MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Power Engg. & Refrigeration Model Answer Subject Code: 22562
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. Su Answer Marking
b
No. Q. Scheme
N.

Q.1 a) Following are the diagnostic tools used in fault finding of MPFI engines Any 4

(A) 1. Engine Code Readers 5. Scan Tool 2M

2. Compression Testers 6. Battery Tester

3. Spark Plug Testers 7. Power Probe III

4. Mechanic’s Stethoscope

b) SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER), is most commonly used to measure the efficiency 1M
of a central air conditioner. The higher the SEER, the more efficient the system OR It is the ratio
of cooling Capacity to energy consumed in watts-hours. each

EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is a measure of how efficiently a cooling system will operate
when the outdoor temperature is at a specific level (95 degrees F). The higher the EER, the more
efficient the system. In technical terms,(Correction) OR It is the ratio of total capacity to the total
KW energy usage at specific humidity and temperature condition.

c) Purpose of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) : 2M

1. It reduces Nox 75% to 90% Any 2

Point
2. Converts it in to molecular nitrogen and water vapor

3. It reduces HC emission up to 80%

4. It reduces PM emission 20 to 25%.

d) Compressor pressure ratio (CPR), is the ratio of the air total pressure exiting the compressor to 2M

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the air pressure entering the compressor. This number is always greater than 1.0.

e) Following are the components of jet engine: Any

1. Air intakes Six
2. Compressors
For 2M
3. Combustors
4. Turbines
5. Afterburners (reheat)
6. Nozzle
7. Bypass duct
8. Shaft
f) Following are the different liquid propellants used in rocket engines 2m

1. kerosene, Liquid oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen similar to kerosene ½M

2. Alcohol and its derivatives (Ethyl Alcohol) Each

3. hydrazine and its derivatives Any 4

Point
4. Hydrogen peroxide

5. liquid hydrogen

g) Following are the objectives of supercharging 2m

1. To compensate for loss of power due to high altitudes for air craft engines ½M

2. To obtain better performance from the existing engine Each

3. For a given weight and bulk of the engine, super charging increase power output. This is Any 2
important in air craft, marine and automotive engines where weight and space are Points
considered

4. Super charging is done to induct more amount of air into cylinder per unit times and
hence to burn more amount of fuel to increase power output

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Q.2 a)

4M

Actual Indicator diagram for 4 stroke petrol engine

b) Graph indicating changes in pollutants level w.r.t air fuel ratio

4M

c) Axial flow compressor :

Working Principle: As the fluid enters and leaves in the axial direction, the centrifugal
component in the energy equation does not come into play. Here the compression is fully based
on diffusing action of the passages. 2M

The diffusing action in stator converts absolute kinetic head of the fluid into rise in pressure.
The relative kinetic head in the energy equation is a term that exists only because of the rotation
of the rotor.

The rotor reduces the kinetic head of the fluid and adds it to the absolute kinetic head of the
fluid i.e. the impact of the rotor on the fluid particles increases its velocity (absolute) and
thereby reduces the relative velocity between the fluid and the rotor.

In short increases the absolute velocity of the fluid and the stator converts this into pressure
rise.

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2M

d)
Heavy frame industrial gas turbines compared to aero derivative gas turbines are usually slower
in speed, narrower in operating speed range, heavier, larger, have higher air flow, slower in 2M
start-up and need more time and spare parts for maintenance. Heavy frame industrial gas
turbines use hydrodynamic bearing.

Aero derivative gas turbines use anti-friction bearing. Advanced aircraft engine and space
technologies have been used to provide maintainable, flexible, light weight and compact aero
derivative gas turbines. The key to maintainability is the modular concept which provides for
removal of components and replacement without removing the gas turbine from its support
mounts.

The heavy frame industrial units, by contrast, require more amount of effort to remove and
replace components (especially combustor parts) and more effort to inspect or repair the
sections. The user should weigh needs and requirements against the variety of gas turbines
offered.
2M
Applications-

Traditionally, preference has been to place the aero derivative units in remotely located
applications (including offshore) and to place heavy frame industrial units in easily accessible
base-load applications. The heavy frame industrial gas turbines consume more fuel and more air
than the aero derivative units. They are exposed to a greater quantity of the contaminants in air
that cause corrosion.

Q.3 a) Following are Changes in automobile manufacturers in achieving BS6 norms of diesel engines Any

1. Reduction in HC emission by 45% Four

2. Reduction in NOX emission by 70% Changes

1M
3. Reduction in PM emission by 80%
each
4. Use of Lean NOX traps

5. Use selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

6. Use of Diesel particulate filter

7. Five times reduction in Sulpher %

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8. OBD for all diesel vehicles

9. Real Driving Emission introduced in vehicles

10. Fumigation

11. Catalytic converter monitoring

12. Misfire detection

b) Combustion In S I Engine

Fig.

2M

According to Ricardo, There are three stages of combustion in SI Engine as shown in figure
above 1. Ignition lag stage 2. Flame propagation stage 3. After burning stage

1. Ignition lag stage:

There is a certain time interval between instant of spark and instant where there is a noticeable Stages
rise in pressure due to combustion. This time lag is called IGNITION LAG. 2M
2. Flame propagation stage:

Once the flame is formed at “b”, it should be self sustained and must be able to propagate through
the mixture. This is possible when the rate of heat generation by burning is greater than heat lost
by flame to surrounding. After the point “b”, the flame propagation is abnormally low at the
beginning as heat lost is more than heat generated.

3.After burning:

Combustion will not stop at point “c” but continue after attaining peak pressure and this
combustion is known as after burning. This generally happens when the rich mixture is supplied
to engine.

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c)

Fig.

2M

OR

Storage type Water Cooler

The storage type cooler has the evaporator coil soldered on to the walls of the storage tank
of the cooler, generally on to the outside surface of the walls. The tank could be of the galvanized
steel or stainless steel sheets. Water level is maintained in the tank by a float wall.

Push type water taps are generally provided for drawing cold water in both the types, to
minimize the wastage of refrigerated water. Thermostat controls the operation of the compressor
to maintain the water temperature at the desired level. The feeler bulb of the thermostat is
clamped on to the water coil just at its outlet end in the instantaneous cooler. In the storage type,
the bulb is kept immeresed in water in the tank or clamped to the wall of the storage tank on the
outside at a lower level, much below the lower most evaporator refrigerant tube soildered on to
the tank. 2M

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d)

2M

No, the Otto cycle efficiency 56.47% will always be lower than Carnot cycle efficiency. 1M

Justification: Carnot theorem states that keeping operating conditions same, Carnot engine is
more efficient than any other engine. So, Otto cycle efficiency is lower than Carnot cycle
1M
efficiency.

Q.4 a)

Fig.

3M

Naming

1M

Inline Fuel Injection Pump

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b)

Sketch

2M

Variable Geometry Turbocharger

Justification

Variable Turbine Geometry technology is the next generation in turbocharger technology where the turbo
uses variable vanes to control exhaust flow against the turbine blades. The problem with the fixed 2M
geometry turbocharger that big turbochargers do not work well at slow engine speeds, while small
turbochargers are fast to spool but run out of steam pretty quick.

A turbocharger equipped with Variable Turbine Geometry has little movable vanes which can direct
exhaust flow onto the turbine blades. The vane angles are adjusted via an actuator. The angles of the
vanes vary throughout the engine RPM range to optimize turbine behaviour.

c) TEWI (Total equivalent warming impact ) 2M

TEWI = GWP⋅ L ⋅ n + GWP⋅m⋅(1−α) + n ⋅ E ⋅ β (1)

where, GWP - Refrigerant Global Warming Potential (equivalent to CO2) [kg CO2/kg refrigerant]

L - Annual leakage rate [kg/year]

n - System operating life time [years]

m - Refrigerant charge [kg] α - Recycling factor [%]

E - Annual energy consumption [kWh/year]

β - CO2 emissions on energy generation [kg CO2/kWh]

2M
LCCP ( Life-cycle climate performance )

LCCP = TEWI + GWP (Indirect) [energy consumption expressed as CO2- eq emissions from chemical
production & transport, manufacturing components & vehicle assembly and end-of-life] + GWP (direct)
[chemical refrigerant emissions including atmospheric reaction products, manufacturing leakage, and
end-of- -life]

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d) 2M

each

e)

Any
four
points

1M

each

- Engine is noisy - Engine is less noisy

- Engine consist of Diffuser, - Engine consist of Diffuser, Compressor,

Compressor, Combustion Chamber,
Turbine, Nozzle. Combustion Chamber, Turbine, Nozzle with

Propeller

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Q.5 a)

Speed in terms of m/min Piston speed = 244.38 m/min

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b)

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c)

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Q.6 a)

b) Reciprocating compressor Rotary compressor

1. Compression of air takes place with help of 1. Compression of air takes place due to rotary Any
piston and cylinder arrangement with motion of blades.
Six
reciprocating motion of piston.
points
2. Delivery of air intermittent. 2. Delivery of air is continuous.
1M
3. Delivery pressure is high i.e. pressure ratio 3. Delivery pressure is low, i.e. pressure ratio is
is high. low. each
4. Flow rate of air is low. 4. Flow rate of air is high.

5. Speed of compressor is low because of 5. Speed of compressor is high because of

unbalanced forces. perfect balancing.
6. Reciprocating air compressor has more 6. Rotary air compressor has less number of
number of moving parts. moving part.
7. It needs proper lubrication and more 7. It required less lubrication and
maintenance. maintenance.

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8. Due to low speed of ration it can’t be 8. Rotary air compressor can be directly
directly coupled to prime mover but it coupled to prime mover.
requires reduction of speed.
9. It is used when small quantity of air at high 9. It is used where large quantity of air at
pressure is required. lower pressure is required.
10. Receiver Compulsory 10. Receiver not compulsory
11. Mechanical Efficiency Low 11. Mechanical Efficiency High
12. More Starting torque required 12. Less Starting torque required

c)

3
Marks
for
calculation

Skelton diagram -

3
Marks
for dig.

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