Matrices

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Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna
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Matrices
Matrices

Definition: Rectangular array of numbers.

15 6 ⇠ First row

10 2 ⇠ Second row

13 5 ⇠ Third row

↑ ↑
First Second
Column Column
General Matrix
Order of Matrix
If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Types of Matrices
Special Types of Matrices

Row Matrix

Column Matrix
Special Types of Matrices

Null Matrix or Zero Matrix

Special Types of Matrices

Horizontal Matrix

Vertical Matrix

Square Matrix
Special Types of Matrices

Square Matrix
Square Matrices

In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate
Elements.

The elements a11, a22, a33,..........ann are called Diagonal Elements. The
line along which the diagonal elements lie is called “Principal or
leading” diagonal.

Trace (A) = Sum of elements along principal diagonal. Notation tr(A).

Types of Square Matrices

Square Matrix

Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix

Types of Square Matrices

Triangular Matrix

Upper triangular Lower triangular

matrix Matrix
If aij = 0 ∀ i > j If aij = 0 ∀ i < j
Types of Square Matrices
Diagonal Matrix
aij = 0 if i ≠ j

Abbreviated as dia(d1, d2, d3)

Scalar matrix Unit Matrix

If d1 = d2 = d3 ….. = a If d1 = d2 =...... = 1
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:

A. 27
B. 18
C. 81
D. 512
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Algebra of
Matrices
Algebra of Matrices

Adding/Subtracting

Multiplication by Scalar

Multiplying
Adding/Subtracting two Matrices

We can add/subtract two matrices only if they are of

same order

Given A = and B = , find A + B

Properties
Order should be same

A+B=B+A (Commutative)

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative)

tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (Square Matrix)

tr(A - B) = tr(A) - tr(B) (Square Matrix)

tr(kA) = k tr(A) (Square Matrix)

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar :

If ;

k(A +B) = kA + kB
Additive Inverse :

If A + B = O = B + A (order of A = order of B)
Then A and B are additive inverse of each other
Multiplication of
Matrices
Multiplication of a matrices

AB exist if, A = m x n & B = n x p

Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)

Find .

(3, 2) (5, 1)

(2, 4)

(1, 5)
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)

Find .
Method - 2
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)

(1, 2) (2, 5) (3, 2)

(2, 1)

(3, 5)
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

In general, matrix multiplication is not Commutative

i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general).

In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA is not defined or may

have different order.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

If A = O or B = O ⇒ AB = O

If AB = O ⇏ A = O or B = O
E.g. ;
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

If AB = AC ⇏ B = C

But if B = C ⇒ AB = AC
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
In case AB = BA ⇒ A and B commute each other
if AB = - BA then A and B anticommute each other.

E.g. A= and B= [ AB = BA ]
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be
commutative
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

If A, B & C are comfortable for the product AB & BC, then

(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
Distributivity :

A (B + C) = AB + AC

(A + B) C = AC + BC
Positive integral powers of a square matrix

A2A = (AA)A = A(AA) = A3

Im = I for all m ∈ N

Am. An = Am+n and (Am)n = Amn

A0 = In, n being the order of A

JEE Main 2021
The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its diagonal
entries. If A is a 2 x 2 matrix such that the trace of A is 3 and the trace of
A3 is – 18, then the value of the determinant of A is

JEE Adv 2020

JEE Main 2020
Let (α ∈ R) such that Then,

a value of α is

A. π/32
8 Apr 2019, Shift 1
B. 0

C. π/64
D. π/16
If Then, find n is

A. 11

B. 12

C. 13 9 Apr 2019, Shift 1

D. 14
Let A = Then A2025 - A2020 is equal to :

A. A6 - A

B. A5 JEE Main 2021

C. A5 - A

D. A6
A.

JEE Main 2021

B.

C.

D.
Let M be a 3 x 3 matrix satisfying

Then the

sum of the diagonal entries of M is (JEE adv 2011)

Transpose of
Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix
Transpose of a Matrix
Properties of Transpose

1. (AT)T = A

2. (A + B )T = AT + BT

3. (A - B )T = AT - BT

4. (kA)T = k(AT)

5. (AB)T = BTAT
Tr(A) denotes the sum of all diagonal elements of the matrix A,
then Tr(A) - Tr(B) has value equal to
JEE Main 2021
A. 1

B. 2

C. 0

D. 3
If for the matrix then the value of α4 + β4 is :

A. 1 JEE Main 2021

B. 3

C. 2

D. 4
If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the
transpose of P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then there

exist a column matrix X= ≠ such that

JEE Adv 2012

A. PX = B. PX = Y

C. PX = 2X D. PX = -X
If P = ,A= and Q = PAPT and x = PTQ2005P,

then x is equal to

A. B.

C. D.
 Symmetric and
Skew-Symmetric
Matrices
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

If AT = A, then A is symmetric

If AT = -A, then A is skew symmetric

Visualize in #NVStyle

(1)

(2)

Note: Diagonal elements of a Skew-symmetric = 0

Theorem 1

For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A’ is a

symmetric matrix and A - A’ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Theorem 2

Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a

symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. If
the sum of the diagonal elements of A2 is 1, then the possible
number of such matrices is :

A. 6

B. 1 JEE Main 2021

C. 4

D. 12
 Properties of
Symmetric and
Skew-Symmetric
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

1. If A is a symmetric matrix, then -A, kA, AT, An, A-1, BTAB are also
symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a square matrix
of order that A.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then

(a)A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,

(b)A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ N,
(d)BTAB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a
square matrix of order that of A.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

3. If A, B are two symmetric matrix, then

(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrix,

(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric

4. If A, B are two skew symmetric matrix, then

(a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices,

(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Statement-1: A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of
A with B is commutative.
JEE Adv. [2011]

A. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is

not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
B. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
C. Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
D. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; is a correct
explanation for Statement-1.
Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 x 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices
and Z be an arbitrary 3 x 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the
following matrices is (are) skew symmetric?

JEE Adv. [2015]

A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3

B. X44 + Y44

C. X4Z3 - Z3X4

D. X23 + Y23
A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3
B. X44 + Y44

D. X23 + Y23
C. X4Z3 - Z3X4
Types of
Matrices
Type of Matrices :

Orthogonal Matrix ATA = AAT = I

Idempotent Matrix A2 = A

Involutory Matrix A2 = In

Nilpotent Matrix Ak = O

Periodic Matrix Ak+1 = A

Important Concept :
How many 3 x 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for
which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is 5 ?

A. 126
JEE Adv. 2017
B. 135

C. 162

D. 198
Let M be any 3 x 3 matrix with entries from the set {0, 1, 2}. The maximum
number of such matrices, for which the sum of diagonal elements of MTM is
seven is

JEE Main 2021

Determinant
Basics
Minors
Cofactor :

Cij = (-1)i + j Mij

Determinant value of 3×3
Adjoint of
Matrix
Definition : Adjoint of A

adjoint = (cofactor)T
Adjoint of A
Find the adjoint of the matrix.
Properties of Adjoint

A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| In |adj A| = |A|n-1

adj (AB) = (adj B).(adj A)

adj (kA) = kn-1 (adj A), (k 𝞊 R)

adj (adj A) = |A|n-2 A.

A. 8 JEE Main 2020
B. 16

C. 72

D. 2
Let A be a 3 x 3 real matrix.
If det (2 Adj(2 Adj( Adj (2 A)))) = 241, then the value of det (A2)
equal.

JEE Main 2021

Let k be a positive real number and let

If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 106. Then [k] is equal to

[Note: adj M denotes the adjoint of square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest
integer less than or equal to k].

(JEE Adv. 2010)

For 3 x 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
NOT correct?

A. NTMN is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or

skew symmetric
B. MN - NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
C. MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
D. (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M and N

(JEE Adv. 2013)

If the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix P is then the possible value(s) of

the determinant of P is (are) -

A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2
(2012)
Inverse of
Matrix
Definition: Inverse of A

A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if

there exists a matrix B such that AB = I = BA

B is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A-1. Thus

A-1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA.
Formula: Inverse of A

Note: A-1 exists if A is non-singular.

Shortcut: Inverse of 2 x 2

If A =
Shortcut: Inverse of Diagonal matrix
Shortcut: Inverse of 3x3 matrix
Shortcut: Inverse of 3x3 matrix
Properties of Inverse

(Ak)-1 = (A-1)k = A-k, k 𝞊 N AA-1 = A-1A = I

(AT)-1 = (A-1)T

(A-1)-1 = A (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

JEE Main 2021
JEE Main 2021
Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix such that adj A =

and B = adj(adj A). If |A| = λ and |(B-1)T | = μ, then the ordered

pair, (|λ|, μ) is equal to :

A. (3, 1/81)
JEE Main 2020
B. (9, 1/9)

C. (3, 81)

D. (9, 1/81)
Let M and N be two 3 x 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that
MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)-1(MN-1)T is equal
to

A. M2

B. -N2

C. -M2 (JEE Adv 2011)

D. MN
Let M and (adj M) = where

a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options

is/are correct ?

A. a+b=3

(JEE Adv. 2019)

B. det (adj M2) = 81

C. (adjM)-1 + adjM-1 = -M

D.
Let M be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let I denote the 3 x 3
identity matrix. If M-1 = adj (adj M), then which of the following statements
is/are ALWAYS TRUE?

A. M = I B. det M = 1 C. M2 = I D. (adj M)2 = I

(JEE Adv. 2020)

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● livedaily.me/atoms
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