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Monitoring pollution level of the River Khiru at Mymensingh, Bangladesh

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 2011)

A1.004
Monitoring Pollution Level of the River Khiru
at Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Md. Nazmul Hasan1, Harunur Rashid1,*, Mohosena Begum Tanu2, Rawshan Parveen2,
Zahid Parvez Sukhan3, Md. Abdus Sattar4 and Yahia Mahmud2
1Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
2Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh
3Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
4Department of Medicine, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author: Tel: +88-01924-429971; e-mail: rashidh19@gmail.com

Abstract
The levels of some toxic metals in water, sediment and fish muscle, and some physico-chemical parameters of water
from three points of the Khiru River at Bhaluka, Mymensingh was analyzed. Five fish species, Puntius sophore,
Glossogobius giuris, Mystus tengra, Macrognathus aculeatus and Channa Punctatus together with water and soil were
sampled for six months and analyzed for toxic metal concentrations via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In water,
the average DO concentration was always found below the acceptable limit among all the points and ranged from
1.7±1.08 to 2.64±1.21 mg.L-1. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb in the water were found within the permissible limit,
however the concentrations of Cd, K and Na were much higher than the permissible limit. Except for Cd, all other metals
were found within the permissible limit in the soil sediment. In fish muscle, the highest average bioaccumulation of Cu,
Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Na, K and As was found to be 3.65±1.04, 106.39±34.93, 27.52±11.27, 0.0016±0.002, 0.0043±0.01111,
3746±2871, 41.62±24.42 and 0.0008±0.0009 mg.Kg -1, respectively and within the permissible limit. The findings of the
present study indicate that due to discharges from industries, the water and sediment of the River Khiru are getting
polluted and water quality is deteriorated.

INTRODUCTION presence of toxic metals and their limits in fish as

The pollution from industrial effluents, urban and well as water and sediment. This study allows us to
agricultural waste in some rivers and water bodies determine the levels of heavy metals such as Cu, Cd,
has reached alarming levels in Bangladesh [1]. The Zn, Mn, Pb and inorganic minerals such as K, Na
surface water qualities of the rivers of Bangladesh and As in water, soil and fishes of the Khiru River
are getting highly polluting day by day [2], [3]. The along with some physico-chemical parameters of
long term effects of the water contamination by water. The information will be helpful to create
inorganic and organic substances, many of them awareness among the people and policy makers
toxic, are incalculable and the chemicals that about the necessity of installing ‗Effluent Treatment
enter into the food chain have public health Plant‘ in these industries.
implications [4].
The inorganic minerals like magnesium (Mg), MATERIALS AND METHODS
sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and A. Study area
heavy metals like manganese (Mn), lead (Pb),
chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), cadmium Khiru river of Bhaluka, Mymensingh was selected
(Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) etc., when as the study site as recent days this river is affected
present above the permissible limit in food and by industrialization. Three sampling points (Fig. 1)
water are harmful. The concentration of toxic were selected depending on proximity to pollution
metals in water samples indicate the situation at source, and those were: S1: at the industrial
present, while the concentrations of the toxic discharge point; S2: near the bazar where the
metals in the soil sediment and organisms show the municipal wastes are discharged; and S3: at the
result of past as well as current pollution levels in area where industrial dumping is less.
the environment in which the organisms live [5].
B. Sample collection
Khiru River is situated in the Bhaluka upazila of
Mymensingh, Bangladesh and receiving importance Fish, water and soil samples were sampled at
since industrialization advanced faster along the 15-day intervals for 6 months from December, 2008
river bank for last two decades. Besides the to May, 2009. Soil samples were collected from top
industrial wastes, it receives pollutants from 20 cm of soil in polythene bags and water samples
agricultural and municipal sources. Heavy metal were collected from 0.50 m below the water surface
pollution is a problem associated with areas of using 500 ml HDPE bottle [8], stored in ice box,
intensive industry. The technological problems transported to the laboratory and preserved in 4°C
resulting from the discharge of effluents from until subsequent analysis. The fish samples of five
industries into Khiru River has been the most species (three individuals every month) such as
important pollution problem in this area [6]. High Punti (Puntius sophore), Bele (Glossogobius giuris),
concentrations of several heavy metals have been Tengra (Mystus tengra), Baim (Macrognathus
reported in the rivers near capital city Dhaka aculeatus) and Taki (Channa Punctatus) were
receiving discharges from the industries [7]. Soils collected from the each sampling point by netting
are the most important sink of trace elements. In and were transported to the laboratory in ice box on
this situation, it is necessary to evaluate the the same day of collection.

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 2011)

other two points. Possible factors involved in this

variation may include differences in the rate of
industrial and urban discharges.

Table 1. Mean concentrations (SE) of water quality

parameters from three sampling points of Khiru River
Parameters Sampling Point
S1 S2 S3
pH 8.41 ±0.64 7.78 ±0.39 7.96 ±0.54
DO (mgL-1) 1.7 ±1.07 2.65 ±1.21 2.54 ±1.43
Alkalinity 269.58 245.83 250.67
(mgL-1) ±82.0 ±84.5 ±89.6
NH3-N (mgL-1) 3.25 ±1.53 3.29 ±1.36 3.20 ±1.50
34.59 47.23 29.38
NO3-N (mgL-1)
±17.04 ±32.07 ±19.08

Most favorable DO, alkalinity, NH3-N and NO3-N

value for fish in river is 6.5-7.0, 20-200, <1.0 and
<10.0 mgL-1, respectively and pH 6.5-9.0 [10], [11].
In the present study, the physico-chemical
parameters in water were found beyond the
Fig. 1. The sampling sites at the River Khiru, Bhalika,
acceptable limits; indicating the Khiru River as a
Mymensingh, Bangladesh
polluted river. DO was found in the most crucial
level; it was more than 3 to 4 times lower than the
C. Sample preparation
acceptable limit [11], 1.7 and 2.65 mgL-1 in high
Water samples were filtered through membrane and low industrial discharge areas of Khiru River
filter and analyzed. The fish and soil sediments respectively that implying the river has become
were prepared following the standard protocol. critical for fish to live. The NH3-N and NO3-N level of
Muscle samples of fishes were taken with a knife Khiru River among all the sampling points was
after removing the skin. The muscles were found more than 3 times higher than the favorable
fragmented, homogenized and packed in a limit [11], indicating that the river water is
polyethylene wrap; stored at −20°C in order to be becoming unfavorable for fish and other aquatic
preserved for further analysis. Soil samples were organisms. In a similar study on water quality
also fragmented, homogenized and prepared in the parameters of an industrially polluted river of
same manner compliant with the acid digestion Bangladesh, Buriganga River, mean values of DO,
method. Both the fish and soil samples were pH and NO3-N to be 0.85 mgL-1, 7.41 and 4.12
digested with the mixture of nitric acid, perchloric mgL-1 during dry season were observed, similar to
acid and sulfuric acid (3:2:1) for 1 hr at 120°C [9]. the current finding from Khiru River [12].
Digested samples were then filtered with Whitman
42 filter and raised the volume to 100 ml with DW. Table 2. Mean concentrations (SE) of toxic metals from
three sampling points of Khiru River
D. Sample Analysis
Water quality parameters, such as dissolve oxygen Metals Sampling Point
(DO), pH, alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and (mgL-1)
S1 S2 S3
nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) were analyzed using HACK Cu 0.0037 ±0.001 0.0044 ±0.003 0.0049 ±0.002
kit on the same day of sampling. The concentration
of toxic metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Na, K Zn 0.0061 ±0.003 0.0083 ±0.004 0.0053 ±0.002
and As in fish, water and soil were determined by Pb 0.0107 ±0.008 0.0226 ±0.020 0.0330 ±0.028
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Cd 0.1748 ±0.340 0.1537 ±0.280 0.0542 ±0.080
E. Data analysis Mn 0.0953 ±0.110 0.3243 ±0.490 0.0822 ±0.070
All the data were revealed using a two-way K 1.795 ±0.780 1.775 ±0.600 2.336 ±0.890
analysis of variance (ANOVA), the level of
Na 4320 ±2371 3360 ±816 3347 ±1601
significance thereby being set at 5% (probability
limit of P<0.05).
B. Toxic metals concentrations in water
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The toxic metal concentrations in water samples
A. Water quality parameters are presented in the Table 2.
The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb in the water
Water quality parameters of three sampling from Khiru River was within the permissible limit,
points are shown in the Table 1. Results showed however the concentrations of Cd, K and Na was
that there were variations in water quality much higher than the permissible limit [13].
parameters from all the sampling points and the Concentrations of toxic metal in the water of
values indicated high level of water pollution in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh were reported to be
site of industrial discharge area (S1) compared to 65.45, 9.34, 8.08, 163.09 and 587.20 mg/L for Pb,

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 2011)

Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr, respectively; levels were much D. Concentrations of metals in fish muscle
higher than the permissible limit [7]; in Cauvery Discharge of heavy metals into river or any
River, India concentrations were found to be 0.32, aquatic environment can change both aquatic
2.23, 1.12 1.25, 5.25, 10.70 and 9.95 mgL-1 for Cr, species diversity and ecosystems, due to their
Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb, respectively; some toxicity and accumulative behavior [19]. Fish can
parameter found within the recommended limit and take up trace metals and heavy metals either in
some parameters beyond the permissible limit [14]. their diet or through their gills [20] and the metal
accumulation in fish organs provide evidence of
C. Concentrations of metals in soil sediment exposure to contaminated aquatic environment [21].
Analysis of soil sediment plays an important role The Khiru River receives huge effluents from the
in assessing the pollution status of the water industries along its banks and intensively
environment. cultivated paddy fields along with an enormous
The mean concentrations of toxic metals in soil sediment loading into the river. The mean
sediments from Khiru River are presented in the concentrations of toxic metals investigated in fish
Table 3. The permissible limit of Cu, Zn, Pb, and samples from the Khiru River are presented in the
Cd are 135-270, 300-600, 250-500 and 3-6 mgKg-1, Table 4.
respectively according to Indian standard for soil
(ISS) [13], and according to ISQGs, the maximum Table 4. Mean concentrations (SE) of metals in fish
permissible limits are 35.7, 123.0, 35.0 and 0.6 muscle samples from Khiru River.
mgKg-1, respectively for freshwater sediment [15]. Metals
Punti Bele Tengra Baim Taki
(mgKg-1)
Table 3. Mean concentrations (SE) of toxic metals in soil
sediments from three sampling points of Khiru River 3.65 2.95 3.23 2.82 3.46
Cu
±1.04 ±0.94 ±1.37 ±0.55 ±0.85
Metals Sampling Point
91.00 95.06 106.39 95.42 86.96
(mgKg-1) S1 S2 S3 Zn
±17.87 ±28.78 ±34.93 ±31.08 ±35.20
Cu 31.02±29.64 41.42±16.26 31.66±18.03 0.0016 0.0011 0.0002 0.0010 0.0012
Pb
Zn 103.23±17.71 101.97±27.89 88.11±24.76 ±0.0022 ±0.0016 ±0.0005 ±0.0013 ± 0.0023
Pb 5.33 ±3.83 5.33±2.51 6.15±3.21 0.0031 0.0038 0.0039 0.0043 0.0012
Cd
±0.0068 ±0.0096 ±0.0067 ±0.0111 ±0.0018
Cd 1.86 ± 1.94 2.41±2.58 1.88±1.78
22.64 22.95 24.52 27.52 17.43
Mn 29.94 ±14.56 27.07±8.93 28.67±12.98 Mn
±18.10 ±14.98 ±12.80 ±11.26 ± 10.44
K 28.13±21.70 32.78±22.95 42.11±14.47
35.01 33.80 33.85 41.62 39.22
K
Na 2277 ±1172 2954 ±1761 3352 ±1789 ±18.17 ±18.40 ±14.01 ±24.42 ±7.38
3335 2995 2693 3746 3103
In the Khiru River sediment, all the toxic metals Na
±2399 ±2281 ±2393 ±2871 ± 1602
were found within the permissible limit of ISS and
0.0008 0.0006 0.0001 0.0004 0.0004
ISQGs except for Cd. Cd concentration was more As
±0.0009 ±0.0007 ±0.0003 ±0.001 ±0.0007
than 3 times higher than the ISQGs limit. The mean
Cd concentration in sediment sample from
Buriganga River, Bangladesh was found to be Cu is a biogenic element, necessary for
3.33±0.77 mg/kg [7], higher than the concentration supporting the metabolic processes of all organisms
found in Khiru River sediments. The Cd concentration and essential for the haemoglobin synthesis [22],
in sediment of Lake Qarun, Egypt was found more however high intake of Cu can cause adverse health
or less similar to present study [16]; while the same problems. In the present study, the highest Cu
was higher in the Cauvery River, India [14] and concentration was found in puti (3.655±1.04 mgKg -1)
lower in a water tank at Tamkur, India [17]. and the lowest in Baim (2.82±0.55 mgKg-1). In a
Zn concentration in the soil from Khiru River was heavily polluted river of Bangladesh, Buriganga
much higher than that in the Jamuna River (68 River [7], highest Cu was found in taki (Channa
μg/g) near Aricha, Bangladesh; on the other hand, punctata; 5.27 mg/kg) and lowest in chapila (Gudusia
Pb was found almost double (11 μg/g) [18]. Pb chapra; 4.25 mg/kg) in pre-monsoon fish samples.
concentration in the sediment of Buriganga River, Relatively lower Cu concentration was reported on
Bangladesh found much higher than the Khiru the salmonid fishes of Una River basin [23], Labeo
River samples [7]. rohita of Upper Lake in Bhupal, India [24]. On the
The mean concentrations of Mn in the Khiru River contrary, high bioaccumulation of Cu was reported
ranged from 27.07 to 29.943 mgKg -1. Compared to in Calrias lazera of northern Jordan Velly [25].
the present study Mn concentration was found Zn is the essential mineral for both animals and
more than 7 to 15 times higher in the lake Qarun, humans. It showed a protective effect against the
Egypt [16] and about 10 times higher in the Cd and Pb toxicity [26]. The order of accumulation
Cauvery River, India [14]. of Zn in fish samples from Khiru River was Tengra >
Baim > Bele > Punti > Taki. Marked concentrations
The K and Na concentration of Khiru River of Zn were detected in the tissues of fishes dwelling
sediment was found much higher than the Lake in the Khiru River; varied from 58.31 to 128.32
Qarun, Egypt [16] may be due to discharge of more mgKg-1 which was higher than the threshold values
potassium and sodium industrial effluent into the
given by FAO [27], indicating Khiru River as
Khiru River. unfavorable for fish and other aquatic life. Similar

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 2011)

result was observed in the fish samples from While bioaccumulation of metals were within the
Campaign Creek stream, USA [28], northern Jordan permissible limit in fish muscle, the concentration
valley, Jordan [25]. Relatively lower Zn of one heavy metal, Cd, was found beyond
accumulation was found in Labeo rohita from Upper permissible limit both in water and soil sediment.
Lake, Bhupal, India [24]. The high concentration of Cd in water and soil of
Pb is a toxic element which has no known Khiru River may have been associated with the
biological function and shows carcinogenic effect on presence of glass, ceramic metal industries along
aquatic biota and human [21]. The order of the river bank.
bioaccumulation of Pb in fish samples from Khiru Bangladesh depends on its river system for
River was Punti > Taki > Bele > Baim > Tengra, and fishery, agriculture, navigation and sanitation.
concentration varied from 0.0002 to 0.0016 mgKg -1 Therefore, proper management and maintenance of
among the samples which were within the FAO river is very important not just because of their
recommendation limits [27]. However, much higher crucial role in maintaining ecological balance but to
Pb concentrations were detected in the fishes from increase fisheries production as well as to provide
Buriganga River, Bangladesh [7], as much as 12.32 livelihood for the poor people of Bangladesh. The
mg/Kg in pre-monsoon samples of tengra (M. findings of the present study indicate that the water
vittatus); fishes of Upper lake, Bhopal, India [24]; and sediment of Khiru River are polluted mainly by
River Chenab, Pakistan [21]. the discharges from industrial sources. A good
Cd is rarely found in natural water [29] and 0.50 monitoring and law enforcement on the industries
mgKg-1 Cd in food is safe for human consumption regarding proper effluent treatment is necessary for
[26]. The Cd concentration detected in the fishes of preserving the environment of the rivers of
Khiru River is well below the recommended value. Bangladesh including the River Khiru.
The sequence of bioaccumulation of Cd in the fish
samples was Baim > Tengr > Bele > Punti > Taki, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ranging from 0.0012 to 0.0043 mgKg -1. Much
higher Cd was recorded in fishes of Buriganga River, Professor Md. Shahidur Rahman, Department of
Bangladesh [7], fishes of Lake Qarun, Egypt [13], Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural
Labeo rohita and Chirhinus Idella of Upper Lake, University, Mymensingh for kind help in analyzing
Bhupal, India [24], fishes of the River Chenab, water quality parameters and the fishermen along
Pakistan [21], and salmonid fishes of Una River the bank of the Khiru River for supplying with fish
basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina [23]. samples.
Highest accumulation of Mn was detected in
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