Research Final 1

HYBRID FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior Highschool Department
Binangonan Catholic College
Binangonan,Rizal
In Partial Fulfillment
for the subject Research in Daily Life 1 and 2
of the strand
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
CATAHAN, MARIA FRANCIA R.
CEÑIDO, MARC ANTHONY C.
LASTICA, GERALYN MAE F.
URREA, ARMAND JAMES A.

Binangonan Catholic College Research Paper
Binangonan, Rizal Senior High School
SY.2019-2021 Research in Daily Life 1 and 2
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This chapter contains a discussion of the background of the study,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, hypothesis, conceptual
framework, scope and limitations, significance of the study and definition of terms
Background of the Study
A Hybrid is the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or
varieties, such as a mule, Hybrid vegetable is created when plant breeders
intentionally cross-pollinate two different varieties of a plant, aiming to produce
an offspring, that contains the best traits of each of the parents. Cross-pollination
is a natural process that occurs within members of the same plant species.
Hybrid fruits are created through the controlled speciation of fruits that creates
new varieties and cross-breeds. Hybrids are grown using plant propagation to
create new cultivars. This may introduce an entirely new type of fruit or improve
the properties of an existing fruit. Fruits are an excellent source of
essential vitamins and minerals, and they are high in fiber. Fruits also provide a
wide range of health-boosting antioxidants, including flavonoids.
In natural populations, hybridization can act in opposition to divergence,
introduce adaptive variation into a population, drive the evolution of stronger
reproductive barriers. Hybridization is purposefully employed in the breeding of
2
domesticated plants to take advantage of transient hybrid vigor, move desirable
variation among lineages, and generate novel phenotypes. With the advent of
next-generation sequencing and the availability of genomic data sets has come a
tide of interest in hybridization and introgression. This includes the development
of methods for detecting gene flow and a steadily growing set of empirical studies
of natural hybridization
Payseur and Rieseberg (2016) as well as a shift toward thinking of
phylogenies as reticulate webs rather than strictly bifurcating trees. One reason
for this trend is that genomic data are particularly well suited to address the
problem of detecting gene flow. Another is the growing recognition that
hybridization is widespread and may have significant evolutionary consequences,
a long-held belief about plants that is increasingly extended to animals.
The study of hybridization in plants has a rich history. Verne Grant (1981) noted
that much of the historical work on hybridization in plants could be partitioned into
cataloging the frequency of hybridization and exploring the evolutionary
consequences of hybridization. To this day, this research on hybridization still
focuses on these two themes. In plants, scientific identification of hybrids is
thought to have begun in 1716,
The Researchers goal is to draw connections between the conception and
development of ideas in plant hybridization and the recent and future work in
3
these areas. This update is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the
literature; rather, the researchers hope to present a handful of research areas
that combine rich histories of botanical and evolutionary thought with exciting
recent advancements. In particular, The researchers consider the ways in which
genomic data have changed how the researchers think about hybridization in
plants and highlight areas that the researchers believe are especially accessible
to genomic study. The researchers also recognize that, while genomic data
provide previously inaccessible insight into the evolutionary history of plant
populations, they are most powerful when combined with classical experiments
Statement of the problem
This Study of hybrid fruits and vegetables aims to conduct pilot
hybridization and to determine the possible outcome of this method. It aims to
answer the following questions What is the outcome of Ordinary Plant breeding?.
What are the difference of Hybrid fruits and vegetables in terms of their
characteristics (color, shape, size, appearance, texture and smell)
Objectives of the study
This study of Hybrid Fruits and Vegetables aimed to answer the following:
1.The important role of the Hybridization to improve the economy
4
2.The Effectiveness of Hybridization to change something to a plant to be much
better than it is actual appearance
3. To identify the variation of the two vegetables and two fruits
Hypothesis
This study will take the form of a null hypothesis. In which there’s no
significant difference between ordinary breeding and hybridization of plant, the
study aims to test the possibility of breeding fruits and vegetables using the
hybridization process to a two different type of plant, there’s a possibility to
having unique characteristics (color, shape, size, appearance, texture and smell)
that ordinary fruits and vegetable cannot.
5
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1.Gathering of the 1. Applying Cross-

Materials Pollination
 Seeds of lemon 2. Capsule merging
pomegranate 3.Planting
and
Flower from 4. Proper plant care HYBRID
FRUITS
Bottle gourd, silk
Squash 5.Giving the needs of AND
 Plant pots Plants(water, sunlight
 Garden trowel and fertilizer) VEGETABLES
 Loam soil
 Paint brush 6.Analyzation of Data
 Capsule
 Polyethylene 7.Validation of Data
Tape
2. The fruits that will 8.Instrumentation of Data
Use Lemon and
Pomegranate
3. The Vegetables that
will use Bottle gourd
and silk squash
FEEDBACK
Figure 1.
6
Research Paradigm about the process of hybridization of fruits and

vegetables
This research follows IPO Format (Input, Process, Output) where in the
input, the researchers made a process that was arranged in order to produce a
hybrid fruits and vegetables. The researchers gathered materials that should be
used in the study that was shown in the figure 1, including the fruits (lemon and
pomegranate) and vegetables (bottle gourd, silk squash) that will use to perform
hybridization.
In Process, the researchers will apply cross-pollination in bottle gourd and
silk squash to produce hybridised vegetables and be planted on months or a
year. Then by applying capsule merging, the lemon and pomegranate will
combine inside the capsule to incorporate and plant it on months or a year. To
assure that the plant will be taken care to produce a hybrid fruits and vegetables
with proper water absorption, sunlight and fertilizer. The researchers will analyze
the data by collecting the opinions of the respondents, checking of validity of the
study.
In output, it is the outcome of the study which the researchers figured out
the unique physical appearance of hybrid fruits and vegetables their size, color,
shape texture and smell through observation.
Scope and Limitations
7
This study will take months or a year (It will depends how long the plant
will grow), to see the result, The researchers will use pollination process to
combine the traits of two different kind of vegetables(Bottle gourd and Silk
Squash) while type of fruits(Lemon and Pomegranate) two different are in
capsule merging where in the two different seeds will confine inside the capsule
and plant it, Pollination is the process in which pollen is transferred from the male
part of a plant to the female part of a plant. The researchers will base only in the
observation of physical appearance and the characteristics of the hybrid fruits
and vegetables.
Significance of the Study
To the Farmers, this can be great for those working in agriculture as they
can reap greater crops and make more money and to obtain information in
hybridization of fruits and vegetables.
To the Economy needs, this study will help them to gain sufficient
knowledge to have business that has something unique because now a days
when their something new, the people want to try or talk about it. There are so
curious how does it works
8
To the Future researchers, this study is also substantial to the future
scientist as a head start for extracting new set of ideas in hybridizing two different
types of plants
To the Researchers themselves, the study is important for the researchers
to learn more about the process of hybridization of plants and to help them grow
more knowledge, understanding and wisdom.
Definition of terms
The key terms in the study are given the following operational definitions.
Genomic data- it is an analysis to determine the function of specific genes.
Hybridization- the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of
another species or variety.
Novel phenotypes- is a new or different feature of an organism. These traits
come from the different way genes combine and interact with each other
Phylogenies- A similar model or diagram delineating the development of a
cultural feature.
Ordinary plant breeding- Is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in
order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes.
9
Cross pollination- pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower
or plant.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This Chapter shows the different kind of literature regarding the foreign
literature of hybridization of fruits and vegetables and ordinary breeding. This first
part of the Review Deals with the hybridization of fruits and vegetables and
ordinary breeding including some historical and latest events of information about
hybridization the importance and its function. The Second part deals with the
purpose of Hybridization and Ordinary Breeding and effectiveness of cross-
pollination are our focus in the variables.
Hybridization
According to The Journal of Xi’an Polytechnic University (2015) It is
pointed out that appropriate hybridization is beneficial to the richness,
development and promotion of culture, and also to advocating the equality,
difference and pluralism of culture under the background of globalization.
According to B.Goulet, F.Roda, and R.Hopkins (N.A) Hybridization has
played an important role in the evolution of many lineages. With the growing
10
availability of genomic tools and advancements in genomic analyses, it is
becoming increasingly clear that gene flow between divergent taxa can generate
new phenotypic diversity, allow for adaptation to novel environments, and
contribute to speciation. Hybridization can have immediate phenotypic
consequences through the expression of hybrid vigor. On longer evolutionary
time scales, hybridization can lead to local adaption through the introgression of
novel alleles and transgressive segregation and, in some cases, result in the
formation of new hybrid species. Studying both the abundance and the
evolutionary consequences of hybridization has deep historical roots in plant
biology. Many of the hypotheses concerning how and why hybridization
contributes to biological diversity currently being investigated were first proposed
tens and even hundreds of years ago. In this Update, we discuss how new
advancements in genomic and genetic tools are revolutionizing our ability to
document the occurrence of and investigate the outcomes of hybridization in
plants.
According to The International Journal of Cultural Studies 8 (2), 175-193,
(2005) discussed that Hybridization has become part of an ongoing trend in
cultural production, with both the globalization and localization of the culture
industry. Hybridization, however, is not merely the mixing, blending and
synthesizing of different elements that ultimately forms a culturally faceless
11
whole. In the course of hybridization, cultures often generate new forms and
make new connections with one another.
According to Ehrlich and Wilson (1991) and Rieseberg (1995), Natural
hybridization is an important process in plant evolution. It has been estimated
that 30–70 % of all flowering plant species have hybridization events in their
phylogenetic histories Therefore, hybrid zones are interesting models for
studying the evolution of reproductive barriers, the role of selection in maintaining
species differences and how phenotypic traits differ between hybridizing
populations (Abbott et al. 2013; Arnold 2014).
According to Soltis PS, et al. Annu Rev Plant Biol. (2009). The importance
of hybridization in plant speciation and evolution has been debated for decades,
with opposing views of hybridization as either a creative evolutionary force or
evolutionary noise. Hybrid speciation may occur at either the homoploid (i.e.,
between two species of the same ploidy) or the polyploid level, each with its
attendant genetic and evolutionary consequences. Whereas allopolyploidy (i.e.,
resulting from hybridization and genome doubling) has long been recognized as
an important mode of plant speciation, the implications of genome duplication
have typically not been taken into account in most fields of plant biology. Recent
developments in genomics are revolutionizing our views of angiosperm
genomes, demonstrating that perhaps all angiosperms have likely undergone at
least one round of polyploidization and that hybridization has been an important
12
force in generating angiosperm species diversity. Hybridization and polyploid
formation continue to generate species diversity, with several new allopolyploids
having originated just within the past century. The origins of polyploid species-
whether via hybridization between species or between genetically differentiated
populations of a single species-and the immediate genetic consequences of
polyploid formation are therefore receiving enthusiastic attention. The time is
therefore right for a review of the role of hybridization in plant speciation.
Ordinary Plant breeding
According to Gepts, Hancock (2006) and Moose, Muhm (2008) Varshney
et al. (2009) Plant breeding is an applied multidisciplinary science. It uses
different knowledge areas to generate, select and fix phenotypes in the
development process for obtaining cultivars that better adjust to producer’s and
consumer’s needs. The main objectives of plant breeding are increasing yield,
nutraceutical quality and commercial value traits. To achieve them, different
alternate alleles found in the wild and native populations of each species could
be used, because they underwent different evolutionary and domestication
processes, following human needs.
According to A.Halluer (2011) Plant breeding is considered one of the
longest ongoing activities undertaken by humans, who select plants more
productive and useful to themselves and the animals for at least 10,000 years
13
ago. The evolution of civilizations paralleled the success of plant breeding,
although this has not been recognized by the public. The reason may be lack of
understanding of what plant breeding encompasses. The concept of plant
breeding evolved, depending on the time it was formulated, but without losing the
essence of being art and science of manipulating plants for man. This review
discusses the evolution of the concepts and the methods of plant breeding, here
divided arbitrarily into selection based on phenotypes, breeding values and
genotypes. No matter how big the pool of genetic information in recent years, the
phenotype will continues to be important in the present and future. Key words:
concepts of plant breeding, phenotypes, breeding values, genotypes.
B.Ansaldi,S.Franks,J.Weber (2018), Plant breeding systems can vary
widely among populations, yet few studies have investigated abiotic factors
contributing to variation across a broad geographic range. They investigate
variation in reproductive traits of Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae), a species
that exhibits dimorphic cleistogamy, a condition in which individual plants have
both closed (selfing: cleistogamous: CL) and open (selfing or outcrossing:
chasmogamous: CH) flowers. Chasmogamous production is theorized to be
more costly because CH flowers have a larger exposed surface area and thus
are more likely to lose more water than CL flowers.. These results support the
hypothesis that variation in the environment drives variation in breeding system
14
allocation. Our broad geographic analyses provide a framework for mechanistic
studies of cleistogamy, and employ a novel approach for examining reproductive
traits and environmental variation at large scales. Given that two major
components of our models were temperature and precipitation, our study further
emphasizes the potential for ongoing climate change to alter plant breeding
systems.
Cross-Pollination
According to D. K. Ahrent, C. E. Caviness (1994) Previous experiments
have shown that some cross‐pollination (usually <1%) occurs in soybean
[Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under field conditions. Information is needed on a
broader spectrum of germplasm to determine if genotypes differ significantly for
this trait and should be managed differently to produce genetically pure seed in
small plots bordered by other genotypes, Twelve soybean cultivars differing in
maturity were evaluated during two growing seasons to determine the extent of
cross‐pollination under field conditions where both honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
and indigenous insect populations were present. Flower color, pubescence color,
and quintafoliolate leaves were used as genetic markers to measure extent of
15
cross‐pollination when plants were grown in adjacent rows 102 cm apart. In
maturity group (MG) IV, cultivars did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) for percent
cross‐pollination in 1990, but were different in 1991 and when the 2 yr were
combined. ‘Competitor’ was significantly higher for percent cross‐pollination
(1.22%) than the other cultivars within this MG. Cultivars within MG V and V1
differed significantly in 1990 but were not different in 1991. Based on a 2‐yr
average, cross‐pollination varied from a low of 0.09% for ‘Walters’ to a high of
1.63% for ‘Brim’. Results show that cultivars differ significantly (P > 0.05) in the
extent of cross‐pollination and as much as 2.5% outcrossing may occur in MG IV,
V, and VI cultivars in some environments where adequate pollinators are present
and other conditions are favorable. Based on these results, soybean breeders
should use greater isolation of initial progeny rows and breeder seed of a new
cultivar than has commonly been used in the past because of the increased
potential for outcrossing of some cultivars.
According to Craig et al. (2008), Aheto et al. (2011), Kleppin et al. (2011)
and Bialozyt (2012). For instance, GIS has been used to map the distribution of
GMO crops, to model gene flow between genetically modified and conventional
field or natural environment due to cross-pollination, and to relate these data with
additional environmental data on climate, soil, and agricultural patterns or
conservation areas containing protected species and habitats. Additionally, GIS
16
has been be used to support sites selection for environmental monitoring, to
manage coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic farming, as well
as with nature conservation issues contributing in the For instance, GIS has been
used to map the distribution of GMO crops, to model gene flow between
genetically modified and conventional field or natural environment due to cross-
pollination, and to relate these data with additional environmental data on
climate, soil, and agricultural patterns or conservation areas containing protected
species and habitats Additionally, GIS has been be used to support sites
selection for environmental monitoring, to manage coexistence of GM crops with
conventional and organic farming, as well as with nature conservation issues
contributing in the determination of the isolation distances needed to assess
feasibility of coexistence measures. GMO monitoring has been also
complemented by a Web-based geo-information system.
According to A. Huwadens, G. Pufal, A. Bogehols, M. Klein. The Journal
of Agricultural Science. Issue 5, Vol 152. pp 770-778 (2014) Winter oilseed rape
(Brassica napus) is an important crop for human consumption and biofuel
production and its production is increasing worldwide. It is generally assumed
that cross-pollination by insects increases oilseed rape yield but testing of this
has been restricted to a few rapeseed varieties and produced varying results.
The present study determines whether cross-pollination benefits a number of
17
oilseed rape varieties by comparing yield in the presence and absence of insects.
Four rapeseed varieties (Sherlock, Traviata, Treffer and Visby) were used with
ten individuals each in four pollination treatments: (1) supplementary hand-
pollination, (2) open pollination with insects able to access the flowers, (3) wind
pollination and (4) autonomous self-pollination. Across all four varieties, open
and supplementary hand-pollination treatments resulted in higher fruit set,
numbers of seeds per pod and seed yield compared with wind and self-
pollination. The cross-pollination benefits, however, differed among rapeseed
varieties: Treffer and Visby had a higher dependence on open (insects) and
supplementary cross-pollination than Sherlock and Traviata. Across all four
varieties, seed weight compensated for reduced fruit set and was highest when
plants were self-pollinated. The present results highlight the importance of
considering varietal differences in crop pollination research. Information on the
pollination requirements of crop varieties is required by farmers to optimize
management decisions in a world of increasing agropollination deficits.
According to L. Crespel, J. Mouchette (2017) Cross-pollination is the
process of applying pollen from one flower to the pistils of another flower.
Pollination occurs in nature with the help of insects and wind. This process can
also be done by hand to produce offspring with desired traits, such as colour or
pest resistance. To cross-pollinate it is necessary to prepare two different roses
18
that are at a similar stage of development. In general, in contrast to diploid roses
which are mostly self-incompatible, tetraploid roses are self-compatible. To
prevent self-pollination of the selected seed parent, the anthers (pollen sacs)
must be removed from the blooms before any pollen is released.This is best
accomplished at sunrise when blooms are in the one-third to one-half open
stage. First, all of the petals are removed. This procedure allows better access to
the centre of the flower. Next, with tweezers or small scissors, the anthers are
removed. If the variety selected as a seed parent will also be used as a pollen
parent with other roses, the anthers may be collected in a cup and placed
uncovered in a dry place where they will mature and release pollen by the next
day. After this operation of emasculation has been performed, the remaining
portion of the bud is covered with a white paper bag to prevent unwanted pollen
from reaching the stigmas.
According to The NBER Conference on Emerging Industries:
Nanotechnology and Nanolndicatros (2003) The emergence of new research
based organizational fields drives both scientific progress and economic growth.
The emergence of fields necessitates a movement of knowledge between
participants within the field, but little is known about the drivers and dynamics of
knowledge diffusion within emerging fields. Research has shown that
crosspollination of knowledge plays an important role in innovative processes.
19
However, these studies investigated cross-pollination at the team or individual
level or through case-studies of individual technologies while assuming that
cross-pollination occurred between concepts. In this paper we move the unit of
analysis to the level of the individual concept, and investigate how the cross-
pollination of concepts influences concept mobility. The paper, thus, extends the
literature’s consideration of the impact of cross-pollination on innovative
outcomes to investigating how cross-pollination influences knowledge dynamics.
Our setting is the crosspollination of knowledge between nanotechnology and
biotechnology, which yielded the new subfield nanobiotechnology. Drawing on a
large dataset of publications, patents and press releases between 1991 and
2005 we track how 133,128 concepts move from science to technology and
commercialization. We find strong support for the hypothesis that crosspollination
facilitates concept mobility. Scientists who reside in commercial firms generally
assist the mobility of concepts, but hinder the mobility of cross-pollinated
concepts.
SYNTHESIS
The researchers determine that the hybridization is still used in the
present to improve and to change something new to a plant or an individual.
Even though, tens and hundreds of years ago were performed the hybridization,
For now, advanced genomic and genetic tools revolutionizing ability to document
the occurrence and investigate the outcome of hybridization of plants.
20
The hybridization has been trend in cultural production to generate new
forms and make new connections with one another. The important process of
plant evolution is to examine two different barriers of different species and in
plant speciation. While in ordinary breeding is continue to be used to reproduce
another species and fix phenotypes and increasing yield of quality commercial
value traits by using alternative alleles. Ordinary Plant breeding is one of the
longest ongoing activities undertaken by humans and to have productive plants,
no matter how big the pool genetic information it can vary widely among
populations and employ novel approach for examine reproductive traits and
environmental variation at large scale.
The Cross-pollination is a knowledge plays an important role in innovative
processes. To cross-pollinate it is necessary to prepare two different flower from
a Plant that are at a similar stage of development. Cross-Pollination is effective
for combining the two different traits of plants that can produce another plant that
are more good than the old one.
21
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology utilized in the study. It includes a
discussion of the research design, locale of the study, Materials, research
instruments, procedures.
Research Approach
The type of this research is qualitative research where the researchers will
base in the respondent’s opinions about hybrid fruits and vegetables. The
approach of this study is case study where in the researchers will observe the
plant until it produce the results of the hybrid plant furthermore, the researchers
will observe the characteristics of the hybrid fruit (Color, Shape, Size, texture and
22
smell) and compare it to its original appearance so that the researchers will
differentiate the hybrid fruits and vegetables.
Research Design
This study will use experimental research design to determine the
effectiveness of the hybridization of fruits and vegetables to differentiate the
outcome of hybridization and ordinary breeding. Using of this method, this will
help to know the important role of hybridization to improve the environment.
Materials
NAME PICTURE
23
Flower of lemon, pomegranate and
seeds of bottle gourd and silk
squash
(male and female)
- Use to get the traits from
different fruits/ vegetables
Plant Pots
- It is used to plant plants
polyethylene tape
-It is used to sealed the two flowers
Garden Trowel
- A small hand tool to use for
digging, applying, moving a small
24
amounts of soil.
Loam Soil
- It is a combination soil,
normally equal parts of clay, silt, and
sand. It is suitable for growing most
plant varieties.
Paint brush
- It is used to transfer the female
pollen to the male pollen
Capsule
-It use to merge the two seeds to
combine their traits
Procedures
PROCEDURE (PLANT 1 Leomegranate)
1. Find a place that is suitable to plant
2. Gather the seed of lemon and pomegranate
3. After that put it inside a capsule and plant it
25
4. Water the plant and wait until it grows
PROCEDURE (PLANT 2 Bottle Silky Squash Gourd)
1. Plant the bottle gourd and the silky squash seeds until it grows and have
flower
2. Gather flowers from bottle gourd and silky squash. It should be male and
female flower
3.The flower should be matured enough to perform cross-pollination.
4. The Pollens of male flower will sprinkle to the stigma of female flower
5. The male flower overlie the female flower and sealed it with polyethylene tape
Setting of the study
This study will be conducted at Cequeña’s residence Brgy.Macamot,
Binangonan, Rizal. The researchers selected this location because this place is
good for gardening and have sufficient needs of plants.
Map of Cequeña’s Residence
26
Subject of the study
In this experimental study, The researchers will determine the
effectiveness of hybridization of fruits and vegetables by choosing 15
respondents from Binangonan public market. The respondents are mainly
composed of fruits and vegetables vendor. The researchers will ask them what is
more effective to the consumers if the hybrid ones or the original and what is
more preferable in terms of their characteristics (Color, Shape, Texture, Size and
Smell).
Instrumentation
This study will use quasi-experimental in which the research instruments
will use in the study are interview and observation. This chosen instruments will
27
be used in collecting of data to test validity and the differences of the research
study being conducted. Interviews will be used to meet face-to-face with vendors
to generate ideas if hybrid fruits and vegetables are effective to sell in their shop.
It is an interaction between the interviewer in which a written questions are stated
to develop responses from the interview.
28

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HYBRID FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Faculty of Senior Highschool Department

Binangonan Catholic College

for the subject Research in Daily Life 1 and 2

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

CATAHAN, MARIA FRANCIA R.

CEÑIDO, MARC ANTHONY C.

LASTICA, GERALYN MAE F.

URREA, ARMAND JAMES A.

THE PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This chapter contains a discussion of the background of the study,

statement of the problem, objectives of the study, hypothesis, conceptual

Background of the Study

A Hybrid is the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or

varieties, such as a mule, Hybrid vegetable is created when plant breeders

intentionally cross-pollinate two different varieties of a plant, aiming to produce

the properties of an existing fruit. Fruits are an excellent source of

wide range of health-boosting antioxidants, including flavonoids.

In natural populations, hybridization can act in opposition to divergence,

introduce adaptive variation into a population, drive the evolution of stronger

reproductive barriers. Hybridization is purposefully employed in the breeding of

domesticated plants to take advantage of transient hybrid vigor, move desirable

tide of interest in hybridization and introgression. This includes the development

Payseur and Rieseberg (2016) as well as a shift toward thinking of

problem of detecting gene flow. Another is the growing recognition that

hybridization is widespread and may have significant evolutionary consequences,

a long-held belief about plants that is increasingly extended to animals.

cataloging the frequency of hybridization and exploring the evolutionary

consequences of hybridization. To this day, this research on hybridization still

focuses on these two themes. In plants, scientific identification of hybrids is

thought to have begun in 1716,

The Researchers goal is to draw connections between the conception and

these areas. This update is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the

literature; rather, the researchers hope to present a handful of research areas

recent advancements. In particular, The researchers consider the ways in which

provide previously inaccessible insight into the evolutionary history of plant

Statement of the problem

This Study of hybrid fruits and vegetables aims to conduct pilot

hybridization and to determine the possible outcome of this method. It aims to

characteristics (color, shape, size, appearance, texture and smell)

Objectives of the study

1.The important role of the Hybridization to improve the economy

2.The Effectiveness of Hybridization to change something to a plant to be much

better than it is actual appearance

3. To identify the variation of the two vegetables and two fruits

significant difference between ordinary breeding and hybridization of plant, the

hybridization process to a two different type of plant, there’s a possibility to

that ordinary fruits and vegetable cannot.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.Gathering of the 1. Applying Cross-

Research Paradigm about the process of hybridization of fruits and

In Process, the researchers will apply cross-pollination in bottle gourd and

silk squash to produce hybridised vegetables and be planted on months or a

combine inside the capsule to incorporate and plant it on months or a year. To

shape texture and smell through observation.

Scope and Limitations

Squash) while type of fruits(Lemon and Pomegranate) two different are in

observation of physical appearance and the characteristics of the hybrid fruits

Significance of the Study