ADVANCED COMMUNICATION

September 2, 2022

COMMUNICATION

 Oral Communication – spoken; spontaneous type of communication; needed in times that we

need immediate response
 Written Communication – printed/written; prepared communication; easier to correct mistakes
1. Connotation – there is more to wit than what is mentioned, implied meaning
2. Denotation – literal meaning
 Communication is not always a two-way process.
 We can only tell if communication is effective if there is feedback.

Elements of Communication

1. Speakers (Who?)
2. Media (How?)
Both oral and written (sender)
- Discussions
Oral (sender) while written (receiver)
- Livestreaming
3. Message (What?)
4. Feedback (What’s Next?)
- Acknowledging – to let the speaker know if we received the message.
- Affirming - agreeing
- Negating – disagreeing
5. Nonverbal and Paraverbal Context (In what way?)

Nonverbal – observable but not audible

- body language (posture)

- distance between speakers
- hand gestures

Paraverbal – audible excluding the message itself

- volume – how high or low we deliver the message

- pitch – changes in intonation
- inflexion – the way or form of delivery (the speed of the delivery of the message, the stress
of the syllables, the overall way of delivery)

Models of Communication

1. SCHRAMM’S Model
- Signal – the flow of communication
- Noise – barriers of communication:
 1. Physical Noise – external factors (external to the speakers, literal noise); ex: animal
sounds
2. Physiological – internal factors (does not include the mental state of the speakers); ex:
hunger, the overall being of the speaker, temperature (too hot or too cold can affect the
speaker), mouth deformation (mispronunciation)
3. Psychological – internal factor exclusively the mental state of the speakers; ex: stress,
nervousness, worries, attention span, pressure, interest
4. Semantic – is also known as language barriers; ex: lack of common language among the
speakers, mispronunciation, use of jargons, grammatical errors, slang, coinage,
generational language, variation of accents, local dialect [diction – words used]

2. ARISTOTLE’S Model

Proposed by Aristotle at 300 B.C. The lecture classes during 300 B.C, is teacher-centered,
meaning the information is coming from the students. While during this 21 st century, a good
teacher inside the classroom is going to impose student-centered, meaning most of the information
will be spoken by the students.

1. Speaker
2. Speech
3. Audience
4. Effect

ACRONYMN:

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Alexander the Great

- in 21st century, a good teacher inside the classroom is going to impose student-centered
(most information should come from the students than teachers)

- in Aristotle’s period, teaching is teacher-centered, which reflected in this model

- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great (SPA or SPAA)

THREE CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR COMMUNICATION:

Ethos pertains to credibility of the speaker, or mastery. The knowledge from the topic they will discuss.

 Heretic (nagbibigay ng teaching, pero mali tinuturo) ethos is not visible in this kind of
communication.

Pathos is the establishment of connection between the speaker and the audience. You let the audience
relate to what you are saying or to your own self.
  Example: A professor using examples of the topics in her class wherein the students can
relate. (CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SPEAKER AND THE AUDIENCE, OR CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE MESSAGE AND THE AUDIENCE)

Logos pertains to the content of the speech, as long as there is a speech, there is logos.

 Example: News report (Obtaining lot of information for the content of the news)

- SUMMARY. An effective linear communication should include:

o Ethos – credibility or mastery of the speaker

o Pathos – establishment of the connection between the speaker, or message itself,

and the audience (emotional bond, can the audience relate?)

o Logos – the content of the speech

3. BERLO’S Model

1. Source

 Communication Skills
 Attitudes
 Knowledge
 Social System (We need schema or background/ general environment about the country)
 Culture (We need schema or background/ general environment about the country) Try to
learn something about them, and try not to do or say anything that can cause problems,
misunderstanding or troubles.
2. Message

 Elements
 Structure
 Content
 Treatment
 Code
3. Channel

 Seeing
 Hearing
 Touching
 Smelling
 Tasting
4. Receiver

 Communication Skills
 Attitudes
 Knowledge
 Social System
 Culture
Theories of Communication

Law explains something, it is absolute, general and establish.

Hypothesis or Theories is different from law. It is not proven yet but they showcase reasons of
other possibilities.
 Altercasting is a theory that states that speech forces someone in a social role and the person
will be inclined to behave to where they are.
Manded Altercasting – When a person or group will place you in a position wherein
your actions and your speech will be based on. Manded Altercasting is when a new or
existing role is made more prominent and told directly to people.
Tact Altercasting – You are the one who will decide to your actions or speech. Tact Altercasting is a
more passive way in forcing people to accept certain roles.
 Argumentation states that speech is created in order for us to argue or dispute messages that
we disagree with. It is present because the world is not at peace. Our individuality is the reason
of our argumentation.
Utopia meaning at peace, same, and no disagreements. A utopia is an imagined
community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its
citizens. One could also say that utopia is a perfect "place" that has been designed so
there are no problems. A world in which everything and everyone works in perfect
harmony. Hence, any place or state of ideal perfection.
Dystopia is the opposite of eutopia. It is an imagined state or society in which there is
great suffering or injustice, or a speculated community or society that is undesirable or
frightening.

 Classical Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. The goal of speech is to let another person have the
same idea as yours. Propaganda technique is present at some situation. You make others
believe what you believed.
 Model Text Comprehension it is exclusive in written communication, it can be use for literature
or messages. Denotation pertains to what is literal. While connotation is implied or contextual.
We can get information from three different sources:
Text (literal)
Creator of literature/ Author (contextual)
Readers themselves (contextual)

It describe and explain the processes involved in understanding and remembering verbal
information. Three groups of variables impact text comprehension: the characteristics of the
text itself; the prior knowledge, working memory, and interest of the reader; and the demands
of the specific task or situation.

SUMMARY:

These will tell us why we need to communicate in terms of oral and written communication.

1. Altercasting
 - states that speech forces someone in a social role

2 types of Altercasting:

a. Manded Altercasting – using speech to manipulate someone

b. Tact Altercasting – you are forcing yourself

2. Argumentation

- states that speech is made for us to argue

- argumentation exists because the world is not at peace, we argue because we disagree

3. Classical Rhetoric

- persuasion – always incorporated with propaganda techniques:

o bandwagon – what is the trend

o name-calling – opposite of card stocking

o card stocking – motivate someone with his capabilities

o testimonials – content creators endorsing a product

o humor – engage people with humor

This will tell us why we need to communicate exclusively in terms of written communication.

4. Model Text Comprehension

- Connotation - contextual

- Denotation - literal

a. text itself

b. author of the text

c. readers themselves

COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide. Globalization has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in
transportation and communication technology. The discovery that mark the turning point of
communication and globalization is Electromagnetic waves. It is the framework for wireless fidelity and
it ease the access for communication.

 Electromagnetic waves – framework for radio frequency, wireless signal, internet connection
(wireless fidelity); this discovery has marked the turning point of globalization in terms of
communication
 September 13, 2022

PROCESSES AND TERMINOLOGIES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Why Study Communication?

•To understand ourselves as social beings

-neocortex of human being is more developed than animals

•To understand ourselves as persons

-communication will show how you think and how other individuals think

•To gain personal competence

-upward – e.g., from employee to employer; required communication

-downward – e.g., from employer to employee

-outside – external communication, e.g., when your company needs to communicate with other
company

•To preserve cultural values

-culture and language are interrelated

Communication

-intended to be used verbally

-created for the purpose of speaking

-language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols in which a social group cooperates.; language is the tool,
communication is the experience

-arbitrary – no meaning at the beginning

Process of Communication

1. ENCODING

-pre-requisite process; the very first process of communication

-anything you do before you speak is considered as encoding (queuing); preparation for verbal or
paraverbal communication

2. TRANSMITTING

-we are actually producing speech

-e.g., the movement of mouth, the part of brain sending signals to mouth

-one of the malfunctions of the brain is called APHASIA – a condition where a person has difficulties in
producing or understanding speech

-Broca's area is also known as the motor speech area responsible of speech production

-Broca’s aphasia – difficulties of producing speech

3. RECEIVING

-assessment of any existence of barriers/noise

4. DECODING

-Wernicke's area is the part of the brain responsible for speech comprehension

-Speech Act Theory by J.L. Austin (1962):

O Locution – the literal speech or message from the speaker

O Perlocution – however the speech was understood by the speaker

O Illocution – the general function of the speech (inspiring, instructing, inquiring, enlightening,
informing, narrating); the effect of the locutionary and perlocutionary acts

O Meta locution – analysis of the speech based on prosodic features (non-verbal and paraverbal)

5. RESPONDING

-response is anticipated by the sender from the receiver