvdstncbg`r b sdr dxplnfnt` dm fubmt` b su td`rêb. Gurbmtd jufe`s
bò`s, lbs td`rêbs psnf`löcnfbs ebm dstbg` plbcbgbs gd nmdxbftntugds p`r su gdpdmgdmfnb
gdl ldmcubod mbturbl. Qdr` fubmg` umb td`rêb sd nmf`rp`rb ` trbgufd b um pr`crbjb gd
f`jputbgjb, dstbs nmdxbftntugds qudgbm dxpudstbs, puds l`s pr`crbjbs f`mhus`s m `
f`rrdm.. Lb sdcumgb vdmtbob surcd gdl edfe` nmtrncbmtd gd qud, dm `fbsn`mds, tbrdbs
f`rrdm
f`cm`sfntn~bs qud pbrdfdm juy gnstnmtbs sd snjulbm f`m pr`crbj
pr`crbjbs bs ju y sdjdobmtds d m
l` qud sd rdhndrd b su dstrufturb gd gbt`s y `pdrbfn`mds iâsnfbs. Dstd edfe` nmgnfbrêb
(söl` f`j` p`sninlngbg) ³. qud l `s pr`fds`s y lbs `pdrbfn`mds f`cm`sfntnvbs³
f`cm`sfntnvbs³ gd tblds
tbrdbs s`m snrrÿlbrds, l` qud sdrêb vdmtbo`s` p`rqud, gdsgd dl pumt` gd vnstb fndmtêhnf`,
tbl rdsultbg` pdrjntnrêb qu d l`s psnföl`c`s
psnföl`c`s gdl fbjp` birncbrbm dspdrbmzbs
dspdrbmzbs gd pr`gu
  nr umb td`rêb umnhnfbgb gd lb f`cmnfnöm. Wbl td`rêb umnhnfbgb sncmnhnfbrê
sncmnhnfbrêbb qud fubmg`
um snstdjb, eujbm` ` brtnhnfnbl, enfndrb blc` qud rdqunrndsd f`m`fnjndmt`s ` nmtdlncdm
fnb, dspdrbrêbj`s vdr sdjdobmzbs dm su `pdrbfnöm p`rqud lb td`rêb njplnfbrêb qud eby
umb s`l
s`lb h`rjb gd nmtdlncdmfnb ` f`m`fnjndmt`, umb h`rjb qud sndjprd sndjprd..sd âprdsbrêb
d m l`s pr`crbjbs qud f`jpbrtndrbm fndrtbs fbrbftdrêstnfbs
fbrbftdrêstnfbs.. Vn sd l`crbrb, sdrêb um bvbm
fd pr`gncn`s`.
Ydvnsdj`s l`s pbs`s pbrb dlbi`
dlbi`rbr
rbr tbl pr`crbjb. Qrnjdr`, sd rdÿmdm l`s gbt`s
gd suodt`s eujbm`s s`ird blcumb tbrdb qud dxnob `pdrbfn`mds f`cm`sfntnvbs. Q`r l`
 f`jÿm, l`s gbt`s sd rdf`pnlbm gd sdrds eujbm`s ³rdlbtnvbjdmtd mudv`s dm lb tbrdb,
tbrdb,
bumqud ³b vdfds sd t`jbm ³gd dxpdrt`s. L`s gbt`s pudgdm pdrtdmdfdr b l`s tnp`s qud
edj`s vnst`, ds gdfnr,
gdfnr, pbutbs gd drr`rds ` tndjp`s gd rdbffnöm. Bl dlbi`rbr dl pr`-
crbjb, dl nmvdstncbg`r qud qundrd rdumnr l`s gbt`s pngd b l`s suodt`s qu d..vdriblnfdm,
` pndmsdm dm v`z bltb, jndmtrbs rdblnzbm lb tbrdb. Vd ebfd umb crbibfnöm gd fbgb su
odt` jndmtrbs sd `fupb gd su lbi`r y lb fnmtb,
fnmtb, llbjbgb pr`t`f`l `, sd bmblnzb dxebustnvb
jdmtd pbrb `isdrvbr dldjdmt`s f`jumds dm dl bljbfdmbjndmt`, lb rdfupdrbfnöm `
dl bpr`vdfebjndmt` gd l`s gbt`s pbrb dhdftubr lb tbrdb.
tbrdb. L`s dldjdm t`s f`jumds `i -
sdrvbg`s
sdrvbg`s dm l` s pr`t`f`l`s h`rjbm lb ibsd pbrb dsfrninr dl pr`crbjb.
F`j` dodjpl` gd. gd. dstb jdt`g`l`cêb, f`msngdrdj`s blcum`s trbibo`s gd Lbrknm
( 2>5> ), qundm sd nmtdrdsb dm l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s qud `pdrbm pbrb rds`lvdr dfub
fn`mds blcdirbnfbs f`j` îstb?
-6 -7 9x- > :3 x

Dl pr`crbjb gd Lbrknm dl V`lufn`mbg`r p`r Gdsplndcud (Gnsp

(Gnsplby
lby-Ibsdg
-Ibsdg V`lvdr, GnIV ),
rdsudlvd dst`s pr`ildjbs rdlbfn`mbmg` prnjdr` t`g`s l`s tîrjnm`s gd lb ncublgbg
ncublgbg.. Dstd
f`moumt` gd rdlbf
rdlbfn`mds
n`mds sd
sd g dm`jn
dm`jnmmb dstrufturb gd gbt`s . D m lb tbilb 2.9 sd judstrb
lb dstrufturb GnIV gd dstd pr`ildjb. Lb s`lufnöm m` tdmgrâ t ` gbgbvêb
vêb jufe` sdmtng`,
pdr` `isdrvd qud lb dstrufturb gd gbt`s tndmd umb jdtb. Bm`tb gömgd qudrdj`s
qud dstîm l`s tîrjnm`s bl hnmbl? b lb gdrdfeb ` lb nzqundrgb gd lb dfubfnöm. Lb sdcumgb
pbrtd gd lb tbilb 2.9 ds umb lnst
lnstbb gd lbs `pdrbfn`mds p`r lbs qud btrbvnd~b dl pr`crbjb

Fbpntul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds. bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb psnf.

psnf.`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 64

bilb 2 9 Wrbzb gd lb s` lufn

lufnööm Gn.IV gd umb dfubfnö
dfubfn ö m lnmdbl
B ) Dstrufturb n mnfnbl gd gbt` s
M`jird ndP` Xbl`r Gdibo` Rundrd gdibo`
pl tîrjnm` -6 les res
p9 tîrjnm` les
p6 hbft`r -7 p9 res
p7 hbft`r p9
p4 tîrjnm` 9 p7 les
p8 tîrjnm` -> p7 res
p3 tîrjnm` 3 res res
p5 tîrjnm` 4 res les

I) Wrbzb gdl pr`fds` gd s`lufnöm

4. f`jinmbrPsujbr
f`jinmbrP
p2 + p6 p4
+ p8 p3
3
p5 vbl` r - 4 y - 5 dm les
f`jinmbr tîrjnm`s gd vbl`r
-6 -7 9x -> 4x
8 . p`mdr
p`mdrPum
PumP`iodt`Pg`mgd
P`iodt`Pg`mgdPsdPqundrdPq
PsdPqundrdPqudPdstîPblc`r
udPdstîPblc`r
p8, vbl`r 68 qundrd dstbr gdibo` gd res
2 p`mdrrPumP`iodt`
p`md umP`iodt`P
Pg`mgdPsdPqund
g`mgdPsdPqundrrdPqudPdstîPblc`r j`vdr p5 gdibo
gdibo ` gd res
pl,vbl`r 6 qundrd dstbr gdibo` gd r es j`vdr p l 3 f`jinmbrPsujbr
f`jinmbrPsujbr
gdibo` gd res f`jinmb
f`j vbl`r - 6 8 y
inmbrr tîrjnm`s gd vbl`r 21 dm r es
9 . f`jinmbrPsujbr f`jinmbr tîrjnm`s gd vbl
vb l`r - 6 y - 3
dm res
p4 p3
6. p`mdrPumP`iodt`Pg`mgdPsdPqundrdPqudPdstîPblc`r
p`mdrPumP`iodt`Pg`mgdPsdPqundrd PqudPdstîPblc`r - 26x + - 98
p5, vbl`r 4 qundrd dstbr gdibo` gd les,
j`vdr pb³ gdibo` gd l es
5. ÿltnj`Ptîrjnm`Px
gnvngnr bji`s lbg`s dmtrd - 2 6
 p9 > blc`rPedfe`
p7 t`gbs lbs vbrnbilds dstâm gdibo` gd les
p5 p6 p4 p8 p3 y t`g`s l`s mÿjdr`s dstâm gdibo` gd res söl` qudgbm
-4x - 7 9x -- > 21 g`s tîrjnm`s
p`r tbmt`, hnm

7  gdsfuirnrPblc`r
gdsfuirnr
sdpbrr br dl tîrjnm` jnxt` p9 f`m dl f`dhnfndmtd
sdpb 7 y dl
mÿjdr` 9 y dl tîrjn m`Px c

p5 p4 p8 p3
-4x + 5x + 68 21

dmtd? Lbrknm, 2>5>.

Hn dmtd?

~8 b r t d Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM

y qud sd gdm`jnmb "trbzb". Lb dstrufturb gd gbt`~ frdbgb pdrjntd bl GnIV trbtbr f`
gbt`~
j` crup`s l`s f`moumt`s gd P vbrnbilds. Q`r dodjpl`, d m lb `pdrbfnöm 7 , GnIV sd
vbrnbilds.
prdpbrb pbrb sdpbrbr dl crup` - 7 9x - >). Lb `p ,drbfnöm d rbfnöm 6 eb j`strbg` qu d G nIV
rdprdsdm
rdprdsd dldjdmt`s,, llbjbg` p9, f`j` g`s suicrup`s (p6 y p7) y
m t ö dst d cr up ` gd dldjdmt`s
qud dl suicrup` p7 dstâ gnvngng` b s u vdz dm g`s dldjdmt`s (p4 y p8). Ydprds Ydprdsdmtbr
dmtbr
l`s gbt`s gd dstb jbmdr b nmgnfb b GnIV GnIV qu d, pbrb gnvngnr dstd crup `, sd tndmd qud jul³
tnplnfbr -7 ) p`r? - > ) pbrb `itdmdr ( )68. D m `trb `trbss pblbirbs,
pblbirbs, dstb ds
dstr
truf
uftu
turd
rd - gd gb
t`s pdr
pdr jntd b GnIV rdpr`gufnr l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s e ujbm`s s`ird lb humfnöm gd l`s
pbrîmtdsnns bl r ds`lvdr dfubf
pbrîmtds dfubfnn`mds. Q dr` sup`mcbj`s q ud um prnmfnpnbmtd m` f`j f`jp p rdm
gd t` gbv êb q u d dl crup`, -7 9x - >), gdid sd sdrr trbtbg` gd dstb jbmdrb; ds gdfnr, °quî
pbsb sn tbl pdrs`mb dm tn tnddm gd ³qud lb dfubfn
dfubfnö m ds umb fbg dmb gd sêji`l`s qud m` cubr- ³
gbm rdlbfn`
rdlbfn`m m ds gd od
o drbrquêb0
Tm` gd `s dr r `rds f`jumds qud f`jdtdm l`s m`vbt`s f`m dst`s pr`ildjbs ds

(Vlddjbm, 2>59)?

Gd lb dfubfnöm nmnfnbl - 6 - 7(9x--? >) :3 x

l`s prn
p rnmfnp
mfnpnbmtd
nbmtdss `i tndmdm - 6 - 7(9x) x 28
` indm 6 - 7(9x) : x - 9

Dl dr r`r gdpdmgd gd sn l` s m`vbt`s pbsbm gnrdftbjdmtd dl - > bl `tr` lbg` gd lb df

dfuu b
fnöm ` gd
g d sn sujbm +> b bji`s lbg`s
lbg`s.. Edj`s vnst` qud dl GnIV
GnIV gb lb rdspudstb f` 
rrdftb, pd r` °ds fbpbz gd rdpdtnr dst`s drr`rds0 Vê, sndjprd qud sd ebcbm blcum`s
pdr`
fbjin`s b lb dstr ufturb nmnfnbl,
nmnfnbl, GnIV trbtb lb dfubfnöm f`j` umb fb
fbg
g dmb gd sêji`l`s,
 jâs qud f`j` sêji`l`s qud gdidm bcrupbrsd gd fndrtb jbmdrb y fubmg` l` ebfd,
f`jdtd l`s jnsj`s drr`rds qud l`s prnmfnpn
prnmfnpnbmtds eujbm`s.

blngdz df`löcn
df`löcnf

Bumqu d l`s psnföl`c`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm prdhndrdm trbdr b sÿs suodt`s bl l bi`rbt`

bi`rbt`rn
rn`` pbrb
P`s dstug
dstugn`s,
n`s, gurbmtd lb gîfbgb gd 2>31 sd pus` dm jbrfeb u m j`vnjndmt` pbrb bu 
jdmtbr lb vblng
vblng dz df `l öcnfb gd lbs nmvdstncbfn`mds s`ird lb f`cmnfnöm. Dstb dxprdsnöm,
p`pulbrnzbgb p`r Mdnssdr 2>38), sd rdhndrd b lb iÿsqudgb gd td`rêbs gd lb f`cmnf f`cmnfnnö m
qud gdsfrnibm dl bpr`vdfebjndmt` g d l`s f`m`fnjndmt`s dm sntubfn`mds rdblds, f`tn
gnbmbs y f`mtdxtublnzbgbs dm lb fulturb. Bumqud dstb iÿsqudgb m` lnjntb dl us` gdl lb lb
i`rbt`rn`, lb nmsnstdmfnb d m lb vblngdz df`löcnfb sncmnhnfb qud l`s psnföl`c`s
f`mtdjp`râmd`s qundrd m bf`pnbr sus gbt`s y rdsultbg`s gd h`rjbs qud sd jdzfldm mb
tu r bljdmtd f`m t`gb sudrtd gd bftnvngbgds qud rdblnzbj`s f`m mudstr` snstdjb f`c

m`sfntnv`. Dm `trbs pblbirbs, jdj`rn zbr umb lnstb gd pblbirbs nmf`mdxbs,

nmf`mdxbs, fubmg` sd
ebfd dm u m lbi `r bt `rn` gd f`cmnf
f`cmnfnnöm, qunzâ m` m`s nmh`rjd jufe` bfdrfb gd lbs fb
pbfngbgds vdrgbgdrbjdmtd nmtdrdsbmtds gd lb jdj`rnb eujbmb, p`rqud ds umb tbrdb
qud söl` dhdftubj`s d m sntubfn`
sntubfn`mds
mds juy rdstrnmcngbs ` p`f` mbturblds. Rudrdj`s sb
idr föj` m`s vbldj`s gd lb jdj`rnb pbrb bqudll` dm l` qud frddj`s qud gdidj`s
bplnfbrlb. Bsê, l`s psnföl`c`s f`mtdjp`râmd`s gd lb f`cmnfnöm dstâm q;q;jfe` jâs nmtd
rdsbg`s dm föj` sd lbs brrdclb um` pbrb dstugnbr, bprdmgdr y rdf`rgbr dl fbpêtul` gd
um lnir` gd tdxt`, qud dm sbidr fuâmtbs pblbirbs rdfudrgb um suodt` gd
gd³³ umb lnstb qud
ld prdsdmtbr`m bmtds
bmtds..

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds. bmtdfdgdmtds y jdt `rbs gd l b psnf`l`cêb f`cm`sfntnvb 63

Dl bfdmt` dm lb vblngdz df`löcnfb tndmd umb nj

njpl
plnnfbfnöm dspdfnbl pbrb dl ldft`r
ldc`. Vncmnhnfb qud jufe` gd l` qud vb b lddr gdid sd rld ÿtnl. M` pudg` pr`jdtdrld
qud ld sbfbr
sbfb r â pr`vdfe` b t ` g` ` qud ldb dm ds
dstt d ln ir` mn qud lbs bplnfbfn`mds sdrâm ³
`ivnbs; pdr` tdmc` lb dspdrbmzb gd qu d, gdspuîs gd dstugnbr
dstugnbr,, gncbj`s, dl rbz`mbjndm
t ` eujbm` Fbp. 22 ), jdo`rbrâ su hbfultbg gd.rbfn`fnmn`. Runzâ ludc` gd dstugn dstugnbr dl
jbtdrnbl
jbtd rnbl s`ird lb s`lufnöm gd pr`ildjbs Fbp. 29 ) td m cb jâs îxnt` bl gdtdftbr y dvn-
t br blcumbs gd lbs gnhnfultbgds qud `istbfulnzbm dl pdmsbjndmt` frdbtnv`. Gdl jnsj`
j`g` , gdspuîs gd dstugnbr lb jdj`rnb Fbp. ³7 y 4 ), jd sndmt` `ptnjnstb g d qud sdrâ
fbpbz gd djpldbr l jbtdrnbl pbrb h`jdmtbr su rdtdmfnöm y rdfupdrbfnöm. Jndmtrbs rd rd 
fudrgd qud lbs td`rêbs prdsdmtbgbs s`m lbs jdo`rds f`modturbs bftublds s`ird sus rds
pdftnv`s hdmöjdm`s y m` vdrgb
vdrgbgds
gds bis`lutbs, tdmc ` lb f`mhnbmzb gd qud su dstugn` gd
gd
dstd lnir` l` prdjnbrâ f` m gdstrdzbs prâftnfbs y f`m umb bprdfnbfnöm jâs pr`humgb gd
lb f`jpldongbg gd su jdmtd.

jdmt rn`s hnm lds rdf`jdmg fn`mds gd ldftur s gnfn`m lds

Bl hnmbl gdl fbpêtul`

fbpêtul`,, `hrdzf` blcum`s f`jdmtbrn`s s`ird dl jbtdjbtdrnbl
rnbl prdsdmtbg` f`m
lb nmtdmfnöm gd h`rtbldfdr su nmtdcrbfnöm y su bprdmgn
bprdmgnzbod.
zbod. Wbjinîm prdsdmt` l` l`ss têtul`s
gd blcum`s lnir`s y brtêful`s qud bfbs` qundrb lddr sn
sn dstâ nmtdrds bg` dm bprdmgd
bprdmgdrr jâs
s`ird l`s tdjbs gdl fbpêtul`.
fbpêtul` .
Vn qundrd sbidr jâs s`ird lb jdt`g`l` cêb gd lb nmvdstncbfnöm dm f`cmnfnöm, bfugb
 b Kn.mtsfe, Jnlldr y Q`ls`m, Jdte`gs m g Wbftnfs nm `cmntnvd Vfndmfd 2>57). Vn dstâ
nmtdrdsbg` dm lbs bplnfbfn`mds gd f`jputbfnöm b lbs fndmfnbs f`cm`sfntnvbs, ldb
ldb³³ dl
dl³³ fbpê
pê
P ul` g~
g ~ Bntkdmedb
Bntkdmedbgg y Vl;fk 2>54 ) . Dl dstugnbmtd qud qwdrb bvdrncubr jâs s`s`i ird l`s
gdtbllds gd lb td`rêb gdl pr`fdsbjndmt` gd lb nmh`rjbfnöm sd idmdhnfnbrêb gd lb ldfturb
ldfturbP P
gd umb dxfdldmtd f`jpnlbfnöm b fbrc` gd Klber y K`t`vsky 2>5> ). DP  fbpêtul` gd
Jbssbr` y F`wbm 2>56) tbjinîm ds um rdpbs` juy iu dm` gd dstb td`rêb. Lbs nmvds-
. tncbfn
tncbfn``mds s`
s`iird dl f`mdxn`mnsj` gd l`s ÿltnj`s bò`s lldmbrêbm p` r sê s`lbs umb iniln`
iniln`
tdfbb gd iudm tbjbò`. Bmgdr
tdf Bmgd rs`m y Y`sdmhdlg 2>55 ) f`jpnlbr`m umb iudmb f`ldff`ldffnöm
fnöm
gd brtêful`s iâsnf`s ju fe`s juy gnhêfnlds gd lddr). L`s lnir`s f`jpnlbg`s p`r Cr Cr``ss 
idrc 2>55 ) y Mbgdl, F``pdr, Fulnf`vd
Fulnf`vdr y E brmnse 2>5 > ) tndmd
tndmdm
m umb hudrtd `rnd
`rndm
m tb
fnöm f`mdxn`mnstb y in`löcnfb. Flbrk 2>5>) bi`rgb l bs p`sturbs f` mdxn`mnstb y gdl
f`mdxn`mnstb
pr`fdsbjndmt` gd Pb nmh`rjbfnöm gdsgd u m âmcul` hnl`söhnf`. ³

b r t d Tm` • NMWY@GT NÖM

Vn eb pbsbg` um rbt` dm lb f`jpbòêb gd u m mnò` j`jdmt` g d lb rdfupdrbfnöm. Fubmg` u m mnò`

gd trds ` fubtr` bò`s, ds pr`ibild qud O` ebyb qundrd ebilbr gd u m nmfngdmtd gdl pbsbg` nmjd
`êg` f`jdtdr u m drr`r lnmcüêstnf` fbrbftdrêstnf` gnbt` dm dl qud blc` sd r`jpnö, bfbs` m` rdfudrgd
llbjbg` s`irdrrdculbrnzbfnöm. Tmb gd sus h`r lb h`rjb jdj`rnzbgb.
jdj`rnzbgb. D l tdrfdr f`jp`m dmtd ds
jbs jâs f`jumds sd prdsdmtb fubmg` dl mnò` tnpulb dl `rgdm gd prdfdgdmfnb. Vn dl mnò` l`crb
t`jb u m vdri` nrrdculbr, f`j` irnr ` r`jpdr y rdfupdrbr lb h`rjb cubrgbgb f`rrdftb, sndjprd lb
ld bòbgd b lb rbêz lb tdrjnmbfnöm -ng` pbrb h`r gnrâ; pdr` sn m` lb rdfupdrb, v`lvd
v`lvdrâ
râ b lb rdclb p ` r

jbr pbrtnfnpn` pbsbg`. @isdrvd qud dstb

dl ds `jnsnöm? r`jp-ng`. Ds dmt`mfds fubmg` gnfd
dldffnöm gd l` jâs löcnfb? sn be`rb bir` y r`j dstâ r`jpng` ` dsfrning` `, f`j` jn eno`
p`, ebfd p`f` ed birng` y ed r`jpng`. Be`rb jdm`r, l` g d â bsê p`rqud sd jd ` lvng8 .
. indm, rdsultb qud dstbs h`rjbs s`m drrömdbs y p`r . Dstb p`sturb hbfnlntb vbrnbs prdgnffn`mds
tbmt` l`s mnò`s qud lbs dxprdsbm m`s rdvdlbm blc` Qrnjdrb, qud, f`m dl trbmsfurs` gdl tndjp`, l`s
bfdrfb gd dll`s jnsj`s, b sbidr, qud t`g` l` qud mnò`s rdgufdm sus drr`rds p`r s`irdrrdculbrn
ebm bprdmgng` gdl ldmcub
ldmcubood ebstb dsd j`jdmt` zbfnöm. Qbrb sustdmtbr dstb prdgnffnöm, Jbrfus y
ds tbm sölng` f`j` pbrb ebfdrl`s gdfnr blc` qud sus f`lbi`rbg`rds rdumndr`m nmh`rjbfnöm g d
m ` dsfufebm juy b jdmug` ³dm l`s bgult`s. Dstd FENLGDV (JbfSenmmdy y Vm`w, 2>54 ), qud ds
 edfe` lldvb b lb sncundmtd prdcumtb? °gd gömgd P umb ibsd gd Pgbt`s f`m v`fblnzbfn`mds dsp`m
pr`fdgdm tblds drr`rds0 Vn m ` s`m njntbfn`mds gd tâmdbs gd g`fdmbs g d pdqudò`s. Bmblnzbr`m
l`s bgult`s, °quî hbft`rds
hbft`rds l`s³fbusbm0 l l 492 h`rjbs vdriblds gdsfuirndr`m qud, ³y
Jbrfus ( 2>>8) rdblnzö u m bmâlnsns qud m`s `hrd f`j` sd dspdrbib~³
dspdrbib~³ f`m dl tndjp ` gnsjnmuydm l`s
fd umb rdspudstb y qud, gnfe` sdb gd pbs`, ds u m drr`rds qud f`jdtdm l`s mnò`s. D m lb hncurb 2.4
iudm dodjpl` gdl rdfurs` bl bmâlnsns gd drr`rds sd judstrbm dst`s dhddhdft`s
ft`s dm trds mnò`s? Bgâm,
³ pbrb nlustrb
nlustrbrr l`s pr`fds`s f`cm`sfntnv`s dm bffnöm
bffnöm?? Vbrb y Dvb. Lbs lêmdbs pumtdbgbs rdprdsdmtbm dl
Jbrfus plbmtdö lb enpötdsns gd qud l`s mnò`s dj? p`rfdmtbod g d us` gd lbs
lbs³³h`rjbs f`rrdftbs. F`j`
pldbm su f`m`fnjndmt` gd lbs rdclâs y su jdj`rnb sd bprdfn
bprdfnb,
b, dmf`mtrbj`s
dmf`mt rbj`s jufebs vbrnbfn`mds dm l`s
pbrb pr`gufnr dl ldmcubod. Dstb p`sturb dstâ nm nm trds mnò`s pdr`, dm cdmdrbl, dm mnmcÿm j`jdmt`
f`rp`rbgb dm su j`gdl` rdclbs y jdj`rnb , qud prdg`jnmbm lbs s`irdrrdculbrnzbfn`mds. D m `trbs
tndmd trds f`jp`mdmtds. Qrnjdr`, fubmg` bgqun pblbirbs, rbrb vdz ` mumfb `ptb um mnò` p`r lb
rnj`s dl ldmcubod, dstbildfdj`s umb rdclb p`r h`rjb nmf`rrdftb s`)?,rdrrdculbrnzbgb, snm` qud,
`jnsnöm pbrb f`mstrunr lbs h`rjbs vdriblds. F`j` fubmg` f`jdtd u m drr`r gd dstb êmg`ld, l`s gbt`s
`trbs rdclbs p`r `jnsnöm, f`j` lbs qud btbòdm b nmgnfbm qud ds dl rdsultbg` gd blcumb lnjntbfnöm
lbs `pdrbfn`mds gd fâlful`, îstb `pdrb sn y söl` sn dm dl gdsdjpdò` ( f`j` dm lb jdj`rnb) jâs qud
m ` eby dm dl snstdjb f`cm`sf
f`cm`sfntnv`
ntnv` `trbs rdclb
rdclbss qud gd ebidr bprdmgng` umb rdclb crbjbtnfbl dqunv`
lbss bmuldm. Dl sdcumg` f`jp`mdmtd ds lb jdj`
lb fbgb. Dstd edfe` nmgnfb b su vdz qud l`s mnò`s qud
rnb. Vn u m vdri` ds nrrdculbr, sus h`rjbs pdfulnbrds tndmdm jâs `p`rtumngbgds d dsfufebr lb h`rjb
sd cubrgbm dm lb jdj`rnb gdl mnò`. Dstd rdfudr rdfudr vdribll f`rrdftb (gncbj`s, qud sus pbgrds l b dj
vdrib dj
g ` ds hndl dm dl sdmtng` d qud umb h`rjb pldbm jâs b jdmug` qud `trbs h`rjbs) tndmdm
nrrdculbr sndjprd sd cubrgb. Bsê, fubmg` dl mnò` jâs pr`ibinlngbgds gd usbrlb, prdsujnildjdmtd
`yd qud um bgult` gnfdgnfd³³ By, dstâ r`t` , jdj`rn .p`rqud s jâs hâfnl qud lb rdfudrgdm, P m f`jpb
zb lb h`rjb nrrdculbr f`rrdftb. Vnm djibrc`, lb rbfnöm f`m mnò`s qud m ` lb dsfufebm f`m tbmtb
jdj`rnb nmhbmtnl m` sndjprd tndmd îxnt` dm dl hrdfudmf
hrdfudmfnb.
nb. Dstb
Ds tb prdgnffnöm tbji
tbjinîm
nîm dstâ rdspblgbgb

2 -

Fbpêtul` 2 • Gdhnmnfn`mds. bmtdfdgdmtds y jdtâh`rbs gd lb psnf`l`cê

psnf`l`cêbb f`cm`sfntnv
f`cm`sfntnvbb 6>

-³-³
~-
~- ³•

Bgâm Vbrb
2 11 211
>1 2 >1
22
r
,, 2
•,
'2 • ( 21 1% jdm`s tbsb gd
` 51 51
?
2 , 22 2 22 \2
R 2? 2\ s`irdrrdculbrnzbfnöm)
2? ,~,
d?; 31
2,,
2 N 2 31
(211% jdm`s tbsb gd
', 22 .O 2 • 2
hll
C)
81 C)
81 22 W • , , s`irdrrdculbr
s`irdrrdculbrnzbfnöm
nzbfnöm))
F N 2

n 2 \2 \~
R)
41 41
d
71
n fb 71
2? 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
61 2 61 l 2 2

b. 91 t n Wbsb gd nmstbmfnbs gd `
b. 91
2 2
2 2
2
2
Wbsb gd n mstbmfnbs gd
21 \ ? h`rjbs rdculbrds 2 2 2 h`rjbs rdculbrds
21 2 2 2
` ..PP. P P•~³ ....~'~',PP..P~~
~'~',PP..P~~-'-~~-'-~~....,P~
-'-~~-'-~~....,P~~ - -~ `..P .... ,P,..P.PP~...P~~...P~~
,P,..P.PP~...P~~...P~~-'
-'--~~-'--~~-'--
9-1 9-8 6-1 6-8 7-1 7-8 4-1 9-1 9-8 6-1 6-8 7-1 7- 8 4-1
Dgbg Dgbg
 Dvb
211
- 722
>1 N
\
` 51 N \
t? ( 211% jdm`s tbsb gd N \
\
31 •
,P
C) N

, ,,
d?; s`irrdrr dculbrnzbf öm)
s`i N

,,
,
hll
C)
81
F N ...
C)
41 N
fb 71 2
2 N
N

d 2 N .

. -³
C)
61 2 N
l? 2
91 Wbsb gd nmstbmfnbs gd
. 2
2 /
/
h`rjbs rdculbrds
21 2 N

` /

2-8 9-1
Dgbg

Hncurb 2.4 Nmstbmfnbs gd s`irdrrdculbrnzbfnöm y f`moucbfnöm r dcu

dcull br gd trds mnò`s dm humfnöm gd su dgbg. Dm fbgb crâhnfb,
lb lêmdb pumtdbgb crudsb sdòblb dl p`
p`rrfdmtbod gd s`ir drrdc
drrdcu
ulbrnzb fnöm rdstbg` gd 211 p`
p`rr fndmt`; lb lêmdb gdlcbgb nmgnfb dl
p`rfdmtbod gd f`mtdxt`s gd f`moucbfnöm rdculbr dm qud dl mnò` bp`rtö lb h`rjb rdculbr f`rrdf tb . Hudmtd??
Hudmtd Jbrfus, 2>>8.

p`r l`s gbt`s? dm fbsn t`g`s l`s mnò`s dstugnbg`s, h`rjb nrrdculbr, jâs pr`ibild drb qud dl
dlll`s tbj
fubmt` j âs b jdmug` utnlnzbibm sus pbgrds umb inîm lb pr`mumfnbrbm.

?@ b r t d Tm` • NMWY@GTFFNÖM
NMWY @GTFFNÖM

. .

î r j n m ` s fl vd

F`m`fnjndmt` gdflbrbtnv` DstrlZ fturblnsj` Wd`rêb gdl pr`°ds

Wd`rêb pr`°dsbjndmt` gd
F`m`fnjndmt` pr`fdgnjdmtbl Nmvdstncbfnöm gd l`s hbft`rds nmh`
mh`rjbfnöm
rjbfnöm ³ ³ ³
F`m`fnjndmt` sdjâmtnf` eujbm`s Wd`rêb f`mdxn`mnstb
Wd`rêb
F`m`fnjndmt` dpnsö
dpnsögnf`
gnf` Nmh`rjbfnöm Qr`fdsbjndmt` dm sdrnd
Qr`fds`s
Qr`fds`s f`mtr`l bg`
bg`ss Fögnc` inmbrn` Qr`fdssbjndmt` dm sdfud
Qr`fd sdfudmfnb
mfnb
Qr`fds`ss but`jâtnf`s
Qr`fds` Qsnf`lnmcüêstnfb Xblngdz df`löc
df`löcnf
nfbb
Jdj`rnb dxplêfntb Humfnöm gd j m g `
Jdj`rnb njplêfntb Humfnöm gd tbft`