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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2859-2

Second edition
2020-02

Sampling procedures for inspection by

attributes —
Part 2:
Sampling plans indexed by limiting
quality (LQ) for isolated lot inspection
Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs —
Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés,
indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)

Reference number
ISO 2859-2:2020(E)

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


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© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions, and symbols and abbreviated terms.................................................................................. 2
3.1 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................... 3
4 Choice of sampling plan................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Choice of limiting quality (LQ)................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.3 Obtaining a sampling plan............................................................................................................................................................. 6
5 Acceptance and non-acceptance........................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Drawing of samples.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5.2 Acceptance of lots.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5.3 Disposition of non-accepted lots.............................................................................................................................................. 7
5.4 Accepted lots with one or more nonconforming units or nonconformities....................................... 7
5.5 Resubmitted lots..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6 Sampling for nonconformities................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.1 Sampling for nonconformities for lots with correlation of the nonconformities........................... 7
6.2 Sampling for nonconformities for lots without correlation of the nonconformities................... 8
6.3 General advice on sampling for nonconformities...................................................................................................... 8
7 Examples........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
7.1 Example of sampling for nonconforming items.......................................................................................................... 8
7.2 Example of sampling for nonconformities for lots with correlation......................................................... 8
7.3 Example of sampling for nonconformities for lots without correlation................................................. 9
8 Additional information about the tables..................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1 Tables 8 to 15 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.2 Tables 16 and 17 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Annex A (informative) Statistical properties of single sampling plans..........................................................................37
Annex B (informative) Calculation of the statistical indices......................................................................................................40
Annex C (informative) Information on technical background of confidence intervals.................................45
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www​.iso​.org/​iso/​foreword​.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC  69, Application of statistical methods,
Subcommittee SC 5, Acceptance sampling.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 2859-2:1985), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— inclusion of a sampling plan for the number of nonconformities per item in the lot;
— extension of the range of preferred LQ values from the original range "0,5 0,8 1,25 2 3,15 5 8
12,5 20 31,5 to the new one "0,05 0,008 0,125 0,2 0,315 0,5 0,8 1,25 2 3,15 5 8 12,5
20 31,5 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000 3 150";
— tables of shortest length confidence intervals for lot proportion nonconforming under confidence
levels 0,95 and 0.99;
— new technical annexes: Annex A on "Statistical properties of single sampling plans", Annex B on
"Calculation of the statistical indices" and Annex C on "Information on technical background of
confidence intervals".
A list of all parts in the ISO 2859 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2859-2:2020(E)

Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes —

Part 2:
Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality (LQ) for
isolated lot inspection

1 Scope
This document specifies an acceptance sampling system for inspection by attributes indexed by limiting
quality (LQ). The sampling system is used for lots in isolation (isolated sequences of lots, an isolated
lot, a unique lot or a short series of lots), where switching rules, such as those of ISO 2859-1, are not
applicable. Inspection levels, as provided by ISO 2859-1 to control the relative amount of inspection, are
not provided in this document. In many industrial situations, in which switching rules might be used,
they are not applied for a number of reasons, not all of which might be valid:
a) production is intermittent (not continuous);
b) production is from several different sources in varying quantities, i.e. “job lots”;
c) lots are isolated;
d) lots are resubmitted after inspection.
The sampling plans in this document are indexed by a series of specified values of limiting quality (LQ),
where the consumer’s risk (the probability of acceptance at the LQ) is usually below 0,10 (10 %), except
in some instances.
This document is intended both for inspection for nonconforming items and for inspection for
nonconformities per 100 items.
It is intended to be used when the supplier and the consumer both regard the lot to be in isolation. That
is, the lot is unique in that it is the only one of its type produced. It can also be used when there is a
series of lots too short for switching rules to be applied.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO  2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by
acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
ISO 3534-1, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in
probability
ISO 3534-2, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 2: Applied statistics

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


3 Terms and definitions, and symbols and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO  2859-1, ISO  3534-1 and
ISO 3534-2 apply. For ease of reference, some terms are quoted from these standards.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
3.1.1
consumer´s risk
CR
probability of acceptance when the quality level has a value stated by the acceptance sampling plan as
unsatisfactory
Note  1  to  entry:  For the purposes of this document, the consumer's risk is approximately 0,10 or 10  % in
percent scale.

[SOURCE: ISO 3534‑2:2006, 4.6.2, modified — The symbol has been deleted; the original Note has been
deleted; and the new Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.1.2
consumer’s risk quality
CRQ
quality of a lot or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan, corresponds to a specified consumer’s
risk (3.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the consumer's risk quality is mostly equated to the limiting
quality (LQ) (3.1.3).

[SOURCE: ISO 3534‑2:2006, 4.6.9, modified — The symbol has been deleted; in the definition, “quality
level of a lot or process” has been replaced with “quality of a lot or process”; the original Note has been
deleted; and the new Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.1.3
limiting quality
LQ
quality level, when a lot is considered in isolation, which, for the purposes of acceptance sampling
inspection, is limited to a low probability of acceptance
[SOURCE: ISO 3534‑2:2006, 4.6.13]
3.1.4
producer´s risk
PR
probability of non-acceptance when the quality level has a value stated by the plan as acceptable
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the producer's risk is approximately 0,05 (5 %), and never
exceeds 0,05 (5 %).

[SOURCE: ISO  3534‑2:2006, 4.6.4, modified — The symbol has been deleted; the original Note 1 and
Note 2 have been deleted; and the new Note 1 to entry has been added.]

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


3.1.5
producer´s risk quality
PRQ
quality level of a lot or process which, in the acceptance sampling plan, corresponds to a specified
producer´s risk (3.1.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 3534‑2:2006, 4.6.10, modified — The symbol has been deleted; the original Note 1 and
Note 2 have been deleted; and the new Note 1 to entry has been added.]

3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms

Ac acceptance number

CR (β) consumer´s risk

CRQ consumer’s risk quality

D number of nonconforming items (or nonconformities) in the population or lot

d number of nonconforming items (or nonconformities) found in a sample from a lot

LQ limiting quality

N lot size

n sample size

OC operating characteristic

p lot proportion nonconforming or average number of nonconformities per item in the lot

P probability

Pa probability of acceptance

PR (α) producer´s risk

PRQ producer´s risk quality

σ2 variance of a statistical distribution

µ mean of a statistical distribution

4 Choice of sampling plan

4.1 General
The following procedures shall be followed in advance of acceptance sampling.
a) The value of the limiting quality (LQ) shall be specified in accordance with 4.2.
b) The lot size shall be determined.
The sampling plan to be used shall be found in accordance with 4.3.
By reference to Tables 1 to 4, an applicable sampling plan is identified from the lot size (N) and the
limiting quality (LQ).
With the specified lot size and the limiting quality as indexing values, the sample size n and the
acceptance number Ac are given in Tables 1 to 4.

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


Although the primary index to Tables 1 to 4 is the limiting quality (LQ), the producer/supplier needs
guidance on the quality level required if lots are to have a high probability of acceptance.

Table 1 — Table of sampling plans — LQ from 0,05 to 0,8

Limiting quality LQ in percentage nonconforming
Lot size or average number of nonconformities per 100 items
0,05 0,08 0,125 0,2 0,315 0,5 0,8
16 to 25 n, Ac → → → → → → →
26 to 50 n, Ac → → → → → → →
51 to 90 n, Ac → → → → → → →
91 to 150 n, Ac → → → → → → 150,   0
151 to 280 n, Ac → → → 252,   0 252,   0 200,   0 170,   0
281 to 500 n, Ac → → 450,   0 450,   0 287,   0 280,   0 220,   0
501 to 1 200 n, Ac 1 080,   0 1 080,   0 720,   0 684,   0 510,   0 380,   0 255,   0
1 201 to 3 200 n, Ac 1 800,   0 1 710,   0 1 400,   0 956,   0 653,   0 430,   0 280,   0
3 201 to 10 000 n, Ac 3 690,   0 2 501,   0 1 676,   0 1 087,   0 699,   0 450,   0 315,   0
10 001 to 35 000 n, Ac 4 306,   0 2 762,   0 1 793,   0 1 132,   0 717,   0 500,   0 500,   1
35 001 to 150 000 n, Ac 4 535,   0 2 850,   0 1 830,   0 1 146,   0 800,   0 800,   1 500,   1
150 001 to 500 000 n, Ac 4 583,   0 2 869,   0 1 838,   0 1 250,   0 1 250,   1 800,   1 800,   3
>500 000 n, Ac 4 601,   0 2 876,   0 2 000,   0 2 000,   1 1 250,   1 1 250,   3 1 250,   5

Table 2 — Table of sampling plans — LQ from 1,25 to 31,5

Limiting quality LQ in percentage nonconforming
Lot size or average number of nonconformities per 100 items
1,25 2 3,15 5 8 12,5 20 31,5
16 to 25 n, Ac → → → 25,   0 17,   0 13,   0 9,   0 6,   0
26 to 50 n, Ac → 50,   0 50,   0 28,   0 22,   0 15,   0 10,   0 6,   0
51 to 90 n, Ac 90,   0 50,   0 44,   0 34,   0 24,   0 16,   0 10,   0 8,   0
91 to 150 n, Ac 90,   0 80,   0 55,   0 38,   0 26,   0 18,   0 13,   0 13,   1
151 to 280 n, Ac 130,   0 95,   0 65,   0 42,   0 28,   0 20,   0 20,   1 13,   1
281 to 500 n, Ac 155,   0 105,   0 80,   0 50,   0 32,   0 32,   1 20,   1 20,   3
501 to 1 200 n, Ac 170,   0 125,   0 125,   1 80,   1 50,   1 32,   1 32,   3 32,   5
1 201 to 3 200 n, Ac 200,   0 200,   1 125,   1 125,   3 80,   3 50,   3 50,   5 50,   10
3 201 to 10 000 n, Ac 315,   1 200,   1 200,   3 200,   5 125,   5 80,   5 80,   10 80,   18
10 001 to 35 000 n, Ac 315,   1 315,   3 315,   5 315,   10 200,   10 125,   10 125,   18 80,   18
35 001 to 150 000 n, Ac 500,   3 500,   5 500,   10 500,   18 315,   18 200,   18 125,   18 80,   18
150 001 to 500 000 n, Ac 800,   5 800,   10 800,   18 500,   18 315,   18 200,   18 125,   18 80,   18
>500 000 n, Ac 1 250,   5 1 250,   10 1 250,   18 800,   18 500,   18 315,   18 200,   18 125,   18

Table 3 — Table of sampling plans — LQ from 50 to 3 150,

without correlation of nonconformities
Limiting quality LQ in average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lot size (model without correlation of the nonconformities)
50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000 3 150
16 to 25 n, Ac 4,  0 3,  0 3,  1 2,  1 2,  3 2,  5 2,  10 2,  17 2,  29 2,  50
26 to 50 n, Ac 5,  0 5,  1 3,  1 3,  3 3,  5 3,  10 3,  17 2,  18 2,  29 2,  50
51 to 90 n, Ac 8,  1 5,  1 5,  3 5,  5 5,  10 5,  18 3,  18 2,  18 2,  29 2,  50
91 to 150 n, Ac 8,  1 8,  3 8,  5 8,  10 8,  18 5,  18 3,  18 2,  18 2,  29 2,  50
151 to 280 n, Ac 13,  3 13,  5 13,  10 13,  18 8,  18 5,  18 3,  18 2,  18 2,  29 2,  50
281 to 500 n, Ac 20,  5 20,  10 20,  18 13,  18 8,  18 5,  18 3,  18 3,  29 3,  50 3,  82

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


Table 3 (continued)
Limiting quality LQ in average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lot size (model without correlation of the nonconformities)
50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000 3 150
501 to 1 200 n, Ac 32,  10 32,  18 20,  18 13,  18 8,  18 5,  18 5,  31 5,  51 5,  84 5,  141
1 201 to 3 200 n, Ac 50,  18 32,  18 20,  18 13,  18 8,  18 8,  31 8,  51 8,  84 8,  141 8,  229
3 201 to 10 000 n, Ac 50,  18 32,  18 20,  18 13,  18 13,  31 13,  51 13,  84 13,  141 13,  229 13,  374
10 001 to 35 000 n, Ac 50,  18 32,  18 20,  18 20,  31 20,  51 20,  84 20,  141 20,  229 20,  374 20,  593
35 001 to 150 000 n, Ac 50,  18 32,  18 32,  31 32,  51 32,  84 32,  242 32,  229 32,  374 32,  593 32,  959
150 001 to 500 000 n, Ac 50,  18 50,  31 50,  51 50,  84 50,  141 50,  229 50,  374 50,  593 50,  959 50,  1 524
>500 000 n, Ac 80,  31 80,  51 80,  84 80,  143 80,  231 80,  374 80,  607 80,  959 80,  1548 80,  2 455

Table 4 — Table of sampling plans — LQ from 50 to 3 150,

with correlation of nonconformities
Limiting quality LQ in average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lot size (model with correlation of the nonconformities)
50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000 3 150
16 to 25 n, Ac 5,  0 4, 0 3,  0 2,  0 2,  1 2,  2 2,  3 2,  6 2,  10 2,  16
26 to 50 n, Ac 5,  0 5,  1 4,  1 3,  1 3,  2 3,  4 3,  8 3,  13 3,  18 2,  18
51 to 90 n, Ac 8,  1 6,  1 5,  2 5,  3 5,  6 5,  11 4,  13 3,  13 3,  18 2,  18
91 to 150 n, Ac 9,  1 8,  2 8,  4 8,  7 8,  13 6,  14 4,  14 3,  14 3,  18 2,  18
151 to 280 n, Ac 13,  2 13,  5 13,  9 13,  15 9,  15 6,  15 5,  17 4,  18 3,  18 2,  18
281 to 500 n, Ac 20,  5 20,  9 20,  15 13,  15 9,  15 7,  17 5,  18 4,  18 3,  21 3,  33
501 to 1 200 n, Ac 32,  10 32,  17 22,  17 14,  17 10,  17 7,  18 5,  18 5,  29 5,  47 5,  75
1 201 to 3 200 n, Ac 50,  17 32,  17 22,  17 15,  18 10,  18 8,  21 8,  35 8,  56 8,  91 8,  145
3 201 to 10 000 n, Ac 53,  18 34,  18 23,  18 15,  18 13,  25 13,  41 13,  67 13,  105 13,  170 13,  270
10 001 to 35 000 n, Ac 53,  18 34,  18 23,  18 20,  26 20,  43 20,  70 20,  113 20,  178 20,  287 20,  454
35 001 to 150 000 n, Ac 53,  18 34,  18 32,  28 32,  46 32,  75 32,  121 32,  196 32,  309 32,  496 32,  783
150 001 to 500 000 n, Ac 53,  18 50,  29 50,  47 50,  78 50,  125 50,  201 50,  325 50,  510 50,  819 50,  1 292
>500 000 n, Ac 80,  30 80,  50 80,  81 80,  132 80,  211 80,  338 80,  544 80,  854 80,  136 9 80,  2 160

4.2 Choice of limiting quality (LQ)

The purpose of this document is to guard against unsatisfactory quality. In this document, the limiting
quality (LQ) is the parameter used to protect against unsatisfactory quality. The sampling plans in this
document have a probability of accepting the lot at the LQ at approximately 10 %. In this document, the
sampling tables are indexed by a set of specified limiting quality values. If the user's chosen LQ value
is not among the specified ones, then an applicable LQ value can be found as the lower bound of the
intervals provided in Tables 5 to 7, as the use of a higher standard LQ than the user specified LQ would
lead to a probability of acceptance higher than 10 %. (See EXAMPLE 1.)

Table 5 — Ranges of LQ values,

from 0,00 (lower) 0,05 (upper) to 0,8 (lower) 1,25 (upper)
Limiting quality (LQ) in percentage nonconforming
Value type
or average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lower bound 0,00 0,05 0,08 0,125 0,2 0,315 0,5 0,8
Upper bound 0,05 0,08 0,125 0,2 0,315 0,5 0,8 1,25

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


Table 6 — Ranges of LQ values,

from 1,25 (lower) 2 (upper) to 31,5 (lower) 50 (upper)
Limiting quality (LQ) in percentage nonconforming
Value type
or average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lower bound 1,25 2 3,15 5 8 12,5 20 31,5
Upper bound 2 3,15 5 8 12,5 20 31,5 50

Table 7 — Ranges of LQ values,

from 50 (lower) 80 (upper) to 2 000 (lower) 3 150 (upper)
Limiting quality (LQ) in percentage nonconforming
Value type
or average number of nonconformities per 100 items
Lower bound 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000
Upper bound 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 250 2 000 3 150

EXAMPLE 1  

For a product, the limiting quality has been set at 3,5 percentage nonconforming (3,5 %). This is a nonspecified
value and it shall be converted to the specified value of 3,15, since 3,5 lies in the interval of 3,15  <  LQ  <  5 in
Table 6.

EXAMPLE 2  

For a product, the limiting quality has been set at 12 nonconformities per 100 items. This a nonspecified value
and it shall be converted to the specified value of 8, since 12 lies in the interval of 8 < LQ < 12,5 in Table 6.

4.3 Obtaining a sampling plan

A sampling plan is identified by:
a) the inspection context;
b) the lot size;
c) the limiting quality; and
d) the consumer´s risk.
The inspection context shall distinguish between:
1) inspection for nonconforming items; and
2) inspection for nonconformities.
In the case of inspection for nonconformities, distinguish between the cases where the lot is considered
as a lot:
i) with correlation of the nonconformities (see 6.1); or
ii) without correlation of the nonconformities (see 6.2).
The applicable sample size n and acceptance number Ac shall be found in the appropriate table using
the lot size, the specified limiting quality (LQ) and the consumer’s risk (0,10).

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ISO 2859-2:2020(E)


5 Acceptance and non-acceptance

5.1 Drawing of samples

The items selected for the sample shall be drawn from the lot by simple random sampling. When the lot
consists of sub-lots or strata, identified by some rational criterion, stratified sampling shall be used in
such a way that the number of items sampled is proportional to the number of items in the sub-lot or
stratum.

5.2 Acceptance of lots

All items in the sample shall be inspected and the number of nonconforming items (or the total number
of nonconformities) shall be counted.
Acceptability of a lot shall be determined by the use of the obtained sampling plan. If the number of
nonconforming items (or the total number of nonconformities) found in the sample is less than or equal
to the acceptance number Ac, the lot shall be accepted, otherwise the lot shall not be accepted.

5.3 Disposition of non-accepted lots

The disposition of lots not accepted shall be agreed in advance by all interested parties.

5.4 Accepted lots with one or more nonconforming units or nonconformities

If a lot has been accepted, the right is reserved not to accept any item found nonconforming or having
nonconformities during the acceptance sampling inspection that led to lot acceptance.

5.5 Resubmitted lots

A lot that has been inspected but not accepted shall only be resubmitted for re-inspection if:
a) the purchaser is satisfied that the number of nonconforming items or the total number of
nonconformities is sufficiently low, e.g., by reworking; and
b) all interested parties agree.
The responsible authority shall determine the method of re-inspection to be applied (i.e. the LQ
and the associated consumer’s risk) and whether re-inspection shall include all types or classes of
nonconformities or only those that caused the initial non-acceptance.

6 Sampling for nonconformities

This document is also applicable for sampling for nonconformities, which will be distinguished
depending on the respective dispersion structure.

6.1 Sampling for nonconformities for lots with correlation of the nonconformities
Nonconformities tend to cluster on particular items. This means:
— the occurrence of a nonconformity on an item increases the likelihood of finding further
nonconformities on that item;
— the total number of nonconformities in a lot is rather unevenly distributed over the items in the lots
(see example in 7.2).
For further information on the sampling distribution, see Annex A.

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