ECWS Internship Programe (Repaired)
ECWS Internship Programe (Repaired)
ECWS Internship Programe (Repaired)
Internship Report
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this work, which is being presented on the report within the internship, at
Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation for the partial fulfillment of internship program. The
report is carried out from feb.15, 2017 to jun.15, 2017 under the supervision of Mr. Wudu
Wondmgegn, who is instructor in Bahir Dar institute of technology; Mechanical Engineering
department in Bahir Dar University, is the result of our own report except as cited in the
references.
All relevant resources of information used in this paper have been duly acknowledged.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief. This report has been submitted for presentation with my approval.
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to thank our almighty God for everything. Our special thanks is perceive for
the workers who helped us in gathering relevant information for performing our internship
program and we would like to thank the personnel of the company who directed us how to apply
tasks and communicate in a good way with each other. Our gratitude also goes to our mentor Mr.
Wudu Wondmgegn, who directs us how to perform work in the company and who gave us
supporting ideas and advise from the beginning up to the end of this work.
Executive Summary
This report contains the history of Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation and its main
products and services as well as its main customers and the main goal, mission, vision and values
of the company. Including the organizational structure and its workflow, it contains the
challenges that we have faced and measurements under taken for them in the internship program.
In addition, it includes benefits that we have gained in terms of improving our practical skills,
upgrading theoretical knowledge, improving personal communication skills and improving
leader ship skills. Moreover, we explore problems and try to give solutions; from which we
design milling attachment on lathe to increase working capacity and maintenance of same
machine parts. Finally, we gave recommendation and conclusion for the entire internship
program experience and project work.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1. Company Background ................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall Internship Experience .................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Major challenges and problems while performing the work tasks ..................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE
3. Project Work ............................................................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER FOUR
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology; Ethiopia v
INTERNSHIP AND PROJECT REPORT AT ECWC 2009E.C
References ................................................................................................................................. 55
Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 56
Data tables, part drawing, assemble drawing and explode drawing ..................................... 56
List of Tables
Table 1 overall flow of the design process ................................................................................... 22
Table 2 Result for the design ........................................................................................................ 45
Table 3 Estimated material volume for components .................................................................... 51
Table 4 Mechanical property of typical material .......................................................................... 56
Table 5 Diameters and areas of metric threads (adopted from shigley’s mechanical engineering
designs) ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Table 6 Recommended values of lead angle and pressure angle .................................................. 56
List of Figures
Figure 1 Organization structure ...................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 Block diagram of workflow.............................................................................................. 4
Figure 3 Engine assembly [10]. ...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 4 Some of materials that we manufacture in ECWC: a) starter motor spacer b) dead center
taper c) pulleys d) center bolts and nuts e) adjuster screw ............................................................. 9
Figure 5 Maintenance of power hacksaw and shaper handle [10]. ............................................... 10
Figure 6 Engineering method [11]. ............................................................................................... 11
Figure 7 Hand tools [10]. .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8 Power tools [10]. ............................................................................................................ 14
Figure 9 Idealizations within sketch ............................................................................................. 24
Figure 10 Forces exerted on the clamp (vise jaws)....................................................................... 26
Figure 11 Square thread ................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 12 CATIA modeling of moveable jaw, adjuster screw, vise holder screw, socket ring
and lock pin ................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 13 CATIA V5 modeling of fixed jaw and connecter(vise holder) .................................... 32
Figure 14 Component of vise holder/connecter: connecter bolt, nut and washer ......................... 34
Figure 15 Modeling of main frame ............................................................................................... 34
Figure 16 Worm & worm gear [6]. ............................................................................................... 36
Figure 17 Forces acting on worm teeth [6]. .................................................................................. 38
Figure 18 Modeling of worm gear and worm ............................................................................... 40
Figure 19 Gear housing................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 20 Loads acting on gear shaft ............................................................................................ 41
Figure 21 CATIA modeling of indexing plate, shaft and gear key .............................................. 43
Figure 22 Bearing for gear shaft ................................................................................................... 44
Figure 23 Assembly of milling attachement on lathe ................................................................... 47
Figure 24 FEA of vise on VON MISES stress and displacement................................................. 48
Figure 25 Finite Element Analysis of indexing mechanism ......................................................... 49
CHAPTER ONE
1. Company Background
At the end of the Ethiopian fiscal year 2007, the federal government of the Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia announced the establishment of the Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation,
which is formed through the amalgamation of the former Ethiopian Water Works Construction
Enterprise and the Ethiopian Road Construction Corporation. The formation of the new
corporation indicates the strengthening of the competitive power and enhancement of operational
efficiency of the two former enterprises. Thus, it can be said that the corporation can have a
major impact in the construction industry in terms of both efficiency as well as competitiveness.
The Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation has been established for state-of-the-art
construction solutions.
To acquire, own and administer irrigation dams, deep-water wells and water supply
canals.
To produce qualified human resources with required discipline, number and quality for
the corporation by using its own training facilities or international researcher, educational
and training institutions [10].
Currently the corporation has three operational sectors, namely transport infrastructure
construction, water infrastructure construction, and construction machinery and equipment
management units. From which, Debre Markos Road Maintenance Project is one of its branch.
It has the following main services and works in the perspective of internship work:
The end users of products from this company go to the public because end works of the company
on infrastructure to the community. The Debre Markos Road maintenance project district
maintains and services the company’s equipments and gain revenue from the main branch, which
it earns from infrastructure projects.
BOARD
GENERAL
MANAGER
Legal &
Protection of Internal Audit service
Right-of-Roads
Information &
Public Relation
Service
Driver or Operator
Reception and
inspector
Servicing
rooms
CHAPTER TWO
Teamwork skills
Generally, the internship plays important role to create skillful generation that helps us to build
modern technology in the future.
Machining section
Heavy duty (power train and engine servicing)
Light duty mechanic section
Body room
Welding section and
Electrical shop
This section helps us to apply our theoretical concept of thermodynamics and IC engine. From
those the following are major engine concepts that we see besides maintaining an engine.
Because an engine has many moving parts and it is the heart of a machine or vehicle,
preventative maintenance is needed in order to maximize its power and efficiency. However, if it
is not possible, corrective maintenance is necessary. In every maintenance work, the first task is
problem identification. Standard maintenance items include observation the engine oil and filter,
air filter, engine coolant, spark plugs, and drive belts. The others to be observed may be the
condition of color of smoke, which indicate status of lubrication, cooling system and working
condition.
Once the problem has been identified, a possible solutions and method has been stated, goes up
to the final step of engine maintenance. Some of the problems and possible solution as follows:
Follow checklist of potential trouble spots. This includes belts, hoses, spark plugs,
brakes, and fuel systems
Get descriptions of cars' symptoms from customers or service estimators
Examine cars, using a systematic approach to diagnose problems. May be drive test.
C) Disassembly, repair, modify and replacing of parts
The next step is to decide if total disassemble of the engine is necessary followed by its
detachment from main body part. Steps followed when disassembling the engine by using
equipments such as different sizes of wrench, torque wrench, Allen Keys and belt wrench. After
disassemble the engine, separate parts replaced or repaired.
If the part exists in the store, it will be delivered to the mechanic, and replaced in place of the
defected parts. For Parts that require repair or modification, send to the machine shop. Thus,
from which we have done during maintenance of engine are:
After the process of maintaining finished the engine is assembled based on the recommended
congregation criteria like basic torque adjustment. In assembly process, there are different work
tasks to do. From those filling of oil to the oil pan, filling of the fuel filter and priming it, proper
hose adjustments are the majors. Allows engine operation in different operating regimes and
offers measurement of several physical variables associated with it. After the engine is tasted on
the test stand, it is assembled on the vehicle or machine. Finally, a drive or operation test takes
place.
The machining process can be machining a part to modify for changing standard and assembled
to the intended vehicle or manufacture a new component based on the specification. In the
company we have been participate in following works:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 4 Some of materials that we manufacture in ECWC: a) starter motor spacer b) dead center
taper c) pulleys d) center bolts and nuts e) adjuster screw
The following are major areas that we participate in addition to the above:
Maintenance of gearbox by shaft manufacturing, gear and synchronizer ring changing,
lubrication
Body maintenance and welding processes
2. Ratchets: used to remove nuts from the joint and tighten nuts with bolts in one direction
torque. It has detachable parts called, socket and extension.
3. Socket wrench set: The socket wrench used in combination with different types of handles
and extension bars for safe and speedy loosening and tightening in difficult positions.
(a) Open end wrenches (b) Closed end wrenches (c) Combination wrenches
6. Torque wrenches: used to tighten bolts and nuts with proper tightening torque.
7. Adjustable wrench: has a jaw that can be adjusted to various sizes and used to tighten and
remove different size bolts and nuts.
9. Taps and dies: for making internal and external threads. Additionally we use reamer, hand
hacksaw, caliper, bench vise, belt wrench, and hummer.
3. Machine: lathe, shaper, press, drilling, milling, power hacksaw and grinder.
2.6 Major challenges and problems while performing the work tasks
Problem on communication with workers
Problem of getting trust when we try to maintain or manufacture by our own
Unwilling of the workers to show due to misunderstanding of us
Develop our skills by relating the theory with the practical knowledge,
Train how to search problems from vehicles using different browsing method,
Train how to maintain vehicles and machines.
Improve our ability in machine work.
Therefore, the internship program contributes a lot in making us to work projects in-group. It
also helps to be sociable and makes to take the ideas of others in order to be successful.
How to be punctual
Except for special cases absence is forbidden
Respect for others and positive communication
Accountable
Gain basic understanding about industrial psychology in ethical way
Committed for work and
Create good atmosphere to smooth relation with other partners.
We have gained benefits in terms of developing entrepreneurship skills in that the internship
program helps us to increase our attitude to be creative and innovative through practical
knowledge. It also helps us to develop how new problems get solution and how to be effective on
this outcome in developing business.
2.15.1 Recommendation
The workers or employers are facing with many problems. Therefore, the company should be
active to minimize the problems that we have explained before. The company also does not use
modern technologies to solve these problems. We recommend adopting new technology is better.
The company should train employers to follow manual procedures and techniques when they
give service.
The coordinators should have full of strength to control the employers and the intern students.
Most of the times they forget to control them and even they do not give directions to the intern
students without the questions from the trainer.
2.15.2 Conclusion
The internship program in Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation helps us to gain vast and
deep practical knowledge and gains skills on entrepreneur, leadership, interpersonal
communication and teamwork. It helps us to have full of confidence to do the practical activities
without doubt. We conclude that the internship program is very helpful and should be appreciate.
Moreover, as mechanical engineering student in Bahir Dar University this shows the aim of the
campus is successful.
CHAPTER THREE
3. Project Work
In the design process a major designing process of frames, jaws, gears, shafts, screws, handle,
indexing plate and bearing selection have been takes place. Full design of this enables us to
machine slots with different orientation, splines and light duty gears namely spur gear and helical
gear.
i. "Design and fabrication of gear cutting attachment to lathe for machining a spur gear;"
M. Sagar Kumar (ass. Prof.) at K. Greddy college of engineering: International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering and the Technology (IJIET): the paper aims advertisement the
design and fabrication of gear cutting. It only used for fabricate spur gears. Additionally
it is designed for specific gear which the design does not cover the movement of the
attachment for different gear sizes [3].
ii. “Keyway and gear cutting attachment to lathes” on Jan. 30, 1940 by T.E. Smith, (USA
patent no. 2188447 A.): First, he proposed the principle of gear and key way cutting
attachment on lathe machine. He used a separate motor for rotating cutting tool and
indexing was done on lathe chuck. This attachment was very complex and large in
construction [4].
iii. “Gear cutting attachment” by John W. Barons, Baltimore, and “application serial
no.’131,002”: John W. Barons used for giving feed while T.E. Smith used intermittent
feed devise.
iv. “Milling attachment;” Joseph C. Harbison; eliminated the use of motor and replaces the
chuck indexing by compound indexing. Cutting tool was mounted on arbor and arbor was
mounted between chuck and tailstock.
3.4 Objective
3.5 Methodology
The project starts by identify a problem. This helps to create different question to the design for
improving the product. After identify the problem; we propose an objective to the work, which
lead the path for being success or not. Next, we continue with literature review and research
about our work. This consist a review of the design and works including paper researches.
After imagination and sketching with conceptual design, it proceeds to the main designing. In the
main designing, the major tasks that will be done are force analysis, stress analysis, dimension
analysis and simulation. Starting from designing of vise, it goes through screws, vise holder and
indexing mechanism. Finally finite element analysis for failure check up and digital mock up
will takes place after cost prediction and giving specification to the design.
Phase Title
In the company from high carbon steel up to low carbon steel, mild steel, cast iron and high
strength-low alloy is available. Therefore, to design this project we select high strength-low alloy
steel, which have good property on weldablity, machinablity, malleability, toughness. For
designing gear, it is advisable to use others materials like malleable cast iron (2% C and 1% Si)
due to its good wearing properties, excellent machinablity and easy of producing complicated
shapes by casting method. Thus, we will use malleable cast iron. Availability and suitability of
these materials in company makes advantages for engineering purposes. The table on the
appendices shows the mechanical properties [9].
our design, it is better to join conceptual idea, some ideas from others paper and some
unsatisfactory prototype work. For visualization, first we organize our idea in sketch form as
follow.
Substituting;
Ft = 1.16*1.2*25(100*0.8)0.85
= 1492.6 kg f
Torque applied = cutting force × 2 (assume cutting force concentrated at the tip of the cutter)
∗
T = 64.4 ∗ = 805N. m (4)
Now we are going to specify the thickness of the jaw. The jaw exposed to two bending moments
and one compression force. Thus for connivance it is better to superpose and use general case of
eccentric axial loading.
P M y M z (6)
σ = ± ±
A I I
It is true that all the three components have compression effect at one point. So take that point
for the dimension analysis.
F 14.6
We have: P= = = 7.3kN
2 2
A = t ∗ 120mm = 120t mm
M = 0.81kNm = 0.81MNmm
t
y=
2
1
I = 120t = 10t
12
M = 30mm ∗ 3.6kN = 108kNmm
t
Z=
2
1
I = (30 + 20)t = 4.2t
12
σ = allowable strength = yield strength⁄safty factor (7)
σ 345
∴σ = = N⁄mm = 115 N⁄mm
F. S 3
Substituting
>> t=roots(P)
t=
21.8060
-21.2773 ∴ = . ≈ =
Making a fillet profile using maximum thickness dimension of 25mm and minimum thickness
dimension of 22mm is necessary.
Thus the two jaws has 120mm×50mm×25mm dimension and for facilitate the clamping
operation add a plate of 2.5mm thickness of 40mm width with Allen screw on jaws or
manufacture as combined form.
Square threads, because of their high efficiency are widely used for transmission of power in
either direction. Thus, such types can use as vise adjuster.
We know that
Q (8)
σ =π
4 (d )
p F ⁄4 (9)
τ= =
A πd
4
Where; P = shear force = cutting force⁄4 (since it transfer in to two jaws and then act
in opposite way.)
σt = tensile stress
Q = clamping force
d = nominal diameter
dc = core diameter= 0.84d
τ = shear stress
Using maximum principal shear stress:
τ 1 (10)
τ = = (σ ) + 4(τ)
F. S 2
Substitute the numeric and the expressions:
145 1 Q F ⁄4
= (π ) + 4(π )
3 2 4d
4d
2.4 ∗ 10 64.4 ∗ 10 ⁄4
97 = (π ) + 4( π )
4 (0.84d) 4 d
1.49 ∗ 10
d = = 1.59 ∗ 10 mm
(97)
d= 1.59 ∗ 10 mm = . ≈
Check for maximum principal tensile stress:
σ 1 (11)
σ( ) = + (σ ) + 4τ
2 2
⎡ ⃓
⃓ 64.4 ∗ 10 ⎤
⃓ 4 ⎥
1⎢ 2.4 ∗ 10 ⃓
⃓ 2.4 ∗ 10 ⎛ ⎞
σ( ) = ⎢ π +⃓
⃓( π ) + 4 ⎜ π ⎟ ⎥⎥
2 ⎢ (0.84 ∗ 20) ⃓ (0.84 ∗ 20) 20
⎢ 4 ⃓ 4 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎷ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
σ( ) = 56.95MPa since σ = 115MPa it is quite safe.
Q⁄2 (12)
τ =π
4d
145 2.4 ∗ 10 ⁄2
= π
3
4d
= . ≈
Q⁄2 (13)
τ =
2(d − d )(l ⁄2)
145 2.4 ∗ 10 ⁄2
=
3 2( − 20.5)(5)
= . ≈
The movable (slider) jaw needs additional flat surface of 60mm width, 10mm depth for easy
sliding and it should enable to take screw at the center of the jaw surface.
Figure 12 CATIA modeling of moveable jaw, adjuster screw, vise holder screw, socket ring
and lock pin
Y =60mm
My = 14.6kN*197/2mm = 1438*103N.m
Z =d/2
Iy = bh = (60)d = 5d (15)
( )= . ≈
On the opposite side at top and botton, (10 + 30)mm from the former surface, there is a
hole diameter of 20mm with 22mm thickness. The surface has a minimum of 30mm
measure to the surrounding from the center of the hole.
l p n p n πm ∗ n mn (17)
λ= = = = = … (∵ p = p = πm)
πD πD πD πD D
The lead angle, λ may be varying from 9° to 45°. F.A. Halsey shows a lead angle less than 9°
results in rapid wear and 12.5° is safe. Thus, we will use this one. Tooth pressure angle is
measured in a plane containing the axis of the worm and is equal to one – half the tread profile
angle. The recommended value to use is 14.5° [6].
For our design, V.R is 40. You can see general geometry of the worm gearing as follow.
We know number of start is one. Therefore, the axial pitch and lead are equal.
∴ p = l = 5.6mm
p 5.6
m= = = 1.8mm
π π
According to Shigley’s mechanical engineering design, take the standard value of module, m = 2
mm. Therefore, the above specification can be rewrite as:
l 1 V. R 6.134 1 40
x= + = + = 42mm
2π sin λ cos λ 2π sin 12.5 cos 12.5
We know that:
l
tan λ =
πD
l l 6.283
D = = = = 6.2mm
π tan λ πtan λ πtan 12.5
The face length of the worm or the length of threaded portion is:
Where; a = addendum
h = depth of tooth
Dow = outside diameter of worm
Now let us check the designed worm gearing from the standpoint of tangential load, dynamic
load, static load, endurance strength and related forces.
= cutting force
Now we are going to calculate for the gear cutter
4.5Kfdb
F =
c
For gear cut in the company, there is up to 130mm diameter cutter and from the previous:
WT =4.4kN
Axial force or thrust force on the worm or tangential force on the worm
We have: WT = 4.4kN
Moreover, the tooth form factor (y) or Lewis factor for 14.5° involutes teeth is:
0.654 0.654 (25)
= 0.124 − = 0.124 − = 0.1069
42
W = (σ c )bπmy (26)
∗
W = (18.5 ∗ π ∗ 2 ∗ 0.1069) = 1.5kN; This is less than the applied one.
Check for endurance streangth, heat dissipation and wear is not necessary. The system is not
power transmitting mechanism. Actually, it works in minimum tangential load by hand during
indexing, makes minimum load induce on the mesh.
. .
Height of box = + + 5 mm = (42 + + 5)mm = 94.65mm
It exposed to a compressive damping force of 2.4kN. The area exposed to this is (58mm+2t)
(90.5+2t) (58*90.5). Take t = 5mm is enough and drilled at proper position to take shaft.
It exposed to an axial force of 4.4kN and a bending load of 14.6kN due to cutting force and trust
load respectively. It acts as a cantilever. Take the length as:
1 αFd (1 + k ) αFd (1 + k )
M = k ∗M+ + k ∗M+ + (k + 1) (28)
2 8 8
= ∗ ( ) (1 − ) and we have
32
π 445 1(4.4 ∗ 10 )d
∗ d = 1(876 ∗ 10 ) +
32 3 8
Simplify the expression yields d = 16.3mm, take =
This also shows the gear has a drill of 20mm through hole with a key dimension of w =
d/4=5mm, t = 2d/3=3.3mm, and l = b + 3 = 56mm.
A little consideration shows that during cutting it exposed to the tangential load due to cutting
force. The trust load on the gear shaft splits away the gear from the warm, so it does not have
such extent load on the worm shaft. Simply we can take the outer diameter of the worm.
= . ≈
First side – 24, 25, 28, 30, 34, 37, 39, 42, 43 holes
Second side – 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 66 holes
We take a plate of 110mm diameter, 5mm thickness, drilled by 12mm to take worm’s shaft with
holes as shown below. The selector consists of two radial beveled arms that can be set at any
angle to each other and then moved together around the center of the index plate. The handle has
crank with spring-loaded pin. Take the length of the crank as 57mm and width of 14mm with
thickness of 2.0mm. It should have a slot width of 10mm. A spring loaded pin with length of
25mm with 5.0mm diameter is enough.
In order to determine the radial load factor (X) and axial load factor (Y), we required WA/CO and
WA/WR. Since the value of basic static load capacity (CO) is not known, therefore let us take
WA/CO = 0.5. From R.S. Kurmi & J.K. Gupta machine design, the values of X & Y
corresponding to WA/CO = 0.5 and WA/WR = 4.4kN/14.6kN = 0.3 are: X = 0.56 Y = 1.6
Since the rotational factor (V) for most of the bearing is 1, there for basic dynamic equivalent
radial load:
W = 0.56 ∗ 1 ∗ 14.6 ∗ 10 + 1.6 ∗ 4.4 ∗ 10 = 15216N
In addition, from those tables, we find that for uniform steady load, the surface factor (k ) for
ball bearing is one. Therefore the bearing should be selected for W = 15216N.
From shigley’s mechanical design & the above one, we select a bearing No.205 which has the
following basic capacities.
Considering shafts diameter, the bearing number 304 with c = 10.5kN is preferable which has
Bore = 20mm. [8]
As you can see in the above, the design of milling attachment on lathe is partially fulfilled. Now
we are going to verify our design in computer aided way. We use CATIA V5 for showing
relevant design criteria. Part modeling and multi view, assembly of parts, simulation using digital
mockup/DMU kinematics, FEA by means of Generative structural analysis has been discussed.
Let us remind you that the yielding strength of high strength low alloy steel is 345MPa, which
the design bases. Simply you can understand this from the stand point of material science and by
observing the following diagrams in stand point of mechanical engineer. The design is good
when we see it from CAD CAM side. For more you may see the video, which is attached for
showing the simulation and FEA with the working principle to the work of our work.
We hope you get the core idea. The mechanism works as you see in the above figures and the
video. In the result table, we do not include some miner and complex components. It is necessary
to look in the drawing and design part. It is noted that the mass of the attachment is
approximately 12.5kg. It is estimated from its volume and density. .
Gear teeth may be cut from a pre-machine blank work with a form milling cutter shaped to
conform to the tooth space. With this method it is theoretically necessary to use a different cutter
for each gear, because a gear having 25 teeth, for example, will have a different-shaped tooth
space from one having, say, 24 teeth. Actually, the change in space is not too great, and it has
been found that eight cutters may be used to cut with reasonable accuracy any gear in the range
of 12 teeth to a rack. A separate set of cutters is, of course, required for each pitch.
Total mass=16.941 kg
The average cost of steel in global market is 0.8 dollar per kg.
Transportation, machine for manufacture, labor force, and electricity should have a minimum
cost of 10%, 7%, 50%, and 8% of material cost respectively.
For getting profit, the company should get a minimum of 35% of manufacturing and material
cost. Taking 40%
Cost for tax should be a minimum of 20% of the above sum up cost.
3.10.1 Conclusion
At the start of this design we gave a hypothetical /sketch design. Within a modification, the
design is fulfilled. We put our objective at the beginning. The design supports our objective. The
design stands for our aim in the design of milling attachment on lathe. The attachment design has
a blue print of material science, specification and computer aided design. The design enables to
work light duty tasks of milling on lathe. Thus, we can conclude that this paper makes a lathe
machine is a versatile machine and our unreserved effort is fulfilled.
3.10.2 Recommendation
In Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation, we saw that there is a problem in milling
machine. They use a milling machine for light duty works. If they buy a machine, the company
exposed to extra expenditure. Thus, we recommended that if they use this work, they would be
advantages. Most companies in Ethiopia losses extra budget to get milling operation. As a
mechanical engineer, we recommend that if they use the versatile one that is design by us will be
profitable and advantages’.
CHAPTER FOUR
References
[1] .Ethiopians Road Authority golden jubilee; magazine, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, April 5/
2001
[2] .http:www.google search/history of Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation.com
[3] .M.S. Kumar, Design and fabrication of a gear cutting attachment to lathe for machining
a spur gear, IJIET; Hyderabad, Telangana, 2016; pg277-285
[4] .T.E. Smith, Key way and gear cutting attachment to lathe; USA, 1940
[5] .Design and fabrication of jig for contour profile, researches paper; volume III, nov.2014
[6] .R.S. Kurmi and J.K. Gupta, Text book of machine design; 14th edition Eurasia
publisher, New Delhi, 2005
[7] .J.R. Walker, Machining fundamentals; The Good heart-Wilcox, USA, 2000
[8] .R.G. Budynas and J.K. Nisbett; Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design; 9th edition,
McGraw-Hill, USA,2011
[9] .F.P. Bear, E.R. Johnston and J.T. DeWolf, mechanics of material;4th edition, McGraw-
Hill, USA, 2006
Appendices
Table 5 Diameters and areas of metric threads (adopted from shigley’s mechanical engineering
designs)