Stone Age

 This period is named after the main technological tool developed at that time which is stone.
 The art of the Stone Age represents the first accomplishments in human creativity, preceding
the invention of writing. Dahil nga wala pang writing system nung panahong ito, nalilimitahan
yung understanding natin nung art and culture na meron dati.
 It illustrates early human creativity through small portable objects, cave paintings, and early
sculpture and architecture.

Characteristics

 Cave paintings and engravings - The images are predominately depictions of animals, human
hand prints, and geometric patterns. The animals that they carve are the more intimidating
ones. These paintings could be creative recordings of nature, factual recordings of events, or
part of some spiritual ritual , but scholars generally agree there is a symbolic and/or religious
function to cave art.
 Fertility goddesses - Venus figurines—an umbrella term for a number of prehistoric female
statuettes portrayed with similar physical attributes—were very popular at the time. They have
been seen as religious figures, an expression of health and fertility, grandmother goddesses, or
as self-depictions by female artists.
 Megalithic structures - Megaliths (large stones - also known as petroforms) were used to create
cyclopean Stone Age monuments.

Chief Artists and major Works

 Lascaux Cave Painting - consisting mostly of animal representations, are among the finest
examples of art from the Upper Paleolithic period.
 Woman of Willendorf – also called Venus of Willendorf or Nude Woman is an upper Paleolithic
female figurine found in 1908 at Willendorf, Austria. It has been suggested that she is a fertility
figure, a good-luck totem, a mother goddess symbol, or an aphrodisiac made by men for the
appreciation of men.
 Stonehenge - Probably the world's most famous individual example of megalithic art, the
Neolithic stone monument at Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, in England. As
to why Stonehenge was built in the first place, archeologists believe it was probably a
multifunctional site of Neolithic tomb culture, involved in burial, ancestor worship and healing.

Mesopotamian

 Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is
today Iraq and Kuwait. Mesopotamians are noted for developing one of the first written scripts
around 3000 BCE: wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay tablets.
 Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian civilizations.
 Evidence shows extensive use of technology, literature, legal codes, philosophy, religion, and
architecture in these societies.
Characteristics

 Warrior Art and Narration Art and narration in stone relief

o These are slabs of clay that were used as architectural elements like wall facings. On
these sculptures, there were names of rulers, sort of like hieroglyphic inscriptions.
o Many rulers that were carved into these slabs are on different monuments.
o These hieroglyphics show their right to rule and other matters like their power.
o There have also been examples of the carved pieces being used sort of like a timeline or
a narrative scene. These were also used for tombs.

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Standard of Ur – is a Sumerian artifact which is a box, the two large sides of which show aspects
of life in early Mesopotamia. The purpose of the object remains unknown.
 Gate of Ishtar – an enormous burnt-brick entryway located over the main thoroughfare in the
ancient city of Babylon (now in Iraq).
 Stele of Hammurabi's Code – a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial
interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Hammurabi's
Code was carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was looted by
invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901.

Cuneiform: One of the earliest known forms of written expression that began as a system of
pictographs.

Egyptian

 Ancient Egyptian art is the painting, sculpture, and architecture produced by the civilization in
the Nile Valley from 5000 BCE to 300 CE.
 Ancient Egyptian art reached considerable sophistication in painting and sculpture , and was
both highly stylized and symbolic.

Characteristics

 Art with an afterlife focus - Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments;
hence, the emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past. Egyptian
art is also based on afterlife for the sake of their rulers and to show pride or respect for their
gods or who they worshiped; the Egyptians were obsessed with immorality. Their paintings were
mainly consistent of hieroglyphics and they tell stories of the deceased.

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Imhotep - "the one who comes in peace" was an Egyptian chancellor to the Pharaoh Djoser,
probable architect of Djoser's step pyramid, and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. Very
little is known of Imhotep as a historical figure, but in the 3,000 years following his death, he
was gradually glorified and deified.
 Step Pyramid - an architectural structure that uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the
ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid.
  Great Pyramids - is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex
bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. The pyramid was built as a tomb for
the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu
 Bust of Nefertiti - The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the
Great Royal Wife of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten. It is one of the most-copied works of ancient
Egypt.

Romanticism

 (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement
that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century
 romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as
glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical.

Characteristics

 The triumph of imagination and individuality - The nature of Romanticism may be approached
from the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. To express these
feelings, it was considered that content of art had to come from the imagination of the artist,
with as little interference as possible from "artificial" rules dictating what a work should consist
of.

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Caspar David Friedrich - was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally
considered the most important German artist of his generation. The importance the Romantics
placed on emotion is summed up in his remark, "the artist's feeling is his law".
 Theodore Gericault - was an influential French painter and lithographer, whose best-known
painting is The Raft of the Medusa. Although he died young, he was one of the pioneers of the
Romantic movement.
 Eugene Delacroix - the greatest French Romantic painter, whose use of colour was influential in
the development of both Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painting.
 J.M.W Turner - known in his time as William Turner,[a] was an English Romantic painter,
printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colourisations, imaginative
landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings.
 Benjamin West - was an American artist, who painted famous historical scenes such as The
Death of Nelson, The Death of General Wolfe, and Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from
the Sky.

Realism

 Was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution.
  Artists felt that they should portray political, social, and moral issues, without glorifying the past
or presenting romantic views of the present. The artists presented familiar scenes as they
actually appeared, hence REALISM.
 The attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality, and avoiding artistic
conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.
 Realist works depicted people of all classes in situations that arise in ordinary life, and often
reflected the changes wrought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions.
 Realist works of art are those that, in revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such
as works of social realism, regionalism, or Kitchen sink realism.

Characteristics

Celebrating working class and peasants - Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and
exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Instead it sought to portray real and
typical contemporary people depictions of 'real' life Realist painters used common laborers, and
ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works

en plein air - or plein air painting, is the act of painting outdoors. This method contrasts with studio
painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein air' painting
is credited to Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - was a French landscape and portrait painter as well as a printmaker in
etching. He is a pivotal figure in landscape painting and his vast output simultaneously references the
Neo-Classical tradition and anticipates the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet - was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-
century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic
convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.
 Honoré-Victorin Daumier - was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, whose many works
offer commentary on the social and political life in France, from the Revolution of 1830 to the
fall of the second Napoleonic Empire in 1870.
 Jean-François Millet - was a French artist and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural
France. Millet is noted for his paintings of peasant farmers and can be categorized as part of the
Realism art movement.

Impressionism

 A major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during
the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
 Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group
of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques.
 The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism was an attempt to accurately and
objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color.

Characteristics
Capturing fleeting effects of natural light – this movement put emphasis on accurate depiction of light
in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time)

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Oscar-Claude Monet - was a French painter, a founder of French Impressionist painting and the
most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's
perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein air landscape painting.
The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant
(Impression, Sunrise)
 Édouard Manet - was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to
paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir - was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the
Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said
that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to
Watteau."
 Camille Pissarro - was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the
island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His
importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism.
 Mary Stevenson Cassatt - was an American painter and printmaker. Cassatt often created
images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds
between mothers and children. She was described by Gustave Geffroy as one of "les trois
grandes dames" (the three great ladies) of Impressionism alongside Marie Bracquemond and
Berthe Morisot.
 Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot - was a French painter and a member of the circle of painters in
Paris who became known as the Impressionists.
 Edgar Degas - was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.
Degas also produced bronze sculptures, prints and drawings. Degas is especially identified with
the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. Although Degas is regarded as
one of the founders of Impressionism, he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist, and
did not paint outdoors as many Impressionists did.

Post Impressionism

 is a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from
the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism.
 Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic
depiction of light and colour.
 The movement was led by Paul Cézanne (known as father of Post-impressionism), Paul Gauguin,
Vincent van Gogh, and Georges Seurat.

Chief Artists and Major Works

 Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin - was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after
his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that
were distinct from Impressionism.
 Vincent Willem van Gogh - was a Dutch post-impressionist painter who posthumously became
one of the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In a decade, he
created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of which date from the
last two years of his life.
 Georges-Pierre Seurat - was a French post-Impressionist artist. He is best known for devising the
painting techniques known as chromoluminarism as well as pointillism.
 Paul Cézanne - was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the
foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new
and radically different world of art in the 20th century. He is said to have formed the bridge
between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic
enquiry, Cubism.