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BLEACH SALTWATER BATTERY

An Investigatory Project Report

Presented to

The Faculty of Saint Louis College Basic Education Schools (High School)

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements in Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

By:

ABENOJA, ABEGAIL NICOLE A.

ACOSTA, DANEALLE A.

CARIÑO, AARON CARL B.

CONCUBIERTA, DARMA A.

DACUMOS, DERICK D.

HUFALAR, JOSHUA ANGELO C.

LINO, CHRISTINE A.

QUE, JEZRELL C.

SIBUMA, GAIL JUSTINE R.

YANGUAS, MARGAUX N.

May 2019
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INDORSEMENT

This Investigatory Project Report entitled, BLEACH SALTWATER

BATTERY, prepared and submitted by ABEGAIL NICOLE A. ABENOJA,

DANEALLE A. ACOSTA, AARON CARL B. CARIÑO, DARMA A.

CONCUBIERTA, DERICK D. DACUMOS, JOSHUA ANGELO C.

HUFALAR, CHRISTINE A. LINO, JEZRELL C. QUE, GAIL JUSTINE R.

SIBUMA, and MARGAUX N. YANGUAS in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion, has been

examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral

Examination.

This is to certify that ABEGAIL NICOLE A. ABENOJA, DANEALLE

A. ACOSTA, AARON CARL B. CARIÑO, DARMA A. CONCUBIERTA,

DERICK D. DACUMOS, JOSHUA ANGELO C. HUFALAR, CHRISTINE

A. LINO, JEZRELL C. QUE, GAIL JUSTINE R. SIBUMA, and MARGAUX

N. YANGUAS are ready for Oral Examination.

MR. JEAN LAWRENCE S. RODRIGUEZ

Research Adviser

This is to certify that the research entitled, BLEACH SALTWATER

BATTERY, prepared and submitted by ABEGAIL NICOLE A. ABENOJA,

DANEALLE A. ACOSTA, AARON CARL B. CARIÑO, DARMA A.

CONCUBIERTA, DERICK D. DACUMOS, JOSHUA ANGELO C.

HUFALAR, CHRISTINE A. LINO, JEZRELL C. QUE, GAIL JUSTINE R.

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SIBUMA, and MARGAUX N. YANGUAS are recommended for Oral

Examination.

MR. RONALD L. DIMALIBOT MS. JOLINA MAY T. VILORIA

Panelist Panelist
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APPROVAL

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a Rating of

_____ % on _______________ (date).

MR. RONALD L. DIMALIBOT MS. JOLINA MAY T. VILORIA

Panelist Panelist

Accepted and approved as a major requirement in Inquiries,

Investigations, and Immersion.

MR. DANILO D. ROMERO

Principal, Basic Education Schools
Saint Louis College
City of San Fernando (La Union)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We profoundly thank the following whose support, guidance, and

encouragement enabled us to conduct and complete this study. The

researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the

following:

To Mr. Jean Lawrence S. Rodriguez and Ms. Dyan May T. Viloria,

our research advisers, for providing us invaluable guidance, comments

and suggestions throughout the course of this research.

To our panelists, Mr. Ronald L. Dimalibot, Ms. Jolina T. May

Viloria and Mrs. Charmaine Fernandez whose gifts of knowledge and

wisdom helped make sure this research is substantial in terms of

content and for reviewing and giving us recommendations for the

betterment of this study.

To our parents, for the countless motivations and for financially

supporting the conduct of this study.

To our class adviser, Mr. Erik R. De Mayo for the persistent

encouragements to finish this study.

Above all, to our Almighty God, for the countless blessings, love,

knowledge, wisdom and guidance as we went through this academic

endeavor.
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DEDICATION

We, the researchers, dedicate this study to our Almighty God, our

creator and source of wisdom, inspiration, and strength. Without Him,

this research will not be successful.

Second, we dedicate this research to our family who loves,

supports and guides us unconditionally throughout the making of this

research. At times of trouble, they are there to comfort and give us

encouragement to carry on.

Third, to our school, for being supportive and letting us use the

school facilities/properties in conducting this research. Its completion

and success is for the glory of its name.

Fourth, we dedicate this to ourselves, our fellow researchers, for all

the efforts, teamwork, patience, and wisdom that are put together to

make this research possible. All the misunderstandings, doubts,

sleepless nights, and frustrations will pay off.

We also dedicate this to all the people not mentioned who

contributed in this research success.

And most especially to the Lord our God who guided and showered

us blessings that gave way to the accomplishment of this project.

We are grateful for your guidance and unending support. Thank

you very much.

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RESEARCH ABSTRACT

Title: BLEACH SALTWATER BATTERY

Authors: ABEGAIL NICOLE A. ABENOJA

DANEALLE A. ACOSTA

AARON CARL B. CARIÑO

DARMA A. CONCUBIERTA

DERICK D. DACUMOS

JOSHUA ANGELO C. HUFALAR

CHRISTINE A. LINO

JEZRELL C. QUE

GAIL JUSTINE R. SIBUMA

MARGAUX N. YANGUAS

Adviser: MR. JEAN LAWRENCE S. RODRIGUEZ

Institution: Saint Louis College

Location: City of San Fernando (La Union)

Keywords: alternative, battery, bleach, eco-friendly, electricity,

energy, pollution, power source, saltwater,

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Abstract: This study was conducted to create an alternative, eco-

friendly, cheap and sustainable battery out of household materials such

as bleach, saltwater, containers, copper, and iron nails. Furthermore, the

purpose of this experimental research was to determine which among the

three formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery can be a source of energy.

The three formulations are: First, 150mL saltwater mixed with 50mL

bleach. Second, 100 mL saltwater mixed with 100 mL bleach and 50 L

saltwater with 150 mL bleach. The researchers conducted three trials; 15

seconds every 2 minutes to gather the data. The data were gathered

using a digital voltmeter and were recorded on a table then compared to

each other. Results revealed that Formulation B has produced higher

voltage than Formulation A. However, the difference between

Formulation B and C is insignificant because of the computed p-value is

greater than the alpha thus leading to a conclusion that the higher

amount of bleach present in the formulation, the higher voltage it can

produced.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………...

Indorsement …………………………………………………………………………….

Approval ………………………………………………………………………………….

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………..

Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………….

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………

List of Tables and Figures ……………………………………………………………

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………..

Background of the Study …………………………………………………………....

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………

Hypothesis ……………………………………………………………………………...

Research Paradigm ……………………………………………………………………

Scope and Delimitation of the Study ………………………………………………

Importance of the Study ……………………………………………………………..

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………………….

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II. METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Research Design ………………………………………………………………………

Data Collection and Instrumentation ……………………………………………

Tools for Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mean of the Voltages Produced by the Three Formulations of Bleach

Saltwater Battery ………………………………………………………………………

Difference among the Three Formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery in

terms of Voltages Produced ………………………………………………………….

IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………

Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………

REFERENCES ….………………………………………………………………………

APPENDICES

A ……………………………………………………………………………………………

B …………………………………………………………………………………………

C …………………………………………………………………………………………
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DOCUMENTATION ……………………………………………………………………

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………………………

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

1. Research Paradigm

2. Mean of the Voltages Produced by the Three Formulations of Bleach

Saltwater Battery

3. Difference among the Three Formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery

in terms of Voltages Produced

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

An ever growing population means an ever growing requirement for

energy. Nowadays, the massive need for energy cannot be denied. It is

essential in every walk of life. However, global primary energy

consumption grew strongly these years and the resources are continuing

to decline resulting to energy crisis. Furthermore, the consumption and

disposal of toxic energy sources are contributing to the pollution of the

environment. Knowing the dreadful fact that resources are continually

depleting and toxic metals are harming the environment as well as the

human health, the importance of alternative environment-friendly

sources cannot be underestimated. (Shahzad, 2012)

According to the Global Economic Symposium (2009), the potential

for crisis if the world runs out of energy is very real. In the past two

decades, proven gas reserves have increased by 70% and proven oil

reserves by 40%. At expected rates of demand growth, the world has

enough for thirty years supply, on top of this energy demand is expected

to grow by almost half over the next two decades and once resources

start running out, it will result to devastating consequences for the global

economy and global quality of life.

In the Philippines, “brownouts” frequently happen, referring to

voltage reductions, or also known as power outages or “blackouts.” Last

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June 2016, in Mindanao, blackouts and rolling brownouts are a regular

part of life for many of its 22 million citizens. (Schriver, 2017)

Hydropower in some places is reduced due to the seasonal dry spell, and

production facilities supplying power plants continue to shut down

because of the depletion of resources. This leads to rotating outages

among localities, fairly common in the southern island of Mindanao.

(Rood, 2015) Also, power interruptions during weekends in La Union,

specifically City of San Fernando, and some parts of Bauang and San

Juan are frequent in the province that has been quite a problem to

establishments and households. According to the National Grid

Corporation of the Philippines (2019), it has been reported that Luzon,

including La Union area is now on Red Alert because of the recent

earthquake, affecting the operations. Also, one of the main reasons for

power interruption is the low power reserve of NGCP. (LUECO, 2019) In

addition to this, Saint Louis College has installed its own solar panels to

provide for the institution’s electricity needs; however, there are still

instances that the energy from the panels is insufficient.

There are many sources available globally to supply energy among

countries and communities. However, most of these sources contain

toxic metals that are harmful to the environment. Ranked 7th of the 10

Environmental Issues Facing Our Planet is pollution of air, water and

soil caused by chemical compounds that take many years to breakdown.

Most of these chemicals are the by-products of our modern lifestyle and
 14

are created by industry and motor vehicle exhaust. Common toxic

substances include heavy metals, nitrates and plastic. (Planet Earth

Herald, 2014)

In the Philippines, heavy metal pollution of the Marilao-

Meycauayan-Obando River system (MMORS), located in the province of

Bulacan, Philippines, has caused environmental degradation and

numerous public health problems. The contamination of this waterway

comes from both formal and informal industries, such as used lead acid

battery recycling, gold and precious metals refining, jewelry making, and

open dumpsites. Many of these toxic metal pollutants far exceed national

standards and therefore create significant human health problems such

as muscle and joint pain, to anemia, nervous system disorders and in

acute cases, can even be fatal. (Tan, 2013)

Since batteries are used in everything from mobile phones to cars,

but are toxic when disposed and is takes many years to break down,

researchers are looking for lower-priced and non-toxic alternatives to

existing batteries. Now, studies are getting closer to being able to harness

one of nature’s most subtle, and important, phenomena: osmosis,

wherein water with a low concentration is being combined to a substance

with a higher concentration, producing energy. (Forbes, 2019)

As a team, the researchers have come up to an alternative energy

source with the use of a mixture of saltwater and Zonrox bleach (Sodium

Hypochlorite) original variant. With this simple mixture, it will be able to

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produce energy because of its electrolyte content that can be used to

power small appliances in the school or household.

Supporting this study are Republic Act No. 7648 or the Electric

Power Crisis Act of 1993, Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 and Republic Act No. 6969 or the Toxic

Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990.

RA 7648 is a provision in prescribing urgent related measures

necessary and proper to effectively address the electric power crisis. On

the other hand, RA 9003 is an act providing for an ecological solid waste

management program such as the proper segregation, collection,

transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid wastes and other

processes. Lastly, RA 6969 is an act to control or prohibit the toxic

substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes in the environment.

These acts support the study as it focuses on energy crisis, proper waste

management and pollution of toxic substances which the research aims

to mitigate.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine which between the three

formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery can be a source of energy.

Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What are the voltages produced by the three formulations of

Bleach Saltwater Battery?

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2. Is there a significant difference among the voltages produced by

the three formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference among the voltages produced by

the three formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery.

Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

Testing and
collection of
Three different
voltages produced
amounts of bleach
by the three Bleach Saltwater
combined with
formulations of Battery; an
three different
Bleach Saltwater alternative, cheap
amounts of
Battery; and eco-friendly
saltwater to
computation of power/energy
produce three
mean and multiple source
formulations of
t-test values with
Bleach Saltwater
Bonferroni
Battery
correction

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study aimed to cover the use of bleach saltwater mixtures as

an alternative and non-toxic producer of electricity or source of

alternative power. The study was also limited to the amount of voltage

and toxicity it produces compared to commercialized batteries. Copper

 17

wires were wrapped around iron nails and copper plate which were

hooked onto each space of the containers, in each container there were

saltwater mixed with bleach poured into them. As for testing, the

researchers utilized a voltmeter to measure the voltage the product

produced. However, it is not as simple as any battery, if used too long it

can have its nail bits rust due to excessive exposure to acid. As such, the

product was intended to be used for emergencies like power outages.

Importance of the Study

The results of this study will be of great significance to the

community, government sectors, the researchers themselves and future

researchers.

Residential and domestic sectors of the society may result to

new development of technology which could develop the capabilities of

appliances that relies on battery power to work, and through this

development, charging mobile phones and other devices with this

product can be achievable if innovative high energy density capacitors

will be crafted.

Government sectors, especially the Department of Energy (DOE),

the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and the Department

of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) will benefit in

employing scientific methods turning it into an affordable and

economical source of energy that could help sustain power, resolve power
 18

crisis that is present in the society and help producing the product will

be much easier and further improvements will be employed.

Constituents living in the slums and the indigenous people can

also benefit from this study since they will be supported with the help of

the batteries that could sustain electricity in their homes.

Students could benefit from this study since they will discover new

innovations by having the conceptualize environmental-friendly products

of their own.

The researchers will gain wider perspective and knowledge on the

field of energy, environment and pollution as they conduct this study. It

will also help them develop in their innovative skills and creativity in

making products that are helpful for Green Chemistry.

Future researchers will be able to use this study as reference to

further improve their researches related to the field of engineering,

energy, electricity and environment.

Definition of Terms

Battery is a container consisting of one or more cells made of

heavy metals used as a source of power.

Bleach is a cleaning agent used in removing tough stains on any

piece of cloth, which contains Sodium Hypochlorite, an element that can

produce electricity.

Electrolysis is the chemical decomposition produced by passing

an electric current through a liquid or solution containing ions.

 19

Electrolyte is a liquid or gel that contains ions and can be

decomposed by electrolysis, which is present in a battery.

Heavy Metals are chemical elements such as lithium, mercury,

lead, cadmium, etc. that are major components in batteries.

Heavy Metal Pollution is the effect of improper disposal of heavy

metals in any bodies of land, air, and water leading to negative results.

Power Shortage is a short-term or a long-term loss of the electric

power because of the insufficient source of electricity in a particular area.

Saltwater is another component of the bleach saltwater mixture,

also known as seawater, which contains Sodium Chloride, an element

that can produce electricity.

Voltage is the force of an electrical current that will be measured

in volts by a voltmeter connected to the two formulation of Bleach

Saltwater Battery.
 20

Chapter II

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Research Design

The experimental research was used in this study. Since it is

concerned with the determination of the voltage of the three formulations

of the Bleach Saltwater Battery, the experimental method is most

appropriate to use. The voltages of the products were based on the

recordings from the voltmeter. The hypothesis was tested with the use of

multiple t-tests for the three formulations at 0.01667 level of significance

and employed the Bonferroni correction.

The quantitative approach of research was also used in this study.

It dealt with numerical analysis of data such as the voltages of the three

formulations of the Bleach Saltwater Battery, its mean, and multiple t-

tests.

Data Collection and Instrumentation

To make the Bleach Saltwater Battery, first, the copper wires were

wrapped around the nails and copper plate connecting the two of it.

Then, the 150 mL saltwater mixed with 50 mL of bleach were poured in a

container for the first formulation, 100 mL saltwater mixed with 100 mL

of bleach were poured on a container for the second formulation and 50

mL saltwater and 150 mL bleach were poured in a container for the third

formulation. One screw with the copper wire was placed in each

container and then the copper strip to the next container and so on. It
 21

was made sure that all containers have one nail and one copper plate

that were connected to each other through the copper wires. In the last

container, one piece of nail was put in a space, and one copper plate on

another to serve as the batteries' positive and negative terminal.

A voltmeter was connected to the batteries using alligator clips.

The researchers will prepare a table to record the readings of the

voltmeter. The readings from the voltmeter after each of the 3 trials; 15

seconds every after 2 minutes, for the testing of the batteries were

recorded on the table and were compared to each other.

Tools for Data Analysis

The mean of the voltages produced by the three formulations of

Bleach Saltwater Battery were computed. The researchers used multiple

t-tests to determine if there is a significant difference among the voltages

produced by the three formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery by

comparing the computed p-value and alpha. The researchers employed

the Bonferroni correction for the computation of multiple t-tests by

dividing the level of significance (0.05) and the number of formulations

(three) to get 0.01667 as the alpha.

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Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the data are presented in the form of tables. The

answers to the specific questions were based on the computation of

means and t-test value. Below each table are the analysis and

interpretation of data.

Mean of the Voltages Produced by the Three Formulations of Bleach

Saltwater Battery

Table 1. The mean voltage produced by the three formulations of bleach

saltwater battery.

Voltage (V)
Formulation Mean (V)
Trial

1 2 3

A 13.5V 13.4V 13.3V 13.4V

B 14.6V 14.5V 14.4V 14.5V

C 15.0V 15.7V 16.0V 15.57V

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Based on table 1, formulation A produced 13.5V, 13.4V and 13.3V

on trials 1, 2 and 3 respectively, formulation B produced 14.6V, 14.5V,

and 14.4V on trials 1, 2 and 3 respectively and formulation C produced

15.0V, 15,07V, and 16.0V on trials 1, 2 and 3. The mean of the voltages

produced by formulation A is 13.4V, the mean of the voltages produced

by formulation B is 14.5V and the mean of the voltages produced by

formulation C is 15.57V. The mean of the voltages produced by

formulation B is greater than that of formulation A while the mean of the

voltages produced by formulation C is greater than that of formulation A

and B. This means that all formulations of the Bleach Saltwater Battery

produced a relatively higher amount of voltage compared to commercially

available 9V batteries. Therefore, Bleach Saltwater Battery can serve as

an alternative power source in terms of the voltages it produced.

According to Catito, et. al (2015), saltwater and bleach has a a

decent amount of voltage reading, which indicates that it has some

electric potential. Salt molecules are made of sodium ions and chlorine

ions. An ion is an atom that has an electrical charge because it has

either gained or lost an electron. When you put salt and bleach in water,

the water molecules pull the sodium and chlorine ions apart so they are

floating freely. These ions are what carry electricity through water. This

means that saltwater and bleach have electrolyte content which produce

electricity.
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In the data presented by Cornish, et.al (2015), entitled “Bleach

Battery Project”, they explained and justified that when using metal,

water, and chlorine, an electric current is created when water molecules

interact with the metal atoms on the surface of the metal strip. Water

molecules are polar, which means one side is slightly positive, while the

other is slightly negative. If one metal strip has more extra electrons than

the other, the extra electrons will flow from the first strip to the second

strip until they equal each other out and have the same charge. However,

the electrons must have a conductive path before they are able to flow

from one strip to the other. To make this possible, a path is made by

connecting one metal to a different metal with an alligator clip, thus

creating an electric current.

Difference among the Three Formulations of Bleach Saltwater

Battery in terms of Voltages Produced

Table 2. t-test table on the mean voltage produced by the three

formulations of bleach saltwater battery.

t-crit at
0.01667
Formulation Mean (V) Computed p- t-stat Level of
value Significance

A 13.4V
0.000176 -13.4722 2.776445
B 14.5V
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A 13.4V
0.001995 -7.17805 2.776445
C 15.57V

B 14.5V
0.024148 -3.53381 2.776445
C 15.57V

Based on table 2, the computed p-value between formulation A

and B is 0.000176 while the alpha is 0.1667. The computed p-value is

less than the alpha. This means that the hypothesis is rejected and there

is a significant difference between formulation A and B. This means that

formulation B which has a higher amount of bleach and a lower amount

of saltwater produced a higher voltage than formulation A which has a

lower amount of bleach and a higher amount of saltwater.

The computed p-value between formulation A and C is 0.00195

while the alpha is 0.1667. The computed p-value is less than the alpha.

This means that the hypothesis is rejected and there is a significant

difference between formulation A and C. This means that formulation C

which has a higher amount of bleach and a lower amount of saltwater

produced a higher voltage than formulation A which has a lower amount

of bleach and a higher amount of saltwater.

The computed p-value between formulation B and C is 0.02412

while the alpha is 0.1667. The computed p-value is greater than the
 26

alpha. This means that the hypothesis is not rejected and there is no

significant difference between formulation B and C. This means that

formulation C which has a higher amount of bleach and a lower amount

of saltwater produced a higher voltage than formulation B which has a

lower amount of bleach and a higher amount of saltwater.

This means that the formulation with a higher amount of bleach

and a lower amount of saltwater produced the highest amount of voltage

and the formulation with a higher amount of saltwater and a lower

amount of bleach produced the lowest amount of voltage. Therefore, the

amount of bleach and voltage are directly proportional to each other.

According to Liandi (2017), when acids like bleach and saltwater

are present in a solution, ions are produced. When two dissimilar metals,

copper and iron (anode and cathode), are introduced into the solution, an

electric current forms between them, producing electricity. This can be

explained through electrochemistry and spontaneous reaction.

A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of

products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.

Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons

to move. This movement of electrons is called electricity, which can be

generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a

reaction known as an oxidation-reduction ("redox") reaction. This also

explains the rusting of iron nails and copper in the battery.

 27

In the data presented by Albano (2009), when the volume of

saltwater, the power of the electricity in the saltwater also increases a

notch, so a tremendous amount of saltwater is needed to produce

sustainable power. Finally, through this experiment, it was observed that

the addition of a small amount of sodium hypochlorite will increase the

power marginally more than usual, therefore a great amount of energy

can be produced this way from a large amount of saltwater. This is so

because sodium hypochlorite has very strong oxidizing properties. This

helps the electricity in the saltwater ‘combust’ or ‘become more active,’

and thus, increases the power of electricity found in the saltwater.

The acidity and concentration of the solution are also factors in the

production of voltage of the batteries. Acidic and alkaline solutions can

conduct electricity because they have ions that are free to carry charge.

The more concentrated an acid or alkali the better it conducts, thus

producing a higher electricity. In formulation C, the solute (bleach) has a

higher amount than that of its solvent (saltwater) making it a

concentrated solution. Since bleach is a stronger substance than

saltwater, it has a higher conductivity. Even with a high amount of

saltwater, it cannot produce a stronger and higher amount of voltage

than bleach.

The data and information brought about by these studies support

the results of this study.

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Chapter IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted to create an alternative and eco-friendly

battery out of household materials such as bleach, saltwater, containers,

copper, and iron nails. Specifically, the researchers determined the mean

of the voltages produced by the three formulations of batteries and

compared the computed p-value and the alpha to determine if there is a

significant difference among the three formulations in terms of the

voltages produced.

Conclusion

Formulation C has produced higher voltages than Formulation A

and B, while Formulation B has produced higher voltages than

Formulation A. However, the difference of Formulation B and C is

insignificant because the computed p-value is greater than the alpha.

The higher amount of bleach present in the formulation, the higher

voltage it can produce. The more acidic or alkaline and the higher

concentration it has, the stronger and higher amount of voltage it can

produce. Therefore, the amount of bleach and voltage are directly

proportional to each other.

 29

Recommendations

To avoid rust after a short time of use, future researchers must

utilize materials that do not rapidly oxidize. Oxidation must be avoided

by using a different material which will not rust easily. Increasing the

amount of electrolytes or salts in the water can contribute to the

generation of a more stable voltage for the three batteries. Improve the

project by generating more voltage through the use of longer series of

cells to power larger appliances.

Furthermore, future researchers must ensure that the

concentration and salinity of the saltwater must be equal and constant.

The researchers may also utilize a bleach battery or saltwater battery to

find out if bleach or saltwater alone can produce a relatively high amount

of voltage. They can also utilize locally-available fruits that have acidic or

alkaline components like calamansi, lemon, bilimbi (pias) and others.

 30

REFERENCES

https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.1.2.114

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-solutions-to-the-

global-energy-crisis.php

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-t-klare/global-energy-

crisis_b_871956.html

https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-

review-of-world-energy.html

https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-

review-of-world-energy.html

https://www.global-economic-symposium.org/knowledgebase/the-

global-environment/the-energy-crisis-and-climate-

change/proposals/the-energy-crisis-and-climate-change

http://planetearthherald.com/top-10-environmental-issues/

https://www.healthfuturesfoundation.com/reclaiming-laguna-lakes-

glory

http://dumaguetemetropost.com/brownouts-more-fun-in-the-

philippines-p8988-731.htm

https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/04/29/19/brownouts-threaten-

parts-of-luzon-ngcp

https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/17/water-electricity-oasys-

technology-breakthroughs-osmosis.html#5760af7d551a

https://sciencing.com/making-electricity-salt-water-4883969.html
 31

https://www.homesciencetools.com/article/saltwater-circuit-project/

https://ptiu13.wordpress.com/best-works-2/from-previous-grade-

levels/ip-converting-saltwater-into-electricity/

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplem

ental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electr

ochemistry

https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/spontaneous-and-nonspontaneous-

reactions/lesson/Spontaneous-and-Nonspontaneous-Reactions-CHEM/
 32

APPENDICES
 33

APPENDIX A

Procedure in Making the Bleach Saltwater Battery

This procedure informs you on how to make a Bleach Saltwater

Battery. Make sure to follow the rules correctly, carefully and properly so

as to avoid errors.

Materials:

• 13 pieces 1” galvanized iron nails

• 13 pieces copper plates/strips

• 13 pieces 3” copper wire (1mm multi-strand)

• Zonrox bleach (original variant)

• Saltwater/seawater

• Egg trays

• Alligator clips

• LED light (for testing)

• Voltmeter (for testing)

Procedure:

1. Wrap the copper wires around the nails and copper plate

connecting the two.

2. Place one nail in each space of the ice tray and the copper plate to

the next egg space and so on.

 34

3. Add the bleach and saltwater mixture to the spaces on the egg

tray; be sure not to fill the space in between the two egg spaces

and the mixture does not overflow in each egg space.

4. Make sure that all egg spaces have one nail and copper plate and

are connected to each other through the copper wires.

5. At the two ends of the egg tray, add an iron nail & one copper

plate. Then clam the alligator clips on the copper plate and iron

nail.

6. Connect the voltmeter to the battery to see the amount of voltages

produced by the battery.

7. To test the battery, you can use the LED light by directly

connecting it to the battery to see can be powered by the battery.

 35

APPENDIX B

Data Table

Voltage (V)
Formulation

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

A 13.5V 13.4V 13.3V

B 14.6V 14.5V 14.4V

C 15.0V 15.7V 16.0V

 36

APPENDIX C

Computations

a. Mean of the Voltages Produced by the Three Formulations of

Bleach Saltwater Battery

∑𝑥
M= !

where:

M = mean

x = data

∑𝑥 = summation of the data

N = number of formulations

Formulation A:

"#.%&'"#.(&'"#.#&
M= #

M = 13.4V

Formulation B:

"(.)&'"(.%&'"(.(&
M= #

M = 14.5V

Formulation C:

"%.*&'"%.+&'").*&
M= #

M = 15.57V
 37

b. T-test Table on the Mean Voltage Produced by the Three

Formulations of Bleach Saltwater Battery

MS Excel was used.

Formulation A vs. Formulation B:

A B
Mean 13.4 14.5 Mean
Variance 0.01 0.01 Variance
Observations 3 3 Observations
Pooled Variance 0.01 Pooled Variance
Hypothesized Mean Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0 Difference
df 4 df
t Stat -13.4722 t Stat
P(T<=t) one-tail 8.78E-05 P(T<=t) one-tail
t Critical one-tail 2.131847 t Critical one-tail
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000176 P(T<=t) two-tail
t Critical two-tail 2.776445 t Critical two-tail

Formulation A vs. Formulation C:

A C
Mean 13.4 15.56667 Mean
Variance 0.01 0.263333 Varianc
e
Observations 3 3 Observations
Pooled Variance 0.136667 Pooled Variance
Hypothesized Mean 0 Hypothesized Mean
Difference Difference
df 4 df
t Stat -7.17805 t Stat
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000997 P(T<=t) one-tail
t Critical one-tail 2.131847 t Critical one-tail
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.001995 P(T<=t) two-tail
t Critical two-tail 2.776445 t Critical two-tail
 38

Formulation B vs. Formulation C:

B C
Mean 14.5 15.56667 Mean
Variance 0.01 0.263333 Variance
Observations 3 3 Observations
Pooled Variance 0.136667 Pooled Variance
Hypothesized Mean 0 Hypothesized Mean
Difference Difference
df 4 df
t Stat -3.53381 t Stat
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.012074 P(T<=t) one-tail
t Critical one-tail 2.131847 t Critical one-tail
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.024148 P(T<=t) two-tail
t Critical two-tail 2.776445 t Critical two-tail

Bonferroni Correction:

∝
∝=
𝑁

where:

∝= alpha (0.05)

N = number of formulations

0.05
∝=
3

∝= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟕