21

Welded Connections
21.1 THE WELDING PROCESS
Welding is a process of conecting metal parts by fusion. Are welding and oxy-accetylene welding are thetwousual methods adopted.
Molten orfused metal is depositedbetween the metal parts which areto beconnected.
The metal partsarealso fused toa specified depth.
When the deposited fused metal is cooled, the metal parts get joined by new metal. The ends of metal partsto be connectedand the tip
oftheweld rod are fused by are which causes a high temperature of about 3300°C. In the oxy-acetylene method a jetof burning oxygen
and acetylene isused as a source of heat. The weld rod has coating which also melts during the welding process and forms
a
preventing combination of the heated metal with the frely available oxygen and nitrogen from the atmosphere.
a shield

21.2 ADVANTAGES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS

Since the process does not involve driving holes, the gross sectional area of the welded members is effective. In the case of
riveted tension member deductions have to be made for the area lost due to punching holes.
(in Welded structures are comparatively lighter than corresponding riveted structures.
(in A welded joint has a great strength. Often a welded joint has the strength of the parent metal itself.
( ) Repairs and further new connections can be done more easily than in riveting.
)Welded joints provide rigidity. Hence welded members for the same loading, are subjected to smaller bending moments than
coresponding riveted members.
(vi) Often welded joints are economical to riveted joints. For a welded structure maintenance and painting costs are lesser than
for the riveted structure.
(vi) Members of such shapes that afford difficulty for riveting can be more easily welded.
(vii) A welded structure has a better finish and appearance than the corresponding riveted structure.
() Connecting angles, gusset plates, splicing plates can be minimized and in many cases, can be avoided in welded structures.
() Steel bars in reinforced concrete structures may be welded easily. Lapping of bars may be avoided if welding is resorted to.
(xi) t is possible to weld at any point at any part of a structure. But riveting will always require enough clearance.
(xi) The process of welding does not involve great noise compared to the noise produced in the riveting process.

21.3 DISADVANTAGES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS

9Welding requires skilled labour and supervision. 1
Reinforcement
(i) Testing a welded joint is difficult. An X-ray examination alone can enable us to mm

study the quality of the connection.

(ii) Dueto uneven heating and cooling, the welded members are likely to get warped
at the welded surfaces.
() Internal stresses in the welded zones are likely to be set up.
Throat thickness LI.5mm
21.4 TYPES OF WELDS I=0.707xSize
Welds may be classified into two main types namely fillet-weld and butt-weld. Ng. 21.1
Fillet-weld. This type of weld is used when the members to be connected overlap
each other. Fig. 21.1 shows a fillet weld. The section
of the fillet weld for design sides of
will be taken as an isosceles right-angled triangle. The length of either of the equalpurposes
the triangle is called the size of the weld. The
perpendicular distance between the hypotenuse
of th triangle and the opposite apex is called the throat thickness. If t be the throat
thickness and s be the size of the fillet weld.

0.707 s. Ng. 21.2

Ifl be the length of a weldand the throat thickness, the product /lt will be
as the effective or regarded Reinforcement
resisting area resisting shear.
Safe load on a weld = Length of weld » throat thickness * permissible shear stress in weld.
The permissible shear stress is usually taken as 110 N/mm*.

PNg. 21.3 -Reinforcement

WELDED CONNECTIONS
1273
Butt weld. The types of butt welds in practice are,
Single V-butt weld. Fig. 21.2 shows this type of weld. The effective throat thickness is
taken as the thickness of the thinner part. The permissible stresses for this type of weld are
150 N/mm- in axial tension or compression, and
() Double V-butt weld. Fig. 21.3 shows this type of butt weld.
(ii) Single U-butt weld. (Fig. 21.4) Flg. 21.44
(v) Double U-buttweld. (Fig. 21.5)
T

Rg. 21.5 Flg. 21.6

Abstract ofIS Specifications. (IS 816)

21.5 MINIMUM SIZES OF WELD
The 1.S. code has recommended the following:

Thickness of thinner part Minimum size

Up to and including 9.5 mm 3 mm
Over 9.5 mm, up to and including 19 mm 5 mm
Over 19 mm, up to and including 32 mm 6 mm
8 mm minus first run

Over 32 mm 9.5 mm minus minimum size of fillet

21.6 EFFECTIVE LENGTH

size and required thickness. For
The effective length of thefillet weld shall be taken as that length only which is of the specified
be taken as the actual length minus twice the weld size.
practical purposes, the effective length may

21.7 MINIMUM LENGTH

times the size of weld.
The effective length ofa fillet weld designed to
transmit loading shall not be less than four
A PLATE
21.8 FILLET WELD APPLIED TO THE EDGE OF 1.5 mm less than
Where a fillet weld is applied to the square edge
ofa part, the specified size of the weld should generally be at least
l`mm
the edge thickness.
Specified
21.9 ANGLE BETWEEN FUSION FACES Size
whose fusion faces form an
Fillet welds should not be used for connecting parts demonstrated by practical
than 60° unless such welds are
angle of more than 120° or less
tests to develop the strength required. Pig. 21.7

21.10 THROAT THICKNESS Kx fillet size, where K

fillet should be taken as
calculation the effective throat thickness ofa
Fillet weld. For the purpose ofstress faces shal be as in the following table:
between fusion
S a constant. The value of Kfor different angles
101-106 107-113 14-120
-90 -100
13°
ANGLE
90 60 100 91° 106 101° 07°
20
BETWEEN \14°

FUSION
FACES

0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50

CONSTANT 0.70
K

Ng. 21.8

weld. The effective throat thickness ofa complete penetration butt weld shall be taken
(a) Complete penetration butt
Butt weld.
as the thickness of the thinner part joined. welds. I he euecuve nr0at thickness
of an incomplete penetration butt weld
o r unsealed single butt
(b) Incomplete penetration joined excluding reinforcement
thickness of the weld metal common
to thne parts of least
shall be taken as the minimum
and incomplete butt welds welaed irom
onc
side only, should have a throat thickness at
Unsealed single butt of V and U should be prOduced by fabricator to show that the effective throat
If required, evidence
7/8 of the thickness of the thinner parts joined.
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
1274

not exceeding 5/8 of the thickness

has been obtained. For the purpose of shear calculation, a reduced effective throat thickness
ckness
of the thinner part joined should be used.
Notes.
weld metal is intentionally not deposited through the full
A n incomplete penetration butt weld means a butt weld in which the
thickness of the joint. thickness should be decided by
ensure the necessary effective
(i) The nature of evidence to be produced by the fabricator to and comprise:
agreement between the designer/purchaser
and the fabricator, may, for example,
show that the welding procedure is capable of providing the required penetration.
(a) Tests carried out before welding to
has been followed.
and inspection during welding to establish that the correct procedure
and
Test pieces made as continuations of the seams during welding;
(6)
other suitable non-destructive methods.
(c)Examination, after welding, by radiographic
or
welded from both sides, shall not be greater than 1/4 of the thicknese
The unwelded portion in incomplete penetration butt welds,
weld. For the purpose of stress calculation a reduced effective throat
of the thinner part joined and should be central on the depth of the
thinner part joined should be used.
thickness not exceeding 5/8 of the thickness of the

21.11 INTERMITTENT FILLET WELDS

calculated stress across a joint strength required is less than that
when the
Intermittent fillet welds may be used to transfer section of intermittent fillet
continuous fillet weld of the smallest allowable size for the thickness of the parts joined. Any
developed by a the weld size with a minimum of 38 mm.
welding shallhave an effective length of not less than four times
intermittent fillet welds carrying calculated stresses shall not exceed the
The clear spacing between the effective lengths of
thinner part joined and shall in no case be more than 30 mm.
following number of times the thickness of the
16 times for compression members.
24 times for tension members.
shall have an effective length of not less than the width of the component
Longitudinal fillet welds at the ends of built-up members shall be not
in which case, the sum of the end longitudinal and end transverse welds
part joined unless end transverse welds are used,
less than twice the width of the component part.
Where staggered intermittent welding is used, the
Chain intermittent welding is to be preferred to staggered intermittent welding.
ends of the component parts shall be welded on both sides.
be to the extent of the ends of the parts connected ; for welds staggered
In a line of intermittent fillet welds, the welding should intermediate web
but need not apply to subsidiary fittings or components such as
about two edges, this applies generally to both edges,
stiffeners.
21.12 LAP JOINTS
lateral
less than five times the thickness of the thinner part unless
The overlap of parts at stress carrying lap joints shall be not welds or by two or more
least two transverse lines of fillet, plug or slot
deflection of parts is prevented, they shall be connected by at
ongitudinal fillet orslot joints.
welds are used alone in end connections, the length
of each fillet welds shall be not less than the
If the longitudinal fillet fillet welds used in end connections shall not exceed
16
perpendicular distance between them. The transverse spacing longitudinal
of
welds used to prevent
times the thickness of the thinner part connected, unless end transverse
welds or intermediate plug or slot are

butting or separation of the parts.

21.13 FILLET WELDS IN SLOTS OR HOLE:
the dimensions of the slot or hole should
Where fillet welds are used in slots or holes through one or more of the parts beingjoined,
which the slot or hole is formed.
comply with the following limits in terms of the thickness for the part in
less than 3 times the thickness.
(a) The width or diameter should be not
a radius not less than 1.5 times the thickness.
(b) Corners at the enclosed ends of slots should be rounded with be not
of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or holes should
( The distance between the edge of the part and the edge
iess than twice the thickness.
be
in order to join the same to an underlying part, fillet welding may
When welding inside a slot or a hole, in a plate or other part,
or the hole, but the latter shall not be filled with weld metal or partially filled
in such manner as
a
used along the wall or walls of the slot for
metal connection between opposite walls, except that fillet welds along opposite walls may overlap each other
to form a direct weld
size.
a distance of 1/4th of their

21.14 END RETURNs

ends or of
sides members should, whenever practicable, be returned continuously around the corners
Fillet welds terminating at the to side and top fillet welds in tension
twice the size of the weld. This provision should, in particular, apply
for a distances not less than
beam seatings and similar parts.
which connect brackets,
ABOUT A SINGLE FILLET
21.15 BENDING
weld should not be subjected
to a bending moment about the longitudinal axis of the fillet
A single filet
WELDED CONNECTIONs
1275

PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN WELDSs

21.16
the following table :
be proportioned that the stress therein shall exceed the values given in
Welded joints shall
so not

Permissible Stress
Kind of Stress
150 N/mm?
Axial tensile stress on throat section of butt weld 150 N/mm
( Axial compressive stress on throat section of butt weld 165 N/mm
(ii) Maximum bending stress
() Maximum shear stress 110N/m
not
welds shall be considered as shear on throat for any direction of the applied
load. Welds in plugs and slots shall
Stress in fillet shear.
value in resistance to stress other than
he considered as having any
STRESSES IN WELDS
21.17 COMBINED combined with a
direct
a connection are
the fillet welds in subjected to tension or compression, bending forces, stress of 100
Fillet welds. When be calculated as the vector sum and should not
exceed the permissible shear
resultant stress may
chear force, the maximum
stress,
combination with direct shear
Nimm.

butt welds subjected to tensile or compressive

stress (axial and/or bending) in
Bult welds. In
proportioned that the quantity
the weld shall be so

P Actual shear stress in the weld

where,
P =
Permissible shear stress in the weld
P. Actual tensile or compressive stress in the weld
P- Permissible tensile compressive stress in the weld.
or
welds to make up the strength requirement. A
21.18 PLUG WELDS
the needed length of fillet weld cannot be provided, we may provide plug weld metal. (Alternatively a fillet weld may be
In and the hole is filled with the
case
one of the two components of the area
circular or slotted hole is cut in filled with weld, the strength of the plug weld is taken as the product
When the entire hole is
formed along the edge of hole).
shear stress in the weld.
of the plug and the permissible
the following conditions
The plug dimensions shall satisfy
shall not be less than
The diameter or width ofthe plug
) 3 times the thickness of the plate
(i) 25 mm. welded to another plate as
100mm
Problem 1. A tie bar 100 mm
x 16 m m thick is to be
welds are used.
in Fig. 21.9. Find the minimum overlap
required if 8 mm fillet
shown
Adopt the following working stresses
Tensile stress in plates 150 N/mm mm

Shear stress in weld = 110 N/mm>. 16mm

Solution. Maximum tension in the tie bar
= 100 x 16x 150 N=2,40,000 N
PNg. 21.9

Total length of weld =2 x100+2x=(200+2x)mm

= 0.7 x size of weld
Throat thickness ()
= 0.7 x8-5.60 mm
Effective area of the weld
5.6 (200+2x)mm*
Total resistance of the weld weld x Permissible shear stress
Effective area provided by the
- 5.6 (200+2x) 110N
=616 (200+2x) N
the load the tie bar,
Equating the resistance of the weld to
on
100mm
616 (200+2x) =2,40,000
x=94.8 mm say 95
mm
200+2x389.61
requiredfor the joint
shown Fig.
lap length
roblem 2. Find the minimumPermissible the weld may be
are used.
shear stress in X
0if6 mm fillet welds
250
Mm

taken as I110 Nimm kN -12.5 kNN

Solution. Let the length of lap required be x mm.
12.5 kN
Total length ofthe weld 2r+2x-4x mm7
Resistance of weld =0.7 x 6 x 4xx 110N Plg. 21.10

=
1,848 x N
 THEORY OF STRUCTURE
1276
we have
weld to the load on the joint,
Equating the resistance of the
1,848x2,50,000
2,50,000
mm
x1848
= i35.3 mm, say 140 mm.
bars
to comect wo tie
Problem 3. A welded lap joint is to be provided Investigale
150 mm x 10mm. The working stress in
the tie bar is 150 N/mm',
the weld may
fillet welds be 8 mm. Safe stress for
the size
design if the ofthe
be taken as l10 N/mm'.
Solution. Safe load in the tie bar
=150 x10x 150=2,25,000 N -100 +-80 -
80
Total length of weld
Fig. 21. 11

=2x50+4Vs02 + 802 UILLII -

=477.4 mm TITITIiin
weld P
Strength of the Flg. 21.12
=0.7 x 8 x 477.4 x 110

2,94,078N is safe.
tie bars the design
of the weld is greater than the maximum tension in the in the arrangement shown in Fio
Since the strength
that can be applied on
the 200 mm x l8 mm plate
Problem 4. Calculate the maximum pull weld in the slot is ofó
mm size.

the outer edges of the plate is of 10 mm size while the

21.13. The weld along
200x 18x150 {N =546 kN 200 18mm
Solution. Tensile strength of the plate 1,000 150mm
Length of10 mm weld =3 x 75 +150=375 mm
75
Strength of 10 mm weld wwww
375x0.7 x10x110kN = 288.75 kN 50
mn
-

mm
1,000
Length of 6 mm weld
=2x 75+2 x 50 250 mm Smm 7777777 7777777
Strength of6 mm weld

50x0.7x6xl-|15.50kN
1,000
Ng. 21.13

Total strength of the weld

288.75+115.50 404.25 kN
Strength of the weld < Strength of the plate
. Safe pull= Strength of the weld= 404.25 kN
Problem 5. An ISMC 350 x 42.1 kg/m channel carrying apullof600 kN has to be connected to a gusset plate the overlap lengin
being limited to 250 mm. Design a welded connection. Use 6 mmfillet welds.
Solution. Strength of the weld per mm run
=1 x0.7 x6x110W=462 N/mm
ISMC 350
Total length of weld required
600x 103 LLLLLLiLLLiLLLLL
= 1,299 mm
462 162,5
Provide a slot weld
Width of the slot shall be not less than 250 Eee-
() 3 timesthethickness=3 * 8.1 24.3 mm
(ii) 25 mm 162.5 -240
Provide a slot width of25 mm
Total length ofweld to be provided in the slot 230

1,299-2x 250-2 162.5=474 mm

x
Ng. 21.14
474
Length ofeach slot weld -2 237 mm, say 240 mm.
Problem 6. A 150 mm x 115
mmleg asmm
x 8
tolds at the extremities of the longer angleincarrying
shown F'g. 21.1D. LDesign
a lensile theofjoint
load
200 allowing
kN is to bea shear stressaofgussetplate
110 N/mm* by
in 6e filler
connected to a
Solution. Let the length of weld at the top extremity be x mm.
velas.

Let the length of weld at the bottom extremity be xz mm.

Distance of longitudinal centroidal axis of angle from the
top edge 44.6 mm
=
VELDED CONNECTIONS
1277
Safe load on weld per mm length
= 0.7x
6 x 110
N/mm=462
N/mmwe
Fauating the total resistance of the weld to the tension in the member,

have
462 +x,) =200x 103 44.6mm

X+2432.9mm.
Taking moments about the upper weld line,
I50
mm

462xx 150 -200x 103 x 44.6

X2128.7mm
x =432.9-128.7=304.2 mm Ng. 21.15
Let us provide x 305 mm andr^=129 mm.
Isomm 6mm
Fillet weld
Problem 7. A circular plate 150 mm diameter is welded to another plate by means
f6 mm fillet weld Calculate the greatest twisting moment that can be resisted by the
weldifthe permissible shearing stress in the weld is 110 N/mm?.
Solution.
Safe load that can be resisted per mm length of weld
= 0.7x 6 x 110 Nper mm

=
462 N/mm length ofweld.
Greatest twisting moment

150
= 462 x Tx 150x Nmm
2
= 1,63,28,428 Nmm 16.33 kNm. Fig. 21.16

Problem 8. Design a lap joint for connecting two plates of sizes 150 mm
x
10 mm and 200 mm x 10 mm allowing a safe shear
I10 N/mm* in the weld. Permissible tensile stress in the plate 150 Nmm. =

stress of
Solution. We will design the joint for the maximum strength of the smaller plate. 10imm
Maximum strength of the smaller plate
= 150x 10x 150 N=2,25,000 N VIIITIITITIIIIIITILZTUIIII
Let 8 mm weld be used : | 101mm
Strength of weld per mm length
0.7 x 8 x 1 x 110N per mm.
1omm
616 N/mm length of weld
Total length of weld required
2,25,000
=

616
mm=365.26 mm. 150mm

the weld at the end of the tie and at the side symmetrically, length
Providing
of weld at each side
11Omm
(36526-150) mm 200mmx 10mm

Fig. 21.17
107.63 mm, say 110mm. weld. Find the safe internal
with 8 fillet
diameter is made by providing lap joint
mm
a

Froblem 9. A thin cylinder 800 mm in based on the strength of the weld.

Pessure tha can be permitted in the cylinder
Solution. Let the safe internal pressure bep Nmm*
Consider 1 mm length ofthe cylinder
DaPx800 N/mm
Hoop tension per mm run 2 2
Strength of the weld per mm length of the cylinder
2x1 x 0.7x 8 x 110-1,232 N/mm Flg. 21.18

For the safety of the weld

800
Px 1232
p =3 N/mm?.
lapjoint, the connection being made bytransverse fillet weld
Pro 10 be connected in
mm are 1o
a

10. Two plates 180 mm x

Dem
and.essary plug welds. Design the connection. Use 6 mm welas

Solution. Maximum pull in the plate

180x 10x
150N =
270 kN
1,000
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
1278

Strength of the two transverse welds

1Omm
2x180x0.7 x6x N =166.32 kN
1,000
Strength of the plug welds 30
-270-166.32 = 103.68&N
Area of the plug welds
16mm
30mm 80mm
103.68x1000 942.6 mm*
i10
Providing two plug welds, area of each plug weld 30

94264713mm
2 Flg. 21.119
Provide 30 mm x 16 mm plug welds
around the end of the bar and also inside a
Problem 11. A tie bar 100 mm
* 10 mm is connected to another by fillet welds
stress of l10 N/mm> in the
tensile stress of 150 N/mm' in the tie bar and shearing
a
machined slot as shown in Fig. 21.20. Allowing a
-100 10mm
weld
fillet the sire of the fillet weld
find Tiebar
Solution. Puli in the tie bar 100-
= 100x 10 x 150 1,50,000 N ULUILUIUA-
50
Strength of weld per mm length
=110 x0.7S =77SN 0O0
where S is the size of the weld in mm.
Total length of weld =3x 100+2 x 50 400 N

in the tie bar, have,

Equating the strength of weld to the tension
we

400x77S =1,50,000 Ng. 21.20

S #4.87 mm
Let us provide 5 mmfillet weld
load. Safe stress in weld may
Problem 12. For the single V unsealed butt welded joint shown in Fig. 21.21 find the permissible
be taken as 142 N/mm.
Solution. Since the joint is an unsealed V-butt joint the effective thickness of the throat of weld
T i e bar 120 x 8mmn

-x thickness of plate

x8=5mm Flg. 21.21

Safe load= length of weld x effective throat thickness

x permissible tensile stress in the weld
= 120 x 5 x 142 N

85,200 N. are welded on either

Problem 13. The tension member ofa truss consists of hwo angles 80 mm 80 mm 8 mm. Ifthe hwo angles
x x

shear in the welds l10 =

side of a gusset plate at the joint, design the joint. Axial tension in the member is 220 kN. Pernmissible
stress

N/mm. Use 6 mm fillet welds.

Solution. Fig. 21.22 shows the arrangement for the connection.
Let the length of weld at top and bottom edges be x, and x, for each angle.
Total length ofweld =2(tx) mm
Strength of weld per mm length =0.7 x 6 x 110 N=462 N/mm.

57.3mm

22.7mm

Ng. 21.22

Equating the resistance of the weld to the tension in the member, we have,
462 x 2 (r+x) =2,20,000
X 238.I mm.
WELDED CONNECTIONs

Taking moments about the bottom welds, 1279

462 x
2x x
80 2,20,000x 22.7
X 67.56 mm
Provide
x2 238.10-67.56=170.54 mm.
X 68 mm and x^= 171 mm.
Problem 14. A tie in a truss, consisting of a double
welded
to a gusset plate as shown in Fig. 21.23. Designangle section 100 x 65 x 10 thick
10 be, mm
carrying a tensile load 250 kN 1
in the weld with the joint 8 mm fillet welds allowing a shearing stress ofofl10
Nmm
Solution. Safe load per mm length of weld =0.7
110 N/mm=616 x 8 x 1 x

Total
Nper mm length of weld
length of weld
=2 * +x2+
100] mm
Fauating the resistance of the weld to the load in the
member, we have,
616x2( t+2+ 100) =2,50,000
Xtr+100 2,50,000-202.92
616x2
mm
t*2 =102.92 mm.
Taking moments about the top weld line,
663
00 *
-P250kN
2 616x100x+616x, x100=250,000x66.3
2 (33.7
x2 84.53 mm
x 202.92-84.53 118.39mm.
Let us provide the following lengths of weld Flg. 21.23

x =
120 mm,x2 =85 mm
and vertical length ofweld= 100 mm.
Problem 15. A weldedplate girder consists offlange plates, 200 mm x 10 mm one at top and the other at the bottom andavertical
webplate 600 mmx 10 mm. If the allowable shear stress in theweldis 110 N/mm and the mean shear stress in the web is 100 N/nmm,
determine the permissible shear force on the section of the beam if8 mm fillet welds are usedfor the connection.
Solution. Moment of inertia of the beam section about the neutral axis,

=I = 200x620 190x600
12 12
=5.521 x10 mm
force which produces a shear stress
() Shearforce based on the strength of weld. Let S be the shear
of 110 N/mm in the weld. 600x1

moment of flange area about neutral axis

-A 600
Shear stress I(2)
where throat thickness
= 110=.
S{200 x10x305}
5.521x108x2x0.7x8 10
S =11,15,060 N.
the web.
) Shear force based on the average shear stress in 200
x area of web
Maximum shear force Average stress in the web
=
Pig. 21.24
= 100 x 600x 10N
6,00,000 N
Hence, allowable shear force on the section of the girder 300
6,00,000N=600 kN.
18
a

Problem 16. Aplate girder simply supported

at having ends 60-180-60-180-60|
x 12 mm and ajlange
15 consists ofa web plate 700 mm
n of metres
carries an all incluszve
U mm x 18 mm for each flange. The girder
the size of the weld required
Jor 700
4 5 kN per meter run. Find web near the supporis.
plates,
the flange plates to the shear
le stress in the
weld equals
1110 mmfillet welds. Permissible
N/mm 18
Solution. Maximum shear force for the girder

=S=**kN =337.5kN
= S 4 5 x 1 s ,

2 Fig. 21.25
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES

1280
mm
736°-288X700
700

of the girder =/ =
(300 x
ofinertia of the
oment section 12
= 1.7352 x 10 mm
and wed

Horizontal shear load per mm run at the junction of the flange

Say
337.5 x 1,000 x 300x 18x39_377N/mm.
1.7352 x 10

be 60
Let the length of each weld unit
mm

Let the pitch of the weld units be p

=
1 x0.7x 10x 110=770 N/mm
weld un its.
Strength of weld per mm
run
to the strength of 2
horizontal shear load per pitch length
Equating the 377 xp 2 x 770 x 60

p 245 mm, say 240 mm.

Clear spacing of welds =240-60 180 mm.
WELDED cONNECTION
a linear or translatory
displacement ofthe
21.19 ECCENTRIC entirely to prevent connection may have to offer not only a
offered by a weld was

the discussions we
had so far, the resistance welds provided
for a
In circumferences in which the A b r a c k e t connection is one
connected. There are also displacement.
rotatory
or member resistances to prevent
plate translatory displacements but also
to prevent ofa column.
resistance connection. bracket plates welded to the flanges
example of this type of for bracket. It consists of two of the load Pdoes not pass
an eccentric welded connection, a
bracket plate. The of action
line
Fig. 21.25 showsto the bracket, a load P W/2 is transmitted to each
=

welded connection.
Tfa load HW be applied weld group. Hence, the
connection is called an
eccentric
through the centroid of the

Ng. 21.26 Fig. 21.27

There are two types of bracket connections, viz.,

moment in the plane of the weld.
() Welded connection subjected to
GnWelded connection subjected to moment in a plane normalto the plane of the weld.
Case 1. Welded connection subjected to moment in the plane ofthe weld.
Consider the bracket connection shown in Fig. 21.27.
Let the load on the bracket plate be P.
Let G be the centroid of the weld lengths.
Lete
Eccentricity of the load
Distance between the centroid G of the weld
=

+a group and the load line

The weld has to offer the following resistances:
() resistance against translation
a

in resistance against rotation.

a
) Resistance against transiation. This resistance is assumed to be uniform in the weld.

Load on bracket plate P

:. Resistance per unit length
Total length of weldL
WELDED C O N N E C T I O N S
1281
in Resistance against rotation. The value of this resistance per unit length at any point is'assumed to be proportional to the
:.ance of the point from the centroid G of the weld group.
d i s t a n c e

Consider an elemental length di of weld at any point Z distant r from G. Kr. d

Resistance against rotation per unit run at Z

Kr
where, K is a constant.

. Resistance offered by the elemental length dl of weld at Z

= Kr dl

acts normal to GZ.

This resistance
ofresistance offered by the elemental length of weld
Moment -
Kr dl. r
= Kdl. r2
Ng. 21.28
Total moment of resistance
offered against rotation
= EK dl 2
- K Zdl r

But dlr=1,=Polar moment

ofinertia ofthe weld length
about an axis through G normal to the plane of the weld.

But
Moment of inertia of the weld length about the axis XX, in the plane
where, of the weld, through G
about an axis in the plane
Moment ofinertia ofthe weld lengths
of the weld, normal to the axis XX and passing through G.
Total moment of resistance offered by
the weld lengths against rotation
-K[l+1]
External moment on the connection
P. e
we have,
the moment of resistance offered by
the weld against rotation to the external moment,
Equating K + ] =P. e
P.e

KI+l arrangement of weld length.

above relation the constant K can be computed for any given weld from G.
From the most distant point of the
maximum resistance against rotation
is offered by the weld at the
The 21.29.).
For design purposes consider the point A (See Fig.
shown in Fig. 21.29.
The forces acting per unit length
at A weld are
of Unit length
Let be the inclination with the Y-Yaxis.
of GA of weld

Total vertical force unit length at A

per
-V=+S sin
L

Total horizontal force per unit length at A

= H=Scos G

Resultant force per unit length atA Ng. 21.29

H ofthe weld.
safe load per unit length
should not exceed the given below:
this resultant force of weld are
n e design to be safe for the two usual
arrangements
centroid G of the weld group
S I o n s of the 21.30).
ABCD is the weld length (Fig.
Whenthe rectangle
For this case,

e=F+a = +a.
welded (Fig. 21.31).
When the length ABCD alone is
uFor this case,
b (b+d)
b+(b+d)
e=x +a.
1282 THEORY OF STRUCTURE

Moment of inertia of a weld length.

Moment of inertia of the weld of length d (Fig. 21.32) about the XX axis
d
I12
Moment of inertia of the weld length about the parallel axis EF

+ d (y)
Moment of inertia ofa weld length about the longitudinal axis=0.
Moment of inertia of a weld of length d about an axis, parallel to the weld length at a distance x, from the weld = d ( x , .

Weld of
lengh d

X X
a-
E- F

Weld o
length d

B
B
C

Ng. 21.30 Ng. 21.31 Fig. 21.32

Problem17. Fig. 21.33 shows an arrangement to support a bracketplate. The load applied to the bracketplate is 100 kN. Find
the greatest resistance offered by the weld permm length. 6 mm fillet welds are used find ihe greatest stress intensity in the weld
100
Solution F 50 mm
2
Eccentricity =e=50+ 50 mm 100 mm
Moment of inertia of weld lengths
200
12+100x 100 mm
3.333 x 10 mm3

100
12200 x50 m
=1.167x 10 mm3
+ 4.50 x 10 mm.

P=100kN
100 50
D mm,
LLULLLLALIUuAA

T0Omm S- Nman -166.7 N/mm

SOmm
J4
Unit Weld
length
100mm T00
mn

mmt m 0/

Ng. 21.33 lg. 21.34

MELDED CONNECTIONS 1283

Resistance against
translation per mm length of weld
100 x 10
= 166.7 N/mm
L600
rotation per length of weld at a point distant r from the centroid G =
S= Kr
Resistance against
mm

P.e 100x 10 x 100 20

where K-
K T1
4.5x 10 9

Resistance against
rotation at A per mm length
-S,-Kr N/mm
at A per mm length
Total vertical component
-V=+S,sin
20
- 166.7+, sin 6 N/mm

=
166.7+x 50 N/mm=277.8 Nmm
Total horizontal component
at A per mm length
= H=S, cos 6

20
cos N/mm

100
9
N/mm =222.2 N/mm
Resultant resistance per mm length at A
+(277.8)2 355.8 NImm
=

(222.2)
N/mm*
Let the maximum shear stress intensity in the weld be q
0.7 x6x 1 xq =355.8
484.71N/mm3 suitable size of
21.35. Suggest also a

for the arrangement Fig.

in
mm run on the weld
Problem 18. Find the maximum loadper
weld.
80kN 80kN
Load Per -=209.1
-I50mm 00mm Bracket LLLLLLULLILLLA
Plate
UILUIIII 4- =109.1 F00
40.9

|25

250mm

125 150

Ng. 21.35

b (b+d) 150x
400 109.1 mm
Solution. b+(b+d) 150+400
translation

Resis mm length against

ance offered by the weld per
80x1,000 145.4 N/mm
300+250
1284 THEORY OF STRUCTURES

At any point ofthe weld distant r from the centroid G of the weld group, the resistance of the weld per mm length against rotation
= S= Kr

P.e
where,
K1y
2 x 150x 125. 250 =
5.9895 x
10 mm
12

150 +150
(109.1-75) +250x 40.92 |mmn' = 1.3295 10 mm'

t (5.9895 + 1.3295) 10 mnm-7.319 x 10 mm

P.e 80x 10 x 209.1

K 7.319x 10 =2.286.
Consider al mm length of weld at A
Resistance against rotation at A per mm length
=S K ra
Total vertical component per mm length of weld at A

=V=+sin
=
145.4+2.286 r sin 6
145.4 +2.286 x 109.1=396.4 N/mm
-150mm
ySKr-22867,
=145.4 N/mm
40.9 109.1 109. Imm_
min mm
I mm Length
of weld
125
mm
X--.
250mm

Ng. 21.36 Plg. 21.37

Total horizontal component per mm length of weld at A
H-S,cos
-2.286 r, cos 6
2.286 x
125=286 N/mm
Resultant resistance per mm length
y(396.4) +(286) N/mm = 489 N/mm.
Let the size of weld be s mm
Equating the strength of the weld per mm length to the maximum resistance of the weld per mm length, we have,
0.7 xsx 110 =489
489
S mn
0.7x110
6.3 mm 100m
uuwiw A 100mm
Provide 7 mm fillet weld.
Problem 19. Fig 21.38 shows an eccentric welded comection, with 8 mm fillet welds.
Determine the greatest load P per bracket plate which can be applied on the connection.
Shear stress in the weld is not to exceed l10 N/mm?.

Solution. bb+d) 100x300 100x300 75 mm

b+ (b+d) 100+300 400

Eccentricity e=+ 100=75+100=175mm

Moment of inertia of weld length I

2 x 100x 100? +mm'-2.667 x 10mm Ng. 21.38

12
w.w aao r
1286 THEORY OF STRUCTURES

esistance per mm length at any point of the weld distant y from the xr axis ofthe weld line (Fig. 21.41) is given by

H P.e y N/mm
:. Resultant resistance per mm length of weld at any point
-v+H N/mm.

Ng. 21.41

Problem 20. Find the size ofweld requiredfor the bracket conmection shown in Fig. 21.42. The stress in the weld is not to exceed
100 N/mm
Solution. Moment of inertia of the weld lengths about the xx-axis

=/ =2x150+2x140x
=/=2x150

12
1o0?-3.3625 10 mm x

Resistance against translation per mm length of weld

-V=z-
L
100x1,000NImm 172
280+300Jmm N/mm
172 Nmm =
=

Resistance against rotation per mm length of weld

M 100x1,000x 150
-
HH
y x100 /mm =446 N/mm
33625 10
100 kN
40 1 S0
mm

i50 200

ISWB 200
200
Bem
ISMIB 350 Colum

ng. 21.42

Resultant resistance per mm length of weld

yI72)+(446) = 478 N/mm.
Let the size of weld be S mm. Equating the strength of weld per mm length to the maximum resistance per mm length, we have,
0.7sx 110=478
s=6.2 mm Use 7 mm weld
 cONNECTIONS
1287
WELDED

shlem
Pro bl 21. Find the minimum size of the fillet weld required to connect the bracket plate to the column as shown in Fig. 21.43.
in the weld is not to exceed 110 N/mm?.
Stressn

60kN
180 -

300

Ng. 21.433

inertia of the weld lengths about the xx-axis.

Solution. Moment of

I=2x mm 4.5x 10 mm
12
Resistance against translation per mm length
60x1,000=100 N/mm
600
Maximum resistance against rotation per mm length

-H=Yna
60 x 1,000 x 180 300
N/mm=360
2
N/mm
45x10
Resultant resistance per mm length of weld
H-Vi00 +360 =374 N/mm.
- to the maximum resistance per
mm length.
weld per mm length
the size
ofthe weld be s mm. Equating the strength of
et
We get,
0.7 xsx 110 =374
s # 4.8 mm
Find the greatest
Provide a fillet weld of5 mm size. stanchion, as shown in Fig 21.44.
welded to a
to a bracket fillet
ane , A load of 100 kN is applied
Each weld is 150 mm long
4 n C e ofered
by the weld per mm length.
1S0
P=100kN
150
75
mm
100
* * * ' * * * * *

TO0
200

165
325mum
Flg. 21.45

Ng. 21.44
the XX-axis.
Solution. Momenttof inertia ofweld length about
= 2 x 150x
1002-3 10°mm' x

wela
Kesistance against translation per mm length of
100x 1,000-333.3 N/mm
300
 THEORY OF STRUCTURES
1288

Resistance against rotation per mm length of weld,

100x 1,000x 75 200
250 N/mm
-H 3x10
X

Resultant resistance per mm length (333.3) +2503 N/mm-416.6 N/mm.

a column. Find the maximum
resistance ofered by the weldper mm length.
Problem 23. Fig. 21.46 shows a bracket welded to
about the xx-axis.
Solution. Moment of inertia of the weld lengths
100
I=2x 1.333x 10 mm
12
Resistance against translation per mm length of weld
100x 1,000
-V= =250 N/mm
400
Resistance against rotation per mm length of weld
100x 1,000 x60 100
1333 x 10
N/mm
=450 N/mm
.Resultant resistance per mm length of weld

V250 +4502 =515 Nmm.

100kN
60
mm

100mm

200
y-100 200mm
200
mm
mm

Fig. 21.47
Ng. 21.46

as shown in Fig. 21.49. The bracket carries load of 200 kN at a distance of125
a
Problem 24. Ajoist cutting is used as a bracket welds have double the throat thickness
Determine the load in thewelds per mm length if the flange
mmfrom the flange of the column.
as compared to the welds in the web.

200 kN
125 mm
L 125
125 mm

325 m
250 mn 250 X 250
min inm

125 mm
Column

Ng. 21.48 Ng. 21.49

 1289
W E L D E D C O N N E C T I O N S

welds have double the throat

the thickness of the throat of each of the flange welds be unity. Since the flange weld of unit throat thickness
Colution. Let
So two vertical web weld lengths can be replaced by an equivalent
as compared to the web welds the
21.49).
thicknessa

Durpose oTanalysis.
for
(See Fig.
Analysis of flange welds the xx-axis.
inertia of the equivalent weld lengths about
Moment of the
= I = +2 x 125 x 162.5 = 7.903 x 10°mm
12
translation per mm length of weld
Resistance against
=V = 200x1.00- 400 N/mm
500
against rotation per mm length of weld
Resistance
M 200x 1,000 x 12562.5 N/mm =514 N/mm
H= = 7.903 x 10
651 Nmm.
mm length of weld V400+ 5142
Resultant
resistance per

Analysis ofweb welds two weld lengths.

Note. The web is
provided with
translation per mm length
Resistance against
(400) 200 N/mm

m m length
Maximum resistance against rotation per

1 200x 1,00x 12 125 N/mm=198 N/mm

2 7.903x 10°

Resultant resistance per

mm length of weld
280N/mm.
=V200 +198
=

Exercise 21
1201Smm

21.50.
shown in Fig.
welded to another
plate as the following
thick is to be used. Adopt 120mm
1.
120 mm 15 m m
a rminimum overlap required if8 fillet welds are mm
Nmm*
rnd the stresses Tensile stress in plates 150 =

wOrking :
110 N/mn(100m).
Shearstress in weld
=

Fig. 2 1 . 5 0

21.51.
shown in Fig.
for the welded
joint (162 mm)
2 ndminimum overlap
length required
Use 6 mm
welds.

Per welds 1 10 N/mm.

=

cmissible stress in the

shear

15OkN
300
kN - 150Ok
FNg. 2 1 . 5 1