MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
22562
SUMMER-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors XXXX
Subject Name: Power Engineering & Refrigeration X22562
Subject Code:
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
X
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance. (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence
if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q. N. Scheme
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
a)
Ans: State the assumptions made for air standard cycle. 1 Mark
1. Perfect gas (air) is used as working medium, which follows perfect gas laws. each
2. Working fluid has a fixed mass (any two)
3. Wall of piston and cylinder perfectly insulated
4. Specific heat Cp and Cv do not change with temperature.
specific heat for air is Cp = 1.012 kJ/kg.K and Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K
5. Working medium does not have chemical change during process and homogeneous
throughout the cycle.
6. Working fluid is compressed and expand , the cycle are reversible adiabatic process.
7. Heat transfer does not affect the temperature of the source and sink.

b) Define COP of refrigeration unit. 2 marks

Ans: It is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed to the amount of work supplied.

c) Define Mean Effective Pressure (MEP).

Ans: The mean effective pressure (MEP) is defined as the average pressure required to act on 2 mark
the piston as it moves one displacement to give the work W
OR
Mean effective pressure is the ratio of work done (W) during the working stroke(s) of a
cycle to the stroke volume or swept volume (VS) of the cylinder.

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Q. Sub XXXX
Marking
Answer
No. Q. N.
1 X Scheme
c) Define the term : (i) Compression ratio (ii) Free Air Delivery (FAD)
(i) Compression ratio: It is the ratio of volume of air before compression to volume of 1 mark for
Ans: air after compression. each
(ii) Free Air Delivery (FAD) : It is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of Definition
temperature and pressure existing at the compressor intake
d)
Ans: Give any four applications of gas turbines.
Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas
compressors, and tanks. ½ mark for
 Turbojet engines any four
 Marine field for ship propulsion application
 Supercharging of IC Engines
 Railway (locomotive) engines
 Generation of electric power
e)  Industry – Oil and other chemical, steel industry
Enlist fuels used in gas turbines (any four fuels) ½ mark for
Ans:
The fuels of gas turbines can be classified as liquid or gaseous. Common liquid fuels are any four
1) kerosene, 2) diesel, 3) crude oil and 4) heavy oil; gaseous fuels include 5) natural gas, fuels
f) 6) liquid natural gas, 7) hydrogen,8) refinery gas and 9) biomass gasification (synthesis)
gas.
1 mark for
Ans: State the equation of thermal efficiency of Carnot cycle and state the meaning of each
equation
term involved in it.
1 mark for
Or meaning of
terms
Where,
T1 = Tmax = Maximum possible heat source temperature and
T2 = Tlow = lowest possible heat sink temperature.
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

a) Explain MPFI with neat sketch.

Ans : Multi Point Fuel Injection system:
The MPFI is a system or method of injecting fuel into internal combustion engine 02 mark
through multi ports situated on intake valve of each cylinder. The main purpose of the for Sketch
multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) is to supply a proper ratio of petrol and air to the
cylinder. It delivers an exact quantity of fuel in each cylinder at the right time. 02 Mark
MPFI Results in – for
1) Superior fuel consumption Explanation
2) Better fuel management
3) Better engine performance
4) Reduce Pollution

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No.
2
Q. N.
a) Continue …
X Scheme
Working :
MPFI includes a fuel pressure regulator, fuel injectors, cylinders, pressure spring
and a control diaphragm. It uses multiple individual injectors to insert fuel in each cylinder
through intake port situated upstream of cylinder’s intake value. The fuel pressure
regulator, connected to the fuel rail by means of an inlet and outlet, directs the flow of the
fuel. While the control diaphragm and pressure spring controls the outlet valve opening
and the amount of fuel that can return. The pressure in the intake manifold significantly
changes with the engine speed and load.

Fig. b) : Port injection or Multi-point fuel injection

b) Define following for IC engine:
(i) IP (ii) BP (iii) Mechanical efficiency (iv) BSFC
Ans: (i) Indicated Power (IP): The power developed inside the engine cylinder is known as
indicated power. 01 mark for
each
(ii) Brake Power (BP): The useful power available at the crank shaft is known as brake definition
power.
(iii) Mechanical efficiency: It is the ratio of useful power available at crankshaft to the
power developed inside the engine cylinder.
OR It is the ratio of brake power to Indicated power.
(iv) BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption): It is the mass of fuel required to develop 1
kW brake power for a period of one hour.

c) Give the classification of air compressors.

Ans: A) According to Motion of piston / Design & principle of operation–
i) Reciprocating compressor, 01 Mark
ii) Rotary compressor each
B) According to Working side of Piston –
i) Single acting compressor , (any four)
ii) Double acting compressor
C) According to Number of stages-
i) Single-stage compressor,
ii) multi-stage compressor

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Q. Sub
No. Q. No
Answer XXXX
Marking
Scheme
Continue….
2 c) D) According to Cooling method and medium – X
i) Air cooled compressor,
ii) water cooled compressor ,
iii) oil-cooled compressor
E) According to Volume of air delivered/ Capacity -
i) Low capacity compressor (< 0.15 m3/s ),
ii) Medium capacity compressor (0.15 to 5 m3/s),
iii) High capacity compressor (> 5 m3/s)
F) According to Service Pressure/ Pressure Limit -
i) Low pressure compressor, (up to 150 psi)
ii) Medium pressure compressor, (between 151 to 1000 psi)
iii) High pressure compressor (above 1000 psi)
G) According to Drive types –
i) Engine driven
ii) Motor driven
iii) Turbine driven
iv) Belt, chain, gear driven
v) direct coupling drives
H) According to Lubrication method -
i) Splash lubricated compressor
ii) Pressure /forced lubrication compressor
iii) oil-free compressors compressor

Explain working of Turbo Prop engine with neat sketch.

d)
 The main components of turbo-prop engine are a propeller, gear reduction unit, a
Ans: compressor, a combustor, gas turbine and the nozzles.
 In this engine 80 to 90% of the total propulsive thrust is generated by the gas turbine
and the remainder is developed by the expansion of the gases in nozzles.
 Due to this the power generated in the gas turbine is used for driving the compressor 02 Marks
and the propeller, while in case of turbojet engines the turbine power is only used to for
drive the compressor and the auxiliaries. Explanation
 The gas turbine drives the propeller through the reduction gear unit and it draws a
large amount of air.
 A large part of this air drawn by the propeller is passed through the ducts around the
engine and the remainder is compressed in the diffuser by ram compression and
further in the compressor.
 Fuel is burnt in the combustor and the resultant high temperature gases are expanded
in the turbine and finally in the nozzles.
 The total thrust developed is the sum of thrust developed by the propeller and the
nozzle.
 Unlike the turbojet engines the turboprop engines are widely used for commercial and
military air crafts, due to their low specific fuel consumption and high flexibility of
operation at reasonably high speed.

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No. Q. N.
X Scheme

02 Mark
for
Sketch

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12Marks

a) Explain working of EGR with neat sketch.

Ans: Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is an emission reduction technique used in internal
combustion engines. It works by diverting a portion of exhaust gases back into the engine's
intake manifold. This process lowers combustion temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide
(NOx) emissions and improving fuel efficiency. EGR is a vital component in modern
vehicles to meet stringent environmental regulations.
02 Mark
for
Sketch
(any one)

02 Marks
for
working
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technique is used in petrol and diesel engines to reduce
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. NOx is formed in the combustion chamber, where
excessively high temperatures cause the oxygen and nitrogen present in the intake air to
combine. EGR works by recirculating a controlled amount of engine’s exhaust back into the
intake air using a valve.
This re-introduction of exhaust gas, which is inert in nature, displaces and reduces the
proportion of combustible matter in the cylinder. This in turn causes a lower heat release and
peak cylinder temperature and reduces formation of NOx
The gas to be recirculated may sometimes be passed through an EGR cooler, which reduces
the temperature of the gas, consequently reducing the cylinder charge temperature.

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No. Q. N.
b) Explain with neat sketch two way catalytic converter.
X Scheme
Ans: A catalytic converter is cylindrical unit about the size of small silencer and is installed into
exhaust system of vehicle. It converts the harmful gases from the engine into harmless
gases and escapes them into atmosphere. Inside converter there is honeycomb structure of 02 Marks
ceramic or metal which is coated with alumina base material and therefore a second for
coating of precious metal platinum, palladium or rhodium or combination of same. As a Explanation
result of catalytic reaction, the exhaust gases pass over the converter substance, the toxic
gases such CO, HC and NOx are converted into harmless CO2, H2 and N2. In two way
catalytic converter, through catalytic action a chemical changes converts carbon monoxide
(CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (oxidation).

02 Mark for
Sketch

c) Explain the effect of superheating on the performance of vapour compression cycle.

Ans: If liquid refrigerant enters in suction of compressor, then lubricating oil washed off and
causes more wear and tear of moving part, thus reduce effective life of compressor.
Superheating is beneficial as it increase the life of compressor, as refrigerant coming out
of evaporator is allowed to stay for some time in evaporator to ensure dry saturated or 02 Marks
superheated vapour at evaporator exit. Thus increasing the temperature of refrigerant for
Explanation
vapour more than saturation temperature in evaporator is known as superheating.
Effect of superheating: As shown in the figure a & b the effect of superheating is to
increase the refrigerating effect, but this increase in the refrigerating effect is at the cost of
increase in amount of work spent to attain upper pressure limit. Since the increase in work
is more as compared to increase in refrigerating effect, therefore overall effect of
superheating is to give a low value of C.O.P.

02 Mark for
Sketch

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Q. Sub
XXXXMarking
Answer
No.
3
Q. N.
d)
X
In an ideal Otto cycle, the air at the beginning of the isentropic compression is at 1 bar
Scheme

and 150˚C. The compression ratio is 7. If the heat added during the constant volume
process is 200 kJ/kg.
Determine: (i) Maximum temperature in the cycle (ii) Air standard efficiency.

Ans:
Given Data:
P1 = 1 bar = 1 x 105 N/m2
T1 = 150 ˚C = 150 + 273 = 423K
Compression Ratio, r = 7
Heat Supplied, QS = 200 kJ/kg
Assume γ =1.4 , Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K
For isentropic compression process 1-2, we know
01 Mark

Heat added during the constant volume,

200 = 1 x 0.718 x (T3 - 921.25)

T3 = 1199.88 K 01 Mark

Thus Maximum temperature in the cycle = 1199.80 K

Now air standard efficiency of ideal Otto cycle is given by,
01 Mark

01 Mark

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12Marks

Name any four sensors used in IC engines and explain working of any one.
A sensor is an input device that provides variable information on an engine function.
Examples of sensors include –
- Airflow sensor (AFS), 02 Mark
a) - Crank angle sensor (CAS), for list of
Ans: - Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor any four
- Coolant temperature sensor (CTS), sensor
- Throttle position sensor (TPS),
- Oxygen sensor (OS)

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Q. Sub
XXXXMarking
Answer
No. Q. N.
a) 1)
X Scheme
Air Flow Sensor (AFS): The AFS is normally located between the air filter and the
throttle body. As air flows through the sensor, it deflects a vane (flap) which wipes a
Conti.. potentiometer resistance track and so varies the resistance of the track and generates a
variable voltage signal.
02 Marks
2) Crank angle sensor (CAS): A permanent magnet inductive signal generator is mounted
for
in close proximity to the flywheel, where it radiates a magnetic field. As the flywheel
explanation
spins and the pins are rotated in the magnetic field, an alternating (AC) waveform is
(any one
delivered to the ECM to indicate speed of rotation. If a pin is intentionally omitted at
sensor)
two points on the flywheel, or by contrast a double pin is used, the signal will vary at
these points, and a reference to TDC will be returned to the ECM. The location of the
positional signal is not at TDC, but may be some other point fixed by the VM. When
used, the CAS provides the primary signal to initiate both ignition and fuelling.
3) Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor: The MAP sensor measures the manifold
vacuum or pressure, and uses a transducer to convert the signal to an electrical signal
which is returned to the ECM. The unit may be designed as an independent sensor that
is located in the engine compartment or integral with the ECM.
4) Coolant temperature sensor (CTS): The CTS is a two-wire thermistor that measures
the coolant temperature. The CTS is immersed in the engine coolant, and contains a
variable resistor that usually operates on the NTC principle.
5) Throttle Position Sensor (TPS): TPS is provided to inform the ECM of idle position,
deceleration, rate of acceleration and wide-open throttle (WOT) conditions. The TPS
is a potentiometer which varies the resistance and voltage of the signal returned to the
ECM. From the voltage returned, the ECM is able to calculate idle position, full-load
and also how quickly the throttle is opened.
6) Oxygen sensor (OS): An oxygen sensor is a ceramic device 'placed in the exhaust
manifold on the engine side of the catalytic converter. The oxygen sensor returns a
signal to the ECM, which can almost instantaneously (within 50 ms) adjust the
injection duration.

b) Draw actual valve timing diagram of 4 stroke petrol engine.

Ans:
02 Marks
for sketch

02 Marks
for Label

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No.
4
Q. N.
c) State the any four advantages and disadvantages of vapour compression cycle.
X Scheme
Ans: Advantages of vapour compression refrigeration cycle
1 Size is small when compared to an air refrigeration system for a given capacity of
refrigeration. 02 Mark
2 Volume of refrigerant circulated is low. Hence the running cost is low. advantage
3 High coefficient of performance. ( any 4)
4 The operating temperature range is huge.
5 The temperature at the evaporator can be easily controlled by regulating expansion valve.
6 Latent heat involved in phase change, ensures high value of heat removal, while air
refrigeration system has sensible heat only.
7 It requires smaller evaporator.
Disadvantages of vapour compression refrigeration cycle
1 High initial cost, costly refrigerant. 02 Mark
2 Environmental hazardous refrigerants involved. Disadv
3 Must ensure the prevention of leakage of refrigerant. ( any 4)
4. The running cost of the system is high because vapour compression requires more power.
5. Load variation affects the working efficiency of VCR.
d) Explain two stage air compressors with perfect intercooling.
Ans: In a multi stage air compressor, compression of air takes place in more than one cylinder.
Multi stage air compressor is used in places where high pressure air is required. Fig. shows
the general arrangement of a two-stage air compressor. It consists of a low pressure (L.P) 01 Mark
cylinder, an intercooler and a high pressure (H.P) cylinder. Both the pistons (in L.P and H.P for inter
cooling
cylinders) are driven by a single prime mover through a common shaft.
Atmospheric air at pressure p1 taken into the low pressure cylinder is compressed to a high
pressure (p2). This pressure is intermediate between intake pressure (p1) and delivery
pressure p3).Hence this is known as intermediate pressure.
The air from low pressure cylinder is then passed into an intercooler. In the intercooler, the
air is cooled at constant pressure by circulating cold water. The cooled air from the 02 Mark
for
intercooler is then taken into the high pressure cylinder. In the high pressure cylinder, air is
Expla-
further compressed to the final delivery
Nation
pressure (p3) and supplied to the air
receiver tank.

When the temperature of air leaving the

intercooler (T2) is equal to the original
01 Mark
atmospheric air temperature (T1), then
For
the intercooling is said to be perfect or
diagram
complete intercooling.
Fig. shows the combine indicator
diagram for low pressure and high
pressure cylinder of a single acting two
stage air compressor with perfect
intercooling.
The shaded area shows the saving of
work as a result of appropriated
isothermal.

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No.
4
Q. N.
e) Draw the schematic diagram of turbojet engine.
X Scheme
Ans:
03 Mark
for sketch

01Mark
for label

5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12Marks

a) A four stroke petrol engine develops 5 kW at 2000 rpm when its mean effective
pressure is 7.5 bar. If for the engine, L =1.25 D, Find its dimensions.
Ans:
Given :
IP = 5 kW, 01 mark
N= 2000 rpm For
5 2 Conversion
Pm = 7.5 bar = 7.5 x 10 N/m
L = 1.25d
01 Mark
For Four stroke engine, n= N/2 for
Formula
We know Indicated power is given by

02 mark
…. for four stroke n = N/2 for
Calculation
of
Diameter

d3 = 4.074 x 10 – 4
02 mark
d = 0.07413 m = 74.13 mm for
Calculation
and L = 1.25 d = 1.25 x 74.13 = 92.67 mm of stroke
Dimension of engine,
Bore Diameter d = 74.13mm and stroke L = 92.67mm

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XXXX
Q. Sub
No. Q. N.
Answer X Marking
Scheme
5 b) Reciprocating air compressor draws 6 kg of air per minute at 250˚C. It compresses the
air polytropically and delivers it at 1050˚C. Find the work required for the
compression and air power. Also find mechanical efficiency, if shaft power is 14 kW.
Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and n=3.

Ans:

03 Mark
for
Work
done

03 Mark
For
Mech.
Efficienc
y

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Q. Sub
No. Q.N.
Answer XXXXMarking
Scheme
X

Note: Here the numerical value of either temperature is wrong or shaft

power. Consider the understanding of student and procedure followed by
them while solving the numerical. Give the marks for procedure followed.
c) Draw neat labelled sketch of window air conditioner.
Ans:

04 Mark
for sketch

02 Mark
for label

OR (any
suitable
diagram)

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XXXX
Q. Sub
No Q.N.
Answer X Marking
Scheme
6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12Marks
a) The following observations were made while taking trial on a single cylinder IC engine:
Brake Power =45 kW, Mechanical efficiency = 80%, Brake thermal efficiency = 35%,
Ans: calorific value of fuel = 42000 kJ/kg
Determine : (i) Indicator power (ii) Fuel Consumption

03 Mark
for IP

03 Marks
for Fuel
consumpti
on

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XXXX
Q. Sub
No. Q. N.
Answer X Marking
Scheme
6 b) A single cylinder reciprocating compressor has a bore of 120 mm and a stroke of 150
mm and is driven at a speed of 1200 rpm. It is compressing CO2 gas from a pressure of
120 kPa and the temperature of 200˚C to a temperature of 2150˚C. Assuming
polytropic compression with n=1.3, no clearance and volumetric efficiency of 100%,
calculate (i) Pressure Ratio (ii) Indicated Power (iii) Shaft power with mechanical
efficiency 80% (iv) Mass flow rate

Ans:

02 Marks
for
Pressure
ratio

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Q.
No.
Sub
Q. N.
Answer XXXX
Marking
Scheme
6 b)
X
Conti..

02 Marks
for IP

01 Mark
for Shaft
Power

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No. Q. N.
b)
X Scheme
6
Conti..

01 Mark
for Mass
flow rate

NOTE:
In this numerical there would be mistakes in the value of temperature. Due to
which the pressure ratio found to be very high. In that case, Assessor need to
give appropriate marks to the procedure followed by the student.

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Q. Sub
XXXX
Marking
Answer
No. Q. N.
X Scheme
6 c) Draw the layout of ice plant. Name all important components of it and explain its
working in brief.
Ans:

03 Marks
for
Sketch

Working of ICE PLANT –

The main cycle used for ice plant is vapour compression cycle with ammonia as the
refrigerant in primary circuit and brine solution in secondary circuit. Brine solution takes
heat from water in secondary circuit and delivers the heat to ammonia in primary circuit.
Thus, the indirect method of cooling is used in ice plant. In secondary circuit brine is cooled 03 Marks
for
in evaporator and then it is circulated around the can which contains water. The heat is
extracted from the water in the can and is given to the brine. The brine is contentiously working
circulated around the can with the help of brine pump till entire water in the can is converted
into ice at -6 0 C. Ammonia vapour coming out of evaporator is compressed to high pressure
and then these vapours are condensed in the condenser. High pressure liquid ammonia is
collected in the receiver and it is passed through the expansion valve to reduce its pressure
and temperature as per requirement. The throttle liquid ammonia at low temperature & low
pressure enters in evaporator, which are the coils dipped in brine tank. The liquid ammonia
absorbs heat from brine and gets converted into vapours, which are drawn by suction line of
compressor.

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