Wind Load Clauses, Formulas and Equations - Part-1

evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³, †deªæqvwi 11, 2021 3125
such as greenhouses, where special scaffolding is used as a work surface for

workmen and materials during maintenance and repair operations, a lower roof load
than specified in Eq. 6.2.2 shall not be used unless approved by the authority having
jurisdiction. On such structures, the minimum roof live load shall be 0.60 kN/m2.
67 5 6 @1 @ (0.60 ≤ 67 ≤ 1.00) (6.2.2)
67 5 reduced roof live load per m2 of horizontal projection in kN/m2

Where,
The reduction factors @1 and @ shall be determined as follows:

@1 5 1 for " ≤ 18.58 m2
5 1.2 − 0.011 " for 18.58 m2 < " < 55.74 m2
5 0.6 for "≥ 55.74 m2
" 5 tributary area in m2 supported by any structural member and
@ 5 1 for & ≤ 4
5 1.2 − 0.05F for 4 < & < 12
5 0.6 for & ≥ 12
For a pitched roof, & 5 0.12 × slope, with slope expressed in percentage points
and, for an arch or dome, & 5 rise-to-span ratio multiplied by 32.
2.3.14.2 Special purpose roofs.

Roofs that have an occupancy function, such as roof gardens, assembly purposes, or
other special purposes are permitted to have their uniformly distributed live load
reduced in accordance with the requirements of Sec 2.3.13.
2.4 Wind Loads

2.4.1 General
Scope: Buildings and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting
System (MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and
constructed to resist wind loads as specified herein.
Allowed Procedures: The design wind loads for buildings and other structures,
including the MWFRS and component and cladding elements thereof, shall be
determined using one of the following procedures:
Method 1: Simplified Procedure as specified in Sec 2.4.2 for buildings and
structures meeting the requirements specified therein;
Method 2: Analytical Procedure as specified in Sec 2.4.3 for buildings and
structures meeting the requirements specified therein;
Method 3: Wind Tunnel Procedure as specified in Sec 2.4.16.
BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

3126 evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³, †deªæqvwi 11, 2021
Wind Pressures Acting on opposite faces of each building surface. In the calculation
of design wind loads for the MWFRS and for components and cladding for buildings,
the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on opposite faces of each building surface
shall be taken into account.
Minimum Design Wind Loading
The design wind load, determined by any one of the procedures specified in Sec
2.4.1, shall be not less than specified in this Section.
Main Wind-Force Resisting System: The wind load to be used in the design of the
MWFRS for an enclosed or partially enclosed building or other structure shall not be
less than 0.5 kN/m2 multiplied by the area of the building or structure projected onto
a vertical plane normal to the assumed wind direction. The design wind force for
open buildings and other structures shall be not less than 0.5 kN/m2 multiplied by the
area .
Components and Cladding: The design wind pressure for components and cladding
of buildings shall not be less than a net pressure of 0.5 kN/m2 acting in either
direction normal to the surface.
2.4.2 Method 1: Simplified Procedure
2.4.2.1 Scope
A building whose design wind loads are determined in accordance with this Section
shall meet all the conditions of Sec 2.4.2.2 or Sec 2.4.2.3. If a building qualifies only
under Sec 2.4.2.3 for design of its components and cladding, then its MWFRS shall
be designed by Method 2 or Method 3.
Limitations on Wind Speeds: Variation of basic wind speeds with direction shall not
be permitted unless substantiated by any established analytical method or wind
tunnel testing.
2.4.2.2 Main wind-force resisting systems
For the design of MWFRSs the building must meet all of the following conditions:
(1) The building is a simple diaphragm building as defined in Sec 2.1.3.
(2) The building is a low-rise building as defined in Sec 2.1.3.
(3) The building is enclosed as defined in Sec 2.1.3 and conforms to the wind-
borne debris provisions of Sec 2.4.9.3.
(4) The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Sec 2.1.3.
(5) The building is not classified as a flexible building as defined in Sec 2.1.3.

(6) The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to a
cross wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter;
and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting
in the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration.
(7) The building has an approximately symmetrical cross-section in each
direction with either a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with g ≤ 45 .
(8) The building is exempted from torsional load cases as indicated in Note 5
of Figure 6.2.10, or the torsional load cases defined in Note 5 do not
control the design of any of the MWFRSs of the building.
2.4.2.3 Components and cladding
For the design of components and cladding the building must meet all the
following conditions:
(1) The mean roof height ℎ must be less than or equal to 18.3 m (ℎ ≤ 18.3 m).
(2) The building is enclosed as defined in Sec 2.1.3 and conforms to wind-
borne debris provisions of Sec 2.4.9.3.
(3) The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in Sec
2.1.3.
(4) The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to
across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or
flutter; and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or
buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special
consideration.
(5) The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with g ≤ 45 , or a hip roof
with g ≤ 27 .
2.4.2.4 Design procedure
(1) The basic wind speed shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.4.
The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction.
(2) An importance factor . shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.5.
(3) An exposure category shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.3.
(4) A height and exposure adjustment coefficient, h shall be determined from
Figure 6.2.2.

2.4.2.4.1 Main wind-force resisting system: Simplified design wind pressures,

W , for the MWFRSs of low-rise simple diaphragm buildings represent the net
pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied to the horizontal and
vertical projections of building surfaces as shown in Figure 6.2.2. For the
horizontal pressures (zones A, B, C, D), W is the combination of the windward
and leeward net pressures. W shall be determined by the following equation:
W 5 h0/" .W 2= (6.2.3)
Where,
h 5 adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figure
6.2.2
0/" 5 topographic factor as defined in Sec 2.4.7 evaluated at mean roof
height, ℎ
. 5 importance factor as defined in Sec 2.4.5
W 2= 5 simplified design wind pressure for Exposure , at ℎ 5 9.1 m,
and for . 5 1.0, refer to Figure 6-2 of ASCE 7-05.
Minimum Pressures: The load effects of the design wind pressures from this
Section shall not be less than the minimum load case from Sec 2.4.2.1 assuming
the pressures, W , for zones A, B, C, and D all equal to + 0.5 kN/m2, while
assuming zones E, F, G, and H all equal to zero kN/m2.
2.4.2.4.2 Components and cladding: Net design wind pressures, W)<" , for the
components and cladding of buildings designed using Method 1 represent the
net pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied normal to each
building surface as shown in Figure 6.2.3. W)<" shall be determined by the
following equation:
W)<" 5 h0/" .W)<"2= (6.2.4)
Where,
h 5 adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figure
6.2.3
0/" 5 topographic factor as defined in Sec 2.4.7 evaluated at mean roof
height, h
. 5 importance factor as defined in Sec 2.4.5
W)<"2= 5 net design wind pressure for Exposure , at ℎ 5 9.1 m, and for
. 5 1.0, refer to Figure 6-3 of ASCE 7-05.

Minimum Pressures: The positive design wind pressures, W*P± , from this Section
shall not be less than +0.5 kN/m2, and the negative design wind pressures, W)<" ,
from this Section shall not be less than −0.5 kN/m2.
2.4.2.4.3 Air permeable cladding
Design wind loads determined from Figure 6.2.3 shall be used for all air
permeable cladding unless approved test data or the recognized literature
demonstrate lower loads for the type of air permeable cladding being
considered.
2.4.3 Method 2: Analytical Procedure
2.4.3.1 Scopes and limitations
A building or other structure whose design wind loads are determined in
accordance with this Section shall meet all of the following conditions:
(1) The building or other structure is a regular-shaped building or structure
as defined in Sec 2.1.3.
(2) The building or other structure does not have response characteristics
making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due
to galloping or flutter; or does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
warrant special consideration.
The provisions of this Section take into consideration of the load magnification
effect caused by gusts in resonance with along-wind vibrations of flexible
buildings or other structures. Buildings or other structures not meeting the
requirements of Sec 2.4.2, or having unusual shapes or response characteristics
shall be designed using recognized literature documenting such wind load
effects or shall use the wind tunnel procedure specified in Sec 2.4.16.
2.4.3.2 Shielding
There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure due to apparent shielding
afforded by buildings and other structures or terrain features.
2.4.3.3 Air permeable cladding
Design wind loads determined from Sec 2.4.3 shall be used for air permeable
cladding unless approved test data or recognized literature demonstrate lower
loads for the type of air permeable cladding being considered.

2.4.3.4 Design procedure
(1) The basic wind speed and wind directionality factor 0 shall be
determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.4.
(2) An importance factor . shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.5.
(3) An exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure
exposure coefficient 0/ or 03 , as applicable, shall be determined for each
wind direction in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.
(4) A topographic factor 0/" shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.4.7.
(5) A gust effect factor , or , , as applicable, shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 2.4.8.
(6) An enclosure classification shall be determined in accordance with Sec
2.4.9.
(7) Internal pressure coefficient , ! shall be determined in accordance with
Sec 2.4.10.1.
(8) External pressure coefficients ! or , ! , or force coefficients , as
applicable, shall be determined in accordance with Sections 2.4.10.2 or
2.4.10.3, respectively.
(9) Velocity pressure X/ or X3 , as applicable, shall be determined in accordance
with Sec 2.4.9.5.
(10) Design wind load ; or & shall be determined in accordance with Sec
2.4.11.
2.4.4 Basic Wind Speed

The basic wind speed, used in the determination of design wind loads on
buildings and other structures shall be as given in Figure 6.2.1 except as
provided in Sec 2.4.4.1. The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal
direction.
2.4.4.1 Special wind regions
The basic wind speed shall be increased where records or experience indicate
that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in Figure 6.2.1.
Mountainous terrain, gorges, and special regions shall be examined for unusual
wind conditions. The authority having jurisdiction shall, if necessary, adjust the
values given in Figure 6.2.1 to account for higher local wind speeds. Such
adjustment shall be based on adequate meteorological information and other
necessary data.
2.4.4.2 Limitation
Tornadoes have not been considered in developing the basic wind-speed
distributions.

2.4.4.3 Wind directionality factor
The wind directionality factor, 0 shall be determined from Table 6.2.12. This
factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations
specified in this Chapter.
Figure 6.2.1 Basic wind speed (V, m/s) map of Bangladesh

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evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³, †deªæqvwi 11, 2021 3125

such as greenhouses, where special scaffolding is used as a work surface for

67 5 reduced roof live load per m2 of horizontal projection in kN/m2

The reduction factors @1 and @ shall be determined as follows:

2.3.14.2 Special purpose roofs.

2.4 Wind Loads

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

2.4.2.4.1 Main wind-force resisting system: Simplified design wind pressures,

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

2.4.4 Basic Wind Speed

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

Figure 6.2.1 Basic wind speed (V, m/s) map of Bangladesh

BNBC 2020 Part VI Chapter 2

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