Chapter 2

PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department

Pateros, Metro Manila
CHAPTER 2
Related Literatures
Chapter 2
Related Literatures
Jambolan also known as Duhat is rich in several plant constituents such as
anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin. The seeds
also confirm to contain alkaloids, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin. Thus,
studies show that the seeds contain flavonoids, an antioxidant, which is useful in the
prevention of the accumulation of free radicals in the body and acts as a protection
against harmful substances.
Reference: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library
of Medicine8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
Anthocyanin Pigments
In a study conducted, the colors of the rinds of Java plum and Mangosteen range
from red to dark purple. These fruits contain anthocyanins which is useful as natural
colorants. In the methods, sugar palm fruit jam was used as the basis for the color
changes of the fruit rinds. Results showed that the rinds of Java Plum and Mangosteen
produced color
Java Plum (Syzgium cumini) as an Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers
Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

1
Reference: Rina Yenrina, Kesuma Sayuti and Tuty Anggraini, 2016. Effect of
Natural Colorants on Color and Antioxidant Activity of "Syzgium cumini" (Jambolan
Fruit) Jam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 15: 1061-1066.
Quantitative Evaluation Of Rubus Fruit Anthocyanin Pigments

Another study showed the quantitative evaluation of Rubus fruit anthocyanin
pigments. The distribution of individual anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of
43 Rubus clones was determined by TLC and densitometry.
Reference: Scientific Paper No. 4629. Washington State University, College of

Agriculture Research Center Project 0051.
Determination of Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Pigment Content of Fruit Juices,

Beverages, Natural Colorants, and Wines by the pH Differential Method
A collaborative study was used to determine the total monomeric anthocyanin
concentration using the pH differential method, which is a rapid and simple
spectrophotometric method based on the anthocyanin structural transformation that
occurs with a change in pH (colored at pH 1.0 and colorless at pH 4.5).
Reference: Scientific Paper No. 4629. Washington State University, College of

Agriculture Research Center Project 0051.
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol, is another chemical found in dry-erase
markers. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is a solvent--a chemical that dissolves other

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substances and mixes with other solvents easily. IPA is found in many household
products, including rubbing alcohol, cleaners, glue, paint and inks. Like most types of
alcohol, isopropanol is highly flammable; never expose dry-erase markers to an open
flame. Inhaling the fumes of a dry-erase marker can cause both long-term and short-
term health hazards, such as irritation to the mucous membranes, confusion and
possibly kidney or liver problems .
Reference: https://sciencing.com/list-6040398-chemicals-dry-erase-markers.html
How to Make Recycled Ink From Fruits
Nature can provide for everyday needs such as writing ink. Traditional ink sources
include flower petals and tree bark, and though fruit sources are less traditional, they also
make for useful ink.
This study aimed to find other chemicals to substitute toxic substances found in
conventional highlighter ink. The study was designed to compare the performace of the
test inks and that of a commercial brand ink. This study was also aimed to test if the inks
will be able and ready to be introduced into the market
Reference: The Complete Book of Herbs"; Lesley Bremness; 1988
Plants that have ink properties

s or a fun, safe ink anyone can use, crush a few berries. Strawberries, raspberries,
blueberries and a variety of other berry fruits are often used to create a wide range of ink
colors, including red or blue.
Reference: Condy, Sienna. "Plants That Have Ink Properties" sciencing.com,
https://sciencing.com/plants-that-have-ink-properties-13428086.html. 2 March 2020.

3
Effectiveness of Java Plum as an Natural Colorant

Chemical nature, stability and bioefficacies of anthocyanins from fruit peel of syzygium
cumini Skeels.The high antioxidant activity and relatively high stability of the pigments
make S. cumini a potential source of natural colourant as well as antioxidants.
Reference: Walsh, Elliot. "Effectiveness of Java Plum as an Natural Colorant
sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/effectiveness-of-Java-Plum-as-an-Natural-Colorant-
724480.html. 2 March 2020.
Extraction of natural anthocyanin and colors from pulp of jamun fruit
In this present study, natural pigment and colors from pulp of jamun fruit were extracted
under different extraction conditions such as extraction temperature (40–60 ˚C), time
(20–100 min) and solid–liquid ratio (1:10–1: 15 g/ml) by aqueous extraction method.
Three factors with three levels Box-Behnken response surface design was employed to
optimize and investigate the effect of process variables on the responses (total
anthocyanin and color.
Reference: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of
Medicine8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA

4

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PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL

Junior High School Department

Jambolan also known as Duhat is rich in several plant constituents such as

against harmful substances.

Reference: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library

of Medicine8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA

Java Plum (Syzgium cumini) as an Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers

Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

Natural Colorants on Color and Antioxidant Activity of "Syzgium cumini" (Jambolan

Fruit) Jam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 15: 1061-1066.

Quantitative Evaluation Of Rubus Fruit Anthocyanin Pigments

pigments. The distribution of individual anthocyanin pigments in the fruits of

43 Rubus clones was determined by TLC and densitometry.

Reference: Scientific Paper No. 4629. Washington State University, College of

Determination of Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Pigment Content of Fruit Juices,

concentration using the pH differential method, which is a rapid and simple

spectrophotometric method based on the anthocyanin structural transformation that

occurs with a change in pH (colored at pH 1.0 and colorless at pH 4.5).

Reference: Scientific Paper No. 4629. Washington State University, College of

Isopropanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol, is another chemical found in dry-erase

markers. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is a solvent--a chemical that dissolves other

Java Plum (Syzgium cumini) as an Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers

Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

alcohol, isopropanol is highly flammable; never expose dry-erase markers to an open

possibly kidney or liver problems .

How to Make Recycled Ink From Fruits

make for useful ink.

will be able and ready to be introduced into the market

Reference: The Complete Book of Herbs"; Lesley Bremness; 1988

Plants that have ink properties

Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

Effectiveness of Java Plum as an Natural Colorant

724480.html. 2 March 2020.

Extraction of natural anthocyanin and colors from pulp of jamun fruit

Java Plum (Syzgium cumini) as an Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers

Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

Java Plum (Syzgium cumini) as an Alternative Ink for Whiteboard Markers

Presto, Malapit, Granada, Briagas, Tayong (S.Y.; 2019 - 2020)

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