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    Herbert Kreyszig, Erwin Kreyszig - Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide To Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Volume 2) - Wiley (2012)

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    Omar Mohamed
    The document discusses complex analysis and complex numbers. It begins by reviewing how complex numbers have appeared previously in solving equations and in matrix eigenvalue problems. It states that Part D will systematically study complex numbers, functions, and calculus. The chapter introduces complex numbers and differentiation. Functions that are differentiable in the complex domain are called analytic. The important Cauchy-Riemann equations allow testing if a function is analytic. The rest of the chapter covers elementary complex functions like exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions. Real calculus concepts apply but there are differences between real and complex analysis.

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    Herbert Kreyszig, Erwin Kreyszig - Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide To Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Volume 2) - Wiley (2012)

    Uploaded by

    Omar Mohamed
    154 views2 pages
    The document discusses complex analysis and complex numbers. It begins by reviewing how complex numbers have appeared previously in solving equations and in matrix eigenvalue problems. It states that Part D will systematically study complex numbers, functions, and calculus. The chapter introduces complex numbers and differentiation. Functions that are differentiable in the complex domain are called analytic. The important Cauchy-Riemann equations allow testing if a function is analytic. The rest of the chapter covers elementary complex functions like exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions. Real calculus concepts apply but there are differences between real and complex analysis.

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    Herbert Kreyszig, Erwin Kreyszig - Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide to Advanced Engineering Mathematics[Volume 2]-Wiley (2012)

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    The document discusses complex analysis and complex numbers. It begins by reviewing how complex numbers have appeared previously in solving equations and in matrix eigenvalue problems. It states that Part D will systematically study complex numbers, functions, and calculus. The chapter introduces complex numbers and differentiation. Functions that are differentiable in the complex domain are called analytic. The important Cauchy-Riemann equations allow testing if a function is analytic. The rest of the chapter covers elementary complex functions like exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions. Real calculus concepts apply but there are differences between real and complex analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    154 views2 pages

    Herbert Kreyszig, Erwin Kreyszig - Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide To Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Volume 2) - Wiley (2012)

    Uploaded by

    Omar Mohamed
    The document discusses complex analysis and complex numbers. It begins by reviewing how complex numbers have appeared previously in solving equations and in matrix eigenvalue problems. It states that Part D will systematically study complex numbers, functions, and calculus. The chapter introduces complex numbers and differentiation. Functions that are differentiable in the complex domain are called analytic. The important Cauchy-Riemann equations allow testing if a function is analytic. The rest of the chapter covers elementary complex functions like exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions. Real calculus concepts apply but there are differences between real and complex analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    PART D

    Complex
    Analysis

    Chap. 13 Complex Numbers and Functions.


    Complex Differentiation

    Complex numbers appeared in the textbook before in different topics. Solving linear homogeneous ODEs
    led to characteristic equations, (3), p. 54 in Sec. 2.2, with complex numbers in Example 5, p. 57, and
    Case III of the table on p. 58. Solving algebraic eigenvalue problems in Chap. 8 led to characteristic
    equations of matrices whose roots, the eigenvalues, could also be complex as shown in Example 4, p. 328.
    Whereas, in these type of problems, complex numbers appear almost naturally as complex roots of
    polynomials (the simplest being x 2 C 1 D 0), it is much less immediate to consider complex analysis—the
    systematic study of complex numbers, complex functions, and “complex” calculus. Indeed, complex
    analysis will be the direction of study in Part D. The area has important engineering applications in
    electrostatics, heat ow, and uid ow. Further motivation for the study of complex analysis is given on
    p. 607 of the textbook.
    We start with the basics in Chap. 13 by reviewing complex numbers z D x C yi in Sec. 13.1 and
    introducing complex integration in Sec.13.3. Those functions that are differentiable in the complex, on
    some domain, are called analytic and will form the basis of complex analysis. Not all functions are
    analytic. This leads to the most important topic of this chapter, the Cauchy–Riemann equations (1),
    p. 625 in Sec. 13.4, which allow us to test whether a function is analytic. They are very short but you have
    to remember them! The rest of the chapter (Secs. 13.5–13.7) is devoted to elementary complex functions
    (exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions).
    Your knowledge and understanding of real calculus will be useful. Concepts that you learned in real
    calculus carry over to complex calculus; however, be aware that there are distinct differences between
    real calculus and complex analysis that we clearly mark. For example, whereas the real equation e x D 1
    has only one solution, its complex counterpart e z D 1 has innitely many solutions.
    258 Complex Analysis Part D

    Sec. 13.1 Complex Numbers and Their Geometric Representation


    Much of the material may be familiar to you, but we start from scratch to assure everyone starts at the
    same level. This section begins with the four basic algebraic operations of complex numbers (addition,
    subtraction, multiplication, and division). Of these, the one that perhaps differs most from real numbers is
    division (or forming a quotient). Thus make sure that you remember how to calculate the quotient of two
    complex numbers as given in equation (7), Example 2, p. 610, and Prob. 3. In (7) we take the number z2
    from the denominator and form its complex conjugate zN2 and a new quotient zN2 =zN2 . We multiply the given
    quotient by this new quotient zN2 =zN2 (which is equal to 1 and thus allowed):
    z1 z1 z1 zN2
    zD D 1D  ;
    z2 z2 z2 zN2

    which we multiply out, recalling that i 2 D 1 [see (5), p. 609]. The nal result is a complex number in a
    form that allows us to separate its real (Re z/ and imaginary (Im z/ parts. Also remember that 1= i D i
    (see Prob. 1), as it occurs frequently. We continue by dening the complex plane and use it to graph
    complex numbers (note Fig. 318, p. 611, and Fig. 322, p. 612). We use equation (8), p. 612, to go from
    complex to real.

    Problem Set. 13.1. Page 612


    1. Powers of i. We compute the various powers of i by the rules of addition, subtraction,
    multiplication, and division given on pp. 609–610 of the textbook. We have formally that

    i2 D ii
    D .0; 1/.0; 1/ [by (1), p. 609]
    D .0  0  1  1; 0  1 C 1  0/ [by (3), p. 609]
    (I1)
    D .0  1; 0 C 0/ (arithmetic)
    D .1; 0/
    D 1 [by (1)],

    where in (3), that is, multiplication of complex numbers, we used x1 D 0, x2 D 0, y1 D 1, y2 D 1.

    (I2) i 3 D i 2 i D .1/  i D i:

    Here we used (I1) in the second equality. To get (I3), we apply (I2) twice:

    (I3) i 4 D i 2 i 2 D .1/  .1/ D 1:

    (I4) i 5 D i 4 i D 1  i D i;

    and the pattern repeats itself as summarized in the table below.


    We use (7), p. 610, in the following calculation:

    1 1 iN 1 .i / .1 C 0i /.0  i / 10C01 0011


    (I5) D D D D Ci 2 D 0  i D i:
    i i iN i .i / .0 C i /.0  i / 02 C 12 0 C 12

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