COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Laboratory Manual

Electric Machines
EEE-371 (3+1)

BS Power Engineering

Date Created: 10 February 2019 Revision: EMLMPE371-01

Last Modified: 01 August 2021 Modified by: Dr. S. M. Ali
Student Name: Registration No.:

ii
S. NO Typical Experiment Date

1 To determine the turn ratio of a transformers

2 To determine the polarity of a transformer
To determine the parameters of a transformer model through open-circuit
3
& short-circuit tests
4 To measured transformer performance
5 To study three-phase transformer vector group
To measure the model parameters of a synchronous generator through
6
open-circuit, short-circuit, and DC resistance tests
To observe the effects of load changes on a synchronous generator operat-
7
ing alone
To study the effects of load and field current changes on synchronous motor
8
operation
9 To study power and the torque-speed characteristics induction motor
10 To demonstrate a change in the direction of rotation of induction motor
11 To study the starting method of induction motor
12 To study the starting method and speed control of DC shunt motor
13 To study the load characteristics of DC shunt generator
14 To study the load characteristics of DC compound generator
15 To study the load characteristics of DC shunt motor
16 To study the load characteristics of DC compound motor
17 To study the forward-and-reverse operation method of DC motor
Open Ended Experiment
1 Open Ended Experiment 01
2 Open Ended Experiment 02
3 Open Ended Experiment 03
4 Open Ended Experiment 04
Complex Engineering Problem
1 CEP 01
2 CEP 02
3 CEP 03
4 CEP 04

iii
 Preface

We feel pleasure in presenting the revised version of the laboratory manual of electric
machines course for under-graduate level. The objective of this manual is to support the
theory syllabus of the electric machines course through experiments.
In this manual, experiments are included related to single & three-phase transformers,
synchronous machines, induction machines, and DC machines. A full effort has been
made in the designing of this manual to cover the major topic of the course
We would like to acknowledge the efforts and hard work of Dr. Abdur Rashid (late)
who supervised the development of experiments and documentation of the first edition
of this manual. We dedicate this manual to the hard work and loyalty of Dr. Abdur
Rashid and pray to almighty Allah for his blessing and may his soul rest in peace.
The lab staff including Engr. Ali Muhammad (lab engineer) and Mr. Shahid Zaman
(Lab demonstrator) were involved in the developments, validation of experiments and
documentation of this manual. The OBE based review was carried out by Dr. Sahibzada
Muhammad Ali, Dr. Chaudhry Arshad Mehmood, and Dr. Faisal Khan.
We would appreciate for identification of errors for further improvement of quality of
the lab manual.

Dr. Sahibzada Muhammad Ali

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus
Fall 2021

iv
 Safety Regulations for Electric Machines Experiments

Introduction
Experiments with high-voltages could become particularly hazardous for the partici-
pants should the safety precautions be inadequate. To give an idea of the required
safety measures, as an example the safety regulations followed in several High Voltage
Laboratories are described below. These supplement the appropriate safety regulations
and as far as possible prevent risks to persons. Strict observance is therefore the duty of
every one working in the laboratory.

Fundamental Rule
Before entering a high-voltage setup area everybody must convince themselves by per-
sonal observation that all the conductors which can assume high potential and lie in the
contact zone are earthed, and that all the main leads are interrupted.

Earthing
A high-voltage setup is entered only when all the parts which can assume high-voltage
in the contact zone are earthed. Earthing is effected by a conductor earthed inside the
fence. Fixing the earthing leads onto the parts to be earthed should be done with the aid
of insulating rods.

Circuit and test setup

All leads must be laid so that there are no loosely hanging ends. Low-voltage leads
which can assume high potentials during breakdown or flashovers and lead out of the
fenced area, e.g. measuring cable, control cable, supply cable, must be laid inside the
setup in earthed sleeves. All components of the setup must be either rigidly fixed or
suspended so that they cannot topple during operation or be pulled down by the leads.
For all setups intended for research purposes, a circuit diagram shall be fixed outside
the fence in a clearly visible position. A test setup may be put into operation only after
the circuit has been checked and permission to begin work given by a lab instructor.

Conducting the experiments

Everyone carrying out experiments in the laboratory is personally responsible for the
setup placed at his disposal and for the experiments performed with it. In the interest of
personal safety, make sure that a second person is present in the testing room.
If several persons are working with the same setup, they must all know who is to per-
form the switching operations for a particular experiment. Before switching on high-
voltage setups, warning should be given either by short horn signals or by the call
“Attention! Switching-on!”

v
Explosion and fire risk, radiation protection
In experiments with oil and other easily inflammable materials, special care is necessary
owing to the danger of explosion and fire. In each room where work is carried out
with these materials, suitable fire extinguishers must be to hand, ready for use. Easily
inflammable waste products, e.g. paper or used cotton waste, should always be disposed
off immediately in metal bins. Special regulations must be observed when radioactive
sources are used.

Conduct during accidents

Mode of action in case of an electrical accident:

1. Switch off the setup on all poles. So long as this has not been done, the victim of
the accident should not be touched under any circumstances.
2. If the victim is unconscious, notify the life-saving service at once. Immediately
attempt to restore respiration by artificial respiration or chest massage!
3. These measures must be continued, if necessary, up to the beginning of an oper-
ation. (Only 6 to 8 minutes time before direct heart massage!).
4. Even during accidents with no unconsciousness, it is recommended that the vic-
tim lies quietly and a doctor’s advice be sought.

Important safety precautions

1. Refer the operating manual and follow the safety requirements before starting the
testing.
2. Ensure the safety enclosure is closed while testing.
3. Ensure all the necessary earth and other connections are properly connected and
also intact before testing is started.
4. Ensure no person is near the test set up before testing.
5. Alert and caution the persons near the test set up before testing.
6. Conduct the experiment in its proper test sequence recommended.
7. Monitor the important parameters like voltage and current for the normal opera-
tion.
8. Ensure the tripping relay setting for the particular test parameters.
9. Ensure the main power supply is switched off before entering to the testing area.
10. Always discharge the live parts of the test set up using manual discharge rod.
11. Discharge the capacitors if any after testing.
12. Do not touch the live parts of the test set up before discharging.
13. Ensure the test set up is in earthed condition while not in use.
14. Handle all the parts of the test set up carefully

vi
 Experiment 1
Typical Lab
To determine the turn ratio of a transformer

1.1 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to measure one of the basic characteristics of all transform-
ers, its turn’s ratio.

1.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Industrial transformer trainer with transformer 220, 220/12, 12 and 220, 160, 60/12, 12. AC
voltmeter, Amp. meter, ohm meter, 22 Ω rheostats on transformer trainer, connecting wires.

Figure 1.1: Turns ratio calculation with un- Figure 1.2: Turns ratio calculation with loaded
loaded transformer transformer

1.3 Procedure
The voltage across each coil is measured with the T/F loaded and unloaded to calculate the
turn’s ratio as:

N1 /N2 = V1 /V2

Where N is the number of turns in a coil and V the voltage across that coil. N1 /N2 is the turn’s
ratio and V1 /V2 is the voltage ratio corresponding to the turns ration N1 /N2 . In transformers
with multiple coils, such as those used in this experiment, two subscripts are used to designate
a specific winding, e.g. N34 represents the primary winding whose terminals are 3 and 4.

1. Measure the resistance of each winding, using the proper scales of the ohm meter and
record all information on data sheet in Step 1.
2. Connect the 220 V, 50 Hz supply to terminal 3 and 5 as shown in Fig. 21.1. Use the
ON-OFF power switch in the supply line so that the connections can be made on a dead
circuit.
3. Using the proper AC voltage scales of A.C voltmeter, measure the voltages as shown on
data sheet in step 2. (Be sure to use insulated test leads; 220 V AC can dangerous).

1
 4. With power OFF, adjust each of the two rheostat loads to 12 ohms. Connect one resistor
load to each output windings as shown in Fig. 1.2. Apply 220 V, 50 Hz to the primary
winding, paralleled as shown. Insert a ampere meter into the circuit at terminal X1 and
then at terminal X3 . After two minutes of operation readjust each load until 1.0 ampere
is flowing through each secondary winding as shown on data sheet in step 3.
5. Calculate the turn’s ratios from the voltage ratios in From steps 2 & 3 and record in step
4.

1.4 Data Sheet

Room Temperature. ◦C ◦F

Step 1
RH1 H2 Ω RH3 H4 Ω
RH4 H5 Ω RX1 X2 Ω
RX3 X4 Ω
Step 2 (No load)
VH1 H2 V VH 3 H 4 V
VH 3 H 5 V VH 4 H 5 V
VX1 X2 V VX3 X4 V
Step 3 (With load)
VH 1 H 2 V VH 3 H 4 V
VH 3 H 5 V VH 4 H 5 V
VX1 X2 V VX3 X4 V
Step 4
Voltage Ratio No load With load
NH1 H2 /NH3 H5
NH1 H2 /NX1 X2
NH1 H2 /NX3 X4
NH1 H2 /NH4 H5
NX1 X2 /NX3 X4

1.5 Report Required

Calculate the turn ratio and analyze your result effect on transformer parameters and outputs.

2
1.6 Discussion Questions

Discuss any differences or similarities for the data you obtained from hardware trainer. Is there
any error in your measurement? Explain?

3
1.7 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

4
 Experiment 2
To determine the polarity of a transformer
2.1 Objective

Most transformers do not have polarity markings. Even when marked it should be checked to
see if the marking is according to standard practice. The objective is to determine this polarity.

2.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Industrial transformer trainer with transformer 220, 220/12,12 and 220, 160, 60/12,12. AC
voltmeter, connecting wires.

Figure 2.1: Series connected two windings transformer

Figure 2.2: Transformer with series connected Figure 2.3: Transformer with one winding tied
primary to the primary windings

2.3 Procedure

1. With power OFF, connect terminals H2 and H3 of transformer on the industrial trans-
former trainer as shown in Fig. 2.2 Connect 220 V, 50 Hz to terminals H2 . Measure and
record voltage as shown in step 1 of data sheet.
2. Disconnect terminal H3 form terminal H2 and connect terminal H2 and H4 , as shown by
the dotted line in Fig. 2.2. Measure and record voltage as shown in step 2 of data sheet.
3. Sketch the schematic diagrams for steps 1 and 2 in step 5.
4. Connect terminal H2 to H3 and H1 to X1 . Connect 220 V, 50 Hz to terminal H1 and
H4 . Note that half rated voltage 220 V gives correct results for this project. Measure and
record voltage as shown in step 3 of data sheet.
5. Reverse the connections of terminals X1 and X2 as shown by the dotted line in Fig. 2.3.
Measure and record voltages as shown on data sheet in step 4.
6. Sketch the schematics diagrams for steps 3 and 4 in step 6.

5
2.4 Data Sheet

Step 1
VH 1 H 2 V VH 3 H 4 V VH 1 H 4 V
Step 2 (No load)
VH 1 H 2 V VH 3 H 4 V VH 1 H 3 V
Step 3 (With load)
VH 1 H 4 V VX1 X2 V VH4 X2 V
Step 4
Voltage Ratio
VH 1 H 2 V VX1 X2 V VH4 X1 V
Step 5
Sketch the Schematics diagrams for steps 1 and 2.

Step 6
Sketch the Schematics diagrams for steps 3 and 4.

2.5 Report Required

Determine the polarity of transformer and analyze your result effect on transformer parameters
and outputs.

2.6 Discussion Questions

Purpose of transformer polarity determination? Explain the condition for both type of polarity?

6
2.7 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

7
8
 Experiment 3
To determine the parameters of a transformer’s model through
open-circuit and short-circuit tests
3.1 Objective
The objective is to determine adequately approximate values of series and shunt branch induc-
tances and resistance in the transformer model.

3.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Industrial transformer trainer with transformer 220,220/12,12 and 220,160,60/12,12. A.C volt-
meter, Ammeter, Wattmeter connecting wires

Figure 3.1: Connection for transformer open- Figure 3.2: Connection for transformer short-
circuit test. circuit test.

3.3 Procedure
3.3.1 Open-circuit test
1. The open-circuit test connections are shown in Fig. 3.1. The high-voltage (HV) terminals
are open-circuited and low-voltage (LV) terminals are connected to a variable voltage
source.
2. The input voltage is set to zero.
3. The input voltage is gradually increased to full rated line voltage value.
4. Measure and record the input voltage (VOC ), input current (IOC ), and input power (POC )
to the transformer.

3.3.2 Short-circuit test

1. The short-circuit test connections are shown in Fig. 3.2. The low-voltage (LV) terminals
are open-circuited and high-voltage (HV) terminals are connected to a variable voltage
source.
2. The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited winding is equal to
its rated value.
3. Be sure to keep the primary voltage at a safe level. It would not be a good idea to burn
out the transformer’s winding while trying to test it.
4. Measure and record the input voltage (VSC ), input current (ISC ), and input power (PSC )
to the transformer.

9
3.4 Data sheet and calculations
3.4.1 Open-circuit test
Under open-circuit conditions, all input current must be flowing through the excitation branch
of the transformer. It is approximated that the whole applied voltage drops across excitation
branch impedance. Measures values are:

VOC = V, IOC = I, POC = W

Exciation branch impedance is calculated as:

IOC POC
YE = GC − jBM = |YE |∠−θE = ∠ − (θE = cos−1 )= f
VOC VOC IOC

1 1
RC = GC Ω XM = BM Ω

3.4.2 Short-circuit test

Under short-circuit conditions, if the excitation current is ignored then approximately all input
current must be flowing through the series branch of the transformer. It is approximated all the
voltage drop in the transformer can be attributed to the series elements in the circuit. Measures
values are:

VSC = V, ISC = I, PSC = W

Exciation branch impedance is calculated as:
VSC PSC
ZSE = Req + jXeq = |ZSE |∠θSE = ∠ − (θSE = cos−1 )= Ω
ISC VSC ISC

Req = Ω Xeq = Ω

3.5 Sketch
1. Approximate transformer model referred to the LV side
2. Approximate transformer model referred to the HV side

3.6 Report Required

Determine the parameters of transformer under short and open circuit tests and analyze the
results.

3.7 Discussion Questions

Why we need to perform open and short circuit tests?

10
3.8 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

11
12
 Experiment 4
To measure the transformer performance
4.1 Objective
The objective is to determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer under dif-
ferent loading conditions.

4.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Industrial transformer trainer with transformer 220,220/12,12 and 220,160,60/12,12. A.C volt-
meter, Ammeter, Wattmeter, and connecting wires

Figure 4.1: Connection for measurement of transformer’s voltage, current and power at primary
and secondary terminals.

4.3 Procedure
1. Make the circuit arrangements for measurements as shown in Fig. 4.1.
2. Connect the rheostats across the circuit having the two secondary windings in series.
Adjust the rheostats so that a steady current (IS ) of 1 ampere flows in the load. Measure
and record voltage, current and power at primary and secondary sides of transformer
3. Reduce the load until the secondary current is 0.5 A. Measure and record voltage, current
and power at primary and secondary sides of transformer.
4. Remove the load so that transformer is open-circuited. Measure and record voltage,
current and power at primary and secondary sides of transformer.

4.4 Data sheet

4.4.1 Step 2-Full load, unity PF

Vp V Vs V
Ip A Is A
Pp W Ps W

13
4.4.2 Step 3-Half load, unity PF

Vp V Vs V
Ip A Is A
Pp W Ps W

4.4.3 Step 4-No load

Vp V Vs V
Ip A Is A
Pp W Ps W

4.5 Calculations
Vnl −Vf l
% Voltage Regulation (full load) = vf l × 100= = %

% Voltage Regulation (half load) = VnlV−V

hl
hl
×100= = %

% Efficiency (full load)= PPout

in
× 100= = %

% Efficiency (half load)= PPout

in
× 100= = %

4.6 Report Required

Determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer under different loading condi-
tions and analyze your result effect on transformer parameters and outputs.

4.7 Discussion Questions

Which factor effects more the efficiency of transformer? Explain the effect of different loads
in terms of voltage regulation?

14
4.8 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

15
16
 Experiment 5
To study three-phase transformer vector group
5.1 Objective

The objective of this experiment is to study the turn ration and phase shift in a three phase
transformer.

5.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Three single phase transformer units, three phase AC source, Voltmeters,Oscilloscope and con-
necting wires.

Figure 5.1: Connection for the primary and secondary windings of a three-phase transformer.

5.3 Procedure

1. 1) Connect the primary and secondary side windings of three single phase transformers
in delta connection as shown in Fig. 5.1.
2. Apply three phase AC source to primary side of transformer up to rated value.
3. By using voltmeter measure the secondary voltage.
4. Phase shift will be analyzed by using CRO, set the CRO on dual channel and connect
simultaneously the probes on primary side as well as on secondary side. According to
both winding configuration you will get the phase shift or in phase voltage waveforms.
5. Repeat the above steps by connecting primary and secondary winding in the following
configurations.

• Delta-Delta
• Star-Delta
• Delta-Star
• Star-Star

6. After analyzing the phase shift, draw the waveforms for each configuration as mentioned
above

17
 S.No. Primary Side Secondary Side Turn ratio Phase Shift
Configuration Configuration
1 Delta Delta
2 Delta Star
3 Star Delta
4 Star Star

5.4 Data sheet

5.5 Sketches
1. Sketch the four configurations

18
5.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

19
20
 Experiment 6
To measure the model paramters of a synchronous generator through
open circuit, short circuit and DC resistance test
6.1 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between field current & flux,
the synchronous reactance, and the armature resistance to completely describe the behavior of
a real synchronous generator.

6.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Synchronous machine trainer, voltmeter, ammeter, and connecting wires.

Figure 6.1: Schematic diagram for open-circuit Figure 6.2: Schematic diagram for DC resis-
and short-circuit tests. tance test.

6.3 Procedure
Circuit connection for experiments are shown in Fig. 6.1 and 6.2. Open switch S in Fig. 6.1
represents open-circuit and closed switch S represents short-circuit synchronous generator

6.3.1 Open-circuit test

1. The generator is turned at the rated speed.
2. The terminals of generator are disconnected from all loads.
3. The field current is set to zero.
4. The field current is gradually increased in steps, and the terminal voltage is measured at
each step along the way till rated value is reached as shown in 6.1.
5. As IA = 0 with open terminals, so Vφ = EA . Record the readings of IF , EA and VT and
draw the open-circuit characteristics graph (OCC) graph between IF vs EA or VT .

6.3.2 Short-circuit test

1. Adjust the field current to zero and short-circuit the terminals of the generator through a
set of ammeters.
2. The field current is increased and corresponding armature current IA or the line current
IL is measured till the rated value as shown in 6.1.
3. Record the readings of IF and IA or IL . Draw the short-circuit characteristics graph
(SCC) graph between IF vs IA or IL .

21
6.3.3 DC resistance test
1. Set field current to zero.
2. Apply DC voltage at any two terminals of armature with DC voltage VDC = 0.
3. Increase the voltage in steps and note the corresponding current IDC upto maximum
value of rated armature current.
4. Record VDC and IDC .

6.4 Data Sheet

Open-circuit test Short-circuit test DC resistance test

S.#
VT,OC IL,SC IA,SC
IF [A] EA [V] IF [A] VDC [V] IDC [A] RDC Ω
[V] [A] [A]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

6.5 Calculations
VDC 2VDC
For Y-connected, 2RA = IDC or for ∆-connected, RA = 3IDC
VT,OC
For Y-connected, EA = Vφ,OC = √
3
or for ∆-connected, EA = Vφ,OC = VT,OC
IL,SC
For Y-connected, IA = IA,SC = IL,SC or for ∆-connected, IA = IA,SC = √
3
V
qφ,OC
and IA,SC are at rated IF
RA2 + X 2 = E /I
S A A

6.6 Graphs
1. Open-circuit characteristics (OCC) curve
2. Short-circuit characteristics (SCC) curve

22
6.7 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

23
24
 Experiment 7
To study the effect of load changes on a synchronous generator
operating alone
7.1 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to observe the operation of a synchronous generator supply-
ing a variable load with fixed and variable field control. generator.

7.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Synchronous machine trainer, voltmeter, ammeter, and connecting wires.

Figure 7.1: A three-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous genrator supplying a variable

load.

7.3 Procedure
Circuit connection for experiments are shown in Fig. 7.1.

1. The generator is turned at the rated constant speed.

2. The terminals of generator are connected to variable loads.
3. The field current is fixed to a value that maintains a rated terminal voltage and keeps
EA = kφω constant.
4. Load is increased in steps from no load to a full load rated value while the field current
is kept constant. Measure and record the field current, load power, load current, and
terminal voltage of the synchronous generator.
5. Set a load to a minimum value. Again load is increased in steps from no load to a full
load rated value while the field current is increased at each step accordingly to maintain
a constant rated terminal voltage. Measure and record the field current, load power, load
current, and terminal voltage of the synchronous generator.

25
7.4 Data Sheet
7.4.1 Load variation with constant field current

S. # Pload [W] IL [A] IA [A] VT [V] Vφ [V] EA [V] VF [V] IF [A]

1
2
3
4
5

7.4.2 Load variation with variable field current

S. # Pload [W] IL [A] IA [A] VT [V] Vφ [V] EA [V] VF [V] IF [A]

1
2
3
4
5

7.5 Calculations
VT,OC
For Y-connected, EA = Vφ,OC = √
3
or for ∆-connected, EA = Vφ,OC = VT,OC
IL
For Y-connected, IA = IL or for ∆-connected, IA = √
3

7.6 Sketch
1. Phasor diagram under load variation with constant field current
2. Phasor diagram under load variation with variable field current

26
7.7 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

27
28
 Experiment 8
To study the parallel operation of a synchronous generator with
infinity bus
8.1 Objective
X

8.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Synchronous machine trainer, voltmeter, ammeter, and connecting wires.

8.3 Procedure

29
8.4 Data Sheet

30
8.5 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

31
32
 Experiment 9
To study the effect of load and field current changes on a synchronous
motor operation
9.1 Objective
To observe the effect of increasing load on input voltage, current , power, power factor, phase
angle and speed of synchronous motor.

9.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Synchronous machine trainer, voltmeter, ammeter, and connecting wires.

Figure 9.1: A three-phase equivalent circuit of synchronous motor supplying a variable load
with constant input terminal voltage.

9.3 Procedure
1. Make the connections for experiment as shown in the Fig. 9.1.
2. A variable load is attached to the shaft of a synchronous motor.
3. Start the motor and it will develop enough torque to keep the motor and its load turning
at a synchronous speed.
4. The shaft load is varied while the field current is kept constant. Measure and record
the field current (IF ), terminal voltage (VT ), line current (IL ) and phase angle of input
voltage and current.
5. The shaft load is kept constant and the field current is increased. Measure and record
the field current (IF ), terminal voltage (VT ), line current (IL ) and phase angle of input
voltage and current.

33
9.4 Data Sheet
9.4.1 Load variation with constant field current

S. # Pload [W] VT [V] IL [A] θ◦ p.f nm [rpm] IF [A]

1
2
3
4
5

9.4.2 Load variation with variable field current

S. # Pload [W] VT [V] IL [A] θ◦ p.f nm [rpm] IF [A]

1
2
3
4
5

9.5 Sketch
1. Phasor diagram under load variation with constant field current
2. Phasor diagram under load variation with variable field current

34
9.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

35
36
 Experiment 10
To study the power and torque-speed characteristics of three-phase
induction motor
10.1 Objective
To show how the speed, driving current, power factor and efficiency of a three-phase squirrel
cage induction motor are related to the torque of the induction motor.

10.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Induction machine trainer, eddy current brake, wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, and connecting
wires.

Figure 10.1: Circuit arrangment with a three-phase induction motor supplying and brake.

10.3 Procedure
1. Install the motor and brake according to the instructions ”Fitting and coupling the ma-
chines
2. Connect the circuit according to wiring diagram as shown in Fig. 10.1.
3. Switch S3 to the ON position and confirm that the three red neon’s are illuminated. Turn
control C2 to the fully counter-clockwise position..
4. Press the control ON button. Confirm green indicator lamp illuminates. The motor should
become energized. If there is excessive vibration, check the mechanical alignment.
5. Now adjust control C2 that the reading on the brake scale reads 0.2 N.m. Reduce the load
to zero by turning C2 fully counter clockwise.
6. Measure and record the motor speed,input voltage, input current and input power as load
is increased in 0.1 N.m steps by turning C2 in a clockwise direction.
7. Increase load gradually. Increasing and decreasing load while taking reading will affect
the accuracy of the results. Return all controls to their least active positions on completion
of the experiment

37
10.4 Data Sheet
Line Voltage,VL = 380 V
−nm
Slip,s = nsync
nsync × 100
Pin = P√W 1 + PW 2
Pout = 3VL IL cos φ

Torque nm Pout
S. # s% Pin [W] IL [A] cos φ η%
[Nm] [rpm] [W]

10.5 Graphs
10.5.1 speed vs torque curve
10.5.2 power factor vs torque curve
10.5.3 efficiency vs torque curve
10.5.4 Pin and Pout vs torque
10.5.5 Slip vs torque
10.5.6 Line current vs torque

38
10.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

39
40
 Experiment 11
To demonstrate a change in the direction of rotation of the motor
11.1 Objective
The objective is to reverse the direction of rotation of induction motor through swapping the
connection of any two of three phases.

11.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Induction machine trainer, Induction motor, mimic panel, and connecting wires.

Figure 11.1: Expaerimental setup with three-phase induction motor and brake.

11.3 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit according to the wiring diagram 11.1
2. Switch S3 to the ON position.
3. Depress the control ON button. Note the direction of rotation of the motor (viewed from
front of machine).
4. Confirm that the direction of rotation is counter-clockwise.
5. Push the check button on the phase rotation meter and note its direction of rotation (clock-
wise).
6. Depress the control OFF button.
7. Now connect the circuit according to diagram 11.1.
8. Depress the control ON button and observe a change in the direction of rotation of the
motor.
9. Depress the check button once again on the phase rotation meter.
10. Confirm a change in the direction of rotation of the phase meter.
11. To conclude the experiment, depress the control OFF button and switch S3 to the OFF
position.

41
11.4 Data Sheet

Phase Sequence Direction of

Rotation
S.No. L1 L2 L3
1 R Y B
2 R B Y
3 B R Y
4 Y R B
5 B Y R
6 Y B R

42
11.5 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

43
44
 Experiment 12
To study the starting of induction motor
12.1 Objective
To show that the driving current to the motor can be reduced at start up by connecting the stator
winding in star formation.

12.2 Equipment & Test Setup

Induction machine trainer, three–phase induction motor, eddy current brake, mimic panel No.1,
and connecting leads.

(a) (b)

Figure 12.3: Experimental setup with three-phase induction motor and brake

12.3 Procedure
1. Connect the circuit according to the wiring diagram 12.3.
2. Ensure that all variable controls are set at their least effective positions.
3. Switch S3 to the ON position.
4. Observe ammeter M2 while depressing the control ON button.
5. Initial current reads greater than 5 amps, then settles at approximately 1.3 amps.
6. Observe the reading on voltmeter M1 which indicates the line voltage.
7. By connecting the motor in delta the phase voltage √ will be the same value as the line
voltage, however the line current, IL will equal 3Iphase .
8. Depress the control OFF button and return C2 to the fully counter-clockwise position.
9. Re-wire the circuits according to diagram 5. The motor windings are now connected in
star.
10. Depress the control ON button at the same time observing the deflection on M2. Note
that the starting current is greatly reduced.
√
11. M3qdisplays the magnitude of the phase voltage, Vphase = 3VLine = 220V (Vphase =
1/ (3).Vline = 220V olts)
12. Adjust C2 and load the motor to 1 Nm. and observe the effect of reduced voltage to the
stator windings.
13. Depress the control OFF button and return all variable controls to their least effective
positions.

45
12.4 Observation and Calculations

This experiment illustrates this principle of STAR/DELTA starting. The motor is connected in
√
STAR at start-up and applied voltage is equal to the mains voltage divided by 3 or about 58%
of the rated voltage.
The torque at start-up, which is reduced by the ratio of the square of the voltage, is equal to
one third of the torque produced by a direct starting motor and the current in the supply line is
reduced by the same amount.The current in each winding is reduced by the ratio of 0.58.
In the second stage, the connection is changed from STAR to DELTA and each winding then has
the full mains supply voltage applied and the motor resumes its normal running characteristics.
STAR/DELTA starting is suitable for machines starting on no load or with a low load.

12.5 Data Sheet

S.No. Torque Speed Slip Line Phase Line Phase

Current Current Voltage Voltage
[Nm] [rpm] % [A] [A] [V] [V]
1
2
3
4
5
6

46
12.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

47
48
 Experiment 13
To study the starting method and speed control of DC shunt motor
13.1 Objective

To understand the starting method of shunt DC motor and the method controlling the speed by
adjusting magnetic field current of the motor.

13.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, and connecting leads.

Figure 13.1: Circuit diagram of shunt

motor Figure 13.2: Experimental setup

13.3 Procedure

1. Make the connections according to Fig. 13.1 for starting practice of shunt motor. Corre-
sponding experimental setup is shown in Fig.13.2.
2. Do a power supply switch MCCB1.
3. F1 of the circuit and F2 list of gift shunt magnetic field winding of an motor,A and B and
express the armature winding.
4. The power of DC motor is connected by lead lines from DC motor power terminal.
Minimize by turning voltage adjust handle (knob) of DC motor power device to end
of counterclockwise.
5. Turn on main(main power switch).Is there lightning expression lamp?
6. Turn on switch of DC motor power device,and seeing DC am-meter,fit to DC 100[V] with
turning voltage adjust knob to clockwise slowly. Push the RUN Push button switch.Does
the motor start?
7. Make DC motor to become rated voltage,and rated turn-number(1,800[rpm]),after ad-
justing voltage value of magnetic field resistor and DC motor power device.
8. Measure the speed and magnetic field current of that time with increasing magnetic field
Rf[S] value from minimum position gradually,and record in the table.
9. Rise the speed to 120% of rated speed.

49
 S.No. Terminal Voltage No-load Current Excitation Current Speed
[V] [A] [A] [RPM]
1
2
3
4
5
6

13.4 Data Sheet

13.5 Data Sheet
13.5.1 Excitation current vs speed

50
13.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

51
52
 Experiment 14
To study the load characteristics of DC shunt generator
14.1 Objective

1. To demonstrate the effect of change in the excitation current of the shunt generator in non-
load state, and observe the change of induced emf, and learn operation method of the generator.
2. To observe the characteristics of terminal voltage under varying load

14.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, DC shunt generator and connecting leads.

Figure 14.1: Circuit diagram of shunt

generator
Figure 14.2: Experimental setup for load characteristics
of Shunt genrator

14.3 Procedure

1. Make the circuit arrangements according to the Fig. 14.1 and 14.2 with load connection
shown as dotted line.
2. For load characteristics, put magnetic field resistor of generator to minimum position, and
start the motor. Set to rated velocity with controlling magnetic field resistor of generator.
3. Open the magnetic field circuit of generator and in state of If = 0, measure induced
electromotive force, and record in table 14.1.
4. Record excitation current, non-load terminal voltage, and speed of right that time in the
table ?? with controlling magnetic field resistor of generator and increasing the By 10%
in 0% gradually. At that time, speed of motor is maintained constant.
5. For load characteristics, put magnetic field resistor of generator to minimum position.
6. Start induction motor. Make voltage(200V) with controlling magnetic field of generator.
7. Close the load’s switch MCCB4, and measure instrumental device value of each that
time with turning on load’s switch one by one and write down in table 14.2. At this time,
maintain rotation speed constant.
Eo −Vn
8. Calculate the voltage regulation = Vn

53
 Speed Excitation Terminal Field Re- Speed Excitation Terminal Field Re-
current Voltage sistance current Voltage sistance
n, [RPM] If , [A] V2 , [V] V2 If , [Ω] n, [RPM] If , [A] V2 , [V] V2 If , [Ω]

Table 14.1: Data recording for no-load test

Load Terminal Load Excitation Armature Armature EMF, E V Output

Voltage Current current CurrentIa = drop power
V2 , [V] I2 , [A] If , [A] I2 + If , Ia Ra , [V] V2 + Ia Ra P=
[A] V2 I2 [W]

Table 14.2: Data recording for load test

14.4 Data Sheet

14.5 Graphs
14.5.1 Excitation current vs no-load terminal voltage
14.5.2 load current vs induced electromotive force
14.5.3 load current vs terminal voltage

54
14.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

55
56
 Experiment 15
To study the load characteristics of DC compound generator
15.1 Objective
To demonstrate characteristic of terminal voltage and load current with varying load on DC
compound generator.

15.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, DC compound generator, and connecting leads.

Figure 15.1: Circuit diagram of DC compound generator

Figure 15.2: Experimental setup for load characteristics of DC compound genrator

15.3 Procedure
1. Make the circuit arrangements according to the Fig. 15.1 and 15.2.
2. Put magnetic field resistor of generator to maximum position, and start the motor.
3. Set to rated velocity with controlling magnetic field resistor of generator .
4. Maintain magnetic field resistance of generator, and write down indication value of in-
strumental device in table with increasing the load from no–load state gradually.
5. Change pole of generator series magnetic field winding (S1 , &S2 terminal) and repeat
experiment like above.

57
 6. Measure armature resistance.
7. Calculate voltage regulation e and record.

15.4 Data Sheet

Load Terminal Load Excitation Armature Armature EMF, E Output

Voltage Current current CurrentIa = drop [V] power
V2 , [V] I2 , [A] If , [A] I2 + If , Ia Ra , [V] V2 + Ia Ra P=
[A] V2 I2 [W]

15.5 Graphs
15.5.1 load current vs terminal voltage
15.5.2 load current vs Armature voltage drop
15.5.3 load current vs induced electro-motive force

58
15.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

59
60
 Experiment 16
To study the load characteristics of DC shunt motor
16.1 Objective
To demonstrate characteristic of speed characteristic to load change, torque characteristic and
speed regulation of DC shunt motor.

16.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, DC shunt motor, and connecting leads.

Figure 16.1: Circuit diagram of DC shunt motor

Figure 16.2: Experimental setup for load characteristics of DC shunt motor

16.3 Procedure
1. Make the circuit arrangements according to the Fig. 16.1 and 16.2.
2. Do ON and set the shunt motor to the proper form speed.
3. Read the reading of an each meter of that time and record at a table 16.1.
4. Measure the armature resistance of the motor’s to use the circuit tester at once if you
finish the experiment.

61
16.4 Data Sheet

S No. Terminal Load Current Excitation Speed

Voltage current
V1 , [V] I1 , [A] If 1 , [A] n, [RPM]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Table 16.1: Data recording

S No. Armature PIN EMF [V], POU T Torque Efficiency=

CurrentIa = E= [Nm]
9.55POU T POU T
I1 − If 1 , V1 I1 , [W] V1 − Ia Ra EIa , [W] = n PIN ×100
[A]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Table 16.2: Calculations

16.5 Graphs
16.5.1 load current vs efficiency
16.5.2 load current vs input torque
16.5.3 load current vs speed

62
16.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 51% - 70% 71% - 80% 81%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

63
64
 Experiment 17
To study the load characteristics of DC compound motor
17.1 Objective

To demonstrate characteristic of speed and torque characteristic DC compound motor.

17.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, DC compound motor, and connecting leads.

Figure 17.1: Circuit diagram of DC compound motor

Figure 17.2: Experimental setup for load characteristics of DC compound motor

17.3 Procedure

1. Make the circuit arrangements according to the Fig. 17.1 and 17.2.
2. Do ON and set the DC compound motor to the proper form speed.
3. Read the reading of an each meter of that time and record at a table 17.1.
4. Measure the armature resistance of the motor’s to use the circuit tester at once if you
finish the experiment.

65
 S No. Terminal Load Current Excitation Speed
Voltage current
V1 , [V] I1 , [A] If 1 , [A] n, [RPM]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Table 17.1: Data recording

S No. Armature PIN EMF, [V] POU T Torque Efficiency=

CurrentIa = E= [Nm]
9.55POU T POU T
I1 − If 1 , V1 I1 , [W] V1 − Ia Ra EIa , [V] = n PIN ×100
[A]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Table 17.2: Calculations

17.4 Data Sheet

17.5 Graphs
17.5.1 load current vs efficiency
17.5.2 load current vs input torque
17.5.3 load current vs speed

66
17.6 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

67
68
 Experiment 18
To study forward-and-reverse operation method of DC motor
18.1 Objective
To understand the method of polarity changing of armature and use it to rotate in forward and
reverse direction of DC motor.

18.2 Equipment & Test Setup

DC machine trainer, DC shunt motor, and connecting leads.

Figure 18.1: Fleming’s left hand rule.

Figure 18.2: Fleming’s left hand rule.

Figure 18.3: Circuit diagram of shunt DC motor

69
 Figure 18.4: Experimental setup for forward and revers rotation of Shunt DC motor

18.3 Procedure
1. Make the circuit arrangements according to the Fig. 18.3 and 18.4.
2. Start the motor by using starting resistor.
Write which the turning direction is.
When you see from coupling side direction
3. At this time. change construction of the magnetic field winding Fl and F2 each other, and
connect those.
When you see from coupling side direction

70
18.4 Laboratory Assessment

Student Name: Reg. No.:

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(P)
Psychomotor 70
(Evaluated during
the experiment)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(A)
Affective 10
(Evaluated during
the lab)

Criteria Allocated Poor Good Very Good Excellent Marks

Marks 40%-50% 50% - 70% 70% - 80% 80%-100% Obtained
(C)
Cognitive 20
(Evaluated on
report submission)

Obtained Marks=(0.7 × P ) + (0.1 × A) + (0.2 × C) = : Total Marks:

Course Instructor: Date:

71
72
 Experiment 19
Open Ended Laboratory
Lab 01

19.1 Objective
To model, analyze and validate 3-phase transformer vector group representation with phase
shift waveforms and measured data.

19.2 Specifications
Primary and secondary windings should be connected differently, the secondary voltage wave-
forms must differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30 electrical degrees.
This is called a 30 degree phase shift. When two transformers will be connected in parallel,
their phase shifts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will occur when the transformers are
energized.

19.2.1 Winding Connections

• First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.
D=Delta, S=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral

• Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.

d=Delta, s=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.

• Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)

19.2.2 Example – Dyn11

Transformer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y) with
the star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading.

19.2.3 Operating Parameters

• V=220V, f= 50Hz.

• Input-output loss must remain constant.

• 30 degree number must exists in whole data and waveform analysis.

• Input current drawn should not cross the operational excitation values.

19.3 Equipment and Test setup

Select the best appropriate equipment from the available resources to validate the open-ended
lab.

19.4 Procedure
Perform this lab step by step that justifies the objectives of the experiment from start to end.

73
19.5 Report Required
• Tabulate 4 combination values of star-delta line to line and phase voltages

• Analyze the phase shift value of 30 degree mathematically.

• Match your above analysis with waveform signals of oscilloscope.

Primary side configuration Secondary Side Configuration VL-L Volts

Delta Star
Star Delta
Delta Star
Star Star

Table 19.1: Data

19.6 Discussion Questions

1. Are the relationships of primary and secondary voltages match in case of phase shifts?

2. Do you think that these voltage phase shifts are same as currents and fluxes?

74
 Experiment 20
Open Ended Laboratory
Lab 02

20.1 Objective
To model, analyze, and validate Scott Transformer Connection for Balanced and Un-Balanced
Loads with aims:

1. To obtain balanced two-phase supply from three-phase supply by Scott arrangement of

two single phase transformers.

2. To perform resistor load test (unity power factor) for both balanced and unbalanced loads
and compare the test results with calculations.

3. To obtain single-phase supply from three-phase supply by Scott arrangement and perform
load test at unity power factor (resistor).

20.2 Specifications
• First symbol: for High voltage: Always capital letters

• D= Delta, S=Star, Z=Interconnected Star, N=Neutral, ZL = Load

• First symbol: for Low voltage: Always small letters

• d= Delta, d=Star, z=Interconnected Star, n=Neutral, zl = Load

• No single piece of three-phase transformer exists in lab

• Single-phase industrial transformer trainer: 50VA, 50Hz Step-Down Transformer

20.2.1 Equipment and test setup

Select the best appropriate equipment from the available resources to validate the open-ended
lab.

20.2.2 Procedure
Perform this lab step by step that justifies the objectives of the experiment from start to end.

20.3 Report Required

Prepare a report that best describes design, model, mathematical analysis, hardware validation,
experiment statistics. Tabulate the observed data from the trainer and verify with equations.
Discuss the differences or similarities in your readings. Is there any tolerance factors in your
readings? Show the effect of balance and un-balanced loading on the transformer working with
unity power factors and different phase supplies.

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20.4 Discussion Questions
1. Discuss and number the advantages and disadvantages of Scott-T connections transform-
ers configurations.

2. Verify experiment results with theoretical predictions for three phase to two phase con-
version (balanced and unbalanced load) and three phase to single phase conversion.

3. Calculate phase shift angle between the secondary currents of teaser (Ia ) and main trans-
former (Ib ) for balanced and unbalanced load of three phase to two phase conversion.

4. Draw phasor diagrams for one load set of experiment results of three phase to two phase
conversion (balanced and unbalanced load) and three phase to single phase conversion.

5. Why Scott-T connections of transformers are not recommended as a connection for three
phase to three phase applications?

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 Experiment 21
Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)

21.1 Objective
Analysis of Synchronous Generator Parameters With and Without Rated Load Using OCC

21.2 CEP Description

Study the Open-Circuit Characteristics of Synchronous Generator. Use relevant graph and find
out the parameters using generator relations you studied in class. With correct mathematical
analysis, validate your work using synchronous generator. Trainer in Lab, and finally with
Matlab simulations platform

21.3 Specifications
A 13.8−kV , 50−M V A, 0.9-power-factor-lagging, 60-Hz, four-pole Y-connected synchronous
generator has a synchronous reactance of 2.5Ω and an armature resistance of 0.2Ω. At 60 Hz,
its friction and windage losses are 1 MW, and its core losses are 1.5 MW. The field circuit has a
dc voltage of 120 V, and the maximum IF is 10 A. The current of the field circuit is adjustable
over the range from 0 to 10 A. The OCC of this generator is shown in figure below:

1. What is the speed of rotation of this generator?

2. How much field current is required to make the terminal voltage VT (or line voltage VL )
equal to 13.8 kV when the generator is running at no load?

3. What is the internal generated voltage EA of this machine at rated conditions?

4. What is the phase voltage Vφ of this generator at rated conditions?

5. How much field current is required to make the terminal voltage V equal to 13.8 kV when
the generator is running at rated conditions?

6. Suppose that this generator is running at rated conditions, and then the load is removed
without changing the field current. What would the terminal voltage of the generator be?

7. How much steady-state power and torque must the generator’s prime mover be capable
of supplying to handle the rated conditions?

8. What is the efficiency of this generator?

9. Prove the above analysis mathematically, with hardware trainer, and Matlab/Simulink.

21.4 Report Required

A 10-page report is expected from the student’s group. Group may comprise with 2-3 stu-
dents. The report must consist of the following points. The marks will be based on the report,
presentation, and viva.

77
 Figure 21.1: Transformer Delta and Delta Connection

21.4.1 Introduction
A 2-page introduction with proper references is required from each group.

21.4.2 Design Methodology

You may assume un-known parameters. You may consider values of the parameters in func-
tioning range.

21.4.3 Project Management Timeline

Four months are provided to the students for successful implementation of CEP.

21.4.4 Teamwork
CEP marks will be given to the collective effort of the group.

21.4.5 Environmental and Social Impacts

Students must provide environmental and social impacts of the Project in report, presentation,
and viva.

21.4.6 Performance Evaluation

Hardware Validation: You have to validate your calculations on the Lab trainer.
Software Validation: You must also validate your calculations using Matlab/Simulink.

21.4.7 Lifelong Learning

What are the notable lessons you grasped from your CEP? What grasped features will be ben-
eficial in your whole life.

21.4.8 Conclusions
Conclusions are what you extracted from the CEP. You must provide one detailed paragraph on
your extraction.

21.4.9 References
Latest state-of-the-art references 20-25 in number must be visible in the document.

78
21.5 Discussion Questions
The questions of modelling, analysis, design, interfacing, implementation, validation, and re-
port points will be asked from the respective groups in Viva presentation.

79
80
 Experiment 22
Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)

22.1 Objective
Analysis of Six pole Induction Motor Parameters With Variable Rated Conditions

22.2 CEP Description

Study the Equivalent-Circuit Characteristics of Induction Motor. Use relevant equations and
find out the parameters using motor relations you studied in class. With correct mathematical
analysis, validate your work using Induction Motor Trainer in Lab, and finally with Matlab
simulations platform.

22.3 Specifications
A three phase, 100-hp, 230 V, 60-Hz, six pole induction motor is operating at the rated load,
rated voltage, and rated frequency with efficiency of 91.0 percent and draws a line current of
248 A. Assume the losses for the new operating conditions are as follows: stator conductor
loss, 2803 W; rotor conductor loss. 1549 W; core loss, 1697 W; and the combined windage,
friction, and stray power loss are unknown. Sketch the power flow diagram, enter given data,
and determine:

1. Power input

2. Total Losses

3. Air-gap Power

4. Shaft-speed

5. Power factor

6. Combined windage, friction, and stray load loss

7. Shaft-torque

8. Prove the above analysis mathematically, with hardware trainer, and Matlab/Simulink

22.4 Report Required

A 10-page report is expected from the student’s group. Group may comprise with 2-3 stu-
dents. The report must consist of the following points. The marks will be based on the report,
presentation, and viva.

22.4.1 Introduction
A 2-page introduction with proper references is required from each group.

81
22.4.2 Design Methodology
You may assume un-known parameters. You may consider values of the parameters in func-
tioning range.

22.4.3 Project Management Timeline

Four months are provided to the students for successful implementation of CEP.

22.4.4 Teamwork
CEP marks will be given to the collective effort of the group.

22.4.5 Environmental and Social Impacts

Students must provide environmental and social impacts of the Project in report, presentation,
and viva.

22.4.6 Performance Evaluation

Hardware Validation: You have to validate your calculations on the Lab trainer.
Software Validation: You must also validate your calculations using Matlab/Simulink.

22.4.7 Lifelong Learning

What are the notable lessons you grasped from your CEP? What grasped features will be ben-
eficial in your whole life.

22.4.8 Conclusions
Conclusions are what you extracted from the CEP. You must provide one detailed paragraph on
your extraction.

22.4.9 References
Latest state-of-the-art references 20-25 in number must be visible in the document.

22.5 Discussion Questions

The questions of modelling, analysis, design, interfacing, implementation, validation, and re-
port points will be asked from the respective groups in Viva presentation.

82