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Cartesian Coordinate System in 3D
➢ 3 Coordinate Axes
➢ 3 Coordinate Planes
➢ 8 Octants
Cartesian
Coordinate System
Distance formulae Section formulae
1 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

Distance between the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2) A (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2) in the ratio m : n internally is
is equal to given by
2 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

A (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2) in the ratio m : n externally is
given by
3 Coordinates of midpoint of line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and B
(x2, y2, z2) is

Coordinates of Centroid Distance of a point from Coordinate Planes
y
Distance of Point P from xy plane = | z |
Distance of Point P from yz plane = | x |
Distance of Point P from xz plane = | y |
P (x, y, z)
If A and B are foot of perpendicular from (3, 7, 4) on the XY plane

Distance of a point from Coordinate axes and YZ plane respectively, then find the length of AB.
y
y
P (3, 7, 4)
P (x, y, z)
x
x
z
z
Direction Cosines (DCs)
If ∝, β, ⋎ are the angles which vector makes with positive direction of
the x, y, z axes respectively then their cosines cos∝, cosβ, cos𝜸 are
called the direction cosines of the vector and are generally denoted by
Direction Ratios l, m, n respectively.

Thus l = cos ∝, m = cos β, n = cos 𝜸
and Direction
Cosines
17
Important Results Direction Ratios (DRs)

Direction ratios are multiples of direction cosines
1 cos2∝ + cos2β + cos2𝛾 = 1
2 sin2∝ + sin2β + sin2𝛾 = 2

Important Results Important Results
Direction ratios of a line is not unique but infinite in number
A vector along the line with direction ratios a, b, c can be
1 but direction cosines will be for a line will be only two. 2 ai + bj + ck
(l, m, n or -l, -m, -n)
A line AB in three-dimensional space makes 45° and 120° with the

Important Results positive x-axis and the positive y-axis respectively. If AB makes
an acute angle θ with the positive z-axis, then θ equals
Direction ratios of a line joining two points A and B are
3 proportional to x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1 A. 45° B. 60° C. 75° D. 30°
2010
Equation of Line: Vector Form
1 Passing through a point and parallel to given direction
Equation of
Straight Line
A(i + 2j + 3k)
25
Find the equation of the line through the point 2i + j - 3k and

Equation of Line: Cartesian Form parallel to the vector 4i + 5j in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form
1 Passing through a point and given DRs or DCs
A(1, 2, 3) A
Find the equation of the line through the point (1, 2, -1) and
having DRs 2, -3 and 5
Equation of Line: Vector Form
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form
2 Passing through a two points
➞
B(b)
➞
A A(a)
Find the equation of straight line passing through points A (6, -7, -1)
and B (2, -3, 1) in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form
Angle Between
B(2, -3, 1) Two Straight Lines
A(6, -7, -1)
32
Angle Between Two Lines Find the angle between the pair of lines given by
Angle between two lines = Angle between their Direction Vectors
Find the value of λ so that the following lines are perpendicular

Angle Between Two Lines
Consider the lines
The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is
A. B. C. D.
Parametric
[JEE Adv. 2018]
Coordinates
38
Parametric Coordinates of a
Line
Find parametric coordinates of straight lines
I.
II. Point of Intersection

of Two Lines
40
Point of Intersection of two Lines
Find the point of intersection of L1 and L2
Foot of Perpendicular/
Image from Point to
Line
42
Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (0, 2, 3) on the line
Image of Point in Line
Find the length of perpendicular.
P(0, 2, 3)
Perpendicular Distance of Point from Line
M-1 Find Foot of Perpendicular then use Distance Formula
P(x0, y0, z0)

Perpendicular Distance
of Point from Line
45
Perpendicular Distance of Point from Line Find distance between point P(0, 2, 3) and line
M-2 Perpendicular Distance =
P(x0, y0, z0)

Skew Lines
Non parallel, non intersecting lines are called skew lines
Skew Lines
49
Shortest Distance between two Skew Lines Consider the lines
The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
Shortest distance =
A. 0 B. 17 / √3 C. 41 / 5√3 D. 17 / 5√3
[JEE Adv. 2018]

If the shortest distance between the lines
and
μ ∈ R is 9, then α is equal to _
[20 July 2021 Shift 1]
Condition for 2 Lines to Intersect

If shortest distance between 2 lines = 0 ⇒ they are intersecting
Shortest Distance between two Parallel Lines
Shortest Distance
between two Parallel
Lines
57
Condition of Coplanarity (for vectors)
1. Two non-zero vectors are always coplanar

➝➝➝ ➝ ➝➝
2. Three non-zero vectors a, b, c are coplanar if [a b c] = 0
Condition for
Coplanarity
59
If the lines
Condition of Coplanarity (for lines)
are co-planar, then the value of k is
Two lines are COPLANAR if either they are Intersecting or Parallel
[25 July 2021 Shift 2]
Two lines and
are coplanar. Then 𝝰 can take value(s)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
[JEE Adv. 2013]

Definition of Plane
Equation of Representation of Plane : P, ∏, 𝝈
Planes
65
General Equation of Plane Note
3
1. Point - Normal
Find the equation of plane passing through (2,0,1) and normal to
Form 2i + j - k in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form
If the Equation of Plane is 2x + y + 2z = 5, then find

Note I. Normal Vector
II. DRs of Normal
III. DCs of Normal
IV. Equation of plane in Vector Form
2. Three Points Form 3. Plane Containing Two Intersecting Lines
4. Equation of Plane Containing Two Parallel Lines 5. Equation of Plane: Normal Form
Find the vector equation of plane which is at a distance of 8 units from
the origin and which is normal to the vector 2i + j + 2k. 6. Intercept form
Let the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 bisect the line joining the points

(4, -3, 1) and (2, 3, -5) at the right angles. If a, b, c, d are integers,
then the minimum value of (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) is
[18 Mar 2021 shift 1]

[JEE Adv. 2020]
[JEE Adv. 2017]

Perpendicular Distance
of Point from Plane
84
Perpendicular Distance Of A Point From A Plane
[JEE Adv. 2006]
Distance Between
Two Parallel Planes
88
Distance between Two Parallel Planes
[JEE Adv. 2010]
The equation of the planes parallel to the plane x - 2y + 2z - 3 = 0

which are at unit distance from the point (1, 2, 3) is ax + by + cz +
d = 0. If (b - d) = K(c - a), then the positive value of K is
[18 Mar 2021 Shift 1]

Foot of Perpendicular /
Image of Point in Plane
94
Image of Point in Plane Foot of Perpendicular from Point on the Plane

A. 47 B. 39 C. 43 D. 41
[JEE Adv. 2010]
[26 Feb 2021 Shift 2]
Solving Line and

Plane
100
The distance of the point (1, 1, 9) from the point of intersection of
Solving Line and Plane
the line and the plane x + y + z = 17 is :
Projection of Line Segment on Plane
Projection of Line
Segment on Plane
103
Angle between Plane-Plane,
Line-Line and Line-Plane
[JEE M 2018]
106
Angle Between Two Planes Angle Between Two Planes

Angle Between Line and Plane Parallel and Perpendicular Planes
Consider the three planes

P1 : 3x + 15y + 21z = 9
P2 : x - 3y - z = 5, and
P3 : 2x + 10y + 14z = 5
Then, which one of the following is true ?
A. P1 and P3 are parallel.

B. P2 and P3 are parallel.
C. P1 and P2 are parallel.
[26 Feb 2021 Shift 1] Family of Planes
D. P1, P2 and P3 all are parallel.
112
The equation of a plane containing the line of intersection of the
Family of Planes planes 2x - y - 4 = 0 and y + 2z - 4 = 0 and passing through the
point (1, 1, 0) is :
A. x - 3y - 2z = -2 [08 Apr 2019 Shift 1]

B. 2x - z = 2
C. x - y - z = 0
D. x + 3y + z = 4
If the equation of the plane passing through the line of

intersection of the planes 2x - 7y + 4z - 3 = 0, 3x - 5y + 4z + 11 = 0
and the point (-2, 1, 3) is ax + by + cz - 7 = 0, then the value of
2a + b + c - 7 is
[17 Mar 2021 Shift 1]
Bisector of Angle between Two Lines
Angle Bisector
117
Bisector of Angle between Two Lines
A. B. C. D.
[JEE Adv. 2020]
Bisector of Angle between Two Planes
Acute and Obtuse Angle

Equation of plane bisecting the acute angle between the planes
Bisectors x - y + z - 1 = 0 and x + y + z - 2 = 0
A. x + z = 3/2 B. 2y = 1
1
C. x - y - z = 3 D. x + 2z = 3
2
Equation of Straight
Line in Unsymmetrical
Form
126
Equation of Straight Line in Symmetrical form Equation of Straight Line in Unsymmetrical form
Consider the planes 3x - 6y - 2z = 15 and 2x + y - 2z = 5
Statement-1 : The parametric equations of the line of intersection of
the given planes are x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 15t. Because
Statement-2 : The vector 14î + 2ĵ + 15k̂ is parallel to the lines of
intersection of given planes.
[JEE Adv. 2007]
Equation of Sphere
Equation of Sphere
131
Equation of Sphere General Equation of Sphere
The plane x + 2y - z = 4 cuts the sphere x2 + y2 -x + z - 2 = 0

Plane and Sphere In a circle of radius
A. 3 B. 1
[2005]
C. 2 D. √2
The intersection of the spheres
Intersection of Two Spheres x2 + y2 + z2 + 7x - 2y - z = 13 and
x2 + y2 + z2 -3x + 3y + 4z = 8 is the same as the intersection of
one of the sphere and the plane
[2004]
A. 2x - y - z = 1 B. x - 2y - z = 1
C. x - y - 2z = 1 D. x - y - z = 1
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Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna
Probability Mentored 5 lac+ students

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11th / 9, 10 Important
12th / Drop Terms
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Random Experiment Examples of Random Experiment
Experiment which satisfies the following conditions:-
1. It should have more than one outcome

2. Outcomes are non predictable
Write sample space when three Dices are thrown ?
Sample Space
#NVStyle
It is the set of all possible outcomes of an random experiment
S = {H, T}
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Write sample space when four Dices are thrown ? Number of elements in sample space if n Coins are tossed?
HHH HHH
HHT HHT #NVStyle Random Experiment n(S)
HTH HTH 1 Coin is tossed
HTT HTT
THH THH 2 Coin are tossed
THT THT
TTH TTH 3 Coin are tossed
TTT TTT
.
.
.
n Coin are tossed
Event Complement of an Event
The complement of an event ‘A’ with respect to a sample space S are
It is the subset of sample space
the set of all elements of ‘S’ which are not in A. It are usually denoted
by A’, Ā or AC.
Getting an odd outcome in throwing dice.
P(A) + P(Ā) = 1
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 3, 5}
Classical Definition of Probability
Classical
Number of favorable outcomes
P(A) =
Total Number of Outcomes
Definition of
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
Probability
Odds in Favour and Odd Against
Number of favorable cases

Odds in favour of an event =
Number of unfavorable cases
Number of unfavorable cases

Odds against in an event =
Number of favorable cases
Outputs of the First Dice
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
Double dice
Outputs of the Second Dice
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
Problems 4
5
(4, 1)
(5, 1)
(4, 2)
(5, 2)
(4, 3)
(5, 3)
(4, 4)
(5, 4)
(4, 5)
(5, 5)
(4, 6)
(5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

2 Dice #NVStyle
Find the Probability of getting sum of 7 if a pair of dice are Two dices are rolled. If both dices have six faces numbered 1, 2, 3,
thrown 5, 7 and 11, then the probability that the sum of the numbers on
the top faces is less than or equal to 8 is :
A. B. C. D. JEE Main 2021

Deck of Card
A card are drawn randomly from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
(i) Face Cards: K, Q and J The probability that the drawn card is “neither a heart nor a face
card”.
(ii) Honours Cards: A, K, Q and J
(iii) Knave Cards: 10, J and Q
Words with or without meaning are to be formed using all the

letters of the word EXAMINATION. The probability that the letter
Questions
M appears at the fourth position in any such word is:
A. B. C. D.
Based on (20 July 2021 Shift 1)
P&C
Let 9 distinct balls be distributed among 4 boxes, B1, B2, B3 and B4.
If the probability than B3 contains exactly 3 balls is k Then k
lies in the set:
A.
B. (20 July 2021 Shift 1)
C.
D.
Let A denote the event that a 6 - digit integer formed by 0, 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6 without repetitions, be divisible by 3. Then probability of
event A is equal to :
A. B. C. D.
(16 Mar 2021 Shift 2)

A seven digit number is formed using digit 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5. The
probability, that number so formed is divisible by 2, is :
A. B. C. D.
JEE MAIN 2021
Types of
Events
Impossible and Sure
Events Simple Event Compound Event
Examples
1. Getting 7 on a throw of single dice (Impossible) n(E) = 1 n(E) > 1
2. Getting a number less than 7 on a throw of single dice (Sure)
RE: Tossing 2 Dices RE: Tossing 2 Dices

A : getting both heads B : getting at least one head
Types of Events Equally Likely

● Events are equally likely if they have same probability of occurrence.
Equally Likely
Example:
Mutually Exclusive/Disjoint 1. ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even outcome’ in single throw of a fair
dice.
2. ‘Getting head’ and ‘getting tail’ on the toss of fair Dice.
Exhaustive
Mutually Exclusive / Disjoint Mutually Exclusive / Disjoint
● Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if their Question 1:
simultaneous occurrence are impossible RE: throwing a dice
● If A and B are mutually exclusive then A ∩ B = ɸ A: getting prime number
B: getting even number
C: getting multiple of 3
Example:
RE: throwing a dice Question 2:
A: getting odd number RE: drawing one card from a pack of 52 cards
B: getting even number A: getting ace
B: getting red card
Exhaustive Events Dependent and Independent Events

● Events whose union are equal to sample space ● Two events A and B are independent if occurrence or non occurrence of A
● If A, B and C are exhaustive then A U B U C = S has no effect on occurrence or non occurrence of B
Example: Example:
RE: Throwing a dice
A: getting even number 1. A dice are thrown and a Dice are thrown, than getting even number on dice
B: getting prime number and getting head on Dice are independent
C: getting number less than 4 2. If it rains then crop will be good (dependent)
Four persons independently solve a certain problem correctly with Four persons can hit a target correct with probabilities
probabilities 1/2, 3/4, 1/4, 1/8. Then the probability that the 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/8. If all hit at the target independently, then the
problem are solved correctly by at least one of them are probability that the target would be hit, are
A. 235/256 B. 21/256
A. 25/192 B. 7/32
C. 3/256 D. 253/256
C. 1/192 D. 25/32
(JEE Adv. 2013) (JEE M 2019)
Addition theorem on Probability
Addition If A and B are two events associated with an experiment then
1.
2.
P(A U B) are probability of occurrence of at least one event
P(A ∩ B) are probability of occurrence of both A and B
theorem on
3. P(A) are probability of occurrence of A
4. P(B) are probability of occurrence of B
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
Probability
A B
1 P(at least one event will occur)
= P(AUB)
2 P(exactly one event will occur)
= P(A) + P(B) - 2 P(A∩B)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
A B A B
3 P(only A occurs) Note:

= P(A) - P(A∩B) I. If A and B are mutually exclusive events then
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) {∵P(A ⋂ B) = 0}
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪ B) = 1
A B
Let A and B be two events such that the probability that exactly one
of them occurs is 2/5 and the probability that A or B occurs is 1/2 ,
then the probability of both of them occur together is
A. 1/10 B. 2/9
C. 1/8 D. 1/12
(JEE Main 2020 - 8 Jan)
Note:
1 P(A ∪ B ∪ C)=
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C) - P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
I. If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events then
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 1
A B
C
2 P(exactly two events A, B, C occur)
= P(A ∩ B) + P(B ∩ C) + P(C ∩ A) - 3 P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
3 P(exactly one of the events A, B, C occur)
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(A ∩ B) - 2P(B ∩ C) - 2P(A ∩ C) + 3P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
A B
A B
C
C
For three events A, B and C

P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P (Exactly one of B or C occurs)
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = 1/4 and
P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = 1/16
Then the probability that at least one of the events occurs, are:
A. 3/16 B. 7/32
C. 7/16 D. 7/64
(JEE M 2017)
The probabilities of three events A, B and C are given by P(A) = 0.6,
P(B) = 0.4 and P(C) = 0.5 if P(A U B) = 0.8, P(A ⋂ C) = 0.3,
P(A ⋂ B ⋂ C) = 0.2, P(B ⋂ C) = β and P(A U B U C) = α, where 0.85 ≤ α ≤
0.95, then β lies in the interval :
A. [0.25, 0.35] B. [0.35, 0.36] (JEE Main 2020 6 Sep)

C. [0.36, 0.40] D. [0.20, 0.25]
If P(B) = 3/4, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 1/3 and P(Ā ∩ B ∩ C) = 1/3, then

P(B ∩ C) are
A. 1/12 B. 1/6 A B
C. 1/15 D. 1/9
(JEE 2003)
Illustration
A: “odd outcome” = {1, 3, 5}
CONDITIONAL B: “Prime outcome” = {2, 3, 5}
S: Sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
PROBABILITY
Definition
Let A and B be two events associated with a same sample space S. the
conditional probability of an event A given B, where B has already
occurred, are denoted as
And are defined as

Roll a fair die twice. Let A be the event that the sum of the two rolls Let X and Y be two events such that P(X) = 1/3 , P(X/Y) = 1/2 and
equals six, and let B be the event that the same number comes up P(Y/X) = 2/5, Then
twice. What are P(A/B)
A. P(Y) = 4/15 B. P(X’ | Y) = 1/2
A. 1/6 B. 5/36
C. P(X ∩ Y) = 1/5 D. P(X ∪ Y) = 2/5
C. 1/5 D. None
(JEE Adv. 2017)
Multiplication
Theorem
on Probability
Multiplication Theorem If A and B be two independent events, then P(A/B) = P(A)
1 P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B/A) If A and B be two independent events, then

P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B)
Independent Events Note :

If A, B and C be two independent events, then P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A). P(B). P(C) If A and B be independent events, then (A and B’), (A’ and B) and (A’ and B’)
are also independent events.
P(A ∩ B’) = P(A).P(B’)
P(A’ ∩ B) = P(A’).P(B)
P(A’ ∩ B’) = P(A’).P(B’)

Let A and B be two independent events such that
Then, which of the following is True ?
A.
Questions
B. (JEE Main 2020 - 8
Jan)
C.
D.
Let A and B be two events such that P(A ∪ B) = 1/6, P(A ∩ B) = 1/4, and
P(A) = 1/4, where A stands for complement of event A. then events A
and B are
A. Equally likely and mutually exclusive
B. Equally likely but not independent
C. Independent but not equally likely
D. Mutually exclusive and independent
(JEE 2005, 2014)
Let E and F be two independent events. The probability that exactly
one of them occurs are 11/25 and the probability of none of them
occurring are 2/25. If P(T) denoted the probability of occurrence of
the event T, then
A. P(E) = 4/5, P(F) = 3/5 B. P(E) = 1/5, P(F) = 2/5
C. P(E) = 2/5, P(F) = 1/5 D. P(E) = 3/5, P(F) = 4/5
(JEE Adv. 2011)
Let S be the sample space of all 3 x 3 matrices with entries from the
set {0, 1}. Let the events E1 and E2 be given by E1 = {A ∈ S : det A = 0}
and E2 = {A ∈ S : sum of entries of A are 7}. If a matrix are chosen at
random from S, then the conditional probability P(E1/E2) equals
____.
(JEE Adv. 2019)

Let X and Y be two events such that P(X | Y) = 1/2, P(Y/X) = 1/3, and
P(X ∩ Y) = 1/6 . Which of the following are (are) correct?
A. P(X ∪ Y) = 2/3
B. X and Y are independent
C. X and Y are not independent
D. P(Xc ∩ Y) = 1/2
(JEE Adv. 2012)
A six faced fair die are thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1
comes in even number of trails are
A. 5/11 B. 5/6
(IIT - JEE 2005)
C. 6/11 D. 1/6
Infinite G.P.
A dice is thrown until either a 4 or 6 appears. Find the probability
that number 6 occurs before 4?
A. 1/2 B. 5/6
C. 1/6 D. 1/3
A pair of unbiased dice are rolled together till a sum of “either

5 or 7” are obtained. Then find the probability that 5 comes
before 7.
A. 5/11 B. 5/6
C. 6/11 D. 2/5
Paragraph Question 1 Paragraph Question 2
A fair die are thrown repeatedly until a six are obtained. Let X denote A fair die are thrown repeatedly until a six are obtained. Let X denote
the number of toss required. the number of toss required.
The probability that X = 3 equals The probability that X ≥ 3 equals

A. 125/216 B. 25/36
A. 25/216 B. 25/36
(2009) C. 5/36 D. 25/216 (2009)
C. 5/36 D. 125/216
Paragraph Question 3
A fair die are thrown repeatedly until a six are obtained. Let X denote
the number of toss required.
The conditional Probability that X ≥ 6 given X>3 equals

A. 125/216 B. 25/36
(2009)
C. 5/36 D. 25/216
Two fair dice, each with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, are rolled
together and the sum of the numbers on the faces are observed. This
process are repeated till the sum is either a prime number or a
perfect square. Suppose the sum turns out to be a perfect square
before it turns out to be a prime number. If p is the probability that
this perfect square is an odd number, then the value of 14p are
____.
(JEE Adv. 2020)
Example 1:
Total A box contains three Dices, one Dice are fair, one Dice are two-headed, and
one Dice are weighted (P(H) = ⅓ ). A Dice are selected at random and thrown.
Find the probability that head appears.
Probability → Fair
→ Doubly headed
Theorem → Weighted
Total Probability Theorem
Let E1, E2, …...En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events,

with non-zero probabilities, of a random experiment. If A be any
arbitrary event of the sample space of the above random
experiment with P(A) > 0, then
Illustration
A box contains three Dices, one Dice are fair, one Dice are two-headed, and
one Dice are weighted (P(H) = ⅓ ). A Dice are selected at random and thrown.
Bayes Find the probability that head appears.
Theorem → Fair
→ Doubly headed
→ Weighted
Bayes Theorem
If an event A can occur only with one of the n pairwise mutually
exclusive and exhaustive events B1, B2, ….Bn & if the conditional
probabilities of the events.
P(A/B1), P(A/B2) …… P(A/Bn) are known the,
Bag A contains 3 white and 2 black balls. Bag B contains 2 white

and 2 black balls. One ball are drawn at random from A and
transferred to B. One ball are selected at random from B and are
found to be white. The probability that the transferred ball are
white are
A. 8/13 B. 5/13
C. 4/13 D. 9/13
In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C
manufacture respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the bolts. Of their
outputs, 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively defective bolt. A bolts
are drawn at random from the product and are found to be
defective. What are the probability that it are manufactured by
the machine B?
In a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the

answer for a multiple choice question having FOUR choices of
which exactly one are correct. The probability that he makes a
guess are 1/3 and the probability for copying are 1/6. The
probability that hare answer are correct, given that he copied it are
1/8. The probability that he knew the answer, given that hare
answer are correct are
A. 5/29 B. 9/29
C. 24/29 D. 20/29
Binomial probability
Let an experiment has n-independent trials, and each of the trial has
two possible outcomes
Binomial I. Success
II. Failure
p → Probability of getting success

q → Probability of getting failure
Probability such that p + q = 1
Then, P(Exactly r successes) = P(X = r) = nCr pr qn-r
A pair of dice are thrown 6 times, getting a doublet are considered

success. Compute the probability of
I. No success II. Exactly one success
III. At least one success IV. At most one success

In a hurdle race a man has to clear 9 hurdles. Probability that he
clears a hurdle 2/3 and the probability that he knocks down the
hurdle are 1/3. Find the probability that he knocks down less than 2
hurdles.
A drunkard takes a step forward or backward. The probability that

he takes a step forward are 0.4. Find the probability that at the
end of 11 steps he are one step away from the starting point.
A fair coin is tossed n-times such that the probability of getting
at least one head is at least 0.9. Then the minimum value of n is_
(25 July 2021 Shift 2)
The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be tosses, so

that the probability of getting at least two heads is at least 0.96,
are
(JEE Adv. 2015)

The probability that a missiles hits a target successfully is 0.75. In
order to destroy the target completely, at least three successful
hits are required. Then the minimum number of missiles that
have to be fired so that the probability of completely destroying
the target is NOT less than 0.95, are _____.
(JEE Adv. 2020)
Probability
Distribution
Table
Three balls are drawn one by one without replacement from a bag
containing 5 white and 4 red balls. Find the probability distribution
of the number of red balls drawn.
Mean and Variance of a Probability Distribution:
1. Mean :
2. Variance: 3. Standard Deviation :
Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-

shuffled deck of 52 cards. Let X denote the random variable of
number of aces obtained in the two drawn cards.
Then P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) equals:
A. 49/169 B. 52/169 C. 24/169 D. 25/169

Binomial
(JEE M 2019)
Probability
Daretribution
Binomial Probability Distribution (BPD) Mean of BPD :
Let an experiment has n independent trials and each of the trial has two possible
outcomes i.e. success or failure.
If random variable (Xi) = number of successes Variance of BPD :

then probability of getting exactly ‘r’ successes are P(X = r) = nCr pr.qn-r
where p = probability of success

and q = probability of failure
Standard Deviation of BPD :
A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls are randomly The mean and the variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 2
drawn, one-by-one, with replacement, then the variance of the respectively. Then the probability of exactly 2 successes are
number of green balls drawn are:
A. 28/256 B. 219/256 C. 128/256 D. 37/256
A. 6/25 B. 12/5 C. 6 D. 4
(2004)
(JEE M 2017)
The mean and variance of a random variable X having binomial Let in a Binomial distribution, consisting of 5 independent trials,
distribution are 4 and 2 respectively, then P(X = 1) are probabilities of exactly 1 and 2 successes be 0.4096 and 0.2048
respectively. Then the probability of getting exactly 3 successes is
A. 1/4 B. 1/32 C. 1/16 D. 1/8 equal to:
A. 32/625
B. 80/243 (18 Mar 2021 Shift 2)
(2003) C. 40/243
D. 128/625
Geometrical
Probability
A point is taken inside a circle of radius r find the probability that
Geometrical probability (Continuous sample space) the point is closer to the centre as a circumference.
1. One-dimensional Probability: l
Favourable length
P=
Total length L
2. Two-dimensional Probability:
a
Favourable area
P=
Total area A
3. Three-dimensional Probability:
Favourable volume
P= v
Total volume
V
A point is selected randomly inside a equilateral triangle whose

length is 3. Find the probability that its distance from any corner is
greater than 1.
Mathematical
Expectation
Who should get the prize? Two players of equal skill A and B are playing a game. They leave
off playing (due to some force majeure conditions) when A wants
3 points and B wants 2 to win. If the prize money are Rs. 16000/-.
How can the referee divide the money in a fair way.
Coincidence
Testimony
Who killed the teacher ?
Coincidence Testimony
A speaks the truth 3 out of 4 times, and B 5 out of 6 times. What are
Coincidence Testimony the probability that they will contradict each other in stating the
same fact.
If p1 and p2 are the probabilities of speaking the truth of two
independent witnesses A and B who give the same statement A. 4/5 B. 1/3 C. 7/20 D. 3/20
p1p2
P (both speaks truth/ Statements Match) =
p1p2 + (1 - p1) (1 - p2)
A man is known to speak the truth 3 out if 4 times. He throws a die The probability that A speaks truth are 4/5 , while the probability
and reports that it is a six. The probability that it is actually a six is for B are 3/4. The probability that they contradict each other when
asked to speak on a fact are
A. 3/8 B. 1/5 C. 3/4 D. None of these
A. 4/5 B. 1/5 C. 7/20 D. 3/20
(2004)
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Matrices
NVLIVE NVLIVE
Matrices General Matrix
Definition: Rectangular array of numbers.
15 6 ⇠ First row
10 2 ⇠ Second row
13 5 ⇠ Third row
↑ ↑
First Second
Column Column
If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Order of Matrix
Special Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Types of Matrices
Column Matrix
Special Types of Matrices Special Types of Matrices
Null Matrix or Zero Matrix Horizontal Matrix
Vertical Matrix
Square Matrix
Special Types of Matrices Square Matrices
In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate
Square Matrix
Elements.
The elements a11, a22, a33,..........ann are called Diagonal Elements. The
line along which the diagonal elements lie is called “Principal or
leading” diagonal.
Trace (A) = Sum of elements along principal diagonal. Notation tr(A).

Types of Square Matrices Types of Square Matrices
Square Matrix Triangular Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix Upper triangular Lower triangular

matrix Matrix
If aij = 0 ∀ i > j If aij = 0 ∀ i < j
Types of Square Matrices The number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
Diagonal Matrix A. 27
aij = 0 if i ≠ j
B. 18
C. 81
Abbreviated as dia(d1, d2, d3) D. 512
Scalar matrix Unit Matrix

If d1 = d2 = d3 ….. = a If d1 = d2 =...... = 1
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Algebra of Matrices
Adding/Subtracting
Algebra of Multiplication by Scalar
Matrices Multiplying
Adding/Subtracting two Matrices Properties
Order should be same
We can add/subtract two matrices only if they are of
A+B=B+A (Commutative)
same order
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative)
Given A = and B = , find A + B
tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (Square Matrix)
tr(A - B) = tr(A) - tr(B) (Square Matrix)
tr(kA) = k tr(A) (Square Matrix)

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar : Additive Inverse :
If A + B = O = B + A (order of A = order of B)
If ;
Then A and B are additive inverse of each other
k(A +B) = kA + kB
Multiplication of a matrices
AB exist if, A = m x n & B = n x p
Multiplication of
Matrices
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column) Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column)
Find . Find .
Method - 2
(3, 2) (5, 1)
(2, 4)
(1, 5)
Multiplication of a matrices (Row by Column) Properties of Matrix Multiplication
In general, matrix multiplication is not Commutative

i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general).
(1, 2) (2, 5) (3, 2)
In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA is not defined or may
have different order.
(2, 1)
(3, 5)
Properties of Matrix Multiplication Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A = O or B = O ⇒ AB = O
If AB = AC ⇏ B = C
If AB = O ⇏ A = O or B = O
But if B = C ⇒ AB = AC
E.g. ;
Properties of Matrix Multiplication Properties of Matrix Multiplication

In case AB = BA ⇒ A and B commute each other Multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be
if AB = - BA then A and B anticommute each other. commutative
E.g. A= and B= [ AB = BA ]
Properties of Matrix Multiplication Distributivity :
If A, B & C are comfortable for the product AB & BC, then

(A . B) . C = A . (B . C) A (B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B) C = AC + BC
Positive integral powers of a square matrix
A2A = (AA)A = A(AA) = A3

JEE Main 2021
Im = I for all m ∈ N
Am. An = Am+n and (Am)n = Amn
A0 = In, n being the order of A

The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its diagonal
entries. If A is a 2 x 2 matrix such that the trace of A is 3 and the trace of
A3 is – 18, then the value of the determinant of A is
JEE Adv 2020
JEE Main 2020

Let (α ∈ R) such that Then,
a value of α is
A. π/32
8 Apr 2019, Shift 1
B. 0
C. π/64
D. π/16
If Then, find n is
A. 11
B. 12
C. 13 9 Apr 2019, Shift 1
D. 14
Let A = Then A2025 - A2020 is equal to :
A. A6 - A
B. A5 JEE Main 2021
C. A5 - A
D. A6
A.
JEE Main 2021

B.
C.
D.
Let M be a 3 x 3 matrix satisfying
Then the
sum of the diagonal entries of M is (JEE adv 2011)
Transpose of a Matrix
Transpose of
Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix Properties of Transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B )T = AT + BT
3. (A - B )T = AT - BT
4. (kA)T = k(AT)
5. (AB)T = BTAT
If for the matrix then the value of α4 + β4 is :
A. 1 JEE Main 2021

Tr(A) denotes the sum of all diagonal elements of the matrix A,
then Tr(A) - Tr(B) has value equal to B. 3
JEE Main 2021
A. 1 C. 2
B. 2 D. 4
C. 0
D. 3
If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the
transpose of P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then there
exist a column matrix X= ≠ such that

JEE Adv 2012
A. PX = B. PX = Y
C. PX = 2X D. PX = -X
If P = ,A= and Q = PAPT and x = PTQ2005P,
then x is equal to
A. B.
C. D.
Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix
If AT = A, then A is symmetric
Symmetric and If AT = -A, then A is skew symmetric
Skew-Symmetric
Matrices
Visualize in #NVStyle Theorem 1
(1) For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A’ is a

symmetric matrix and A - A’ is a skew symmetric matrix.
(2)
Note: Diagonal elements of a Skew-symmetric = 0
Theorem 2
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a

symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. If

the sum of the diagonal elements of A2 is 1, then the possible
number of such matrices is :
A. 6
B. 1 JEE Main 2021

C. 4
D. 12
Properties of Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric
1. If A is a symmetric matrix, then -A, kA, AT, An, A-1, BTAB are also
symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a square matrix
of order that A.
Properties of
Symmetric and
Skew-Symmetric
2. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then
(a)A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,

(b)A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ N,
(d)BTAB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a
square matrix of order that of A.
3. If A, B are two symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrix,

(b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
4. If A, B are two skew symmetric matrix, then
(a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices,

(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Statement-1: A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of
A with B is commutative.
JEE Adv. [2011]
A. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is

not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
B. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
C. Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
D. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; is a correct
explanation for Statement-1.
Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 x 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices

and Z be an arbitrary 3 x 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the
following matrices is (are) skew symmetric?
JEE Adv. [2015]

A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3
B. X44 + Y44
C. X4Z3 - Z3X4
D. X23 + Y23
A. Y3Z4 - Z4Y3 B. X44 + Y44
D. X23 + Y23
C. X4Z3 - Z3X4
Types of
Matrices
Type of Matrices : Important Concept :
Orthogonal Matrix ATA = AAT = I
Idempotent Matrix A2 = A
Involutory Matrix A2 = In
Nilpotent Matrix Ak = O
Periodic Matrix Ak+1 = A
How many 3 x 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for
which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is 5 ?
A. 126
JEE Adv. 2017
B. 135
C. 162
D. 198
Let M be any 3 x 3 matrix with entries from the set {0, 1, 2}. The maximum
number of such matrices, for which the sum of diagonal elements of MTM is
seven is
JEE Main 2021
Determinant
Basics
Minors Cofactor :
Cij = (-1)i + j Mij
Determinant value of 3×3
Adjoint of
Matrix
Definition : Adjoint of A Adjoint of A
Find the adjoint of the matrix.
adjoint = (cofactor)T
Properties of Adjoint
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| In |adj A| = |A|n-1
adj (AB) = (adj B).(adj A)
adj (kA) = kn-1 (adj A), (k 𝞊 R)
adj (adj A) = |A|n-2 A.

A. 8 JEE Main 2020
B. 16
C. 72
D. 2
Let A be a 3 x 3 real matrix.

If det (2 Adj(2 Adj( Adj (2 A)))) = 241, then the value of det (A2)
equal.
JEE Main 2021

Let k be a positive real number and let
If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 106. Then [k] is equal to

[Note: adj M denotes the adjoint of square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest
integer less than or equal to k].
(JEE Adv. 2010)

For 3 x 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
NOT correct?
A. NTMN is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or

skew symmetric
B. MN - NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
C. MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
D. (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M and N
(JEE Adv. 2013)
If the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix P is then the possible value(s) of
the determinant of P is (are) -
A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2
(2012)
Definition: Inverse of A
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if

there exists a matrix B such that AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A-1. Thus

Inverse of A-1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA.
Matrix
Formula: Inverse of A Shortcut: Inverse of 2 x 2
If A =
Note: A-1 exists if A is non-singular.

Shortcut: Inverse of Diagonal matrix
Shortcut: Inverse of 3x3 matrix Shortcut: Inverse of 3x3 matrix

Properties of Inverse
(Ak)-1 = (A-1)k = A-k, k 𝞊 N AA-1 = A-1A = I
JEE Main 2021

(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
(A-1)-1 = A (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
JEE Main 2021

Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix such that adj A =
and B = adj(adj A). If |A| = λ and |(B-1)T | = μ, then the ordered
pair, (|λ|, μ) is equal to :
A. (3, 1/81)
JEE Main 2020
B. (9, 1/9)
C. (3, 81)
D. (9, 1/81)
Let M and N be two 3 x 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that

MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)-1(MN-1)T is equal
to
A. M2
B. -N2
C. -M2 (JEE Adv 2011)
D. MN
Let M and (adj M) = where
a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options

is/are correct ?
A. a+b=3
(JEE Adv. 2019)

B. det (adj M2) = 81
C. (adjM)-1 + adjM-1 = -M
D.
Let M be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let I denote the 3 x 3
identity matrix. If M-1 = adj (adj M), then which of the following statements
is/are ALWAYS TRUE?
A. M = I B. det M = 1 C. M2 = I D. (adj M)2 = I
(JEE Adv. 2020)

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Determinants
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Determinants
Determinants are always Square
Scalar Value
Determinant
Representation Determinant value of 1 × 1 & 2 × 2

The value of is The value of is
A. 2a2
A. 2
B. 0
B. -1
C. -3
C. 0
D. 3
D. cos2θ
Minors
Minor & Cofactor

Cofactor : Remember :
Cij = (-1)i + j Mij Cij = (-1)i + j Mij
Determinant value of 3×3 Determinant value of 3×3
Expanding w.r.t R1
Expanding w.r.t C2
Determinant value of 3×3 Cofactor property
In a determinant the sum of the product’s of the

element’s of any row (column) with their corresponding
cofactor’s is equal to the value of determinant.
Cofactor property
Shortcut
to find value of
determinant
#Shortcut (Rule of Sarrus) #Shortcut (Rule of Sarrus)
+ + +
a b c
a b c a b
e f g =
h i j e f g e f = afj + bgh + cei - hfc - iga - jeb
h i j h i
- - -
#Shortcut (Rule of Sarrus)
Properties of
Determinant
Properties of Determinants Properties of Determinants
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be

1. 丨 AT丨 = 丨 A丨
interchanged, the value of determinant is changed
in sign only.
Note:丨I丨 = 1
3. If row or columns are rotated in cyclic order

4. If a determinant has any two rows (or
then value of determinant is unchanged
columns) identical, then its value is zero.
5. Scalar multiplication: Scalar will be multiplied 6. |kA| = kn |A|, where n is order of A.

in any one row (or column)
e.g. If then kD
Evaluate 102 18 36
Properties of Determinants
1 3 36
17 3 6 Note: The value of a skew symmetric

determinant of odd order is zero.
7. Adding Determinants 8. Splitting Determinants
Find Properties of Determinants
9. | AB | = |A| |B|
and Then
Properties of Determinants Elementary Transformation
10. If det(A) = 0, then A is known as singular matrix. 11. The value of determinant remains same if we apply
elementary transformation
R1 ⟶ R1 + kR2 + mR3 or C1 ⟶ C1 + kC2 + mC3
Prove that
Let α and β be the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0. Then for Let ω be the complex number Then the number of
y ≠ 0 in R, is equal to:
distinct complex numbers z satisfying is equal to
A. y(y2 - 1) [JEE M 2019]

JEE Adv 2010
B. y(y2 - 3)
C. y3
D. y3 - 1
The total number of distinct x ∈ R for which is
[JEE Adv
2016]
Let ω be the complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1 and P = [Pij] be a n x n

matrix with pij = ωi+j. Then P2 ≠ O, when n =
A. 57
B. 55
[JEE Adv 2013]
C. 58
D. 56
Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 x 3 real matrices such that
bij = (3)(i + j - 2) aij, where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determinant of B is 81, then
the determinant of A is :
JEE Main 2020
A. 1/3
B. 3
C. 1/81
D. 1/9
Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix with det(A) = 4. Let Ri denote the ith row

of A. If a matrix B is obtained by performing the operation
R2 → 2R2 + 5R3 on 2 A, then det(B) is equal to
JEE Main 2021
A. 64
B. 16
C. 80
D. 128
Let ω ≠ 1 be the cube root of unity and S be the set of all
non-singular matrices of the form
where each of a, b and c is either ω or ω2. Then the number of
distinct matrices in the set S is

[JEE Adv 2011]
A. 2
B. 6
C. 4
D. 8
The maximum value of is
A. √7 16th Mar, 2021 (shift 2)
B. 3/4
C. √5
D. 5
The solutions of the equation =0
A. π/12, π/6 18th Mar, 2021 (shift 1)
B. π/6, 5π/6
C. 5π/12, 7π/12
D. 7π/12, 11π/12
If then a possible value of α is
Then the maximum value of f(x) is equal to A. π/2 17th Mar, 2021 (shift 1)
JEE Main 2021 B. π/3
HOMEWORK C. π/4
D. π/6
Special
Determinants
Special Determinants Special Determinants

Special Determinants
Prove that
Show that
Show that
Show that
Show that
Which of the following values of 𝝰 satisfy the equation
A. -4
B. 9 (JEE Adv. 2015)

C. -9
D. 4
If a2 + b2 + c2 = -2 and
(JEE Adv. 2005)

then f(x) is a polynomial degree
A. 1
B. 0
C. 3
D. 2
Find values of
(2000 - 3 marks)
System Linear Equations
1 Determinant Method (Cramer’s Rule)
Method to Solve 2 Matrix Method (Gauss- Jordan Method)
System of Linear
Equations
Cramer’s Rule
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Cramer’s Rule a1
a2
b1 c1
b2 c2
D=
a3 b3 c3
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
D1 = d2 b2 c2 D2 = a2 d2 c2 D3 = a 2 b2 d2
d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Cramer’s Rule Important terms
i. Consistent: solution exists (unique or infinite solution)

If D ≠ 0 If D = 0 ii. Inconsistent: solution does not exist (No solution)
Unique solution iii. Homogeneous equations: constant terms are zero
iv. Trivial solution: all variables = zero i.e., x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
If atleast one of If D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
D1, D2, D3 ≠ 0 Infinite Solution Or
No solution No Solution
No soln. (if planes are ||rl)

Homogeneous Linear Equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0

a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
Cramer’s Rule D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
(for Homogeneous
Equations)
Homogeneous Linear Equations
If D ≠ 0
Gauss-Jordan
If D = 0
Trivial solution Non - Trivial solution
or
Method
Infinite Solution
Matrix Method (Gauss-Jordan Method) Matrix Method (Gauss-Jordan Method)
x+y+z=6
x-y+z=2
2x +y - z = 1 If |A| = 0
If |A| ≠ 0
Unique solution
(adj A).B ≠ 0 (adj A).B = 0

No solution Infinite solution
For what values of p and q the system of equations has

2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
i. Unique solution ii. No solution iii. Infinite solutions
Questions
2 p 6 Let a, 𝝺, 𝛍, 𝟄 R. consider the system linear equations
D= 1 2 q = (p - 2)(q - 3) ax + 2y = 𝝺
1 1 3 3x - 2y = 𝛍 JEE Adv. 2016
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
8 p 6
D1 = 5 2 q = (p - 2)(4q - 15) A. If a = -3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all
4 1 3 values of 𝝺 and 𝛍.
2 8 6 B. If a ≠ -3, then the system has a unique solution for all values
of 𝝺 and 𝛍.
D2 = 1 5 q =0
1 4 3 C. If 𝝺 + 𝛍 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for a
= -3
2 P 8
D3 = 1 2 5 = (p - 2) D. If 𝝺 + 𝛍 ≠ 0, then the system has no solution for a = -3
1 1 4
ax + 2y = 𝝺
3x - 2y = 𝛍 The system of equations
kx + y + z = 1
x + ky + z = k
x + y + zk = k2 17th March 2021, Shift 1
has no solution, if k is equal to -
A. 0
B. 1
C. -1
D. -2
Let α, β, 𝜸 be the real roots of the equation, x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a,
b, c ∈ R and a, b ≠ 0) If the system of equations (in u, v, w) given by
αu + βv + 𝜸w = 0
βu + 𝜸v + αw = 0
𝜸u + αv + βw = 0 18th March 2021, Shift 1
has non-trivial solution, then the value of a2/b is -
A. 5
B. 3
C. 1
D. 0
Let the system of linear equations For the system of linear equations
4x + λy + 2z = 0 x - 2y = 1
2x - y + z = 0 x - y + kz = -2
μx + 2y + 3k = 0, λ, μ ∈ R
24th February 2021, Shift 2
ky + 4z = 6, k ∈ R
has non-trivial solution, then which of the following is true? Consider the following statements:
1. The system has unique solution if k ≠ 2, k ≠ -2
2. The system has unique solution if k = -2
3. The system has unique solution if k = 2
18th March 2021, Shift 2 4. The system has no solution if k = 2
5. The system has infinite number of solutions if k ≠ -2
Which of the following statements are correct?
A. μ = 6, λ ∈ R
A. 2 & 5 only
B. λ = 2, μ ∈ R
B. 3 & 4 only
C. λ = 3, μ ∈ R
C. 1 & 4 only
D. μ = -6, λ ∈ R
D. 1 & 5 only
If the system of equations
kx + y + 2z = 1
3x - y - 2z = 2
-2x - 2y - 4z = 3
has infinitely many solutions, then k is equal to -
25th February 2021, Shift 1
The following system of linear equations

2x + 3y + 2z = 9
3x + 2y + 2z = 9
x - y + 4z = 8 25th February 2021, Shift 2
A. does not have any solution
B. has a unique solution
C. has a solution (α, β, 𝜸) satisfying α + β2 + 𝜸3 = 12
D. has infinitely many solutions

If the following system of linear equations The value of a and b, for which the system of equations
2x + y + z = 5 2x + 3y + 6z = 8
x-y+z=3 x + 2y = az = 5
x + y + az = b 31 Aug 2021, Shift 1
3x + 5y + 9z = b 25 July 2021, Shift 1
has no solution, then : has no solution, are :
A. A. a = 3, b ≠ 13
B. B. a ≠ 3, b ≠ 13
C. C. a ≠ 3, b = 3
D. D. a = 3, b = 13
The value of λ and μ such that the system of equations x + y + z = 6, The value of k ∈ R, for which the following system of linear
3x + 5y + 5z = 26, x + 2y + λz = μ has no solutions, are : equations
3x - y + 4z = 3
x + 2y - 3z = -2 20 July 2021, shift 2
22 July 2021, shift 1
A. λ = 3, µ = 5 6x + 5y + kz = -3
Has infinitely many solutions is :
B. λ = 3, µ ≠ 10
A. 3
C. λ ≠ 2, μ = 10
B. -5
D. λ = 2, µ ≠ 10
C. 5
D. -3
Differentiation of Determinants
f1(x) f2(x) f3(x)

F(x) = g1(x) g2(x) g3(x)
h1(x) h2(x) h3(x)
How to Differentiate
a Determinant?
If f(x), g(x), h(x) are quadratic polynomials, then prove that
f(x) g(x) h(x)

𝛟(x) = f’(x) g’(x) h’(x) is a constant polynomial
f’’(x) g’’(x) h’’(x)
x+a2 ab ac If ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e =
If f(x) = ab x+b2 bc find f’(x)
then the value of e, is
ac bc x+c2
A. 0
B. -2
C. 3
D. 2
If ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e =
then the value of d, is

Cayley - Hamilton Theorem
Every square matrix satisfies a specific polynomial
equation known as characteristic equation.
P(λ) = |A- λI|
P(A) = 0
Cayley - Hamilton
Theorem
Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find A-1 and A4

Let A = If A-1 = αI + βA, α, β ∈ R, I is a 2 x 2 identity
matrix, then 4(α - β) is equal to :
A. 5
JEE Main 2021
B. 8/3
C. 2
D. 4
Let I be an identity matrix of order 2 x 2 and
Then the value of n ∈ N for which pn = 5I - 8P is equal to _
JEE Main 2021

then the value of c and d are
JEE 2005
A. (-6, -11)
B. (6, 11)
C. (-6, 11)
D. (6, -11)
A. A - 4l
B. 6l - A
C. A - 6l
JEE Main 2020
D. 4l - A
Telegram Channel

Step 1 Step 2
INSTALL
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experts
ICONIC PLUS
Structured Unlimite
Courses d Access
experts
Experts' Guidelines
by exam experts
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna
rELATIONS AND fUNCTIONS
One Shot

Telegram Channel

NVLIVE NVLIVE
What is a Set ? N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C

Well defined collection of objects
A = your favourite actor
B = a set of natural numbers

Operations on Sets Example
U = {1, 2, 3, …, 10}
1. Intersection A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2. Union
3. Difference
4. Compliment
5. Cross product
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Cross Product (A x B) Ordered Pair (x, y) ≠ (y,
x) True or False
A = {1, 2, 3} 1. 1∈A
Number of elements
2. 1∈AxB
B = {a, b} n(A x B) = n(A).n(B) 3. (1, a) ∈ A x B
4. { (1, a) } ⊂ A x B
How many subsets will the following sets have? Conclusion
Number of subsets of set A = 2n
A = {1, 2} A = { 1, 2, 3 } where n → number of element in set A
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Relations
How many subsets will A x B have ?
A subset of A x B
If n(A) = m & n(B) = n then the number of

Relations = 2mn
Visual Representation (Arrow Diagram) Relations in Real life
A B
1
a
2
b
3
A = { 1, 2, 3} Identity Relations
B = {a , b, c }
R: A ➝ B
Every element of A is
R = {(1, a), (2, b)} related to itself only
Representation of Relations Types of Relations
1. Roster form
Reflexive
Symmetric (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A

2. Set builder form
If (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R Transitive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
then (a, c) ∈ R
Anti- Symmetric
If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} on
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is - the set A= {1, 2, 3} is -
A. Reflexive but not symmetric A. Reflexive but not symmetric
B. Reflexive but not transitive B. Reflexive but not transitive
C. Symmetric and transitive C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive D. Neither symmetric nor transitive

Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is -
Domain, Codomain and Range of Relations
A. An equivalence relation A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B. Reflexive and symmetric only R = {(3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
Domain = A B
C. Reflexive and transitive only
Codomain =
D. Reflexive only 1
Range = 2
3
4
5
6
7 8
If R = {(x, y)| x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4} is a relation in Z, then domain of R is -

Domain of R : Collection of all elements of A which has a image in B A. {0, 1, 2}
Range of R : Collection of all elements of B which has a pre-image in A
B. {0, -1, -2}
C. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} JEE MAIN 2021
D. None of these
Inverse of a Relation
A B B A
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { a, b, c, d }
1 a a 1
R:A→B
R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} b 2
2 b
3 c c 3
4 d d 4
Domain of R = Range of R-1

Range of R = domain of R-1
If R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ Z, x2 + 3y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers Z,

then the domain of R-1 is :
A. {0, 1}
B. {-2, -1, 1, 2}
C. {-1, 0, 1} JEE MAIN 2021

Functions
Basic Definition
D. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Functions Non-Negative v/s Positive real numbers
Input Machine Output
Fruits Juice
Juicer
√x
Advance Definition
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {a, b}
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Functions AxB
Advance Definition
Subset of A x B = Relations
Function Not function

Definition Function or not ?
Every element of A must have one and only one image in B
A B
A B
1 a
1
a 2 b
2
b 3
3
Function or not ? Function or not ?

A B X Y
1 a
a
1 2 b
b
2 3 c
c
3 4 d
d
e
MAHABHARAT
Is Ramayan a function?
Arjun
Bhim
Yudhisthir Draupadi
Nakul
Sahadev
Examples Domain, Codomain and Range of functions
A B A B A B
a p a p Domain =
b q b q a p
c r c r Codomain =
d s d s
Range = b q
c r
f f d s
A B A B
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s
t
Domain, Codomain and Range of functions
Domain =
Codomain = A B
Range =
1 1 Types of
-1
3
4
9
Functions
-3 16
Types of functions One-one and Many-one functions

1. One-one and many-one A B A B
2. Onto and into
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s
Onto and Into functions One-one or Many-one ?
y = x2
A B A B
a p a p y=|x|
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s
Shortcut - Graphical method Horizontal line test
Horizontal line test
Vertical line test
HLT → To check whether the fn is one-one/many-one
VLT → to check whether it is fn or not

Horizontal line test Horizontal line test
y = x3 y = 1/x y = cos
y = sin x
x
All periodic functions are many-one ? Vertical line test
y = sin x
Are they functions ? Names
One - one ↔ Injective
Onto ↔ Surjective
Injective + Surjective = Bijective
Inverse of a function If the function is Many-one

f-1(x) → inverse of function exists only for bijective fn
A B A B
Why?
1 1
-
1 -1 1
1
2 4 2 4
-2 -2
If the function is INTO
A B A B
1 a 1 a
2 b
c
2 b
c ODD / Even
Functions
Even and Odd functions Even and Odd functions

Even Odd
Odd f(-x) = -f(x) If f(-x) = f (x) If f(-x) = -f(x)
Eg. |x|, x2 Eg. x, x3
Eg. cos x, sec x Eg. sin x, cosec x

Even f(-x) = f(x) tan x , cot x
NOTE
1. A function might be neither odd nor even

2. f(x)=0 is the only function which is both even as
well as odd.
Check if function is odd/even ?
1. f(x) = x3 + x
2. g(x) = x2 + |x|
f (x) = 2x3 - x + 1
A. Odd
A. Odd
B. Even
B. Even
C. Neither odd nor even
D. Both even as well as odd

Graphical Understanding
A. Odd
B. Even Odd f(-x) = -f(x) Graphically
Odd ⇒ Symmetric about origin

Even ⇒ Symmetric about y-axis
Both even as well as odd Even f(-x) = f(x)
D.
EVEN functions Think and Tell !

All Even functions are always many-one? (True/False)
Symmetric about origin - kya matlab? Symmetric about origin = Odd Function
y = sinx
ODD functions Let g(x) = f(x) + f(-x) and h(x) = f(x) - f(-x) then
y = 1/x A. g(x) is odd and h(x) is odd
B. g(x) is even and h(x) is odd
C. g(x) is odd and h(x) is even
D. g(x) is even and h(x) is even

Represent 2x as sum of odd function and even function
Property
Any function f(x) can be represented as sum of odd function and even
function
EVEN ODD
Combinations
f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) f(x) - g(x) f(x) . g(x) f(x) / g(x)
odd odd
Graph of
odd even
even odd
even even
Functions
Graph of Functions
1) Polynomial functions
2) Modulus function
3) Signum function
4) Exponential functions
Polynomial
5) Logarithmic functions
6) Greatest Integer function
7) Fractional Part function
8) Trigonometric functions
Functions
Polynomial functions Visualize
Linear Straight line Linear

Quadratic Parabola
Cubic N shaped
Visualize Visualize
Quadratic Cubic
Note 1 :
All polynomials are continuous and differentiable
Function will be continuous if --
➔ Graph can be drawn without lifting pen Note 2 :
➔ There is no break in graph
Range of odd degree polynomials is always (-∞,∞)
Function will be differentiable/derivable if --

➔ Function is continuous
➔ There is no sharp corner
Modulus function
y=|x|
Modulus
Functions
Modulus function Kundli
f: R → R Domain:
f(x) = |x|
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
The number of real solutions of the equation, x2 - |x| - 12 = 0 is :
A. 2 [JEE Main
2021]
B. 3
Signum
C. 1
D. 4
Function
Signum function Signum function
Positive 1
OR
0 Sgn (x) 0
Negative -1
Signum function Kundli
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Exponential function (ax)
a>1
Exponential
Function
Exponential function (ax) Kundli
0<a<1 Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Logarithmic function (loga x)
a>1
Logarithmic
Function
Logarithmic function (loga x) Kundli

0<a<1 Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Greatest integer function
Greatest
Integer
Function
Greatest integer function Kundli
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Let |x| denote the greatest less than or equal to x. Then, the values of
x ∈ R satisfying the equation [ex]2 + [ex + 1] - 3 = 0 lie in the interval :
A. [ 0, 1/e )
B. [ logc 2, logc 3 ) [JEE Main

2021]
C. [ 1, e )
D. [ 0, logc 2)
Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the equation in x,

[x]2 + 2[x + 2] - 7 = 0 has :
A. [JEE Main 2020]

Exactly two solutions
B. Exactly four integral solutions
C. No integral solution
D. Infinitely many solutions

Fractional part function
Fractional Part
Function
Fractional part function Kundli
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric
Function
Common properties
1. Many-one
Miscellaneous
2. Even/Odd
3. Periodic
Functions
Miscellaneous functions Graph
f(x) = [x] + [-x] f(x) = [x] + [-x]
Kundli Miscellaneous functions
Domain: f(x) = {x} + {-x}

Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Graph Kundli
f(x) = {x} + {-x} Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Miscellaneous functions Miscellaneous functions

y = [sinx] y = [sinx]
y = [x2]
x x2 [x2]
0≤x<1 x2
1 ≤ x < √2 x2
√2 ≤ x < √3 x2
√3 ≤ x < 2 x2
y = [x2] y = [x2]
How to Find Domain ?
How to Find
Domain?
Find the domain of following function
A. (-1, 0) U (1, 2) U (3, ∞) 9th Apr 2019, Shift 2
B. (-2, -1) U (-1, 0) U (2, ∞)
C. (-1, 0) U (1, 2) U (2, ∞)
D. (1, 2) U (2, ∞)
JEE Main 2020

A. [-2, 1)
B. [-2, 0) U (0, 1)
C. (-2, 1) - {0}
D. (-2, 1)
Methods to Find Range

1. Using range of pre-defined functions
2. a sinx + b cosx
How to Find 3.
Range? 4. (1 factor common)
5.
Find the range of following function f(x) = 3 sin x + 4
Using range of pre-defined functions
A. [1, 7]
B. [-1, 7]
C. (1, 7)
D. (-1, 7)
Find the range of following function f(x) = 3 sin x + 4 cosx + 5

Method 2
Method 3 Find the range of following function
A. R
Step - 1 Write x = f(y)

B. R - {3}
Step - 2 Find domain of f(y)

C. R - {3 ,1}
D. R - {1}
Find the range of following function
A. [0, 1)
B. [0, 1]
C. (0, 1)
D. None
Method 4
A.
B. R - {1}
C. R
D.
A.
B.
Step - 1 Cross multiply and make Q.E. in ‘x’
C.
Step - 2 D≥0
D.
If the function f : R - {1, -1} → A defined by is surjective,
then A is equal to:
(JEE - Mains - 2019)

A. R - {-1}
B. [0,∞ ]
C. R - [-1, 0)
D. R - (-1, 0)
If f : [0, ∞) ⟶ [0, ∞), and then f is
(2003)
A. one - one and onto
B. onto but not onto
C. one - one but not onto
D. Neither one - one nor onto

Graph of
Linear/Linear
Graph of L/L Graph of L/L

Graph of L/L Graph of L/L
Permutation & Combination Problems
Case 1 n(A) = n(B)
Case 2 n(A) > n(B)

Permutation and Case 3 n(A) < n(B)
Combination
Problems
Case I: n(A) = n(B) Case I: n(A) = n(B)
1. Total number of functions 1. Total number of functions
A B
2. Number of one-one functions
3. Number of many one functions 1 a
4. Number of onto functions 2 b
5. Number of into functions 3 c
4 d
2. Number of one-one functions 4. Number of onto functions

A B A B
1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
3. Number of many one functions 5. Number of into functions
3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d
Case II: n(A) = n(B) Case II: n(A) = n(B)
1. Total number of functions 1. Total number of functions A B

1
3. Number of many one functions a
2
4. Number of onto functions
b
5. Number of into functions 3
c
4
d
5
2. Number of one-one functions A B 4. Number of onto functions A B
1 1
a a
2 2
b b
3 5. Number of into functions 3
3. Number of many one functions
c c
4 4
d d
5 5
Case III: n(A) < n(B) Case III: n(A) < n(B)
1. Total number of functions 1. Total number of functions A B

1 a
2 b
c
5. Number of into functions 3
d
4
e
2. Number of one-one functions A B 4. Number of onto functions A B
5. Number of into functions

1 1
a a
2 2
b b
3 3
c c
4 4
d d
5 5
Summary Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7
elements. If α is the number of one-one functions from X to Y and β is
n(A) = a and n(B) = b the number of onto functions from Y to X, then the value of
is_______.
CASE Total onto one-one
(JEE Adv. 2018)
n(A) = n(B) ba a! a!
n(A) > n(B) ba Grouping 0
n(A) < n(B) ba 0
Let E = {1, 2, 3,4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions
from E to F is
A. 14
(IIT 2001)
B. 16
C. 12
D. 8
Let x denote the total number of one - one functions from a set A with
3 elements to set B with 5 elements and y denote the total number of
one - one functions from the set A to the set A x B. Then :
[JEE Main
2021]
A. y = 273x
B. 2y = 91x
C. y = 91x
D. 2y = 273x
Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the number of bijective functions

f : A ⟶ A such that f(1) + f(2) = 3 - f(3) is equal to
[JEE Main
2021]
Equal/Identical functions
Equal/Identical
Functions
1. The domain of f = the domain of g
2. The range of f = the range of g
3. f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common
domain
or
In short, Graph of two fn should be same

f(x) = ln x2 and g(x) = 2ln x
f(x) = ln(ex), g(x) = elnx

Homogeneous Functions
f(x, y) is a homogeneous function iff

f(λx, λy) = λn f(x, y)
Homogeneous
Functions
5x2 + 3y2 - xy
Bounded Functions
A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| ≤ M, where M is a finite quantity.
E.g., f(x) = sin x is bounded in [-1, 1]
Bounded
Functions
Implicit/Explicit Functions
E.g., 2x2 - 3y3 - 5 =0 ( Implicit)
E.g., y = 2x2 - 3x - 5 ( Explicit) Composite

Functions
Composite Functions Composite Functions

Output of one function becomes input for other function Output of one function becomes input for other function
Composite Functions Representation of Composite functions
Output of one function becomes input for other function

fog(x) = f(g(x))
gof(x) = g (f(x))
g(x)
x g f f(g(x)) fof(x) = f(f(x))
gog(x) = g(g(x))
How to find fog? Find fog / gof / gog / fof ?
f(x) = sinx f(x) = x2 + 6
g(x) = √x g(x) = 2x - 1
Properties of Composite fn
1. Generally, fog ≠ gof

2. fo(gof) = (fog)oh
3. The composite of two bijections is a bijection
If the functions are defined as f(x) = √x and g(x) = √1 - x, then what is

the common domain of the following functions : [JEE Main
f + g, f - g, f/g, g/f, g - f 2021]
A. 0≤x≤1
B. 0≤x<1
C. 0<x≤1
D. 0<x<1
Let f : R ⟶ R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and g : R - {1} ⟶ R be defined
as . Then the composition function f(g(x)) is :

[JEE Main
A. 2021]
Both one-one and onto
B. Onto but not one-one
C. Neither one-one nor onto
D. One - one but not onto
If g(x) = x2 + x - 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 - 10x + 5, then f(5/4) is equal to :
A. 3/2
[JEE Main 2020]
B. -1/2
C. 1/2
D. -3/2
A. 2f(x)
[JEE Main
B. 2f(x2) 2019]
C. (f(x))2
D. -2f(x)
Periodic Functions
Graph repeats
Periodic
Functions
Periodic Functions Period of Important Function
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0)

sin x
such that f (x + T) = f (x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
tan x
cos x
cot x
cosec x
{x}
sec x
Fundamental Period Period of Derived Functions
a. sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx have period π if n is even and 2π if n is

odd or fraction
Least Positive Period
b. tannx, cotnx are always periodic with period π
c. |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx|, |cosecx| are all periodic with
period π
Properties of Periodic Functions Properties of Periodic Functions
1. Inverse of periodic functions does not exist 2. Generally, if f(x) has period T then g(f(x)) also has period T, T may not
be fundamental period
{sin x} sin {x} Properties of Periodic Functions

3. Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period
sin (cosx)
4. If f(x) has a period p, then 1/f(x) and √f(x) also has a

5. If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period
period p
Properties of Periodic Functions
If f(x) has a period T1 & g(x) also has a period T2 then
period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) => L.C.M of T1 & T2

provided their L.C.M.
exists
However, L.C.M (if exists) need not be fundamental period.
If L.C.M does not exists f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) is aperiodic

Find the period of the following functions: f(x) = sin x + {x}

f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx| f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
Periodic + Periodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. cosx + {x}
Periodic + Aperiodic → Aperiodic

e.g. sinx + x
Aperiodic + Aperiodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. x + (2 - x)
If f(x) + f(x+4) = f(x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the period f(x).

Let a function satisfying f(x + 4) + f (x - 4) = f (x)
for all real x is periodic, then period T for them is
A. 9
B. 12
C. 16
D. 24
DIY
Functional
Equations
Functional Equations Method 1: Iteration
If f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2 & find the value of f(5).
Method 1: Iteration
Method 2: Replacement
Method 3: Standard Functions
If f(x) + 2f(1 - x) = x2 + 2 ∀ x ∈ R, find f(x),
1 f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx
2 f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax
3 f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k lnx or f(x) =0
4 f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn
2nd Sep 2020, Shift 2

6th Sep 2020, Shift 1

[JEE Main
2021]
Inverse of
Function
Inverse of Function How to find Inverse of function?

Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = {a, b, c} and
S-1 SWAP x and y
range B = {1, 2, 3}
f f-1
A B B A
S-2 Represent y = f(x)
a 1 1 a
b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c
Domain of f = {a, b, c} = Range of f-1

Range of f = {1, 2, 3} = Domain of f-1
Find the inverse of the following bijective function. Find the inverse of the following bijective function.
i. f : R → R+ , f(x) = 10x+1 ii. f(x) = 3x - 5
Properties of inverse of a function If f : R → R is defined by f(x) = x3 +1, then

find value of f-1 (28).
1. The inverse of Bijection is unique.
2. The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
3. In general, fog ≠ gof but if fog = gof then either f-1 = g or g-1 = f
also fog (x) = gof (x) = x
4. (gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1
5. The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x
Let f : R - { α/6 } ⟶ R be defined by f(x) = 5x+3 / 6x-α. Then the value
of α for which (fof) (x) = x, for all x ∈ R - { α/6 }, is
A. [JEE Main
No such α exists
2021]
B. 5
C. 8
D. 6
Let f : R - {3} ⟶ R - {1} be defined by f(x) = x-2/x-3. Let g : R ⟶ R be

given as g(x) = 2x - 3. Then, the sum of all the values of x for which
f-1 (x) + g-1(x) = 13/2 is equal to
A. 7
[JEE Main
B. 2021]
2
C. 5
D. 3
The inverse function of f(x) =
A. [JEE Main 2020]
B.
C.
D.
Graphical Transformation
y = f(x)
Graphical
Transformation
Graphical Transformation Remember
y = f(x) + K ⇒ Up
y = - f(x) Flip in x axis
y = f(x) - K ⇒ Down
y = f(-x) Flip in y axis
y = f(x + K) ⇒ Left
y = | f(x) | Upar wala same
Neeche wala uper y = f(x - K) ⇒ Right
y = f(|x|) Right wala same

Y-axis में mirror image
y = f(kx) ⇒ contracts in x-axis if k > 1
| y | = f(x) Upar wala same ⇒ expands in x-axis if k < 1
X axis में mirror image
Draw graph of y = ln (- x) Draw graph of y = - lnx

Draw graph of y = e-x Draw graph of y = - ex
Draw graph of y = |sinx| Draw graph of y = | ln x |

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Will Inverse Exist ?
f:R➝R
f(x) = sin x
Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
Will Inverse Exist ? Restricting Domain

f(x) = sin x
Visualize Kundali of y = sin-1x
f-1(x) = sin-1 x
Trick to Remember Graphs Trick to Remember Graphs

Trick to Remember Graphs Domain and Range
S.No. Function Domain Range
1. y= sin-1 x -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2
2. y = cos-1 x -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π
3. y = tan-1 x x∈R - π/2 < y < π/2
4. y = cot-1 x x∈R 0<y<π
5. y = cosec-1 x x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 1 - π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2 ; y ≠ 0
6. y = sec-1 x x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ π ; y ≠ π/2
[JEE Main
2021]
A. (1 - x)2 f’(x) - 2(f(x))2 = 0
B. (1 + x)2 f’(x) + 2(f(x))2 = 0
Basic C. (1 - x)2 f’(x) + 2(f(x))2 = 0
Questions D. (1 + x)2 f’(x) - 2(f(x))2 = 0

A possible value of tan (1/4 sin-1 √63/8 ) is :
A. 1/2√2
B. 1/√7
[JEE Main
C. √7 - 1 2021]
D. 2√2 - 1
A.
[JEE Adv. 2018]
B. x
C.
D.
Domain and Range
Questions
Domain and Range Domain and Range

S.No. Function Domain Range
1. y = sin-1 x -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2
2. y= cos-1 x -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π
3. y = tan-1 x x∈R - π/2 < x < π/2
4. y = cot-1 x x∈R 0<y<π
5. y = cosec-1 x x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 1 - π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2, y ≠ 0
6. y = sec-1 x x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 1 0 ≤ y ≤ π ; y ≠ π/2
Find domain of f(x) = sin-1 - log10 (4 - x) The domain of the function cosec-1 (1+x / x) is :
A. [JEE Main
2021]
A. [1, 5]
B.
B. [1, 4)
C.
C. [1, 4]
D.
D. (1, 4)
Decreasing Functions
Domain of the function
A.
B.
C.
D.
All x satisfying the inequality (cot-1 x)2 - 7(cot-1x) + 10 > 0, lie in the
interval :
A. (-∞, cot 5) ◡ (cot4, cot2)
B. (cot2, ∞)
[JEE Main
C. (-∞, cot5) ◡ (cot2, ∞) 2019]
D. (cot 5, cot 4)
(JEE Adv. 2015)
If cos-1 x + cos-1 y + cos-1 z = 3𝝿, then the value of
A. 0
B. 1
C. -1
D. 2
The number of real roots of the equation
If sin-1 x + sin-1 y + sin-1 z = 3𝝿 / 2, then possible value(s) of a satisfying
IIT 1999
the equation [JEE Main
A. 1 2021]
A. 1
B. 2
B. 4 C. 4
D. 0
C. 9
D. 16
Properties of
ITF
Property - 1 Property - 2
(i) sin-1 (- x) = - sin-1 x (i) sin (sin-1 x) = x , - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(ii) tan-1 (- x) = - tan-1 x (ii) cos (cos-1 x) = x , - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(iii) cosec-1 (- x) = - cosec-1 x
(iii) tan (tan-1 x) = x , x ∈ R
(iv) cos-1 (- x) = 𝝿 - cos-1 x
(iv) cot (cot-1 x) = x , x ∈ R
(v) cot-1 (- x) = 𝝿 - cot-1 x
(vi) sec-1 (- x) = 𝝿 - sec-1 x (v) cosec (cosec-1 x) = x , |x| ≥ 1
(vi) sec (sec-1 x) = x , |x| ≥ 1
Graph Graph
(i) sin (sin-1 x) = x , - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 (iii) tan (tan-1 x) = x , x ∈ R
(ii) cos (cos-1 x) = x , - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 (iv) cot (cot-1 x) = x , x ∈ R
Graph Property - 3
(v) cosec (cosec-1 x) = x , |x| ≥ 1
(i) sin-1 (sin x) = x , (ii) cos-1 (cos x) = x, x [0, π]
(vi) sec (sec-1 x) = x , |x| ≥ 1
(iii) tan-1 (tan x) = x , (iv) cot-1 (cot x) = x, x ∈ (0, π)
(v) csc-1 (csc x) = x , (vi) sec-1 (sec x) = x, x ∈ [0, π] - {π/2}
y = sin-1 (sin x) Examples
Find the value of following
A. sin-1 (sin 1) B. sin-1 (sin 2)

C. sin-1 (sin 3) D. sin-1 (sin 4)
E. sin-1 (sin 5) F. sin-1 (sin 10)

y = cos-1 (cos x) y = cos-1 (cos x)
A. cos-1 (cos 1) B. cos-1 (cos 2)

C. cos-1 (cos 3) D. cos-1 (cos 4)
E. cos-1 (cos 5) F. cos-1 (cos 10)
y = tan-1 (tan x) y = tan-1 (tan x)
A. tan-1 (tan 1) B. tan-1 (tan 2)

C. tan-1 (tan 3) D. tan-1 (tan 4)
E. tan-1 (tan 5)
y = cot-1 (cot x) y = sec-1 (sec x)
If sin-1 (sin 9) - cos-1 (cos 15) can be written in the form of

y = cosec-1 (cosec x) aπ - b, then find the value of a + b (a, b ∈ N)
A. -6
B. 6
C. 31
D. 24
If x = sin-1 (sin 10) and y = cos-1 (cos 10), then y - x is equal to
A. 0
B. 10 [JEE Main 2019]
C. 7π
D. π
cos-1(cos(-5)) + sin-1(sin(6)) - tan -1(tan(12)) is equal to :
A. 3π - 11 [JEE Main
2021]
B. 4π - 9
C. 4π - 11
D. 3π + 1
Property - 4
(i) sin-1 x + cos-1 x = , -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(ii) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = ,x∈R
(iii) cosec-1 x + sec-1 x = , |x| ≥ 1
If sin-1 + cos-1 =
where 0 ≤ |x| < √3, then number of values ‘x’ is equal to

(IIT 2001)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
If (sin-1 x)2 - (cos-1 x)2 = a ; 0 < x < 1, a ≠ 0, then the value of 2x2 - 1 is :
A.
B. [JEE Main
2021]
C.
D.
If 0 < x < 1, then the value of cos is :
A.
B. [JEE Main
2021]
C.
D.
Property - 5 Property - 6
tan-1 if xy < 1
1. cosec-1 x = sin-1 ; |x| ≥ 1
2. sec-1 x = cos-1 ; |x| ≥ 1 (i) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = π + tan-1 if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
3. sin-1 x = cosec-1 ; |x| ≤ 1, x ≠ 0

-π + tan-1 if x < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
4. cos-1 x = sec-1 ; |x| ≤ 1, x ≠ 0
(ii) tan-1x - tan-1y = tan-1 (x > 0 and y > 0)

5. cot-1 x = tan-1 ;x>0
= π + tan-1 ;x<0
(i) tan-11 + tan-12 + tan-13 =

Trick to Remember
(ii) tan-11 + tan-1 + tan-1 =
tan-1 if xy < 1
(i) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = π + tan-1 if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
-π + tan-1 if x < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
(ii) tan-1x - tan-1y = tan-1 (x > 0 and y > 0)
(iii) 2 tan-1(x) = tan-1

The value of tan (2 tan-1 (3/5) + sin-1 (5/13)) is equal to :
A. -181/69 [JEE Main

2021]
B. 220/21
C. -291/76
D. 151/63
cosec [2 cot-1 (5) + cos-1 (4/5) ] is equal to :
A. 75/56
B. 65/56
[JEE Main
C. 56/33 2021]
D. 65/33
A. π/2
B. 5π/4 [JEE Main 2020]
C. 3π/2
D. 7π/4
If α = cos-1 (3/5), β = tan-1 (1/3), where 0 < α, β < π/2 , then α - β is equal
Property - 7
to :
sin-1 if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x2 + y2 ≤ 1
A.
(i) sin-1 x + sin-1 y =
[JEE Main
2019] π -sin-1 if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x2 + y2 > 1
B.
C.
D.
If cos-1x - cos-1 (y/2)= α, then 4x2 - 4xy cosα + y2 is equal to
Property - 7
[JEE Main 2019 & IIT 2005]
sin-1x - sin-1y = sin-1 , x > 0; y > 0
A. 2sin 2α
cos-1x ± cos-1y =cos-1 , x > 0; y > 0 , x < y

B. 4
C. 4sin2α
D. -4sin2α
Let M and m respectively be the maximum and minimum values

of the function f(x) = tan-1(sin x + cos x) in [0, π/2], Then the value
of tan(M - m) is equal to :
[JEE Main
A. 2 + √3 2021]
B. 2 - √3
C. 3 + 2√2
D. 3 - 2√2
If 0 < a, b < 1, and tan-1 a + tan-1 b = π/4 , then the value of
[JEE Main
2021]
A. loge 2
B. loge (e/2)
C. e
D. e2 - 1
[JEE Main 2020]

Transformation
by substitution
Transformation of ITF by substitution Transformation of ITF by substitution
-π - 2θ
sin-1(sin 2θ) =
{ 2θ
π - 2θ
Transformation of ITF by substitution Transformation of ITF by substitution
-π - 2θ -π - 2tan-1x -∞ < x < -1
sin-1(sin 2θ) =
{ 2θ
π - 2θ
=
{ 2tan-1x
π - 2tan-1x
-1 ≤ x ≤ 1
1<x≤∞
Transformation of ITF by substitution Visualize in #NVStyle
-π - 2tan-1x x < -1
=
{ 2tan-1x
π - 2tan-1x
-1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x >1
Visualize in #NVStyle Visualize in #NVStyle
Visualize in #NVStyle Graph

Kundli Transformation of ITF by substitution
2tan-1x x≥0
{ -2tan-1x x<0
Graph and Kundli Transformation of ITF by substitution
π + 2tan-1x x < -1
{ 2tan-1x
- π+ 2tan-1x
-1 < x < 1
x>1
Consider the functions
Graph and Kundli
If x ∈ (-1, 1), them the solution of equation of f(x) + g(x) + h(x) = π/2
A. √2 - 1
B. 2 - √3
C. 1/2
D. 1/√3
Summation of
Series
Prove that
is equal to
[JEE Main
2021]
If cot-1(α) = cot-12 + cot-18 + cot-118 + cot-132 +.............upto 100 terms, then α
is:
A. 1.01
B. 1
C. 1.02
D. 1.03
If then the value of tan p is :
A. 101/102
B. 50/51
[JEE Main
C. 100 2021]
D. 51/50
The value of tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 +.......∞ equals
A. tan-1 1 + tan-1 + tan-1
B. tan-1 1 + cot-1 3
C. cot-1 1 + cot-1 + cot-1
D. cot-1 1 + tan-1 3
The value of cot is
(JEE Adv. 2013 & JEE Main 2019)

A. 23/25
B. 25/23
C. 23/24
D. 24/23

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Concept of Limits
f(x) =
Concept of
Since f(0) is not defined, so we will try to find the value of f(x)
at x = 0+ and x = 0﹣
Limits x⟶a x=a

Understanding Limits from Graph Existence of Limit
f(x) = If LHL = RHL = finite then limit exist
Understanding Limits from Graph
Graphical
Understanding
A. 0
B.
C. Indeterminate
D. Does not exists
Forms
7 Indeterminate Forms
0/0 and ∞/∞

Form
Evaluate
Methods for Solving
Factorisation Method L’Hopital Rule
1. Factorisation Method
2. Rationalisation Method
3. L’Hopital Rule
Evaluate 2. Rationalisation Method
Evaluate
Factorisation Method L’Hopital Rule
3. L’Hopital Method Let f : R ⟶ R be a function such that f(2) = 4 and f’ (2) = 1.
Then, the value of
(JEE Main 2021)

Evaluate
A. 4
B. 8
C. 16
D. 12
Let f(x) = x6 + 2x4 + x3 + 2x + 3, x ∈ R. Then the natural number n for If

which
then the value of n is equal to _.
(JEE Main 2021) (JEE Main 2020)
Basic
Questions
[JEE Main 2020]

The value of limit
is _______
[JEE Adv 2020]
and
Evaluate Shortcut
and
🔥NVStyle
If deg(Nr) > deg(Dr) If deg(Nr) = deg(Dr) If deg(Nr) < deg(Dr)

Method to solve ∞-∞, 0x∞
S-1 Convert to or
S-2 Use factorization/ rationalization/ L’Hopital
0 x ∞ and ∞-∞
Form
Evaluate
(JEE Main 2021)
A. (1, 1/2)
B. (1, -1/2)
C. (-1, 1/2)
D. (-1, -1/2)
Reverse Question
If Find a and b.
Reverse
Questions
(JEE Main 2021)
A. -4
B. 5
(JEE Main 2019)
C.
D.
-7
1
Binomial
Approximation
Binomial Approximation Let L = if L is finite, then
A. a=2
B. a=1
C. L = 1/64 [JEE Adv 2009]
D. L = 1/32
🔥 Super Table
f(x) g(x) f±g f.g and f/g

Exist Exist Exist Exist
Super Table Exist
D.N.E
D.N.E
D.N.E
D.N.E
May Exist
May Exist
May Exist
Let α (a) and β (a) be the roots of the equation
where a > -1. Then
[JEE 2012]
A.
B.
C.
D.
Squeeze (or
Sandwich)
Theorem
If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) If 4x - 9 ≤ f(x) ≤ x2 - 4x + 7 ∀ x ≥ 0 find
A. -7
B. 7
C. 1/7
D. D.N.E.
2x ≤ g(x) ≤ x4 - x2 + 2 for all x then
A. 2
B. -2
C. 0
D. D.N.E.
The value of where r is non-zero real numbers
and [r] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to r, is equal to :
A. r/2 (JEE Main 2021)
B. r
C. 2r
D. 0
Standard
Forms
Remember Remember
(JEE Main 2021)
A. π2
B. 2π2
C. 4π2
D. 4π
The value of the limit
(JEE Main 2021)

A. -1/2
B. -1/4
C. 0
D. 1/4
(JEE Main 2019)
A. 4√2
B. √2
C. 2√2
D. 4
then the value of k is_
(JEE Main 2020)

A. 0
B. 2
(JEE Main 2019)
C. 4
D. 1
(JEE Main 2020)
A. is equal to √e
B. is equal to 1
C. is equal to 0
D. Does not exist
Maclaurin series
Expansions
Expansions Expansions
Expansions
A. 1/6
(JEE Main 2021)
B. 1/2
C. 6
D. 2
Evaluate the following limit
(JEE Main 2021)
(JEE Main 2021)

Expansions
Let e denote the base of natural logarithm. The value of real number a for
which the right hand limit
is equal to a nonzero real number, is _________ [JEE Adv 2020]

00 and ∞0 Form
Method: Take log both sides

Evaluate
1∞ Form
Practical Proof
Evaluate
A. 1
B. e
C. e2
D. e-1
(JEE Main 2021)
A. (1, -3)
B. (-1, 3)
C. (-1, -3)
D. (1, 3)
(JEE Main 2020)

A. e
B. 2
C. 1
D. e2
One Sided Limits
One sided
Limits
Let then log p is equal to -
(JEE Main 2021)

A. 2 A. π
B. 1 B. 0
[Main 2016]
C. 1/2 C. π4
D. 1/4 D. π/2
Limits Involving
G.I.F.
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One Shot
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Continuity
at a point
NVLIVE NVLIVE
Layman Definition Mathematical Definition
Any function f(x) is said to be continuous if we can draw the graph of
Continuity at a point
that function without lifting pen
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if
Continuity at a point Continuity at a point
5 5
4
4 4 4
3 3
3 3 3
Continuity at a point If the function f(x) =
(JEE Main 2021)
is continuous at x = 0, then is equal to :
A. -5
B. 5
C. -4
D. 4
Let a, b ∈ R, b ≠ 0, Define a function
(JEE Main 2021)
If f is continuous at x = 0, then 10 - ab is equal to.

Let a function f : R ⟶ R be defined as
(JEE Main 2021)
Where [x] is the greatest integer less

than or equal to x. If f is continuous on
R, then (a + b) is equal to :
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 5
Let f : R ⟶ R be defined as
(JEE Main 2021)
If f is continuous at x = 0, then α is equal to :
A. 1
B. 3
C. 0
D. 2
(JEE Main 2021)
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If f is

continuous at x = 2, then λ + μ is equal to
A. e (-e + 1)
B. e (e - 2)
C. e
D. 2e - 1
(JEE Main 2021)
If f is continuous at x = 0, then the value of 6a + b2 is equal to :
A. 1-e
B. e-1
C. 1+e
D. e
Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) =
If f(x) is continuous on R, then a+b equals : (JEE Main 2021)
A. 3
B. -1
C. -3
D. 1
(JEE Main 2019)
A. 2/π+5
B. -2 / π + 5
C. 2/π-5
D. 2/5-π
If the function f defined on (-1/3, 1/3) by
(JEE Main 2020)
is continuous, then k is equal to _.
If the function f(x) = is continuous at each point in its
domain and f(0) = 1/k, then k is _

(JEE Main 2021)
(JEE Main 2019)
A.
B.
C.
D.
1. Continuity is always talked in the domain of

function
⇒ f(x)= are all continuous functions in its domain
3 Important Points ⇒ is discontinuous at x = 1, is discontinuous at x = 0.
to Remember
2. Point function are continuous. 3. Inverse of a discontinuous function
cannot be continuous.
E.g.
Reasons of Discontinuity:
1.
does not exist
3 Reasons for
Examples
1. f(x) = [x]
Discontinuity 2. f(x) =
Reasons of Discontinuity:
2.
exist but is not equal to f(a)
Reasons of Discontinuity: Reasons of Discontinuity:

3.
f(a) is not defined
f(x) =
Reasons of Discontinuity: Note :
1. Every polynomial function is continuous.
2. Every rational function is continuous at every point where its
denominator is not equal to zero.
3. Logarithmic functions, exponential functions, trigonometric
functions, inverse circular functions, and modulus functions are
continuous in their domain.
Types of
Discontinuity
Identify the type of discontinuity ? Identify the type of discontinuity ?
at x = 1
f(x) = [x] + [-x]

i. at x = 1
ii. f(x) = 2tanx at x =
iii. at x = 0
Identify the type of discontinuity ?
at x = 0
Continuity in an
Interval
Continuity in open interval : Continuity in close interval :
A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is continuous at A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if
each & every point in (a, b)
1. f is continuous at each and every point in (a, b)
2. f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. f(x) = f(a) = finite quantity
3. f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. f(x) = f(b) = finite quantity
Continuity in close interval : How to calculate continuity in an interval ?
Look for possible points of discontinuity (PPOD)

Points to remember Points to remember
All Polynomials, Trigonometric functions, Exponential and Continuity of {f(x)} and [f(x)] should be checked at all points
Logarithmic functions are continuous in their domains. where f(x) becomes integer.
#Bharose_wale_functions
Points to remember Discuss the continuity of
f(x) = sgn(x3 - x)
Continuity of sgn (f(x)) should be checked at the points where f(x) = 0
f(x) = sgn(2cos x - 1)
f(x) = sgn(x2 - 2x + 3)
Points to remember Points to remember
Continuity of a function should be checked at the points where Continuity of a function should be checked at end Points
definition of a function changes
Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. The number of points where
the function
is not continuous is.
(JEE Main 2021)
If f : R ⟶ R be a function defined by
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then f is :

(JEE Main 2021)
A. discontinuous only at x = 1
B. discontinuous at all integral values of x except at x = 1
C. continuous only at x = 1
D. continuous for every real x
Let , for - 10 < x < 10, where [t] denotes the greatest
integer function. Then the number of points of discontinuity of f is
equal to _.
(JEE Main 2020)
Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t and
Then the function, f(x) = [x2] sin(πx) is discontinuous, when x is equal to :
(JEE Main 2020)

(JEE Main 2019)
Where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then, f is
discontinuous at :
A. only one point
B. only two points
C. only three points
D. four or more points

Theorem 1: Super Table🔥
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x)
Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous
Theorems on
Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous
Discontinuous Discontinuous May be Continuous May be Continuous
Continuity
Theorem 2: Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
If f is continuous on [a, b] and f(a) ≠ f(b)

then for any value c ∈ (f(a), f(b)), there is at least one number x0 in (a, b)
for which f(x0) = c
Application of Intermediate Theorem
If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and f(a).f(b) < 0

then there exist at least one root of f(x) in (a, b)
Theorem 3 : Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on [a, b]
then f takes on, a least value of m and a greatest value M
on this interval
Key Points Key Points
1 If a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] then it is

2
A continuous function whose domain is some closed interval
bounded.
must have its range also in closed interval
Key Points Key Points
3 4
If f is continuous and onto and one-one on [a, b] then f-1(from If f(a) and f(b) possess opposite signs then ヨ at least one root of
the range of f) is also continuous. the equation f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b) provided f is
continuous in [a, b]
Show that there exist at least one root f(x) in (0,π) f(x) = cos(x) - x2 Identify the intervals in which 2x3 - 6x + 1 = 0 has at least one root
A. (0, 1)
B. (1, 2)
C. (-1, 0) Multi-correct ✅
D. (-2, -1)
Today’s Topics
Continuity of functions involving limit
Remember,
Continuity of function involving
Discuss the continuity of the following function

Find the value of x where f(x) = is discontinuous
Discuss the continuity of f(x) in [0, 2], where f(x) =

Continuity of functions in which f(x) is defined differently for
rational and irrational value of x.
Discuss the continuity of the following function
Shortcut
Find the value of x where f(x) = is discontinuous
🔥 Shortcut
Find the points where f(x) is continuous ii. f(x) =
i. f(x) =
iii. f(x) =
Continuity of
Composite Functions
Continuity of composite functions Continuity of composite functions
and g(x) =
gof(x)
if f (x) = if f (x) = and g(x) =
then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog(x) then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog(x)
Continuity of composite functions Let the functions f : R ⟶ R and g : R ⟶ R be defined as :
and g(x) =
fog(x) (JEE Main 2021)
if f (x) =
then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog(x)

Then, the number of points in R where (f o g) (x) is not
CONTINUOUS is equal to :
A. 3
B. 1
C. 0
D. 2
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Differentiability/
Derivability
Differentiability Differentiability
(Two Fold Meaning of derivability) Physical meaning
Geometrical meaning: Instantaneous rate of change of function

Slope of the tangent drawn to the curve at x = a if it exists
Physical meaning:
Instantaneous rate of change of function
Differentiability Differentiability - Slope of Tangent
Geometrical meaning
Slope of the tangent drawn to the curve at x = a if it exists
A function is said to be differentiable at x=a if Unique Tangent exist
Differentiability Differentiability
🔥Visualize
Differentiability Existence of Derivative
R.H.D = f’(a+) = L.H.D = R.H.D = finite
L.H.D = f’(a-) =
Find L.H.D and R.H.D Find L.H.D and R.H.D
f(x) = |ln x| at x = 1 f(x) = |ln x| at x = 1
M-2: 🔥 Shortcut
f(x) = |ln x| at x = 1
f(x) = e-|x| at x = 0
M-3: 📈Graph

f(x) = e-|x| at x = 0 f(x) = e-|x| at x = 0
M-2: 🔥Shortcut
M-3: 📈Graph
Reasons for non-
Reasons for non-derivability
1 . Sharp corner
derivability y
a
O x
A corner
Reasons for non-derivability Reasons for non-derivability
2 . f(x) is discontinuous 3. Vertical tangent

y y
O a x O a x
A discontinuity A vertical tangent
Derivative using
Derivative using First Principle
First Principle
Derivative using First Principle Derivative using First Principle

1. 2.
f(x) = x2 f(x) = sinx
Derivability over
Derivability over an open interval
f(x) is said to be derivable over an open interval (a, b) if it is
an open/close interval
derivable at each and every point of the interval.
Derivability over close interval f(x) =
1. Derivable at each and every point in (a, b) Check differentiability in (0, 2), where [ ] denotes greatest integer
function.
2. Derivable at end points i.e. f’(a+) and f’(b-) exists
📈Graph
Theorem 1
Theorems on Derivability Differentiability ⇒ Continuity

Continuity ⇏ Derivability
Non Derivability ⇏ Discontinuous
Discontinuous ⇒ Non Derivability

If f(x) = is differentiable at every point of the
domain, then the values of a and b are respectively :

(JEE Main 2021)
A. 1/2 , 1/2
B. 1/2, -3/2
C. 5/2, -3/2
D. -1/2, 3/2
If a function f(x) =
2
(JEE Main 2020)
A. Continuous on R - {1} and differentiable on R - {-1, 1}.
B. both continuous and differentiable on R - {1}.
C. Continuous on R - {-1} and differentiable on R - {-1, 1}.
D. both continuous and differentiable on R - {-1}.

If the function f(x)
is twice differentiable, then the ordered pair (k1, k2) is equal to :
(JEE Main 2020)

A. (1/2 , 1)
B. (1, 0)
C. (1/2, -1)
D. (1, 1)
Theorem 2 Theorems on Derivability

Derivable + Non-Derivable = Non-Derivable
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x)
E.g: cos x + |x|
Derivable Derivable Derivable Derivable
Derivable Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable
Non-Derivable Non-Derivable May be Derivable May be Derivable

Theorems on Derivability Theorems on Derivability
Derivable x Non-Derivable = May be Derivable Non-Derivable + Non-Derivable = May be Derivable
E.g: x . |x| E.g: f(x) = sin|x| not derivable at x = 0

g(x) = |x| not derivable at x = 0
then the function

F(x) = sin |x| - |x| is derivable at x = 0
Theorems on Derivability Which of the following function is differentiable at x = 0?
Non-Derivable x Non-Derivable = May be Derivable A. cos(|x|) + |x| (IIT 2001)

E.g: f(x) = sin|x| not derivable at x = 0 B. cos(|x|) - |x|
g(x) = |x| not derivable at x = 0
C. sin(|x|) + |x|
D. sin(|x|) - |x|
Let K be the set of all real values of x where the function
f(x) = sin |x| - |x| + 2(x - π)cos |x| is not differentiable. Then the set K is
equal to. (JEE Main 2019)
A. Φ (an empty set)
B. {π}
C. {0}
D. {0, π}
Let the function f : R ⟶ R be defined by f(x) = x3 - x2 + (x - 1)sinx and let

g: R ⟶ R be an arbitrary function. Let f g: R ⟶ R be the product function
defined by (fg) (x) = f(x)g(x). Then which of the following statements is/are
TRUE?
(JEE Adv. 2020)
A. If g is continuous at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1
B. If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is continuous at x = 1
C. If g is differentiable at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1
D. If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is differentiable at x = 1

Let a, b ∈ R and f : R ⟶ R be defined by
f(x) = a cos (|x3 - x|) + b |x| sin (|x3 + x|). Then f is
(JEE Adv. 2016)

A. Differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1
B. Differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0
C. NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0
D. NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
The number of points, at which the function

f(x) = |2x + 1| - 3|x + 2| + |x2 + x - 2|, x ∈ R is not differentiable, is
(JEE Main 2021)

(JEE Adv 2014)
First Principle
, given that f’(2) = 6 and f’(1) = 4
First Principle
A. Does not exist
B. Is equal to -3/2
JEE 2003
C. Is equal to 3/2
D. Is equal to 3
Let f: R ⟶ R be such that f(1) = 3 and f’(1) = 6. Then
equals JEE 2002
A. 1
B. e1/2
C. e2
D. e3
Functional Equations
Functional Equations Functional Equation Function

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx
f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax
f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0
f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn

f(x) . f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) ⇒ f(x) = 1 ± xn, where n 𝛜 N
Suppose f is a derivable function that satisfies the equation

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + x2y + xy2 for all real numbers x and y. Suppose
that , find f(x)

Let f : R →→ R and g: R → R be functions satisfying
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x) f(y) and f(x) = xg(x) for all x, y ∈ R.
then which of the following statements is/are TRUE ?
A. f is differentiable at every x ∈ R
B. If g(0) = 1, then g is differentiable at every x ∈ R

JEE Adv. 2020
C. The derivative f’ (1) is equal to 1
D. The derivative f’ (0) is equal to 1

Let f : R ⟶ R satisfy the equation f(x + y) = f(x). f(y) for all x, y ∈ R
and f(x) ≠ 0 for any x ∈ R. If the function f is differentiable at x = 0
and f’ (0) = 3, then limh →0 1/h (f(h)-1) is equal to_
JEE Main 2021
Suppose a differentiable function f(x) satisfies the identity

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy2 + x2y, for all real x and y. If limx→0 f(x)/x = 1,
then f’(3) is
JEE Main 2020

Graphical Approach
Graphical Approach to find Max and min type functions
Differentiability Mod and GIF functions
Max - Min Type

Graphical Approach to find
Differentiability
Functions g Max (f, g)
Min (f, g)
f
Approach
Graphical Approach Graphical Approach

e.g. f(x) = max { x2, 4 - x2 } e.g. f(x) = min { x2, 4 - x2 }
Let f : R → R be a function defined by f(x) = max {x, x2}. Let S denote A function f is defined on [-3, 3] as
the set of all the points in R, where f is not differentiable. Then :
(JEE Main 2021)
A. {0, 1}
(JEE Main 2020) where [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x. The number of points,
B. {0} where f is not differentiable in (-3, 3) is
C. Ф (an empty set)
D. {1}
Let S be the set of points in the interval (-4, 4) at which f is not
differentiable. Then S : (JEE Main 2019)
A. Is and empty set
B. Equals {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
C. Equals {-2, -1, 1, 2}
D. Equals {-2, 2}
Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t.
Let f(x) = x - [x] , g(x) = 1 - x + [x], and h(x) = min {f(x), g(x) } ,
x ∈ [-2, 2]. Then h is : (JEE Main 2021)
Continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at more than four

A.
points in (-2, 2)
B. not continuous at exactly three points in [-2, 2]
continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at exactly three

C.
points in (-2, 2)
D. not continuous at exactly four points in [-2, 2]

Let f : [0,3] → R be defined by
f(x) = min{x – [x], 1 + [x] – x}
Where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Let P denote
the set containing all x ∈ [0, 3] where f is discontinuous, and Q denote
the set containing all x ∈ (0, 3) where f is not differentiable. Then the
sum of number of elements in P and Q is equal to
(JEE Main 2021)
Let f : R ⟶ R and g : R ⟶ R be respectively given by

f(x) = |x| + 1 and g(x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R ⟶ R by
(JEE Adv. 2014)
The number of points at which h(x) is not differentiable is

Double Modulus
Functions
f(x) = |x - 1| + |x - 2| f(x) = | x | + |x - 1|
🎿 Shortcut 🎿 Shortcut
f(x) = |x + 1| + |x - 1| f(x) = |2x + 1| + |3x - 1|
🎿 Shortcut 🎿 Shortcut
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of

f(x) = |x + 1| + |x| + |x - 1|
Questions on Graphical
Transformation
Let S be the set of points where the function, f(x) = |2 - |x - 3||, x∈R, is
not differentiable. Then f(f(x)) is equal to _
(JEE Main 2020)
Let f(x) = 15 - |x - 10| ; x ∈ R. Then the set of all values of x, at which the
function, g(x) = f(f(x)) is not differentiable, is :
(JEE Main 2019)
A. {5, 10, 15}
B. {10, 15}
C. {5, 10, 15, 20}
D. {10}
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Methods of Differentiation
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Standard
Derivatives
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Standard Derivatives Standard Derivatives

Standard Derivatives
Algebra of
Differentiation
Algebra of Differentiation Algebra of Differentiation
eg.
Algebra of Differentiation
2.
Product Rule
Product Rule Product Rule

If (a + √2b cos x)(a - √2b cos y) = a2 - b2, where a > b > 0, then dx/dy at
(π/4, π/4) is :
JEE Main 2020

A. a - 2b/ a + 2b
B. a-b/a+b
C. a+b/a-b
D. 2a + b / 2a - b
Extended Product Rule
Extended Product
Rule
If f(x) = (1 + x)(3 + x2)1/2 (9 + x3)1/3 then f’(-1) is equal to
A. 0
B. 2√2
C.
D.
4
6
Quotient Rule
Quotient Rule
Chain Rule
Chain Rule # NVStyle Chain Rule
P B A
1.
2.
Power Base Angle
3.
If f(1) = 1, f’(1) = 3, then the derivative of f(f(f(x))) + (f(x))2 at x = 1 is :
A. 33
B. 12
C. 15 JEE Main 2019
D. 9
First i. If y = then = ax + b find a and b
Simplify
then
Differentiate
If y(x) = cot-1
then dy/dx at x = 5π/6 is :
A. -1/2
B. -1
JEE Main 2021
C. 1/2
D. 0
If and its first derivative with respect to x is
-b/a loge2 when x = 1, where a and b are integers, then the minimum
value of |a2 - b2| is _
JEE Main 2021
If
then dy/dα at α = 5π/6 is :
A. 4
B. 4/3
JEE Main 2020
C. -4
D. -1/4
Let y = y(x) be a function of x satisfying y√1 - x2 = k - x√1 - y2 where
k is a constant and y(1/2) = -1/4. Then dy/dx at x = 1/2, is equal to :
A. -√5/4
B. -√5/2
JEE Main 2020
C. 2/√5
D. √5/2
Logarithmic
Differentiation
If f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ……. (x + n) then f’(0) is
Logarithmic Differentiation
A. n!
y = f1(x)f2(x)f3(x) ….. OR y = (f(x))g(x)
B.
C. (n!)(ln n!)
D.
Find for y = xx. if is
A. 4
B. 5/2
C. 3
D. Not defined
Implicit functions
Example
i. x2 + 2xy + y3 = 4 ii. x + y + sin (xy) = 1
Derivative of
Implicit Functions
If x2 + 2xy + y3 = 4, find If y5 + xy2 + x3 = 4x + 3, then find at (2, 1)
If y = find If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then prove that

If y = y(x) is an implicit function of x such that loge (x + y) = 4xy,
then d2y/dx2 at x = 0 is equal to.
JEE Main 2021
If x loge (logex) - x2 + y2 = 4 (y > 0), then dy/dx at x = e is equal to :
A.
B.
JEE Main 2019
C.
D.
For x > 1, if (2x)2y = 4e2x - 2y , then (1 + loge 2x)2 dy/dx is equal to :
A.
B.
JEE Main 2019
C.
D.
If ey + xy = e, the ordered pair (dy/dx, d2y/dx2) at x = 0 is equal to :
JEE Main 2019

A.
B.
C.
D.
Derivative of inverse function
Derivatives Of
Inverse Function
Let f(x) = exp(x3 + x2 + x) for any real number x, and let g be the
If f(x) = x3 + x5 and g is the inverse of f find g’(2)
inverse for f. The value of g’(e3) is
A.
B.
C.
D. 6
Let f and g be differentiable functions on R such that fog is the
identity function. If for some a, b ∈ R, g’ (a) = 5 and g (a) = b,
then f’ (b) is equal to :
A. 1/5
B. 1
JEE Main 2020
C. 5
D. 2/5
(JEE Adv. 2009)

Deducing new
identities by using
Differentiation
Deduction of new identities by
differentiative a given identity
If , then prove that
Standard
Substitution
Find for y = tan-1 where -𝝿 < x < 𝝿.
Some standard substitutions
Expressions Substitution
x = a sin θ or a cos θ
x = a tan θ or a cot θ
x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
x = a cos θ or a cos 2θ
Find at x = 1
A. 1/2
B. √3/2
C. 1
D. 1/4
If f(x) = sin-1 , find f’(0).
A. ln2
B. ln4
C. -ln2
D. -ln4
Parametric
Differentiation
Find if x = a(θ - sin θ) and y = a(1 - cos θ).
Parametric differentiation
A.
B.
C.
D.
If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of d2y/dx2 at t = π/4, is :
A. 1 / 3√2
B. 1 / 6√2
C. 3 / 2√2
JEE Main 2019
D. 1/6
If x = 2sinθ - sin2θ and y = 2cosθ - cos2θ, θ ∈ [0, 2π], then d2y/dx2 at
θ = π is :
JEE Main 2020

A. 3/4
B. 3/8
C. 3/2
D. -3/4
Differentiation of one function w.r.t. other

function
Differentiation
of one function
w.r.t other
Differentiate log sin x w.r.t The derivative of tan-1 with respect to
A. 2√3 / 5
B. √3 / 12
C. 2√3 / 3 JEE Main 2020
D. √3 / 10
The derivative of tan-1
with respect to x/2, where
A. 1
JEE Main 2019
B. 2/3
C. 1/2
D. 2
(JEE Adv. 2011)
Successive
Differentiation
Successive Differentiation Successive Differentiation
1.
2.
equals:
Successive Differentiation
3. A. (JEE Adv. 2007)
B.
C.
4.
D.
If y = sin (sin x) then prove that y2 + (tan x)y1 + y cos2 x = 0
If y2 + loge (cos2 x) = y, x ∈ (-π/2, π/2), then :
A. y’’ (0) = 0
B. | y’(0) | + | y’’ (0) | = 1
C. | y’’ (0) | = 2 JEE Main 2020
D. | y’(0) | + | y’’(0) |= 3
If f : S → S where S = (0, ∞) be a twice differentiable function such
that f(x + 1) = xf(x) If g : S → R be defined as g(x) = loge f(x), then
the value of |g’’ (5) - g’’(1)| is equal to :
A. 205/144
B. 197/144
JEE Main 2021
C. 187/144
D. 1
(JEE Adv. 2008)

Bonus Concept
(Odd)’ = Even
(Even)’ = Odd

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Rate of Measure
If water is poured into an inverted hollow cone whose semi-vertical
Interpretation of dy/dx as a rate measure
angle 30°, such that its depth (measured along axis) increases at the
rate of 1 cm/sec, find the rate at which the volume of water increases
when the depth is 24 cm.
Water
A man 1.6 m high walks at the rate of 30 metre per minute away from
a lamp which is 4m above ground. How fast does the man’s shadow
lengthen?
If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a rate of 3.6 cm2/sec,
retaining its shape ; then the rate of change of its volume (in cm3/sec.),
when the length of a side of the cube is 10cm, is :
A. 18
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 10
C. 20
D. 9
A spherical iron ball of 10cm radius is coated with a layer of ice of

uniform thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the
thickness of ice is 5 cm , then the rate (in cm/min) at which of the
thickness of ice decreases, is :
A. 5 / 6π
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 1 / 54π
C. 1 / 36π
D. 1 / 18π
Approximation
Approximation & Differentials Using differentials, find the approximate value of

Tangents and
Normals
Tangent and Normal Which of the following points lies on the tangent to the curve
x4ey+ 2√y + 1 = 3 at the point (1, 0) ?
(JEE Main 2020)
Normal
A. (2, 2)
B. (2, 6)
C. (-2, 6)
D. (-2, 4)
Tangent
Curve
If the tangent to the curve, y = f(x) = xlogex, (x > 0) at a point (c, f(c)) is
parallel to the line segment joining the points (1,0) and (e, e), then c is
equal to : (JEE Main 2020)
A.
B.
C.
D.
The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on the normal to the
curve, x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0 at the point (2, 2) is :
(JEE Main 2020)
A. √2
B. 4√2
C. 2
D. 2√2
If the tangent to the curve y = x + sin y at the point (a, b) is parallel to
the line joining (0, 3/2) and (1/2, 2), then :
(JEE Main 2021)
A. b=a
B. |b-a|=1
C. |a+b|=1
D. b = π/2 + a
If the curve y = ax2 + bx + c, x ∈ R, passes through the point (1,2) and

the tangent line to this curve at origin is y = x, then the possible value
of a, b, c are (JEE Main 2021)
A. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
B. a = -1, b = 1, c = 1
C. a = 1, b = 0, c = 1
D. a = 1/2, b = 1/2, c = 1
If the tangent to the curve, y = ex at a point (c, ec) and the normal to
the parabola, y2 = 4x at the point (1, 2) intersect at the same point on
the x - axis, then the value of c is (JEE Main 2020)
The slope of the tangent to the curve (y - x5)2 = x(1 + x2)2 at the point (1, 3) is
JEE Adv. 2014

Angle of intersection of two curves
Angle b/w 2 curves = Angle b/w tangents at POI
Angle of
Intersection
between two Curves
Let θ be the acute angle between the tangents to the ellipse x2/9 + y2/1 = 1
and the circle x2 + y2 = 3 at their point of intersection in the first quadrant.
Then tanθ is equal to :
(JEE Main 2021)
A. 5 / 2√3
B. 2 / √3
C. 4 / √3
D. 2
If the curves x = y4 and xy = k cut the right angles, then (4k)6 is equal
to
(JEE Main 2021)
If the curves y2 = 6x, 9x2 + by2 = 16 intersect each other at right angles, then
the value of b is
[JEE 2019]
A. 9/2
B. 8/15
C. 7/17
D. 8/17
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent &
Subnormal
P(h,k)
Length of Tangent,
Normal, Sub-tangent, k
Sub-Normal T M N
sub-tangent sub-normal
For the curve xy = c2 the subtangent at any point varies as

Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent &
Subnormal
A. x
1 Length of tangent (PT) = |k|
B. x3
C. y2
2 Length of subtangent (MT) =
D. y3
3 Length of normal (PN) = |k|
4 Length of subnormal (MN) = |km|

For the curve xy = c2 the subnormal at any point varies as
A. x
B. x3
C.
D.
y2
y3
Shortest
Distance
Shortest Distance is always along common normal The shortest distance between the line x - y = 1 and the curve x2 = 2y is
A. 1/2 (JEE Main 2021)
B. 0
C. 1/2√2
D. 1/√2
Let P(h, k) be a point on the curve y = x2 + 7x + 2, nearest to the line,
y = 3x - 3. Then the equation of the normal to the curve at P is :
A. x + 3y + 26 = 0 (JEE Main 2020)
B. x + 3y - 62 = 0
C. x - 3y - 11 = 0
D. x - 3y + 22 = 0
Monotonic
Functions
Monotonicity of a function at a point Monotonicity of a function at a point
y Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

y
B.
x x
a-h a a+h a-h a a+h
Monotonicity of a function at a point Monotonicity in an Interval (for differentiable fn)
Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

≥0 ⇒ Increasing
B.
≤0 ⇒ Decreasing
may be equal to zero at discrete

points
Find the interval where function is SI and SD?
f(x) = 2x3- 9x2 + 12x + 5
(JEE Main 2021)

increasing function in the interval
A. (-1/2 , 2)
B. (0, 2)
C. (-1, 3/2)
D. (-3, -1)
(JEE Main 2021)
A. (-5, -4) U (4, ∞)
B. (-5, ∞)
C. (-∞, -5) U (4, ∞)
D. (-∞, -5) U (-4, ∞)
Let f(x) = 3 sin4 x + 10 sin3 x + 6 sin2 x - 3,
(JEE Main 2021)
A. Increasing in (-π/6, π/2)
B. Decreasing in (0, π/2)
C. Increasing in (-π/6, 0)
D. Decreasing in (-π/6, 0)
Let f be a real valued function, defined on
Then in which of the following intervals, function f(x) is increasing ?
A. (-∞, -1) U ([1/2 , ∞) - {1}) (JEE Main 2021)
B. (-∞, ∞) - {-1, 1}
C. (-1, 1/2]
D. (-∞, 1/2] - {-1}
The function
(JEE Main 2021)
A. increases in [1/2, ∞)
B. decreases (-∞, 1/2]
C. increases in (-∞, 1/2]
D. decreases [1/2, ∞)
Local Maxima
y
y
Maxima & Minima
x x
a-h a a+h a-h a a+h
Global Maxima Maxima/Minima at a point
y
Local Local
maxima maxima Local
maxima
Local
maxima
Local
minima
Local
Local minima
minima
x
Maxima/Minima at a point Maxima/Minima at a point
Stationary points and Critical Points Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable)
First order derivative test

Stationary points Critical points
f’(x) = 0 f’(x) = 0 or N.D.

y y
a x a x
Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable) Point of Inflection (P.O.I.)
First order derivative test POI is the point where Curvature of graph changes
y y
a x a
Find the points of maxima and minima of the function

Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is
f(x) = 12x5 - 45x4 + 40x3 + 40
derivable)
Second order derivative test at x=a
f’’(a) > 0 ⇒ Concave up ⇒ minima
f’’(a) < 0 ⇒ Concave down ⇒ maxima
f’’(a) = 0 ⇒ 2nd derivative test fails

Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable)
nth derivative test
f’(a) = f’’(a) = f’’(a) = ….. fn-1(a) = 0 and fn(a) ≠ 0
n = Even fn(a) > 0 Local Minima
n = Even fn(a) < 0 Local Maxima
n = Odd fn(a) > 0 POI and Increasing
n = Odd fn(a) < 0 POI and Decreasing
Let f be a function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that

f’(x) = 2010 (x - 2009) (x - 2010)2 (x - 2011)3 (x - 2012)4 for all x ∈ R.
If g is a function defined on R with values in the interval (0, ∞) such
that f(x) = ln (g(x)), for all x ∈ R then the number of points in R at
which g has a local maximum is
(JEE Adv. 2010)
(JEE Main 2021)
A.
B.
C.
D.
The least value of a ∈ R for which 4∝x2 + ≥ 1, for all x > 0, is
A. B. C. D.
JEE Adv. 2016

Let ‘a’ be a real number such that the function f(x) = ax2 + 6x - 15, x ∈ R is
increasing in (-∞, 3/4) and decreasing in (3/4 , ∞). Then the function
g(x) = ax2 - 6x + 15, x ∈ R has a :
A. Local maximum at x = -3/4 (JEE Main 2021)
B. Local minimum at x = -3/4
C. Local maximum at x = 3/4
D. Local minimum at x = 3/4
Let P(x) be a real polynomial of degree 3 which vanishes at x = -3. Let P(x)
have local minima at x = 1, local maxima at x = -1 and ∫1-1 P(x)dx = 18,
then the sum of all the coefficients of the polynomial P(x) is equal to _
(JEE Main 2021)

Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 6 in x, in which the coefficient of x6
is unity and it has extrema at x = -1 and x = 1. If limx→0 f(x)/x3 = 1,
then 5. f(2) is equal to
(JEE Main 2021)
The maximum slope of the curve y = 1/2 x4 - 5x3 + 18x2 - 19x occurs at
the point :
A. (2, 9)
B. (2, 2) (JEE Main 2021)

C. (3, 21/2)
D. (0, 0)
Suppose f(x) is a polynomial of degree four, having critical points at
-1, 0, 1. If T = {x ∈ R| f(x) = f(0)}, then the sum of squares of all the
elements of T is :
A. 4
B. 6 (JEE Main 2020)
C. 2
D. 8
If f(x) is a non-zero polynomial of degree four, having local extreme

points at x = -1, 0,1; then the set S = {x R : f(x) = f(0)} contains exactly
A. Four irrational numbers
B. Four rational numbers
C. Two irrational and two rational numbers JEE M 2019

Greatest & Least
Value of a
D. Two irrational and one rational number
Function
Greatest & Least Value of a Function Greatest & Least Value of a Function
Global maximum/minimum in [a, b]
Step 1
Find the critical points of f(x) in (a, b)

Let c1, c2, ……., cn be the different critical points
Step 2
M1 = max {f(a), f(c1), f(c2), …... , f(cn), f(b)}

M2 = min {f(a), f(c1), f(c2), …... , f(cn), f(b)}
Let f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 6. Find the greatest and least value of
Greatest & Least Value of a Function
f(x) in [0, 2]
The maximum value of the function f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x - 48 on the
set A = {x|x2 + 20 ≤ 9x} is
(JEE Adv. 2009)
Rolle’s
Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem Rolle’s Theorem
1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]

2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)
3. f(a) = f(b)
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that f’(c) = 0 where
a<c<b
LMVT theorem (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem)
1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]

2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)
Then there exists at least one point x = c such that
Lagrange’s Mean where a < c < b
Value Theorem
(LMVT)
LMVT theorem (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem) If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = x3 - ax2 + bx - 4, x ∈ [1,2]
with f’ (4/3) = 0, then ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :
A. (-5, 8)
B. (5, 8) (JEE Main 2021)
C. (5, -8)
D. (-5, -8)
For all twice differentiable functions f : R ⟶ R, with

f(0) = f(1) = f’(0) = 0
A. f”(x) ≠ 0 at every point x ∈ (0, 1)
B. f” (x) = 0, for some x ∈ (0, 1)

(JEE Main 2020)
C. f” (0) = 0
D. f” (x) = 0, at every point x ∈ (0,1)

The value of c in the lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function
f(x) = x3 - 4x2 + 8x + 11, when x ∈ [0, 1] is :
A. 4 - √5 / 3
B. 4 - √7 / 3
(JEE Main 2020)
C. 2/3
D. √7 - 2 / 3
Let f be a twice differentiable function on (1, 6). If

f(2) = 8, f’(2) = 5, f’(x) ≥ 1 and f”(x) ≥ 4, for all x ∈ (1, 6), then :
A. f(5) + f’(5) ≤ 26
B. f(5) + f’(5) ≥ 28 (JEE Main 2020)

C. f’(5) + f”(5) ≤ 20
D. f(5) ≤ 10
Let f : (a, b) ⟶ R be twice differentiable function such that f(x) = ∫xa g(t) dt
for a differentiable function g(x). If f(x) = 0 has exactly five distinct roots in
(a, b), then g(x)g’(x) = 0 has at least :
A. Twelve roots in (a, b)

(JEE Main 2021)
B. Five roots in (a, b)
C. Seven roots in (a, b)
D. Three roots in (a, b)
(JEE Main 2021)

JEE Adv. 2020
If f : R ⟶ R is a twice differentiable function such that f’’(x) > 0 for all x ∈ R,

and , then
A. f’ (1) ≤ 0 B. 0 < f’(1) ≤ C. < f’(1) ≤ 1 D. f’ (1) > 1
JEE Adv. 2017

Maximizing &
Minimizing Problems
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and x3y is maximum. Rectangles are inscribed inside a semi-circle of radius r. Find the rectangle
with maximum area.
(0, 0)
A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid material with the following
constraints: It has a fixed inner volume of V mm3, has a 2 mm thick solid wall and
is open at the top. The bottom of the container is a solid circular disc of thickness 2
mm and is of radius equal to the outer radius of the container. If the volume of the
material used to make the container is minimum when the inner radius of the
container is 10 mm, then the value of V/250π is
JEE Adv. 2015
Fixed inner volume = V mm3,

Thickness = 2 mm
Bottom is a solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm
Volume of the material is minimum when the inner radius = 10 mm
Find the value of V/250π is
If a rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side length 2√2 as
shown in the figure, then the square of the largest area of such a rectangle
is _
(JEE Main 2021)
The area (in sq. units) of the largest rectangle ABCD whose vertices A
and B lie on the x - axis and vertices C and D lie on the parabola,
y = x2 - 1 below the x - axis, is :
A. 2 / 3√3
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 1 / 3√3
C. 4/3
D. 4 / 3√3

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Indefinite Integration
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Indefinite Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
Standard
Integrals
Standard Integrals Standard Integrals
xn+1
1. ∫ xn .dx = + c, n ≠ -1 5.
n+1
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
Standard Integrals
9.
Rules of
10.
11.
Integration
12.
13.
Theorems of Integration Theorems of Integration

1. ∫k f(x) dx = k∫f(x) dx, where k is any constant.
3. If ∫ f(x) dx = F(x), then ∫ f(ax ± b)dx = F(ax ± b).
2. If f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) ….. (finite in number) are functions of x, then

∫[f1(x) ± f2(x) ± f3(x) …..] dx = ∫f1(x) dx ± ∫f2(x) dx ± …...
If
and f(0) = 0, then f(1) is equal to : [JEE Main

2020]
A. π+1/4
B. 1/4
C. π-1/4
D. π+2/4
Techniques of Integration
Substitution
By part (product rule)
Techniques of Partial (fraction)
Integration Miscellaneous
Substitution
Integration by
Substitution
Substitution Substitution
i. ∫ tan x dx = ln (secx) + C OR - ln(cosx) + C i. ∫ tan x dx = ln (secx) + C
ii. ∫ cot x dx = ln (sinx) + C
iii. ∫ sec x dx = ln (secx + tanx) + C OR
iv. ∫ cosec x dx = ln (cosecx - cotx) + C OR

The integral is equal to
Substitution
(where c is a constant of integration)
[JEE Main 2021]
iii. ∫ sec x dx
A.
B.
C.
D.
The integral
is equal to : (where C is a constant of integration)

[JEE Main 2021]
A.
B.
C.
D.
If
and f(1) = 1/k, then the value of K is [JEE Main 2021]
If
and f(0) = 0, then the value of f(1) is :

[JEE Main 2019]
A. -1/2
B. -1/4
C. 1/2
D. 1/4
If
a constant of integration, then λf(π/3) is equal to :

[JEE Main
2020]
A. -9/8
B. 2
C. 9/8
D. -2
If The integral is equal to:
Where C is a constant of integration, then the function f(x) is equal to : (where C is a constant of integration) [JEE Main 2021]
A. 3/x2 [JEE Main 2019] A.

B. - 1/6x3
B.
C. - 1/2x2
D. - 1/2x3 C.
D.
The integral is equal to :
(where C is a constant of integration)
[JEE Main
A. 2020]
B.
C.
D.
If
where C is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair

(λ, f(θ)) is equal to :
[JEE Main
2020]
A. (1, 1 - tanθ)
B. (-1, 1 - tanθ)
C. (-1, 1 + tanθ)
D. (1, 1 + tanθ)
General
Substitution and
Loving Integrals
Let
General Substitutions
[JEE Main
dx (x ≥ 0). Then f(3) - f(1) is equal to :
★
2020]
; x = a sin θ
A.
★ ; x = a tan θ
B.
★ ; x = a sec θ C.
D.
★ ; x2 = a2 cos 2θ
[JEE Main 2019]
constant of integration, then :
A.
B.
C.
D.
Loving Integrals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Loving Integrals Loving Integrals
1. 4.
Note
For integration of type. and

★
make ax2 + bx + c as perfect square
★ For integration of type and
write px + q = 𝝺(2ax + b) + μ
Integration by Parts
Integration
By Parts
Type 1 : Separate functions are visible
Example Evaluate ∫ x tan-1 x dx
I L A T E
Type 2 : Considering ‘1’ as a function Type 3 : Recurring By Parts
Example Evaluate ∫ lnx dx

Example Evaluate ∫ ex cos x dx
Type 4 : Special Cases Type 4 : Special Cases
a. ∫ ex (f(x) + f’(x)) dx = ex f(x) + C Example Evaluate
b. ∫ (f(x) + xf’(x)) dx = x f(x) + C
∫ [sin(ln x) + cos(ln x) dx
∫ (2ln x + (ln x)2) dx The integral equals :
A. e(4e + 1)
B. 4e2 - 1 [JEE Main

2020]
C. e (4e - 1)
D. e (2e - 1)
The integral dx is equal to
A.
[JEE Adv 2014]
B.
C.
D.
where C is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair (A(x), B(x))
can be :
[JEE Main
2020]
A. (x + 1, - √x)
B. (x + 1, √x)
C. (x - 1, - √x)
D. (x - 1, √x)
The integral is equal to
(where C is a constant of integration) :
A. [JEE Main
2020]
B.
C.
D.
If
where C is a constant of integration, then f (x) is equal to :
A. -2x3 - 1
[JEE Main 2019]
B. -4x3 - 1
C. -2x3 + 1
D. 4x3 + 1
DIY
Type 1 1.
1.
2.
3.
2.
Type - 2
1.
2.
Concept Builder
Integration
By Partial Fraction
Partial Fraction Partial Fraction
If
where C is a constant of integration, then B(θ)/A can be :
[JEE Main 2020]

A.
B.
C.
D.
Remember:
★
Partial Fraction can be applied only if
Deg (Nr) < Deg (Dr)
★
If Deg (Nr) ≥ Deg (Dr) then Long
Division
Partial Fractions Involving Even Powers of x only:
★
Partial Fractions Involving Even Powers of x only:
Integrals of
Trigonometric
Functions
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions:
Type - 1
Multiply Nr and Dr by sec2x or cosec2x and proceed

Type - 2
Convert sinx and cosx into their corresponding tangent

to half the angles and put
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions: Evaluate the indefinite integral
Type - 3
Type - 4
Divide Nr and Dr by x2 and take suitable substitution

Type - 5
Approach:
(a) Substitute sin x = t, is n is odd;

(b) Substitute cos x = t, is m is odd
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions:
Type - 5 Type - 5
Approach: Approach:
(c) Substitute tan x = t, if m + n is a negative even integer. (d) If m and n are rational numbers and
is a negative integer, then cot x = t or tan x = t

The integral x dx is equal to
(Here c is a constant of integration)
A. -3 tan-1/3 x + C
B. -¾ tan-4/3 x + C
C. -3 cot-1/3 x + C
[(JEE M 2019 - 9 April (M))
D. 3 tan-1/3 x + C
Type - 6 sin x ± cos x = t
If
where c is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair (a,b) is equal

to :
A. (1, -3) [JEE Main 2021]
B. (1, 3)
C. (-1, 3)
D. (3, 1)
Integrals of √Quadratic
(i)
(ii)
Integrals of (iii)
√Quadratic
Integrals of √Quadratic Integrals of √Quadratic

dx is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
dx is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Function
Type - 1 Type - 3
Integrals of
Irrational Type - 2 Type - 4
Functions
Type - 1
Put px + q = t2
Type - 2 Put px + q = t2
Type - 3
Put ax + b = 1/t
Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Function Integrals of Irrational Algebraic Function
Type - 4 Type - 4
Case - 2 If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 then

Case - 1 When (ax2 + bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g put lx + m = 1/t
Put x - 2 = 1/t Put x + 1 = 1/t

Type - 4
Case - 3 If b = 0; q = 0 e.g. then put x = 1/t

Summary Practice Questions
Integral Substitution 1.
2.
Px + q = t2
3.
Px + q = t2
4.
ax + b = 1/t
5.
x = 1/t
Answers
1. 2.
3. 4. Reduction
Formula
5.
Reduction Formula Reduction Formula
Reduction formula of ∫secn x dx
Reduction formula of ∫cosecn x dx

If
such that I2 = αI1 then α equals to : [JEE Main

2020]
A. 5049/5050
B. 5050/5049
C. 5050/5051
D. 5051/5050
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Definite Integration
Integration with Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b].
Limits
Evaluate Substitution
A. 2(cos 3 - cos 2) B. 2(sin 3 - sin 2)
C. 2(cos 2 - cos 3) D. 2(sin 2 - sin 3)

If Where tan-1x takes only principal values,
then the value of is
(2015 Adv.)
Let f(x) = 7 tan8 x + 7 tan6 x - 3 tan4 x - 3 tan2 x for all f(x) = 7 tan8 x + 7 tan6 x - 3 tan4 x - 3 tan2 x
Then, the correct expression(s) is / are
A. B.
(2015 Adv.)
C. D.
Graphical
Understanding
Graphical Understanding y = sin x
y = f(x)
y
🔥Shortcut
0 a b x
y = ln x
JEE Main 2021
🔥Shortcut
Properties of Definite Integration
Properties of
P-1
Definite Integration
Properties of Definite Integration Properties of Definite Integration
P-2 P-3
Integral is broken at points of discontinuity or at the points where

definition of ‘f’ changes
Evaluate Evaluate
🔥Graphical Method
A. 5/2 B. 19/2 JEE Main 2021
🔥Graphical Method
C. 17/2 D. 3/2
Properties of Definite
P-4
Integration
Evaluat
e
The value of the cos x dx is

integral
A. 0 B. C. D.
(2012)
P-5 #Bahubali
Properties of Definite Integration Evaluate

Find the value of following integral Evaluate
The value of is
A. a𝝿 B. 𝝿/2 C. 𝝿/a D. 2𝝿
JEE Main 2020 (2005)

If , then 27 I2 equals _____
JEE Main 2021 JEE Adv. 2019

The value of is equal to
A. B.
C. D. JEE Adv. 2016
Properties of Definite Integration Properties of Definite Integration
P-6 #Kattappa
Find the value of k? If f(sin x)dx, then A is
A. 2𝝿 B. 𝝿 C. 𝝿/4 D. 0
JEE 2006
Important Result
Important Results Important Results

P-7 If f(x) is periodic
Property -7 1
Show that
Properties of Definite Integration Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a continuous function
If f(x) is periodic such that for all x ∈ R, f(x + T) = f(x).

P-7 #NVStyle
If I = f(x) dx then the value of
1
A. 3/2I B. 2I C. 3I D. 6I
JEE 2002
2
5
Leibniz Rule
Derivatives of Antiderivatives (Leibniz Rule)

If f is continuous then
JEE Main 2021

JEE Adv. 2015
Let f : R ⟶ R be a continuous function which satisfies
Then the value of f(ln 5) is Definite Integration as

JEE Adv. 2009
Limit of Sum
Shortcut Find the value of
#NVStyle
A. ln3 B. ln2 C. ln4 D. ln5
2019 Main, 12 Jan II

For each positive integer n, let
For x ∊ R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal
to x. If yn = L, then the value of [L] is
JEE Adv. 2018
Some integrals which cannot be found

General Inequalities in
Definite Integration 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11.
12.
Rectangle method Rectangle method
a For a monotonic increasing function (a, b) b For a monotonic decreasing function (a, b)
f(b) f(b) f(b) f(a) f(a) f(a)
f(a) f(a) f(a) f(b) f(b) f(b)
x=a x=b x=a x=b x=a x=b x=a x=b x=a x=b x=a x=b
Rectangle method Estimation of definite integral and general inequalities in integration
c For non-monotonic function in (a, b) d In addition to this note that
equality holds when f(x) lies completely

above the x-axis
M M M
m m m
a c b a c b a c b
Using Known Functions Estimate the integral of
e If h(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x) ∀ x ∊ [a, b] then ∫ h(x) dx ≤ ∫ f(x) dx ≤ ∫ g(x) dx
Show that
Show that Let and
Then which of the following is true?
A. K < ⅔ and J < 2 B. K > ⅔ and J > 2
C. K < ⅔ and J > 2 D. K > ⅔ and J < 2
JEE 2007
Walli’s Theorem
Reduction Formula &

Walli’s Theorem
Evaluate Evaluate
A. 3𝝿/512 B. 3𝝿/216 C. 𝝿/512 D. 𝝿/216 A. 8/15 B. 4/15 C. 16/15 D. 7/15
Evaluate Telegram Channel
A. 4/15 B. 4/17 C. 15/4 D. 4/7 tinyurl.com/specialclassNV10

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Area Under the Curve Mentored 5 lac+ students
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11th / 9, 10 Area Under

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the Curve
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Area under the curve Area under the curve
Find area bounded between y = sin-1x and y - axis between y = 0 and y = Area under the curve
1. Area is always positive

2. Area is always added
A. Find the area bounded by y = x3 from x = -1 to x = 1
Area under the curve
A. Find
Area under the curve
Area Between
Two Curves
Area under the curve Area between the curve
Area between the curve Area between the curve

The area (in sq. units) of the region, given by the set
{ (x, y) ∈ R x R | x ≥ 0, 2x2 ≤ y ≤ 4 - 2x } is :
A. B. C. D.
(25 July 2021 Shift 1
The area of the region bounded by y - x = 2 and x2 = y is equal to :
A. B. C. D.
(27 July 2021 Shift 2)

1 Shortcut
16 ab
Area bounded by the curve y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by is equal to
3
Shortcut 1
#NVStyle
Find the area bounded by the curve y = √x and x = √y Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 16x and x2 = -12y
Find the area bounded by the curve (y-3)2 = -4(x-2) and (x-2)2 = 8(y-3) If the area enclosed between the curves y = kx2 and x = ky2, (k > 0), is
1 square unit. Then K is:
A. B. C. D.
(10 Jan 2019 Shift 1)
2 Shortcut
8a2
Area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and y = mx is equal to
3m3
Shortcut 2
#NVStyle
Find the area bounded by the curves x2 = y; y = |x|. The area of the region, enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 2 which is not
common to the region bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the
straight line y = x, is :
A. B. C. D.
JEE Adv. 2007

(07 Jan 2020 Shift 1)
3 Shortcut
Area enclosed by y2 = 4ax and its double ordinate at x = a.
Shortcut 3
#NVStyle
Find the area bounded by the curve y = 2x - x2 and y + 3 = 0. The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed by the curves
y = x2 - 1 and y = 1 - x2 is equal to :
A. B. C. D.
(06 Sep 2020 Shift 2)
The area (in sq. units) of the region

A = {(x, y) : (x -1)[x] ≤ y ≤ 2√x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}, where [t] denotes the
greatest integer function, is :
A. B. C. D.
(06 Sep 2020 Shift 2)

The area (in sq. units) in the first quadrant bounded by the
parabola, y = x2 + 1, the tangent to it at the point (2, 5) and the
coordinate axes is:
A. B. C. D.
(11 Jan 2019 Shift 2)
Area bounded by -4y2 = x and x - 1 = -5y2
JEE Adv 2006

Shortcut 4
#NVStyle
4 Shortcut Find the area of ellipse
Whole area of ellipse is equal to 𝝿 ab.
Area (in sq. units) of the region outside

Find the area of ellipse
and inside the ellipse is
A. 6 (π - 2) B. 3 (π - 2) C. 3 (4 - π) D. 6 (4 - π)
(2nd Sep 2020 Shift 1)

Shortcut 5
#NVStyle
5 Shortcut Area under y = ln x from x=0 to x=1 5 Shortcut Area under y = sin x from x=0 to x=π
Find the area bounded by
i. y = loge |x| and y = 0,
ii. y = |loge |x|| and y = 0
JEE M 2016
Shifting of Origin
Shifting of
Origin
Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 - 2y + 4x + 5 = 0 and Area enclosed between the ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 - 36x + 8y + 4 = 0 and
x2 + 2x - y + 2 = 0 the line 3x + 2y - 10 = 0 in the first quadrant.
Curve
Sketching
Curve Sketching Curve Sketching
1 Check Symmetry 2 Use Graphical Transformation
Replace Symmetry
1. x ➝ -x y axis
2. y ➝ -y x axis
3. x ➝ -x Symmetrical in
y ➝ -y all quadrants
Curve Sketching Curve Sketching

Find the points where the curve crosses the x-axis Find dy/dx and examine, if possible, the intervals where f(x) is
3 and y-axis 4 increasing or decreasing and also its stationary points.
The area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x log x and
Curve Sketching y = 2x - 2x2 is
Examine y when x ⟶ ∞ or x ⟶ -∞ A. 7 / 12 sq. units B. 1 / 2 sq. units

5
C. 5 / 12 sq. units D. None of these
Area bounded by and x - axis is The area of the loop of the curve, ay2 = x2 (a - x) (a>0) is
A. 2π sq. units B. π / 2 sq. units A. 4a2 sq. units B. 8a2 / 15 sq. units
C. 2 sq. units D. π sq. units C. 16a2 / 9 sq. units D. None of these

The area bounded by the loop of the curve 4y2 = x2 (4 - x2) is A farmer F1 has a land in the shape of a triangle with vertices at
P(0, 0), Q(1, 1) and R(2, 0). From this land, a neighbouring farmer F2
A. 7 / 3 sq. units B. 8 / 3 sq. units takes away the region which lies between the sides PQ and a curve
of the form y = xn (n > 1). If the area of the region taken away by
C. 11 / 3 sq. units D. 16 / 3 sq. units the farmer F2 is exactly 30% of the area of ΔPQR, then the value of
n is
2018 Adv.
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Introduction Optimisation Problems
● Furniture dealer has Rs 50000 to invest
● Max items he can store is 60

● Profit on 1 chair = 20 Rs and
Profit on 1 table = 30 Rs
● Cost price of 1 chair = 500 Rs and 1 table = 700 Rs
Maximize Profit and Minimize Cost

Linear Programming Formulation of Equations
One very special type of optimization process
● Furniture dealer has Rs 50000 to invest
● Max items he can store is 60

● Profit on 1 chair = 20 Rs and
Profit on 1 table = 30 Rs
● Cost price of 1 chair = 500 Rs and 1 table = 700 Rs
Formulation of Equations Objective Function & Constraints

Let,
x → number of chairs
y→ number of tables
Method to Solve Linear Method to Solve LPP
Programming Problems
1. When Feasible region is bounded
2. When Feasible region is unbounded
Feasible region is bounded Case I: Feasible region is bounded

Solve the following problem graphically:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y……………..(1)
Subject to the constraints: x + 3y ≤ 60………..(2)
x + y ≥ 10………….(3)
x ≤ y…………….…(4)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0…………(5)
Case I: Feasible region is bounded Feasible region is unbounded
Case II: Feasible region is unbounded Case II: Feasible region is unbounded
Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function
Z = -50x + 20y……………....(1)
Constraints: 2x - y ≥ -5………...(2)
3x + y ≥ 3………….(3)
2x -3y ≤ 12……...(4)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0…………(5)
Case II: Feasible region is unbounded Question 1
A dietician wishes to mix two types of food I and food II in such a
way that the mixture contains at least 8 units vitamin A and 10
units of vitamin C. Food I contains 2 units per Kg of vitamin A and
1 unit per Kg of vitamin C. Food II contains 1 units per Kg of
vitamin A and 2 units per Kg of vitamin C. It costs Rs 50/Kg for
food I and Rs 70/Kg for food II. Minimise the cost using LPP.
Food
Resources Requirement
I II
Vitamin A 2 1 At least 8 units
Vitamin C 1 2 At least 10 units
Cost 50 70
Question 1 Question 1
(2, 4)
Corner Point Value of Z
(0, 8) 560
(2, 4) 380 Minimum
(10, 0) 500
(2, 4)
A dealer deals in two items only - item A and item B. He has ₹ 50,000 to
invest and a space to store at most 60 items. An item A costs ₹ 2,500 and
an item B costs ₹500. A net profit to him on item A is ₹500 and on item B
₹150. If he can sell all the items that he purchases, how should he invest his
amount to have maximum profit? Formulate an LPP and solve graphically.
(10, 50)
Item A Item B
Cost ₹2500 ₹500
Profit ₹500 ₹150

A manufacturing company makes two types of teaching aids A and B of
Corner Point Value of Z Mathematics for class XII. Each type of A requires 9 labour hours of
fabricating and 1 labour hour of finishing. Each type of B requires 12 labour
(0, 60) ₹9000 hours for for fabricating and 3 labour hours for finishing. For fabricating
and finishing, the maximum labour hours available per week are 180 and 30
(20, 0) ₹10000
respectively. The company makes a profit of ₹ 80 on each piece of type A
(10, 50) ₹12500 Maximum and ₹ 120 on each piece of type B. How many pieces of type A and type B
should be manufactured per week to a get a maximum profit ? Make it as
an LPP and solve graphically. What is the maximum profit per week?
Fabricating Finishing Profit
Type A 9 1 ₹80
Type B 12 3 ₹120
Max 180 Max 30
(0, 10) ₹1200
(20, 0) ₹1600
(12, 6) ₹1680
(12, 6) (0, 0) ₹0
Question 4 Question 4 Factory 1
P
There are two factories located one at place P and the other at place Q.
From these locations, a certain commodity is to be delivered to each of the
three depots situated at A, B and C. The weekly requirements of the depots
are respectively 5, 5 and 4 units of the commodity while the production
capacity of the factories at P and Q are respectively 8 and 6 units. The cost
of transportation per unit is given below:
Cost (in Rs) A B C

From/To
A B C
P 160 100 150
Q 100 120 100
Q
Factory 2
Cost (in Rs)

From/To
A B C
P 160 100 150
Q 100 120 100

A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 2 hours on machine A and
3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It takes 3 hours on
Corner Point Value of Z machine A and 2 hours of machine B to produce a package of bolts. He
earns a profit of Rs. 24 per package on nuts and 18 on bolts. How many
(0, 4) ₹1920
package of each should be produced each day so as to maximize his profit,
(0, 5) ₹1500 Minimum if he operates the machines for the most 10 hours a day?
(3, 5) ₹1580
Item Number Machine A Machine B Profit
(5, 3) ₹1740
Nuts x 2 hours 3 hours ₹24
(5, 0) ₹1950
Bolts y 3 hours 2 hours ₹18
(4, 0) ₹1940
Max Time
10 hours 10 hours
Available
(2, 2) ₹84
(10/3, 0) ₹80 Maximum
(0, 10/3) ₹60
(2, 2)
Two tailors A and B earn Rs 150 and Rs 200 per day respectively. A can
stitch 6 shirts and 4 pants per day, while B can stitch 10 shirts and 4 pants
per day. Form a L.P.P to minimize the labour cost to produce(stitch) at least
60 shirts and 32 pants and solve it graphically
Number Earning per

Shirts Pants
of days day
(5, 3)
Tailor A x 6 4 Rs 150
Tailor B y 10 4 Rs 200
Minimum
60 32
requirement
Corner Point Z = 150x + 200y
(5, 3) Rs 1350
(10, 0) Rs 1500
(0, 8) Rs 1600
(5, 3)
A company produces two types of goods A and B, that require gold and
silver. Each unit of type A requires 3g of silver and 1g of gold while that of
type B requires 1g of silver and 2g of gold. The company can procure a
maximum of 9g of silver and 8g of gold. If each unit of type A brings a
profit of ₹40 and that of type B, ₹50, formulate LPP to maximise profit.
Number of units Gold Silver Profit
A x 1 3 Rs 40 (2, 3)
B y 2 1 Rs 50
Max 8 Max 9
The postmaster of a local post office wishes to hire extra helpers during the
Corner Point Z = 40x + 50y Deepawali season, because of a large increase in the volume of mail handling
and delivery. Because of the limited office space and the budgetary
(2, 3) Rs 230
conditions, the number of temporary helpers must not exceed 10. According to
(0, 9) Rs 450 past experience, a man can handle 300 letters and 80 packages per day, on
the average and a woman can handle 400 letters and 50 packets per day. The
(8, 0) Rs 320 postmaster believes that the daily volume of extra mail packages will be no
less than 3400 and 680 respectively. A man receives Rs 225 a day and a
woman receives Rs 200 a day. How many men and women helpers should be
hired to keep the payroll at a minimum?
Number Letter Package Payroll
Men x 300 80 225
Women y 400 50 200
Mini. Req. 3400 680

Corner Point Z = 225x + 200y
(6, 4) Rs 2150
(6, 4)
There are two types of fertilizers A and B. A consists of 12% nitrogen and 5%
phosphoric acid whereas B consists of 4% nitrogen and 5% phosphoric acid.
After testing the soil conditions, farmer finds that he needs at least 12 Kg of
Nitrogen and 12 Kg of phosphoric acid for his crops. If A costs ₹10/ Kg and
B costs ₹8/ Kg, then graphically determine how much of each type of
fertilizer should be used so that nutrient requirements are met at minimum
(30, 210)
cost.
Phosphori
Fertilizers Number Nitrogen Cost
c Acid
A x 12% 5% Rs 10/kg
B y 4% 5% Rs 8/kg
Mini. Req. 12 kg 12 kg
A small firm manufactures necklace and bracelets. The total number of
Corner Point Z = 10x + 8y necklaces and bracelets that it can handle per day is at most 24. It takes
one hour to make a bracelet and half an hour to make a necklace. The
(0, 300) Rs 230 maximum number of hours available per day is 16. If the profit on necklace
is ₹100 and that on bracelet is ₹300. Formulate an LPP for finding how many
(30, 210) Rs 450 of each should be produced daily to maximise the profit? If given that at
least one each must be produced.
(240, 0) Rs 320
Solve the following LPP graphically:
A furniture dealer sells only tables and chairs. He has ₹50,000 to invest Maximise Z = 1000 x + 600 y subject to : x + y ≤ 200, x ≥ 0, y - 4x ≥ 0;
and a storing capacity for 80 items. He buys a table for ₹800 and a chair x, y≥0
for ₹400. He gets a profit of ₹100 on selling a table and ₹50 on selling a
chair, formulate the above as an LPP for maximum profit.
Maximise Z = x + 2y subject to : x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x - y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≥ 200; Maximise Z = x + 2y subject to : x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x - y = 0, 2x + y ≤ 200;
x, y ≥ 0. x, y ≥ 0.
A manufacturer produces two types of items A and B. one unit of A requires A dietician wishes to mix two types of food I and food II in such a way that
1.5 hours on a machine and 2 hours by a craftsman. The corresponding times the mixture contains at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of vitamin C.
for manufacturing one unit of B are 3 hours and 1 hour respectively. The Food I contains 2 units per Kg of vitamin A and 1 unit per Kg of vitamin C.
profits on each unit of A and B are ₹10 and ₹8 respectively. In a week, the Food II contains 1 units per Kg of vitamin A and 2 units per kg of vitamin C.
machine is available for 80 hours and the craftsman is available for 70 It cost Rs 50/ Kg for food I and Rs 70/ Kg for food II. Minimise the cost
hours. If the manufacturer can sell all that he manufactures, to find that how using LPP.
many units each of A and B be made per week for maximum profit,
formulate the above as an LPP. If the manufacturer wants to sell his
products at half the rate to the economically weaker sections of the society,
what value does it show?
One kind of cake requires 200g of flour and 25g of fat, and another kind of A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts it takes 2 hours on machine A
cake requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum number of and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It takes
cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of fat assuming that 3 hours on ma machine A and 2 hours of machine B to produce of
there is no shortage of other ingredients used in making the cakes. package of bolts. He earns a profit of Rs. 24 per package on nuts and 18
on bolts. How many package of each should be produced each day so
as to maximize his profit, if he operates the machines for the most 10
hours a day?
Two tailors A and B earn ₹300 and ₹400 per day respectively. A can A company manufactures three kinds of calculators : A, B and C in its two
stich 6 shirts and 4 pants while B can stich 10 shirts and 4 trousers per factories I and II. The company has got an order for manufacturing at
day. To find how many days should each of them work and if it is least 6400 calculators of kind A, 4000 of kind B and 4800 of kind C. the
desired to produce at least 60 shirts and 32 pants at a minimum labour daily output of factory I is of 50 calculators of kind A, 50 calculators of
cost, formulate this as an LPP. kind B and 30 calculators of kind C. the daily output of factory II is of 40
calculators of kind A, 20 calculators of kind B and 40 calculators of kind C.
the cost per day to run the factory I is Rs 12,000 and of factory II is Rs
15000. How many days do the two factories have to be in operation to
produce the order with the minimum cost?
Solve the following linear programming problem graphically. The standard weight of a special purpose brick is ₹5 kg and it must
Minimise z = 3x + 5y contain two basic ingredients B1 and B2. Bi costs 5 per kg and B2 costs ₹8
subject to the constraints x + 2y ≥ 10, X + y ≥ 6, 3x + y ≥ 8, x, y ≥ 0. per kg. Strength considerations dictate that the brick should contain not
more than 4 kg of B1 and minimum 2 kg of B2. Since the demand for the
product is likely to be related to the price of the brick, find the minimum
cost of brick satisfying the above conditions. Formulate this situation as
an LPP and solve it graphically.
Minimise and maximise z = 5x + 2y subject to the following constraints : A dealer deals in two items only - item A and item B. He has ₹50,000 to
x - 2y ≤ 2 3x + 2y ≤ 12 - 3x + 2y ≤ 3 x ≤ 0, y ≤ 0 invest and a space to store at most 60 items. An item A costs ₹2,500 and
an item B costs ₹500. A net profit to him on item A is ₹500 and on item B
₹150. If he can sell all the items that he purchases, how should he invest his
amount to have maximum profit? Formulate an LPP and solve it
graphically.
A dietician wants to develop a special diet using two foods X and Y. Each
A manufacturing company makes two types of teaching aids A and B of
packet (contains 30 g) of food X contains 12 units of calcium, 4 units of
Mathematics for class XII. Each type of A requires 9 labor hours of
iron, 6 units of cholesterol and 6 units of vitamin A. Each packet of the
fabricating and 1 labour hour for finishing. Each type of B requires 12
same quantity of food Y contains 3 units of calcium, 20 units of iron, 4
labour hours for fabricating and 3 labour hours for finishing. For
units of cholesterol and 3 units of vitamin A. The diet requires at least 240
fabricating and finishing, the maximum labour hours available per week
units of calcium, at least 460 units of iron and at most 300 units of
are 180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of ₹80 on each
cholesterol. Make an LPP to find how many packets of each food should
piece of type A and ₹120 on each piece of type B. How many pieces of
be used to minimise the amount of vitamin A in the diet, and solve it
type A and type B should be manufactured per week to get a maximum
graphically.
profit ? Make it as an LPP and solve graphically. What is the maximum
profit per week ?
A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades, each A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and irons. He has only Rs 5760
requiring the use of grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2 hours to invest and has space for at most 20 items. A fan costs Rs 360 and an iron
on grinding / cutting machine and 3 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a Rs 240. He expects to sell a fan at a profit of Rs 22 and an iron for a profit of
pedestal lamp. It takes 1 hour on the grinding/cutting machine and 2 hours Rs 18. How should he invest his money to maximize his profit? Formulate this
of sprayer to manufacture a shade. On the any day, The sprayer is available as a linear programming problem and solve graphically.
for at most 20 hours and grinding/cutting machine for at most 12 hours. The
profit from the sale of the lamp is ₹5 and that from the shade is ₹3.
Assuming that the manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shade that
produces, how should he schedule his daily production in order to maximize
the profit.
A company produces soft drinks that have a contract which requires that a A dietician wishes to mix two types of food in such a way that vitamin
minimum of 80 units of chemical A and 60 units of chemical B go into the contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 10 units of
each bottle of the drink. The chemicals are available in prepared fixed Vitamin C. Food ‘I’ contains 2 units/kg of vitamin A and 1 unit/kg of vitamin
packets from two different suppliers. Supplier S had a packet of mix of 4 C. Food ‘II’ contains 1 unit/kg of vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin C. It
units of A and 2 units of B that costs Rs 10. The supplier T has packet of mix cost Rs 50 per kg to purchase Food 'I' and Rs 70 per kg to purchase food 'II'.
of 1 unit of A and 1 unit of B that costs Rs 4. How many packets of mixes Formulate this problem as linear programming problem to minimize the cost
from S and T should the company purchase to honour the contract of mixture.
requirements and yet minimize cost? make LPP and solve graphically.
A merchant plans to sell two types of computers - a desktop model and a A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of minerals.
potable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He Two foods F1 and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs. 4 per unit food and F2
estimates that the total monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 costs Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food contains 3 units of vitamin A and 4 units
units. Determine the number of units of each type of computers which the of minerals. One unit of food F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of
merchant should stock to get maximum profit if he does not want to invest minerals. Formulate this as linear programming problem. Find the minimum
more than Rs 70 lakhs and his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on cost of diet that consists of mixture of these foods and also meets the
the portable model is Rs 5000. Make an LPP and solve graphically. minimum nutritional requirements.
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Solution of Triangles
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Solution of Triangle Convention
➔ The three sides and three angles of triangle are known as elements of
triangle.
➔ The process of finding unknown elements with the help of known
elements is known as Solution of Triangles.
Sine Rule
Sine Rule
➔ In any triangle ABC, the sine of the angles are proportional to opposite
sides.
Proof of Sine Rule Extended Sine Rule
B C
Area of Triangle
Area of Triangle
A
B D C
Area of Triangle - The angles A, B and C of a ΔABC are in AP and a : b = 1 : √3. If c = 4
Proof cm, then the area (in sq cm) of this triangle is
A. 2/√3 B. 4√3 C. 2√3 D. 4/√3

A
Concept: If three angles of triangle are in AP then assume them
JEE MAIN 2019
as 60° - d, 60°, 60° + d
B D C
Let ABC and ABC’ be two non-congruent triangles with sides AB = 4,

AC = AC’ = 2√2 and B = 300. The absolute value of the difference
between the areas of the triangles is
JEE adv. (2009)

A
B C’ C
Cosine Rule
Cosine Rule Proof of Cosine Rule
In a triangle
ABC
01
02
03
In a triangle, the sum of the lengths of two sides is x and the
product of the lengths of the same two sides is y. If x2 - c2 = y, where
c is the length of the third side of the triangle , then the circumradius
of the triangle is
A. B. C. D.
JEE MAIN 2019
In a ∆PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = 1/3. Further incircle of

the triangle touches the sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M
respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL and RM are
consecutive even integers. Then, possible length(s) of the side (s) of
the triangle is (are)
A. 16 B. 18 C. 24 D. 22 JEE Adv 2013
Q R
Projection Formula
Projection Formula
In a triangle
ABC
01 a = b cos C + c cos B
02 b = c cos A + a cos C
03 c = a cos B + b cos A
Projection Formula If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic

progression and if a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides
opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression
JEE adv 2010

A
A. 1/2 B. √3/2 C. 1 D. √3
Method 1
B D C
If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic
progression and if a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides
opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the expression
JEE adv 2010
A. 1/2 B. √3/2 C. 1 D. √3
Method 2 : Use #NVStyle
Consider a triangle PQR having sides of lengths p, q and r opposite to

the angles P, Q and R respectively. Then which of the following
statements is (are) true?
JEE adv 2021
A.
B.
C.
D.
Napier’s Analogy
Napier’s Analogy
In a triangle
ABC
01
02
03
With the usual notation, in ∆ABC, if ∠A + ∠B = 120, a = √3 + 1 and

Napier’s Analogy
b = √3 - 1 ,then the ratio ∠A : ∠B, is
A. 7:1 B. 3 : 1 C. 9 : 7 D. 5 : 3
01
JEE Main 2019
In a ∆ ABC,a among the following which one is true ?
A.
(JEE 2005)
B.
C.
D.
Half Angle Formulas

Half Angle Formulas
In a Triangle ABC In a Triangle ABC In a Triangle ABC
01 01 01
02 02 02
03 03 03
Half Angle Formulas Half Angle Formulas
Let x, y and z be positive real numbers. Suppose x, y and z are the

lengths of the sides opposite to its angles X, Y and Z, respectively. If
Method 1 : Method 2
#NVStyle
then which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
JEE Adv. 2020
A. 2Y = X + Z C.
B. Y = X + Z D.
In a ∆ABC with fixed base BC the vertex A moves such that
cosB + cosC = .If a, b and c denote the length of the
sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A,B and C respectively, then
A. b + c = 4a Method 1 :
#NVStyle
B. b + c = 2a
C. locus of point A is an ellipse JEE adv 2009
D. locus of point A is a pair of straight line
Circumcircle and Circumradius

Method 2
Circumradius Circumradius - Proof
➔ Let Δ be the area of the triangle ABC and R be its circumradius. Then
A
B C
Incenter and Inradius

Incenter and Inradius
Incenter : Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors
➔ r = ∆/s
➔ Δ → Area of triangle
➔ s → semi-perimeter
B C
Alternate Formula of
Proof
Inradius
➔ The inradius of the triangle ABC can be expressed as
Incircle
B C
Relation between r and R

Relation between r and R
➔ If R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of a triangle ABC, then
Excenter and Exradius
Excenter and Exradius
Excenter and Exradius Exradius
Result 1
C ➔ Let ABC be a triangle with area Δ & r1, r2 & r3 be the radii of
B
the escribed circles opposite to A, B and C respectively. Then
Exradius Exradius
Result 2 Result 3
➔ Let r1, r2 & r3 be the radii of the escribed circles opposite to A, ➔ In any triangle ABC
B and C respectively, for a triangle ABC. Then
and
Exradius Note
rr1r2r3 = Δ2
Result 4
➔ In any triangle ABC
and
Note Note
r 1 r 2 + r 2 r 3 + r 3 r 1 = s2
In a triangle , the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same
two slides is y. If x2 - c2 =y, where c is the third side of triangle , then
the ratio of the inradius to the circumradius of the triangle is
A. B. C. D.
(2014 Adv)
Inradius of a circle which is inscribed in a isosceles triangle one of
whose angle is 2π/3, is √3 ,then area of triangle (in sq units )is
A. 4 √3 B. 12 - 7 √3 C. 12 + 7 √3 D. None of these
(JEE adv 2006)
In a ∆ABC, let ∠C = π/2. If r is the inradius and R is the circumradius In ΔABC, the lengths of sides AC and AB are 12 cm and 5 cm,
of the triangle, then 2(r + R) is equal to respectively. If the area of ABC is 30 cm2 and R and r respectively the
radius of circumcircle and incircle of ΔABC then the value of 2R + r
A. a + b B. b + c C. c + a D. a + b + c
(in cm) is equal to_______
(2000) (JEE Main 2021)

In a ∆XYZ, let x, y, z be the the lengths of sides opposite to the
angles X, Y, Z respectively and 2s = x + y + z.
If and area of incircle of the ∆XYZ is
8π/3,then
A. Area of ∆XYZ is 6√6
(2016 Adv)
B. The radius of circumcircle of the ∆XYZ is
C.
D.
In a ∆ PQR , let ∠PQR = 30 ° and the sides PQ and QR have lengths

10√3 and 10,respectively. Then,which of the following statement (s)
is (are) TRUE ?
A. ∠QPR = 45 °
B. The area of the ∆PQR is 25√3 and ∠QRP = 120 °
C. The radius of the incircle of the ∆PQR is 10√3 - 15
D. The area of the circumcircle of the ∆PQR is 100 π
(2018 Adv)
m-n Theorem
m-n Theorem m-n Theorem
A (m + n) cot𝞱 = m cot𝜶 - n cot𝜷 A
𝜶 𝜷 (m + n) cot𝞱 = n cotB - m cotC 𝜶 𝜷
𝞱 𝞱
B C B C
m D n m D n
Length of Median
Length of Medians Proof
A
A
F E
G
B C
D
B C
D
Note
Length of angle bisectors
➢ The centroid lies on the segment joining the circumcentre to the
orthocentre and divides the line segment in the ratio 1 : 2.
F E
G
B C
D
Bisectors of the Angles Proof
A A
F E
B D C B D C
Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle of any Triangle
Pedal Triangle
➢ The triangle formed by joining the foot of perpendiculars is
called PEDAL triangle
C
B
The sides and angles to the pedat Triangle Proof
∠MKL = 1800 -2A LM = a cos A

∠KLM = 1800 - 2B MK = b cos B
∠LMK = 1800 - 2C KL = c cos C
Proof Distance between the circumcentre & the orthocentre
Distance between the circumcentre and incentre
Polygons
Polygons
➢ Sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n - 2)π
➢ Sum of exterior angles of polygon is 2π
For Regular Polygons
➢ Each interior angle =
➢ Each exterior angle =

Types of Polygon Types of Polygon
➢ Convex polygon: If the highest interior angle is less than 1800 Convex polygon Concave polygon Cyclic Quadrilateral
then it is called convex polygon.
➢ Concave polygon: Highest interior angle is more than 1800 then
it is concave polygon.
➢ Cyclic quadrilateral: a cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
which can be inscribed by a circle.
Note: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.
Angle at center Incircle and Circumcircle

Circumcircle and Incircle 1. Radius of Circumscribing Circle
D ➢ Where a is the length of each side of regular polygon of n sides.

A
B C
2. Radius of Inscribing Circle Perimeter and Area of Regular Polygons
A D
B C
The length of each side of a regular dodecagon is 20 cm. Find
Perimeter and Area of Regular Polygons
I. The radius of its inscribed circle
II. The radius of its circumscribing circle
III.Its area?
Perimeter P =
Area A =
Length of diagonals in Regular Polygons Let A0A1A2A3A4A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of unit
radius. Them the product of the lengths of the line segments
A0A1,A0A2 and A0A4 is
A. 3/4
B. 3√3
C. 3
D. 3√3/2
Let A1A2…….,.An be the vertices of an n-sided regular polygon such that
Find the value of n.
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Vector Algebra Mentored 5 lac+ students
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Physical Quantities
Scalar Vector
Vector and ➔ Only magnitude no direction ➔ Magnitude as well as direction
and OBEYs vector law of algebra
Scalar 1.
2.
Mass
Volume
1. Force
2. Velocity
3. Density
Quantities
3. Displacement
4. Speed
Is Current a Vector Is is Is
is current a vector Quantity? Notation and Representation of Vectors
3A ➝➝➝
Vectors are represented by a, b, c and their magnitude (modulus) are
➝ ➝ ➝
represented by a, b, c or |a|, |b|, |c|.
Length of arrow ∝ magnitude
3A
Current
Addition of Vectors
Triangle law of addition

Laws of
Vector
Addition
Addition of Vectors Addition of Vectors
Parallelogram law of addition Loop law of addition

Addition of Vectors Addition of Vectors
Loop law of addition Loop law of addition

d c c
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ A. x = a + b - c
A. x=a-b+c-d
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ B. x = -a + b - c
B. x=a+b+c+d x
x ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ b
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝ b C. x=a-b-c
C. x = a - b - c - d
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ D. x = -a - b + c
D. x=a-b+c+d
a
a
Kinds of Vectors
1 Zero or null vector

Types of
Vectors Magnitude = 0
Direction = Any arbitrary direction or No direction

Kinds of Vectors Kinds of Vectors
2 Unit vector 3 Unit vector
Unit vector in direction of x axis =

Magnitude =
Direction = Unit vector in direction of y axis =

➝
Unit vector in direction of a =
Unit vector in direction of z axis =
Kinds of Vectors Position Vectors

Position vector of point P is __________
4 Free vectors
P ( 2, 1, 3)
Address of Point Position Vectors
P.V of point A =
Cartesian System Vector System
P.V of point B =
➝
AB =
B (3, 2, 1)
A ( 2, 1, 0)
Magnitude of Vectors
Multiplication
of a Vector by
Scalar
Multiplication of a Vector by Scalar Properties of scalar multiplication
➝
̂ 1 k (➝
a +➝ ➝ + kb
b ) = ka ➝
If a = xî + yĵ + zk
➝
̂
Then ka = (kx)î + (ky)ĵ + (kz)k
2 ( k + l )➝
a = k➝
a + l➝
a
Angle between two vectors

Note: Tail to tail should be connected
0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°
Collinear
Vectors
Collinear Vectors or Parallel Vectors Collinear Vectors
1 If angle between 2 vectors is either 0o or 180o Collinear Vectors
Like Vectors Unlike Vectors
➝
The value of λ when➝
^
a = 2^i - 3 ^j+ k and b = 8î + λĵ + 4 are parallel is -
Collinear Vectors or Parallel Vectors
A. 4 B. -6
NOTE: If two vectors are parallel they are proportional
C. -12 D. 1
NOTE: If two vectors are collinear then a = λ b

Coplanar Vectors Note:
Coplanar Vectors 1 Two vectors are always coplanar
Vectors lying in same plane

2 3 or more vectors may not be coplanar
Dot Product or Scalar Product

➝
Let ➝
a and b be two non-zero vectors and θ the angle between them
➝ ➝
then its scalar product is denoted as a . b and is defined as
➝ ➝ ➝➝
a . b = |a| |b| cos θ
Dot Product
Dot Product or Scalar Product Dot Product or Scalar Product
If➝ ̂ and➝
a = a1î + a2ĵ + a3k ̂ then➝a .➝
b = b1î + b2ĵ + b3k
1 î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ . k̂ = 1 b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
2 î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ . î = 0
➝ ➝ ➝➝
If a = 3i + 2j + k and b = i -2j + 5k then find a.b.
A. 4 B. 5
C. 3 D. -3
Properties
of Dot
Product
Properties of Dot Product Properties of Dot Product
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
1 a.b=b.a 2 a . a = |a|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
3 a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c 4 -|a| |b| ≤ a . b ≤ |a| |b|
➝ ➝
5 + If θ ∈ [0, 𝝿/2) 6 0.a=0
➝ ➝
a.b= - If θ ∈ (𝝿/2, 𝝿]
0 If θ = 𝝿/2
➝➝ ➝ ➝
8 If ➝
a ⟂➝b then ➝
a.➝ ➝ ➝
b = 0 but if a . b = 0 then either a = 0 or
7 Angle between 2 vectors a and b cos θ = a.b/|a||b| ➝
b = 0 or θ = 90°
9 ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
If b = c then a . b = a . c but if a . b = a . c then a = 0 or
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
b = c or a ⟂ (b - c) 10 Identities
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
a. (a + b)2 = |a|2 + 2 a . b + |b|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
b. (a - b)2 = |a|2 - 2 a . b + |b|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
c. (a + b) . (a - b) = |a|2 - |b|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
d. |a + b| = |a| + |b| ⇒ a || b
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
e. |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 ⇒ a ⟂ b
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
f. |a + b| = |a - b| ⇒ a ⟂ b
Let a, b, c be three mutually perpendicular vectors of the same
magnitude and equally inclined at an angle θ, with the vector
a + b + c. Then 36 cos2 2θ is equal to _________.
[JEE Main 2021]
Questions on
Dot Product
Let a, b & c be three unit vectors such that |a - b|2 + |a - c|2 = 8. Then
|a + 2b|2 + |a + 2c|2 is equal to ________.
[JEE Main 2021]

➝➝ ➝
If a, b and c are unit vectors satisfying
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
|a - b|2 + |b - c|2 + |c - a|2 = 9, then |2a + 5b + 5c| is
[JEE Adv. 2012]
#Power of Vectors
Prove by vector method the following formula of trigonometry
cos(α - β) = cosα cosβ + sinα sinβ
Projection of
a on b
Projection of a on b Projection of a on b
➝
a
➝
b
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
The projection of vector i + j + k on the vector i - j + k is-
Angle between two vectors
A. √3 B. 1/√3
C. 2/√3 D. 2√3
̂ and 2î - 2ĵ - k
Find the angle between the vectors 4î + ĵ + 3k ̂ .
[JEE Main 2020]
Components
of Vector
[JEE Main 2021]
[JEE Adv. 2015]

Linear combination of vectors
➝ ➝➝➝
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of the vectors a, b, c ….
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
If ∃ scalars x, y, z, ….. Such that r = xa + yb + zc + …...
Linear
combination
of vectors
Theorem in plane
If three non-zero, non-collinear vectors are lying in same plane then any one vector can
be represented as linear combination of other two
Theorem in
Plane
➝ ➝ ➝
̂ ,b=î-ĵ+k
Let a = î + ĵ + k ̂ and c = î - ĵ - k
̂ be there vectors. A vector
➝
v in the plane of a and b, whose projection on c is 1/√3, is given by
A. ̂
î - 3ĵ + 3k B. ̂
-3î - 3ĵ - k
C. ̂
3î - ĵ + 3k D. ̂
î + ĵ - 3k [JEE 2011] [JEE Main 2021]
Cross
Product
Cross product or Vector product
➝ ➝
The vector product or cross product of two vectors a and b is defined
➝ ➝
as a vector, written as a ⨉ b and is defined as
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ^
a ⨉ b = |a| |b| sin θ n
➝ ➝
a⨉b Properties of
Cross Product
^
n
➝
b
θ
➝
a
Properties of Vector product Properties of Vector product
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
1 In general, a ⨉ b ≠ b ⨉ a. In fact a ⨉ b = -b ⨉ a ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
2 For scalar m, ma ⨉ b = m(a ⨉ b) = a ⨉ mb.
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
3 a ⨉ (b ± c) = a ⨉ b ± a ⨉ c 4 If a || b then θ = 0 or 𝝿 ⇒ a ⨉ b = 0 (but a ⨉ b = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0
or ➝
a || ➝ ➝⨉ ➝
b). In particular a a = 0.
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ î⨉î= ĵ⨉ĵ=k ̂ ⨉k̂ = 0 and î ⨉ ĵ = k

̂ , ĵ⨉k
̂ = î and
^ (or |a ⨉ b| = |a| |b|)
If a ⟂ b then a ⨉ b = |a| |b|n
5 6 ̂ ⨉ î = ĵ (use cyclic system)
k
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
Vector perpendicular to a and b is given by ± (a ⨉ b) 8 If θ is angle between a and b then sin θ = |a ⨉ b|/|a||b|
7
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
̂ and b = b1î + b2ĵ + b3k
̂ then
|a ⨉ b|2 + (a . b)2 = |a|2 |b|2 10 If a = a1î + a2ĵ + a3k
9 (Lagrange's identity)
➝ ^ ^ ^ ➝ ^ ^ ^ ➝ ➝
If a = 2i + 2j - k and b = 6i - 3j + 2k then a x b equals
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
A. 2i - 2j - k B. i - 10j - 18k
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ [JEE Main 2021]
C. i+j+k D. 6i - 3j + 2k
[JEE Adv. 2011] [JEE Adv. 2020]

➝ __ ➝ __ __ ➝
Let △PQr be a triangle. Let a = QR, b = RP and c = PQ. if |a| = 12, |b|
➝
= 4√3, b.c➝
=➝24, then which of the following is are) true?
A. B.
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝
C. |a x b + c x a | = 48√3 D. a . b = -72
[JEE Adv. 2015]
Geometrical
Interpretation of
Cross Product
Area of Parallelogram Area of Parallelogram
CASE 1 If two adjacent sides are given CASE 2 If diagonal vectors are given
Area of Parallelogram Area of Triangle
CASE 3 n If position vectors of vertex are given CASE 1 If any two adjacent sides are given
Area of Triangle Area of Quadrilateral
C
CASE 2 If position vectors of vertex are given
D
A B
Find the area of parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are

➝ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
represented by a = 3i + j + 2k and b = 2i - 2j + 4k.
A. 8√3 B. 2√3
C. √3 D. 4√3 [JEE Adv. 2020]

Collinearity of
3 Points
If A ≡ (2i^ + 3j),
^ B ≡ (pi^ + 9j)^ and C ≡ (i^- j)^ are collinear, then the
Collinearity of three points value of p is-
A. 1/2 B. 3/2
Three points are collinear if ar(ABC)=0 or AB || BC || CA
C. 7/2 D. 5/2
Scalar Triple Product or Box Product
Scalar Triple
Product /
Box Product
Formula for Scalar Triple Product
If
then
Volume of Parallelepiped
Geometrical
Interpretation of
Box Product
➝ ^ ^➝ ^ ^ ^ ➝ ^ ^
If a = 2i - 3j, b = i + j - k and c = 3i -k represent three coterminous
Volume of Tetrahedron edges of a parallelepiped then the volume of that parallelepiped is
0 -
A. 2 B. 4
C. 6 D. 10
➝ ➝
A(a) C(c)
➝
B(b)
Properties of Box Product (STP)
The position of (.) and (⨉) can be interchanged.

1 ➝➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝
i.e. a.(b ⨉ c) = (a ⨉ b).c
Properties of
Box Product
Properties of Box Product (STP) Properties of Box Product (STP)
➝ ➝➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝ ➝➝
2 [a b c] = -[a c b] 3 You can rotate a, b, c in cyclic order
➝➝➝ ➝➝➝ The scalar triple product of three mutually perpendicular unit
4 [a b b] = [a b a] = 0 5 vectors is ± 1. Thus [î ĵ k̂] = 1, [î ĵ k̂] = -1
➝➝➝ ➝➝➝
If two of the three vectors a, b, c are parallel then Three non-zero non-collinear vectors are coplanar if
6 [a b c] = 0
7 [a b c] = 0
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝
9 [a + b b + c c + a] = 2[a b c]
➝ ➝➝➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝ ➝➝
8 [a + b c d] = [a c d] + [b c d]
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
10 [a - b b - c c - a] = 0
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝➝
11 [a ⨉ b b ⨉ c c ⨉ a] = [a b c]2
➝➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝
For any three vectors a, b, c [a + b, b + c, c + a] equals
Properties of Box Product (STP)
➝➝➝ ➝➝➝
A. [a b c] B. 2 [a b c]
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝➝➝
C. [a b c]2 D. 0
➝ ➝
➝ ➝ ➝➝➝
Let a, b and c be distinct positive numbers. If the vectors
then c is equal to
[JEE Main 2021]
A. B.
C. D. Linearly
Dependent vs
Independent
Linearly Dependent v/s Independent Vectors Linearly Dependent v/s Independent Vectors
For 2 non zero Vectors For 3 non zero Vectors

➝ ➝ ➝➝➝
If a || b ⇒ Linearly Dependent If [a b c] ≠ 0 ⇒ Linearly Independent
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝
If a ∦ b ⇒ Linearly Independent If [a b c] = 0 ⇒ Linearly Dependent
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Check whether i - 3j + 2k, 2i - 4j - k and 3i + 2j - k are linearly
Linearly Dependent v/s Independent Vectors independent or dependent?
4 or more non zero Vectors

Four or more vectors are always Linearly Dependent
VTP - Definition
Vector Triple
Product (VTP)
Vector Triple Product (VTP) - Properties Vector Triple Product (VTP) - Properties
1 Vector triple product is a vector quantity

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
2 a ⨉ (b ⨉ c) ≠ (a ⨉ b) ⨉ c
Vector Triple Product (VTP) - Properties Vector Triple Product (VTP) - Properties
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝
4 [a ⨉ b b ⨉ c c ⨉ a] = [a b c]2
➝ ➝ ➝
3 (a ⨉ b) ⨉ c =
[JEE Main 2021]
[JEE Main 2021]

[JEE Adv. 2010]
Scalar Product of Four Vectors Vector Product of Four Vectors
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
V = (a ⨉ b) ⨉ (c ⨉ d) = [a b d]c - [a b c]d
(a ⨉ b).(c ⨉ d) =
➝➝➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
If a, b, c and d are unit vectors such that (a x b) . (c x d) = 1 and
➝➝
a . c = 1/ 2, then
A. ➝
a, ➝
b, ➝
c are non - coplanar
B. b, c, ➝
➝ ➝ d are non - coplanar [JEE Adv. 2009]
C. ➝
b,➝
d are non - parallel
D. ➝
a, ➝
d are parallel and b, c are parallel
➝ ➝➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝➝
Isolating Unknown Vectors Find vector r if r. a = m and r x b = c where a. b ≠ 0
#Hathoda concept
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Mathematical Reasoning
One Shot

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Statement
Statement → which is either true or false but not both
Representation of statements → p, q, r, etc
Introduction Examples of Statements:

○ 6 is less than 8
○ 2 is odd number
(Basic Terms) ○ Every square is a rectangle
○ New Delhi is in India
Paradox Open Statement
Paradox → which is both true and false at the same time Open Statement → Which contains variables
Example:
Examples
1. Less is more p = “x is integer”
2. I am nobody (p is true if x is integer and false if x is not integer)
3. To bring peace we must war
Simple Statement Compound Statement

Simple statements → which are direct and do not include any
Multiple statements connected by some connectives
modifier
a: The Sun rises in the east
Example:
In this statement, there is no modifier and thus it can be
simply concluded as true ○ Even numbers are divisible by 2 and 2 is also an even number
○ A triangle has three sides and the sum of the interior angles
of a triangle is 180°
Connectives
Truth Table
Truth Table for “AND” Truth Table for “OR”

Truth Table for “NOT” Truth Table for “IF → THEN”
Truth Table for “IF AND ONLY IF” Contrapositive and Converse
Tautology and Fallacy
Properties
Statements Statements
Properties Properties
1. Associative Laws: 3. Distributive Property

(i) p ⋁ (q ⋁ r) = (p ⋁ q) ⋁ r (i) p ⋀ (q ⋁ r) = (p ⋀ q) ∨ (p ⋀ r)
(ii) p ⋀ (q ⋀ r) = (p ⋀ q) ⋀ r (ii) p ∨ (q ⋀ r) = (p ∨ q) ⋀ (p ∨ r)
2. Commutative Laws:
4. Identity Properties
(i) p ⋁ q = q ⋁ p
(ii) p ⋀ q = q ⋀ p
(i) p ∨ t = t
(ii) p ⋀ t = p
(iii) p ⋁ c = p
(iv) p ⋀ c = c
Statements Statements
Properties Negation of Implication Statements
5. Complement laws :
(p → q) = (~p) ∨ q
(i) p ∨ (~ p) = t
(ii) p ⋀ (~ p) = c
(iii) ~ t = c
(iv) ~ c = t
~(p → q) = p ^ (~q)
6. De-morgan’s Law :
(i) ~ (p ∨ q) ☰ (~p) ⋀ (~q)

(ii) ~ (p ⋀ q) ☰ (~p) ∨ (~q)
Type 1: Contrapositive
Type 5:
Tautology
Mathematical Reasoning Type 2:

Property Based Type 1:
Type 4: Truth Table
Type 3:
Contrapositive
Negation
The contrapositive of the statement “If you will work, you will earn The contrapositive of the statement “If I reach the station in time, then
money” is : I will catch the train” is :
[JEE Main - 2021]
A. If you will not earn money, you will not work A. If I do not reach the station in time, then I will catch
the train.
B. You will earn money, if you will not work [JEE Main - 2021]
B. If I do not reach the station in time, then I will catch
C. If you will earn money, you will work the train.
D. To earn money, you need to work C. If I will catch the train, then I reach the station in
time.
D. If I will not catch the train, then I do not reach the
station in time.
Contrapositive of the statement : Consider the statement : “For an integer n, if n3 -1 is even, then n is
‘If a function f is differentiable at a, then it is also continuous at a’, is : odd.” The contrapositive statement of this statement is :
A. For an integer n, if n is even, then n3 -1 is odd.

A. If a function f is continuous at a, then it is not
differentiable at a [JEE Main - 2020] [JEE Main - 2020]
B. For an integer n, if n3 - 1 is not even, then n is odd.
B. If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is not
differentiable at a C. For an integer n, if n is even, then n3 - 1 is even.
C. If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is D. For an integer n, if n is odd, then n3 - 1 is even.

differentiable at a
D. If a function f is continuous at a, then it is
differentiable at a
Let A, B, C and D be four non-empty sets. The contrapositive statement If contrapositive of the statement “If your are born in India, then you
of ‘If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ D, then A ⊆ C” is : are a citizen of India.” is:
A. If A ⊈ C, then A ⊆ B and B ⊆ D A. If you are not a citizen of india, then you are not born in India.
[JEE Main - 2020]
B. If A ⊈ C, then B ⊂ A or D ⊂ B
B. If you are a citizen of India, then you are born in India
C. If A ⊈ C, then A ⊈ B and B ⊆ D
C. If you are born in India, then you are not a citizen of India.
D. If A ⊈ C, then A ⊈ B or B ⊈ D
D. If you are not born in India, then you are not a citizen of India.
[JEE Main - 2019]
Contrapositive of the statement “If two numbers are not equal, then
their squares are not equal”. is :
[JEE Main - 2019]
A. If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the numbers
are equal.
B. If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the numbers
C.
are not equal
If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the numbers are
Type 2:
D.
equal.
If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then the numbers
Property Based
are not equal.
Which of the following is equivalent to the Boolean expression Negation of the statement (p ⋁ r) → (q ∨ r) is :
pⴷ~q?
A. p⋀~q⋀~r [JEE Main - 2021]
A. ~ (q → p)
B. ~p⋀q⋀~r
B. ~p→〜q [JEE Main - 2021]
C. ~p⋀q⋀r
C. ~ (p → ~ q)
D. p⋀q⋀r
D. ~ (p → q)
Consider the two statements :

(S1) : (p → q) V (~ q → p) is a tautology.
(S2) : (p⋀ ~ q) ⴷ (~ p ⋁ q) is a fallacy.
Then :
A. only (S1) is true. [JEE Main - 2021]
B. both (S1) and (S2) are false.
C. both (S1) and (S2) are true.
D. only (S2) is true.

For any two statements p and q, the negation of the expression
p ∨ (~ p ⋀ q) is :
A. ~p⋀~q
B. p⋀q [JEE Main - 2019]

C. p↔q
D. ~p∨~q
The boolean expression

~ (p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ⋀ q) is equivalent to :
A. p
B. q [JEE Main - 2018]

C. ~q
D. ~p
The negation of ~ s ∨ ( ~ r ⋀ s) is equivalent to :
A. s v (r v ~ s)
B. s⋀r
[JEE Main - 2015]
C. s⋀~r
D. s ⋀ (r ⋀ ~ s)
Type 3:
Negation
Negation of the statement : The negation of the statement ~ p ⋀ (p ∨ q) is :
√5 is an integer or 5 is irrational is :
A. ~pⴷq
A. √5 is not an integer or 5 is not irrational
[JEE Main - 2020] B. pⴷ~q
B. √5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational [JEE Main - 2021]
C. ~p⋁q
C. √5 is irrational or 5 is an integer
D. p⋁~q
D. √5 is an integer and 5 is irrational
The negation of the boolean expression p ⋁ (~ p ⋀ q) is equivalent to : The negation of the boolean expression ~ s ⋁ (~ r ⋀ s) is equivalent to :
A. ~s ⋀ ~ r
A. p ∧ ~q
[JEE Main - 2020] B. r
B. ~p⋀~q
C. s∨r [JEE Main - 2019]
C. ~p⋁~q
D. s⋀r
D. ~p⋁q
The Boolean expressions (p → q) ⋀ (q → ~ p) is equivalent to :
A. ~q
[JEE Main - 2021]
B. q
C. p
Type 4: D. ~p
Truth Table
The proposition p → ~ (p ∧ ~ q) is equivalent to :
A. q
B. (~ p) ⋁ q [JEE Main - 2020]
C. (~ q) ∧ q
D. (~ p) v (~ q)
Let p, q, r be three statements such that the truth value of (p ⋀ q) ⟶
(~ q ∨ r) is F. Then the truth values of p, q, r are respectively :
A. T, F, T
[JEE Main - 2020]
B. T, T, T
C. F, T, F
D. T, T, F
If p → (p ⋀ ~q) is false, then the truth values of p and q are respectively :
A. F, F
[JEE Main - 2020]
B. T, F
C.
D.
T, T
F, T
Type 5:
Tautology
The statement among the following that is a tautology is :
A. A ⋀ (A ⋁ B)
[JEE Main - 2021]
B. B → [A ⋀ (A → B)]
C. A ∧ (A ⋀ B)
D. [A ∧ (A ⟶ B)] → B
Which of the following is a tautology ?
A. (~ p) ⋀ (p ⋁ q) ⟶ q
B. (q ⟶ p) ⋁ ~ (p ⟶ q) [JEE Main - 2020]
C. (~ q) v (p ∧ q) ⟶ q
D. (p ⟶ q) ⋀ (q ⟶ p)
If P and Q are two statements, then which of the following compound
statement is a tautology ?
A. ((P ⇒ Q) ⋀ ~ Q) ⇒ Q
B. ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ ~ P [JEE Main - 2021]
C. ((P ⇒ Q) ∧ ~ Q) ⇒ P
D. ((P ⇒ Q) ⋀ ~ Q) ⇒ (P ⋀ Q)
For the statements p and q, consider the following compound

statements :
a. (~ q ⋀ (p ⟶ q)) ⟶ ~ p
b. ((p ⋁ q))⋀ ~ p) ⟶ P
Then which of the following statements is correct ?
[JEE Main - 2021]
Homework A.
B.
(a) is a tautology but not (b)
(a) and (b) both are not tautologies.
C. (a) and (b) both are tautologies.
D. (b) is a tautology but not (a).

The negation of the boolean expression p ⋁ (~ p ⋀ q) is equivalent to : The expression ~ ( ~ p → q) is logically equivalent to :
A. ~p⋀~q
A. p ∧ ~q
[JEE Main - 2020] B. p⋀~q
B. ~p⋀~q
C. ~p⋀q [JEE Main - 2019]
C. ~p⋁~q
D. p⋀q
D. ~p⋁q
The boolean expression

((p ⋀ q) ∨ (p ⋁ ~ q) is equivalent to :
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A. p⋀q
B. p ⋀ (~ q)
[JEE Main - 2019]
C. (~ p) ⋀ (~ q) Complete Notes and Lectures
D. p∨ (~ q)
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SETS
Representation of Sets Sets
1. Roster Form Well defined collection of objects

2. Set builder Form
Example:
1. Roster Form Sets
elements are being separated by commas and are enclosed within

braces { }
N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
Example:
A = {1 , 2, 3, a, b}
∊ → belongs to/ element of

a∊A
1∊A
4∉A
2. Set-Builder Form 1. Roster Form
we write down a property or rule which gives us all the element of 1. Order of elements does not matter
the set 2. All elements must be distinct
Example: Example:
{ S, C, H, O, L} = {H, O, L, C, S}
A= {x : x is a natural number which divides 12}
{ A, P, P, L, E} = {A, P, L, E}
B= {y : y is a vowel in the English alphabet}
C= {z : z is an odd natural number}
Express set A = {x2 : x < 5, x is a whole number} in roster form Write down the set of letters of the word MATHEMATICS in roster
form
Let Z be the set of all integers and Express set B = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26} in set builder form
A = {(x, y): x4 - y4 = 175 and x, y ∊ Z}
Then the number of elements in A is ____
Express set A = {9, 25, 49, 81} in set builder form

Types of Sets Cardinal Number
1. Null Set / Empty Set / Void Set Cardinal Number is number of elements inside a set
A set having NO element in it. It is denoted by ф or { }

Representation: n(A)
Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 1; x 𝝐 Z }
Which of the following sets is/are empty ?

A. {x ∈ Z | x2 = 9 and 2x = 6}
B. {x ∈ R | x2 = 9 and 2x = 4}
C. {x ∈ R | x + 4 = 4}
TYPES OF
D. {x ∈ N | 2x + 1 = 3}
SETS
Types of Sets Types of Sets
4. Infinite Set 2. Singleton Set

A set having infinite number element in it A set having 1 element in it
Example: Example:
Set of Natural numbers A = { x : 0 < x < 2; x 𝝐 Z }
5. Equal Set 3. Finite Set

If every element of A is present in B and every element of B is A set having finite(countable) number element in it
present in A then A and B are said to be equal sets
A=B
Example:
Example:
{1, 2, 3} = {2, 3, 1}
8. Subset and Superset 6. Equivalent Set

If all elements of A are present in B then A is subset of B n(A) = n(B)
Representation: A ⊆ B
Example:
Example: {1, 2, 3} is equivalent to {a, b, c}
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A⊆B
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

A⊈B
9. Proper Subset 7. Universal Set

If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the
is called superset of A discussion
Example: Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7}
A is proper subset of B then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the universal set
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3}

A is not proper subset of B
A. Write down all subsets of {1, 2}
Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following statements are correct B. Write down all proper subsets of {1, 2}
C. Write down all subsets of {1, 2, 3}
A. {3, 4} ⊂ A
B. {3, 4} ∈ A
C. {{3, 4}} ⊂ A
D. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
E. 3 ∈ A
F. { 3 } ⊂ A
Note:
1. Every set is subset of itself

2. Empty set, ф, is a subset of every set
3. A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A ⇔ A = B
4. ф is proper subset of every set except itself
5. Number of subsets of a finite set = 2n
6. Number of proper subsets of a finite set = 2n-1
The number of subsets of the power set of set A = {a, b, c} is Two finite sets have m and n elements. The number of subsets of
A. 32 the first set is 112 more than that of the second set. The values of
B. 16 m and n are respectively,
C. 64 A. 4, 7
D. 256 B. 7, 4
C. 4, 4
D. 7, 7 JEE Main 2020
If A=P({1, 2}) where P denotes the power set, then which one of
the following is correct? Types of Sets
A. {1, 2} ⊂ A 9. Power set

B. 1 ∈ A
It is a set of all subsets
C. { } ∉ A Representation : P(A)
D. {1, 2} ∈ A
Example:
Find the power set of A = {1, 2}
Operation of Sets
1. Intersection
2. Union
3. Difference
VENN DIAGRAM &
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. Compliment
5. Cross product
Operation of Sets Venn Diagram
1. Union of sets U → Represented by Rectangle

A, B → Represented by Circles
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6} Example:
A B U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A B
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
Operation of Sets Operation of Sets
4. Difference of two sets 2. Intersection of sets

Element of A which are not present in B U U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A B A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Then A - B =
Operation of Sets Operation of Sets
5. Symmetric difference of two sets : 3. Complement of a set

U
It is denoted by A Δ B and A Δ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3}
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A B
Then A Δ B =
Let X = {n ∈ N : 1 ≤ n ≤ 50}. If A = {n ∈ X: n is a multiple of 2} and Operation of Sets
B = {n ∈ X: n is a multiple of 7}, then the number of elements in the
smallest subset of X containing both A and B is _ 6. Disjoint Sets :
If A ∩ B = ф, then A and B are disjoint

JEE MAIN 2020
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {6, 7, 8, 9}
then A ∩ B = ф
In a school, there are three types of games to be played. Some of Let U be a universal set and n(U) = 12. If A, B ⊆ U are such that n(B) = 6
and n(A ∩ B) = 2 then n(A U B’) is equal to
the students play two types of games, but none play all the three
games. Which Venn diagrams can justify the above statement ? A. 6
B. 10
U
C. 7
D. 8
A B
17 Mar 2021 Shift 1

A. P and Q
B. P and R
C. None of these
D. Q and R
Properties of Sets
1 A∩B=B∩A
2 A∩A=A
PROPERTIES
A∩ф=ф
OF SETS
3
4 A∩U=A
Associative Property Properties of Sets
1 (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) 1 A∪B=B∪A
2 (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) 2 A∪A=A
3 A∪ф=A
4 A∪U=U
Properties of Sets Distributive Property
1 (A’)’ = A 1 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
2 A ∩ A’ = ф
3 A ∪ A’ = U
If U = { x : x ∈ N and 2 ≤ x ≤ 12 } , A = { x : x is an even prime },

B = { x : x is factor of 12 } then which the following is not true ? De-Morgan's Law
A. A - B is an empty set
1 (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
B. A - B = B ⋂ A’
C. A’ - B’ = B - A
D. ( A ⋂ B)’ = A’ U B’ 2 (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
Let A, B and C be sets such that Φ ≠ A ⋂ B ⊆ C. Then which of the
following statements is not true ?
A. B ⋂ C ≠ Φ JEE Main 2019
CARDINAL
B. If (A - B) ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
C. (C ⋃ A) ⋂ (C ⋃ B) = C
D. If (A - C) ⊆ B, then A ⊆ B
NUMBER
Cardinal Number
1 n (A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
A B
Cardinal Number of sets Cardinal Number
2 n (A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B)
Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
2 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 3 n(A ∩ B ∩C)
U
U
A B
A B
Cardinal Number of sets Cardinal Number of sets
Number of elements in at least two of the sets A, B, C Number of elements in at least one set A, B, C
3 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 2 n(A ∩ B ∩C) 1 n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n (A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩C)
U U
A B A B
C C
Cardinal Number of sets
Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C

4 = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - 2 n(A ∩ B) - 2 n(B ∩ C) - 2 n(A ∩ C) + 3 n(A∩B∩C)
A B
A survey shows that 63% of the people in a city read newspaper A Two newspapers A and B are published in a city. It is known that
whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x% of the people read both the 25% of the city population reads A and 20% reads B while 8% reads
newspapers, then a possible value of x can be. both A and B. Further, 30% of those who read A but not B look into
advertisements and 40% of those who read B but not A also look
A. 29 into advertisements, while 50% of those who read both A and B look
B. 37 into advertisements. Then the percentage of the population who
C. 65 look into advertisements is:
D. 55
JEE Main 2020 A. 13.9 JEE Main 2019
B. 12.8
C. 13
D. 13.5
A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an office like
Let where each Xi contains 10 elements and
coffee, whereas 65% like tea. If x denotes the percentage of them,
who like both coffee and tea, then x cannot be : and each Yi contains 5 elements. If each element of the set T is
an element of exactly 20 of sets Xi’s and exactly 6 of sets Yi’s,
A. 63
then n is equal to
B. 36
C. 54
A. 15
D. 38
B. 50
JEE Main 2020 JEE Main 2020
C. 45
D. 30
Cross Product (A x B) Ordered Pair (x, y) ≠ (y, x)
A = {1, 2, 3}
Number of elements
B = {a, b} n(A x B) = n(A).n(B)
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)} True or False ?
A. 1∈A
B. 1∈AxB
C. (1, a) ∈ A x B
D. { (1, a) } ⊂ A x B
CROSS PRODUCT
& RELATIONS
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
How many subsets will the following sets have?
A = {1, 2} A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Let Z be the set of integers. If A = {x∈Z : 2(x+2)(x2 - 5x + 6) =1} and

Conclusion
B = {x∈Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number of subsets of the set
A x B, is Number of subsets of set A = 2n
where n → number of element in set A
A. 215
B. 218
C. 212
D. 210
JEE Main 2019

Visual Representation (Arrow Diagram)
A B
1
a
2
b
3
Relations in Real life Relations
A subset of A x B
If n(A) = m & n(B) = n then the number

of Relations = 2mn
Representation of Relations A = { 1, 2, 3}
B = {a , b, c }
R: A ➝ B
1. Roster form R = {(1, a), (2, b)}
2. Set builder form
Identity Relations
Every element of A is related

to itself only
TYPES OF
RELATIONS
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} on set
A = {1, 2, 3} is - Types of Relations
A. Reflexive but not symmetric
B. Reflexive but not transitive Reflexive
C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
then (a, c) ∈ R
Anti- Symmetric
If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is -

B. Reflexive but not transitive
Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) (6, 12) (3, 9) (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a
relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is -
A. An equivalence relation
B. Reflexive and symmetric only
D. Reflexive only
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, …., 30} and ‘ ⋍ ’ be an equivalence relation on A

x A, defined by (a, b) ⋍ (c, d), if and only if ad = bc. Then the
number of ordered pairs which satisfy this equivalence relation
with ordered pair (4,3) is equal to :
A. 5 JEE Main 2021

B. 6
C. 8
D. 7
ह ाँ - न bol
R = {(a, b) : a is cousin of b} R = {(T1, T2) : T1 ≅ T2}
R = {(a, b) : a is divisible by b} R = {(a, b) : a is brother of b}

R = {(a, b) : |a| ≤ b; a, b ∈ R}
DOMAIN,
CODOMAIN AND
RANGE
Domain, Codomain and Range of Relations Summary
A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8} ● Relations are subset of A x B

● Number of subsets of A x B = Number of relations defined from
R = {(3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)} A→B
● Number of subsets = 2n
Domain = A B
● n(AxB) = n(A).n(B)
Codomain = ● Number of relation which can be defined from A → B is 2mn
● Relations can be represented in roaster as well as set builder
Range = 1 2 form
3 ● Arrow starts from anywhere and ends anywhere (Relations are
4
complicated)
5
6
7 8
Domain of R : Collection of all elements of A which has a image in B
Equivalence Class If R = {(x, y)| x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4} is a relation in Z, then domain

of R is -
Let R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1) }
A. {0, 1, 2}
B. {0, -1, -2} JEE MAIN 2021
Equivalence class of 1 = [1] =
C. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Equivalence class of 2 = [2] = D. None of these
Equivalence class of 3 = [3] =

Inverse of a Relation If R = {P, Q) | P and Q are at the same distance from the origin }
be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, -1) is the set :
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { a, b, c, d } A. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 1 } 26 Feb 2021 Shift 1
B. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 4}
R:A→B
R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)} C. S = {(x,y) | x2 + y2 = √2 }
D. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 2 }
A B B A
1 a a 1
INVERSE OF
2 b b 2
3 c c 3
RELATION
4 d d 4
If R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ Z, x2 + 3y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on N be defined by
Z, then the domain of R-1 is : R = { (x, y) ∈ N x N : x3 - 3x2y - xy2 + 3y3 = 0}
Then the relation R is :
A. {0, 1}
B. {-2, -1, 1, 2} A. Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
JEE MAIN 2021 JEE MAIN 2021
C. {-1, 0, 1} B. Reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
D. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} C. Reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
D. An equivalence relation
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● t.me/unacademyatoms rELATIONS AND fUNCTIONS

Complete Notes and Lectures One Shot

Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna

What is a Set ?
Well defined collection of objects
N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
NVLIVE NVLIVE
Operations on Sets
Cross Product (A x B) Ordered Pair (x, y) ≠ (y,
x)
1. Intersection
A = {1, 2, 3} Number of elements
B = {a, b} n(A x B) = n(A).n(B) 2. Union
3. Difference
4. Compliment
5. Cross product
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)} Example
True or False U = {1, 2, 3, …, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1. 1∈A
2. 1∈AxB B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
3. (1, a) ∈ A x B
4. { (1, a) } ⊂ A x B
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
How many subsets will the following sets have?
A = {1, 2} A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Relations Conclusion
Number of subsets of set A = 2n
where n → number of element in set A
A subset of A x B
If n(A) = m & n(B) = n then the number of

Relations = 2mn
A = { 1, 2, 3} Visual Representation (Arrow Diagram)
B = {a , b, c }
R: A ➝ B A B
R = {(1, a), (2, b)}
1
a
2
b
3
Identity Relations Relations in Real life
Every element of A is
related to itself only
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
Representation of Relations
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is -

1. Roster form
C. Symmetric and transitive 2. Set builder form
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} on
the set A= {1, 2, 3} is - Types of Relations

Reflexive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
then (a, c) ∈ R
Anti- Symmetric
If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b

Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
Domain, Codomain and Range of Relations be a relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is -
Domain of R : Collection of all elements of A which has a image in B
A. An equivalence relation
B. Reflexive and symmetric only
D. Reflexive only
If R = {(x, y)| x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4} is a relation in Z, then domain of R is -

A. {0, 1, 2} A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B. {0, -1, -2} R = {(3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
C. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Domain = A B
JEE MAIN 2021
Codomain =
D. None of these
Range = 1 2
3
4
5
6
7 8
If R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ Z, x2 + 3y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers Z,
then the domain of R-1 is :
Inverse of a Relation
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
A. {0, 1} B = { a, b, c, d }
B. {-2, -1, 1, 2} R:A→B

R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)}
C. {-1, 0, 1} JEE MAIN 2021
D. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
A B B A
1 a a 1
b 2
Functions
2 b
3 c c 3
Basic Definition 4 d d 4

Functions
Input Machine Output
Functions Fruits
Juicer
Juice
Advance Definition
√x
Advance Definition Non-Negative v/s Positive real numbers

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {a, b}
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
AxB
Subset of A x B = Relations
Function Not function

Function or not ? Definition
Every element of A must have one and only one image in B
A B
A B
a
1
b
2 1
c a
3 2
d b
3
Function or not ? Function or not ?

X Y
A B
1 a
2 b 1 a
3 c 2 b
4 d
3
e
Examples
Is Ramayan a function?
A B A B
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s
f f
A B A B
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s
t
Domain, Codomain and Range of functions MAHABHARAT

A B
Domain =
Arjun
Codomain = a p
Bhim
Range = b q
Yudhisthir Draupadi
c r
s Nakul
d
Sahadev
Types of functions Domain, Codomain and Range of functions
1. One-one and many-one

2. Onto and into Domain =
Codomain = A B
Range =
1 1
-1 4
3 9
-3 16
One-one and Many-one functions
A B A B
a p a p
c
q
r
b
c
q
r
Types of
d s d s
Functions
Shortcut - Graphical method Onto and Into functions
Horizontal line test

A B A B
Vertical line test

a p a p
b q b q
HLT → To check whether the fn is one-one/many-one
c r c r
VLT → to check whether it is fn or not
d s d s
Horizontal line test One-one or Many-one ?
y = x2
y=|x|
All periodic functions are many-one ? Horizontal line test
y = x3 y = 1/x
y = sin x
Vertical line test Horizontal line test
y = cos
y = sin x
x
Inverse of a function Are they functions ?
f-1(x) → inverse of function exists only for bijective fn
Why?
If the function is Many-one Names
A B A B One - one ↔ Injective

1 1
- Onto ↔ Surjective
1 -1 1
1
2 4 2 4 Injective + Surjective = Bijective
-2 -2
Even and Odd functions If the function is INTO
A B A B
Odd f(-x) = -f(x)
1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
Even f(-x) = f(x) c c
Even and Odd functions

Even Odd
If f(-x) = f (x) If f(-x) = -f(x)
ODD / Even
Eg. |x|, x2 Eg. x, x3
Eg. cos x, sec x Eg. sin x, cosec x

tan x , cot x
NOTE Functions
1. A function might be neither odd nor even
2. f(x)=0 is the only function which is both even as
well as odd.
f (x) = 2x3 - x + 1
A. Odd
B. Even
Check if function is odd/even ?
A. Odd 1. f(x) = x3 + x
2. g(x) = x2 + |x|
B. Even

EVEN functions
A. Odd
B. Even
Think and Tell ! Graphical Understanding

All Even functions are always many-one? (True/False)
Odd f(-x) = -f(x) Graphically
Odd ⇒ Symmetric about origin
Even ⇒ Symmetric about y-axis

Even f(-x) = f(x)
ODD functions Symmetric about origin - kya matlab?
y = 1/x
Let g(x) = f(x) + f(-x) and h(x) = f(x) - f(-x) then Symmetric about origin = Odd Function
A. g(x) is odd and h(x) is odd
y = sinx
B. g(x) is even and h(x) is odd
C. g(x) is odd and h(x) is even
D. g(x) is even and h(x) is even

Combinations Property
f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) f(x) - g(x) f(x) . g(x) f(x) / g(x) Any function f(x) can be represented as sum of odd function and even
function
odd odd
odd even
even odd
even even
EVEN ODD
Represent 2x as sum of odd function and even function
Graph of
Functions
Polynomial functions Graph of Functions
1) Polynomial functions
Linear Straight line 2) Modulus function
3) Signum function
Quadratic Parabola 4) Exponential functions
5) Logarithmic functions
Cubic N shaped 6) Greatest Integer function
7) Fractional Part function
8) Trigonometric functions
Visualize
Linear
Polynomial
Functions
Visualize
Quadratic
Note 1 : Visualize
Cubic
All polynomials are continuous and differentiable
Function will be continuous if --
➔ Graph can be drawn without lifting pen
➔ There is no break in graph
Function will be differentiable/derivable if --

➔ Function is continuous
➔ There is no sharp corner
Modulus
Functions
Modulus function Note 2 :

Range of odd degree polynomials is always (-∞,∞)
y=|x|
The number of real solutions of the equation, x2 - |x| - 12 = 0 is : Modulus function
A. 2 f: R → R
[JEE Main
2021] f(x) = |x|
B. 3
C. 1
D. 4
Kundli
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Signum Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Function
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Signum function Signum function
Positive 1
0 Sgn (x) 0
Negative -1
Kundli Signum function
Domain:
Codomain: OR
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Exponential function (ax)
0<a<1
Exponential
Function
Kundli Exponential function (ax)

a>1
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Logarithmic function (loga x)
0<a<1
Logarithmic
Function
Kundli Logarithmic function (loga x)
Domain: a>1
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Greatest integer function
Greatest
Integer
Function
Kundli Greatest integer function
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. Then the equation in x, Let |x| denote the greatest less than or equal to x. Then, the values of
[x]2 + 2[x + 2] - 7 = 0 has : x ∈ R satisfying the equation [ex]2 + [ex + 1] - 3 = 0 lie in the interval :
A. [JEE Main 2020]

Exactly two solutions A. [ 0, 1/e )
B. Exactly four integral solutions B. [ logc 2, logc 3 ) [JEE Main
2021]
C. No integral solution C. [ 1, e )
D. Infinitely many solutions D. [ 0, logc 2)
Fractional part function
Fractional Part
Function
Kundli Fractional part function
Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
Common properties
1. Many-one
Trigonometric
2. Even/Odd
3. Periodic
Function
Miscellaneous
Functions
Kundli Miscellaneous functions
Domain: f(x) = [x] + [-x]

Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
f(x) = {x} + {-x} f(x) = [x] + [-x]

y = [sinx] f(x) = {x} + {-x}
Miscellaneous functions Kundli
y = [sinx] Domain:
Codomain:
Range:
Many-one/One-one:
Into/Onto:
Even/Odd:
Continuous:
Derivable:
y = [x2]
y = [x2] y = [x2]
x x2 [x2]
0≤x<1 x2
1 ≤ x < √2 x2
√2 ≤ x < √3 x2
√3 ≤ x < 2 x2
A. (-1, 0) U (1, 2) U (3, ∞) 9th Apr 2019, Shift 2
B. (-2, -1) U (-1, 0) U (2, ∞)
C. (-1, 0) U (1, 2) U (2, ∞) How to Find

D. (1, 2) U (2, ∞)
Domain?
How to Find Domain ?

JEE Main 2020

A. [-2, 1)
How to Find
B. [-2, 0) U (0, 1)
C. (-2, 1) - {0}
Range? D. (-2, 1)

1. Using range of pre-defined functions
2. a sinx + b cosx
3.
4. (1 factor common)
5.
Method 2 Using range of pre-defined functions
Find the range of following function f(x) = 3 sin x + 4 cosx + 5 Find the range of following function f(x) = 3 sin x + 4
A. [1, 7]
B. [-1, 7]
C. (1, 7)
D. (-1, 7)
Find the range of following function Method 3
A. [0, 1)
B. [0, 1] Step - 1 Write x = f(y)
C. (0, 1)
D. None
A. R
B. R - {3}
C. R - {3 ,1}
D. R - {1}
Method 5 Method 4
A.
B. R - {1}
Step - 2 D≥0
C. R
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
If f : [0, ∞) ⟶ [0, ∞), and then f is If the function f : R - {1, -1} → A defined by is surjective,
then A is equal to:

(2003) (JEE - Mains - 2019)
A. one - one and onto
A. R - {-1}
B. onto but not onto

B. [0,∞ ]
C. one - one but not onto

C. R - [-1, 0)
D. Neither one - one nor onto

D. R - (-1, 0)
Graph of L/L
Graph of L/L
Graph of
Linear/Linear
Graph of L/L
Permutation and
Combination
Problems
Permutation & Combination Problems

Graph of L/L
Case 1 n(A) = n(B)
Case 2 n(A) > n(B)
Case 3 n(A) < n(B)

2. Number of one-one functions 1. Total number of functions

A B
1 a 3. Number of many one functions
2 b 4. Number of onto functions

3. Number of many one functions 5. Number of into functions
3 c
4 d

4. Number of onto functions 1. Total number of functions
A B A B
1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
3 c 3 c
4 d 4 d
2. Number of one-one functions A B 1. Total number of functions

1
a 3. Number of many one functions
2
b
3. Number of many one functions 3 5. Number of into functions
c
4
d
5

4. Number of onto functions A B 1. Total number of functions A B
1 1
a a
2 2
b b
5. Number of into functions 3 3
c c
4 4
d d
5 5
2. Number of one-one functions A B 1. Total number of functions

1
a 3. Number of many one functions
2 4. Number of onto functions
b
3 5. Number of into functions
c
4
d
5
4. Number of onto functions A B 1. Total number of functions A B

1 1 a
a
2 2 b
b
3 c
3
c
d
4 4
d
e
5
Summary
n(A) = a and n(B) = b
CASE Total onto one-one
n(A) = n(B) ba a! a!
n(A) > n(B) ba Grouping 0
n(A) < n(B) ba 0
Let E = {1, 2, 3,4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions
Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7
from E to F is
elements. If α is the number of one-one functions from X to Y and β is
A. 14 the number of onto functions from Y to X, then the value of
(IIT 2001)
is_______.
B. 16 (JEE Adv. 2018)
C. 12
D. 8
Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the number of bijective functions Let x denote the total number of one - one functions from a set A with
f : A ⟶ A such that f(1) + f(2) = 3 - f(3) is equal to 3 elements to set B with 5 elements and y denote the total number of
[JEE Main one - one functions from the set A to the set A x B. Then :
2021] [JEE Main
2021]
A. y = 273x
B. 2y = 91x
C. y = 91x
D. 2y = 273x
1. The domain of f = the domain of g
2. The range of f = the range of g
3. f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common
domain
or
Equal/Identical
Functions
In short, Graph of two fn should be same
f(x) = ln x2 and g(x) = 2ln x
f(x) = ln(ex), g(x) = elnx

Homogeneous
Functions
Homogeneous Functions
f(x, y) is a homogeneous function iff

f(λx, λy) = λn f(x, y)
5x2 + 3y2 - xy
Bounded
Functions
Bounded Functions
A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| ≤ M, where M is a finite quantity.
E.g., f(x) = sin x is bounded in [-1, 1]

Composite Functions Implicit/Explicit Functions
E.g., 2x2 - 3y3 - 5 =0 ( Implicit)
E.g., y = 2x2 - 3x - 5 ( Explicit)
Composite Functions
Composite
Functions
How to find fog? Composite Functions
f(x) = sinx Output of one function becomes input for other function
g(x) = √x
g(x)
x g f f(g(x))
Find fog / gof / gog / fof ? Representation of Composite functions
f(x) = x2 + 6
fog(x) = f(g(x))
g(x) = 2x - 1
gof(x) = g (f(x))
fof(x) = f(f(x))
gog(x) = g(g(x))
If the functions are defined as f(x) = √x and g(x) = √1 - x, then what is
the common domain of the following functions : [JEE Main
f + g, f - g, f/g, g/f, g - f 2021]
A. 0≤x≤1
B. 0≤x<1
C. 0<x≤1
D. 0<x<1
Properties of Composite fn
1. Generally, fog ≠ gof

2. fo(gof) = (fog)oh
3. The composite of two bijections is a bijection
If g(x) = x2 + x - 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 - 10x + 5, then f(5/4) is equal to : Let f : R ⟶ R be defined as f(x) = 2x - 1 and g : R - {1} ⟶ R be defined
as . Then the composition function f(g(x)) is :

A. 3/2 [JEE Main
[JEE Main 2020]
A. 2021]
B. Both one-one and onto
-1/2
B. Onto but not one-one
C. 1/2
C. Neither one-one nor onto
D. -3/2
D. One - one but not onto
A. 2f(x)
[JEE Main
B. 2f(x2) 2019]
Periodic
C. (f(x))2
D. -2f(x)
Functions
Periodic Functions
Graph repeats
Fundamental Period Periodic Functions
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0)

such that f (x + T) = f (x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
Least Positive Period
Period of Derived Functions Period of Important Function
a. sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx have period π if n is even and 2π if n is sin x

odd or fraction
tan x
b. tannx, cotnx are always periodic with period π
cos x
c. |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx|, |cosecx| are all periodic with
cot x
period π
cosec x
{x}
sec x
{sin x} sin {x} Properties of Periodic Functions
1. Inverse of periodic functions does not exist

sin (cosx)

3. Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period 2. Generally, if f(x) has period T then g(f(x)) also has period T, T may not
be fundamental period
4. If f(x) has a period p, then 1/f(x) and √f(x) also has a

period p
5. If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period

If f(x) has a period T1 & g(x) also has a period T2 then
period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) => L.C.M of T1 & T2

provided their L.C.M.
exists
However, L.C.M (if exists) need not be fundamental period.
If L.C.M does not exists f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) is aperiodic

Properties of Periodic Functions Find the period of the following functions:
f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx|
Properties of Periodic Functions f(x) = sin x + {x}
f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x

Periodic + Periodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. cosx + {x}
Periodic + Aperiodic → Aperiodic

e.g. sinx + x
Aperiodic + Aperiodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. x + (2 - x)
If f(x) + f(x+4) = f(x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the period f(x).

Let a function satisfying f(x + 4) + f (x - 4) = f (x)
for all real x is periodic, then period T for them is
A. 9
B. 12
Functional C.
D.
16
24
Equations DIY
Functional Equations
Method 1: Iteration
Method 2: Replacement Method 1: Iteration

If f(x) + 2f(1 - x) = x2 + 2 ∀ x ∈ R, find f(x), If f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2 & find the value of f(5).
2nd Sep 2020, Shift 2
1 f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx
2 f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax
3 f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k lnx or f(x) =0
4 f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn

Inverse of Function
Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = {a, b, c} and [JEE Main
range B = {1, 2, 3} 2021]
f f-1
A B B A
a 1 1 a
b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c
Domain of f = {a, b, c} = Range of f-1

Range of f = {1, 2, 3} = Domain of f-1
How to find Inverse of function?
S-1 SWAP x and y
Inverse of
S-2 Represent y = f(x)
Function
Properties of inverse of a function Find the inverse of the following bijective function.
i. f : R → R+ , f(x) = 10x+1
1. The inverse of Bijection is unique.
2. The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
3. In general, fog ≠ gof but if fog = gof then either f-1 = g or g-1 = f
also fog (x) = gof (x) = x
4. (gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1
5. The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x
If f : R → R is defined by f(x) = x3 +1, then Find the inverse of the following bijective function.
find value of f-1 (28). ii. f(x) = 3x - 5
Let f : R - {3} ⟶ R - {1} be defined by f(x) = x-2/x-3. Let g : R ⟶ R be Let f : R - { α/6 } ⟶ R be defined by f(x) = 5x+3 / 6x-α. Then the value
given as g(x) = 2x - 3. Then, the sum of all the values of x for which of α for which (fof) (x) = x, for all x ∈ R - { α/6 }, is
f-1 (x) + g-1(x) = 13/2 is equal to [JEE Main
A. No such α exists
2021]
A. B. 5
7
[JEE Main
B. 2021] C. 8
2
C. D. 6
5
D. 3
The inverse function of f(x) =
A. [JEE Main 2020]
Graphical B.
C.
Transformation D.
y = f(x)
Draw graph of y = ln (- x)
y = - f(x) Flip in x axis
y = f(-x) Flip in y axis
y = | f(x) | Upar wala same

Neeche wala uper
y = f(|x|) Right wala same

Y-axis में mirror image
| y | = f(x) Upar wala same

X axis में mirror image
Draw graph of y = - lnx

Remember
y = f(x) + K ⇒ Up
y = f(x) - K ⇒ Down
y = f(x + K) ⇒ Left
y = f(x - K) ⇒ Right
y = f(kx) ⇒ contracts in x-axis if k > 1

⇒ expands in x-axis if k < 1
Draw graph of y = |sinx| Draw graph of y = e-x
Draw graph of y = | ln x | Draw graph of y = - ex

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11th / 9, 10 Quadratic
Equations
12th / Drop
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Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Note:
Quadratic Equation has 2 roots always
Solving Quadratic Equations Relation between Roots and Coefficients

The roots of the quadratic equation, If 𝛂 and β, are the roots of the quadratic
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then:
The expression D = b2 - 4ac is called the discriminant of the

quadratic equation.
Some Transformation in terms of α + β and αβ :
α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 - 2αβ
α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 - 3αβ(α + β)
(α - β)2 = (α + β)2 - 4αβ
α4 + β4 = [(α + β)2 - 2αβ]2 - 2α2β2
If α and β be two roots of the equation x2 - 64x + 256 = 0. Then the
value of is.
A. 2
JEE MAIN 2020
B. 3
C. 1
D. 4
If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x(2x + 1) = 1, then β
is equal to :
A. 2α(α + 1)
B. -2α(α + 1)
JEE MAIN 2020
C. 2α(α - 1)
D. 2α2
The product of the roots of the equation 9x2 - 18|x| + 5 = 0, is :
A. 5/9
B. 25/81
C. 5/27
D. 25/9 JEE MAIN 2020
Suppose a, b denote the distinct real roots of the quadratic
polynomial x2 + 20x - 2020 and suppose c, d denote the distinct
complex roots of the quadratic polynomial x2 - 20x + 2020. Then
the value of ac(a - c) + ad (a - d) + bc (b - c) + bd(b - d) is
[Adv. 2020]
A. 0
B. 8000
C. 8080
D. 16000
Let S be the set of all non - zero real numbers α such that the
quadratic equation αx2 - x + α = 0 has two distinct real roots x1 and
x2 satisfying the inequality |x1 - x2| < 1. Which of the following
intervals is(are) a subset(s) of S ?
[JEE Adv. 2015]

A.
B.
C.
D.
Formation of Quadratic Equations when root are given
x2 - x (sum of the roots) + (product of the roots) = 0
Newton’s
Method
Newton’s Method: Powers of Roots

Let 𝝰 and 𝛃, are the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, and Sn = αn 土 βn then aSn + bSn-1 + cSn-2 =
0
Let 𝝰 and 𝛃 be the roots of x2 - 6x - 2 = 0, with 𝝰 > 𝛃. If
an = 𝝰n - 𝛃n for n ≥ 1, then the value of
JEE Adv. 2011 &

A. 1 JEE Main 2015
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Let α and β be the roots of the equation, 5x2 + 6x - 2 = 0. If Let p, q be integers and let α, β be the roots of the equation
Sn = αn + βn , n = 1, 2, 3, …., then : x2 - x - 1 = 0, where α ≠ β. For n = , 0, 1, 2, …., let an = pαn + qβn.
Fact : If a and b are rational numbers and a + b√5 = 0 then a = 0 = b
JEE MAIN 2020
A. 6S6 + 5S5 = 2S4
1. a12
B. 6S6 + 5S5 + 2S4 = 0
A. a11 - a10
C. 5S6 + 6S5 = 2S4
B. a11 + a10 [JEE Adv. 2017]
D. 5S6 + 6S5 + 2S4 = 0
C. 2a11 + a10
D. a11 + 2a10
2. If a4 = 28, then p + 2q =
A. 21
B. 14
C. 7
D. 12
Identity :
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation. Now, if this quadratic

equation has more than two distinct roots then it becomes an identity
and in this case a = b = c = 0.
Identity
For what values of p, the equation
(p + 2)(p - 1)x2 + (p -1) (2p + 1) x + p2 - 1 = 0 has more than two
roots.
Nature of Roots :
i. If D > 0 ⇒ roots are real and distinct.
ii. If D = 0 ⇒ roots are equal.
iii. If D < 0 ⇒ roots are imaginary.
Nature of
1. If coefficients of the quadratic equation are rational then
its irrational roots always occur in pair. If p + √q is one of
the roots then other root will be p - √q
Roots 1. If coefficients of the quadratic equation are real then its

imaginary roots always occur in complex conjugate pair.
If p + iq is one of the roots then other root will be p - iq
1. If coefficients of the quadratic equation are real and D =

perfect square then the roots are rational
The quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one
Nature of Roots :
root is 2 + √3 is
A. x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
B. x2 + 4x + 1 =0
C. x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
D. x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
If 2 + i√3 is a root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, where p and q The number of all possible positive integral values of α for which
are real, then (p, q) = the roots of the quadratic equation, 6x2 - 11x + α = 0 are rational
numbers is :
A. p2 - 4q + 12 = 0
JEE MAIN 2019 A. 3 Jan. 09, 2019 (II)
B. q2 - 4p - 16 = 0
B. 2
C. q2 + 4p + 14 = 0
C. 4
D. p2 - 4q - 12 = 0
D. 5
The roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 2(a + b)x + 2(a2 + b2) = 0 are
A. Rational and different

B. Rational and equation
C. Irrational and different
Graph of
D. Imaginary and different
Quadratic
Quadratic Expression and its Graph : Quadratic Expression and its Graph :
The graph of Quadratic is always a parabola

The coordinate of vertex are
If a > 0 ⇒ Parabola upward

If a < 0 ⇒ Parabola downward The parabola intersect the y-axis at point (0, c)
Quadratic Expression and its Graph : If a > 0
Number of times graph cuts x axis = Number of Real Roots

D>0 D=0 D<0
If a < 0
Draw the graph of y = x2 - 7x + 12
D>0 D=0 D<0

Draw the graph of y = -x2 + x - 1 Sign of Quadratic Expression:
If a>0 and D<0 then ax2 + bx + c is always positive
If a<0 and D<0 then ax2 + bx + c is always negative
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has imaginary roots and a, b, c > 0. Then

If b > a, then the equation (x - a) (x - b) - 1 = 0 has
possible graph of y = ax2 + bx + c is :
A. Both roots in (a, b)

B. Both roots in (-∞, a)
A. B.
C. Both roots in (b, +∞)
D. One root in (-∞, a) and the other in (b, ∞)
JEE 2000
C. D.
Consider the graph of quadratic trinomial y = ax2 + bx + c as
shown below where x1 and x2 are roots of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0. Which of the following is/are correct?
Symmetric
A. a-b-c<0
B. bc < 0 x
x1 x2
C. b>0
D. b and c have the same sign different from a
Expressions
Symmetric Expression :
Expressions in α and β, which do not change by interchanging

α and β.
Some examples of symmetric expressions are

Formation of quadratic equation whose roots are symmetric
expression of α and β :
Note: If α, β are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

then the equation whose roots are
i. -α, -β (Replace x by -x)
1 1 1
, (Replace x by )
α β x
iii. αn, βn, n ∈ N (Replace x by x1/n)
iv. kα, kβ (Replace x by x/k)
If α and β are roots of 2x2 - 7x + 6 = 0, then the quadratic

Formation of quadratic equation whose roots are symmetric
expression of α and β : equation whose roots are - 2/α , - 2/β is
v. k + a, k + b (Replace x by (x - k)) A. 3x2 + 7x + 4 = 0 B. 3x2 - 7x + 4 = 0
α β C. 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 D. 6x2 - 7x + 2 = 0
, (Replace x by kx)
k k
vii. α1/n, β1/n ; n ∈ N (Replace x by xn)

If α, β are roots of the equation x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 then the equation If α, β are roots of the equation 2x2 + x - 1 = 0 then the equation
whose roots are α + 3 and β + 3 is whose roots are will be 1/α , 1/β will be
A. x2 - 11x + 30= 0 B. (x - 3)2 - 5(x - 3) + 6 =0 A. x2 + x - 2 = 0 B. x2 + 2x - 8 =0
C. Both (1) and (2) D. None C. x2 - x - 2 = 0 D. None of these
Condition of Common Roots :
Condition for both the common roots
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
Condition for a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
Common Roots
Condition of Common Roots : Note :
Given one root is common but one of the QE has D<0 then both
Condition for one common roots : roots will be common
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
Let λ ≠ 0 be in R. If α and β are roots of the equation,

x2 - x + 2λ = 0 and α and γ are the roots of the equation,
3x2 - 10x + 27λ = 0, the βγ / λ is equal to :
A. 27
B. 18
JEE MAIN 2020
C. 9
D. 36
JEE MAIN 2020
If a, b, c ∈ R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 If the equation x2 - 4x + 5 = 0 and x2 + ax + b = 0 have a common

have a common root, then find a : b : c. root find a and b, where a, b € R.
JEE 2013
Location of the Roots:
1. Both the roots are greater than x0:
Location of
Roots
Location of the Roots: If both the roots of quadratic equation x2 - 2kx + k2 + k - 5 = 0 are
less than 5, then k lies in the interval
2. Both the roots are less than x0: A. (5, 6] C. (-∞, 4)

B. (6, ∞) D. [4, 5] JEE MAIN 2005
Location of the Roots: Find the value of k for which one root of the equation of
x2 - (k + 1)x + k2 + k - 8 = 0 exceed 2 and other is smaller than 2.
3. One root less than x0 and other greater than x0:

If both the roots of quadratic equation x2 -mx + 4 = 0 are real
Location of the Roots: and distinct and they lie in the interval [1, 5], then m lies in the
interval
4. Both root between x1 and x2: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
A. (-5, -4) B. (4, 5) C. (5, 6) D. (3, 4)
JEE MAIN 2019
Location of the Roots: Location of the Roots:
5. Exactly one root between x1 and x2: 6. Both root outside x1 and x2:
The set of all real values of λ for which the quadratic equations,
(λ2 + 1)x2 - 4λx + 2 = 0 always have exactly one root in the
interval (0, 1) is :
A. (0, 2) B. (2, 4) C. (1, 3] D. (-3, -1)

JEE MAIN 2020
Theory of
Equations
Theory of Equations: Theory of Equations:
For Quadratic Equation : For Cubic Equation :
Theory of Equations: Find the

i. sum of the squares and
For Bi-quadratic Equation : ii. Sum of the cubes of the roots of the cubic equation,
α
x3 - px2 + qx - r = 0 β
γ
Solve the cubic 4x3 + 16x2 - 9x - 36 = 0, the sum of its two
roots being equal to zero.
If a, b, c are the roots of cubic x3 - x2 + 1 = 0 then find the value

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of a-2 + b-2 + c-2.
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ICONIC PLUS
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Inequalities 1 Linear Inequalities
2 Polynomial Inequalities
3 Rational Inequalities
4 Logarithmic Inequalities
MATHEMATICS 5 Modulus Inequalities
Inequalities 6 Irrational Inequalities
7 Domain and Range
B.Tech - IIT Patna

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11th / 9, 10
12th / Drop
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Inequalities vs Equations
Introduction
To Inequalities
Types of Inequalities Types of Intervals
● Strict inequality
● Slack Inequality
Open Intervals Close Intervals Semi-open Semi-close
Intervals
NOTE: “ + ∞ ” an A “ - ∞ ” is always open

Union of Intervals Intersection of Intervals
[ -1, 5 ] U [ 2, 8 ] [ -1, 5 ] ∩ [ 2, 8 ]
Normal Shortcut
x2 - 5x - 6 x2 - 5x - 6
x2 - 3x + 2 #NVStyle
Solving Linear
x2 - 5x + 4
x2 - x - 20
Inequalities
Solving Linear Inequalities
3x - 14 > 22
Solving Linear Inequalities
16 - 5x ≥ 21
Solving Linear Inequalities Important points to Remember
1. Sign of inequality changes on multiplying OR dividing by a negative number

2. Never cross multiply a variable quantity
3. Cross multiply variable quantities if and only if we know its sign
2 2 2
< 1 < 1 < 1
x2 |x| x
Polynomial
Inequalities
Polynomial Inequalities Solve the inequality -
x (x -2) (x + 3) ≥ 0
Solve the inequality

x (x - 4)2 (x + 6)3 (x -1) ≤ 0
WAVY CURVE
METHOD
Wavy Curve Method for Solving Inequalities
1. Factorize the expression into Linear Factors

2. Make Coefficient of x as 1
3. Plot roots on Number Line
4. Mark dot and circle
5. Put sign
a. If power → Even then sign will remain same
b. If power → Odd then sign will change
6. Take the required interval
Solve for ‘x’ : (x + 3) (x - 7) > 0 Solve for ‘x’ : x(x2 - 1) ≤ 0
A. x ∈ (-3, 7) C. x ∈ (- ∞, -3) U (7, ∞) A. x ∈ (-1, 1) C. x ∈ (- ∞, -1) U (1, ∞)

B. x ∈ [-3, 7] D. x ∈ (- ∞, -3] U [7, ∞) B. x ∈ [0, 1] D. x ∈ (- ∞, -1] U [0, 1]
Solve for ‘x’ : (2 - x) (x - 5) ≥ 0 Solve for ‘x’ : x (x - 5) ≤ 6
A. x ∈ (2, 5) C. x ∈ (- ∞, 2) U (5, ∞) A. x ∈ (-1, 6) C. x ∈ (- ∞, -1) U (6, ∞)

B. x ∈ [2, 5] D. x ∈ (- ∞, 5] B. x ∈ [-1, 6] D. x ∈ (- ∞, -1] U [6, ∞)
Solve for ‘x’ : (3x + 2) (x - 1)2 (x - 4) < 0 x (x + 6) (x + 2)2 (x - 3) > 0
A. x ∈ (-2/3, 4) C. x ∈ (- 2/3, 1) U (1, 4) A. x ∈ (-6, -2) U (-2, 0) C. x ∈ (-6, -2) U (-2, 0) U (3, ∞)
B. x ∈ [-2/3, 4] D. x ∈ [- 2/3, 1] U [1, 4] B. x ∈ (-6, 0) D. x ∈ (-6, 0)U (3, ∞)
(x - 1)2 (x + 1)3 (x - 4) < 0
A. x ∈ (-1, 4) C. x ∈ (- 1, 1) U (1, 4)
B. x ∈ [-1, 4] D. x ∈ (- ∞, -1] U [4, ∞)
RATIONAL
INEQUALITY
Solve for ‘x’ : The complete solution set of the inequality
A. (-∞, -5) U (1, 2) U (6, ∞) U {0}

B. (-∞, -5) U [1, 2] U (6, ∞) U {0}
C. (-∞, -5) U [1, 2] U (6, ∞)
D. none of these
A. x ∈ (- ∞, -1) U (1 , 3] C. x ∈(- ∞, -1)
B. x ∈ [-1, 3] D. x ∈ [1, 3]
Solve for ‘x’ :
A. x ∈ [-4, -2] U [-1, 2]

B. x ∈ (-4, -2] U (-1, 2]
C. x ∈ (- ∞, -4) U (2, ∞)
D. x ∈ (- ∞, -2) U (2, ∞)
Number of positive integral values of x satisfying the inequality
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Important Concept
If a > 0 and D < 0 then Q.E. → always positive

If a < 0 and D < 0 then Q.E. → always negative A. x ∈ (1/2 , 3) C. x ∈(- ∞, 1/2)
B. x ∈ [-1, 3] D. x ∈ [1/2, 3]
- x2 + x - 1 ⇒ always negative
Solve the inequality
How to find Domain?
Domain &
Range
Domain of definition of the function f(x) =
A. (1, 2) JEE MAIN 2019

B. (-1, 0) ◡ (1, 2)
C. (1, 2) ◡ (2, ∞)
D. (-1, 0) ◡ (1, 2) ◡ (2, ∞)
Find Domain Find Domain
The domain of the function f(x) =
A. (1, 4)
B. (-2, 4)
C. (2, 4)
D. [2, ∞)
Log Inequalities
Case I : base > 1
Logarithmic loga x2
Inequality loga x1
x1 x2
Log Inequalities Solve for x : log3 x < 4
Case II : 0 < base < 1
x1 x2
loga x1
loga x2
Log Inequalities Solve for x : log1/2 x > -1
Step 1: Solve the inequality
Step 2: Find Domain
Step 3: Take intersection of answers of step 1 and step 2
log0.5 (x2 - 5x + 6) > - 1
A. x ∈ (⅕, ⅖ ) C. x ∈ (⅖, ∞) A. x ∈ (1, 2) U (3, 4) C. x ∈ (-∞, 2) U (3, ∞)

B. x ∈ (⅕, ∞) D. x ∈ (0, ⅖ ) B. x ∈ (1, 4) D. x ∈ (1, 2)
A. x ∈ (-1, 0) U (1, 2) C. x ∈ (2, ∞)
B. x ∈ (-1, 2) D. x ∈ (-∞, -1)
Logarithmic
Inequality (with Variable Base)
Log Inequalities (with variable base) logx (x3 - x2 - 2x) < 3
A. x ∈ (-1, 0) U (2, ∞) C. x ∈ (0, ∞)

B. x ∈ (-∞, -2) U (0, ∞) D. x ∈ (2, ∞)
A. x ∈ (⅜, ½ ) U (1, 3/2) C. x ∈ (½ , ∞)
B. x ∈ (⅜, 3/2) D. x ∈ (3/2, ∞)
Method to solve
Irrational
Inequality
Complete set of values of x satisfying the inequality

is
A. (-∞, - 5] U [1, ∞)
B. (-5, 3)
C. (3, 5)
D. (-5, 3)
Set of all real values of x satisfying the inequality
A. (-∞, -3)
B. (8, ∞)
C. (-∞, 8]
Complete solution set of the inequality is -
A. [-18, -2)
B. (-∞, -2) ◡ (7, ∞)
C. (-18, 2) ◡ (7, ∞)
D. [-18, -2]
Solution of the inequality, is -
A. B.
C. D.
Modulus
Inequalities
Solving Modulus Inequalities Find |4 - 3x| ≤ 1/2 then x is equal to
A. B.
C. D. None of these
A. (-∞, -1] U [1, ∞) B. (3/4, 1) U (1, 2)
C. (3/4, ∞) D. (3/4, 1) U (1, ∞)
The complete set of real ‘x’ satisfying ||x - 1| - 1| ≤ 1
A. [0, 2] B. [-1, 3] C. [-1, 1] D. [1, 3]

Properties
Of Modulus
Properties of Modulus Functions Properties of Modulus Functions
Property 1 |a . b| = |a| . |b| Property 3 |a| + |b| ≥ |a + b|

In general
Property 2 |a1| + |a2| + |a3| + … + |an| ≥ |a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an|

Property 3.1 |a| + |b| = |a + b| ⇒ a . b ≥ 0 Property 4 ||a| - |b|| ≤ |a - b|
Property 3.2 |a| + |b| > |a + b| ⇒ a . b < 0
Property 4.1 ||a| - |b|| = |a - b| ⟹ a . b ≥ 0 Property 5 ★ |a| = |b| ⟹ (a + b) (a - b) = 0 and

★ |a| > |b| ⟹ (a + b) (a - b) > 0
Property 4.2 ||a| - |b|| < |a - b| ⟹ a . b < 0
Solve the equation |x2 - 1| + |2 - x2| = 1
A. x ∈ [-√2, √2] B. x ∈ [-√2, -1] U [1, √2]
C. x ∈ [-1, 1] D. None of these
Find the number of integral solution of

|x2 - 1| + |x2 - 5x + 6| = |5x - 7|
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
If |x2 - 2x - 8| + |x2 + x - 2| = 3|x + 2| then the set of all real values
of x is
A. [1, 4] U {-2} B. [1, 4]
C. [-2, 1] U [4, ∞) D. (-∞, -2] U [1, 4]
1.
Domain & 2. (1 factor common)
Range 3.
A. R B. R - {3} C. R - {3 ,1} D. R - {1}
Step - 1 Write x = f(y)
A. [0, 1) B. [0, 1] C. (0, 1) D. None

Method 2
A. B. R - {1} C. R D.
A. B. C. D.
Step - 2 D≥0
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11th / 9, 10 Trigonometry
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What is the most important thing while measuring any quantity?
Trigonometry
Trigonometry = Tri-gon + Metron
Units of Angle Measurement Units of Angle Measurement
One right angle = 90o (degree)

1o = 60’ (minutes)
1’ = 60’’ (seconds)
90o = 100 grad

Radian (S.I. Unit) Length of Arc
π rad = 180o
Area of Sector The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP, and the greatest angle is
double the least. Express the least angle in radians.
Consider a square of side 4 cm. Now if a man runs at a distance of SOH CAH TOA
1 cm from the sides of the square. How much distance will he
travel.
Trigonometric Identities Trigonometric Identities

[JEE M 2014]
[JEE M 2019]
A. 350
B. 500 [JEE M 2021]
C. 400
D. 250
[JEE Adv. 2009]

CAST Rule
(Reduction Formula)
Allied Angles CAST rule

Reduction Formula Find the Value of Following:-
For Negative Angles

Find
Find sin 420o cos 390o + cos(-300o) sin(-330o)
Graph of Trig. Functions
Graph of
Trigonometric
Functions, Domain
and Range
Graph of Trig. Functions Graph of Trig. Functions
Graph of Trig. Functions Graph of Trig. Functions

Graph of Trig. Functions
[JEE Adv. 2006]
Compound Angles
Important identities :
Important identities : Important identities :

Transformation Formulae :
Transformation Formulae :
[JEE M 2004]
Values of 15° and 75°
Prove that sin 20o sin 40o sin 80o =
A. C.
B. D.
Multiple and Sub-

multiple
Angles
Sin 2A and cos 2A : Tan 2A
sin 3A, cos 3A, tan 3A
[JEE M 2020]
[JEE M 2019]
[JEE M 2019]
[JEE M 2020]
[JEE Adv. 2020]

[JEE Adv. 2010]
Cosine Series
Cosine Series
(Product)
Prove that
Prove that
Prove that
18° and 36°
[JEE M 2019]
22.5°
Type 1
By using Range of Standard functions
Max and Min

Value
Find minimum and maximum values of y = 2 + cos x Type 2

Find minimum and maximum values of 7 cos θ + 24 sin θ Illustratio
n
Type 3
Quadratic in sin / cos → Convert it to perfect square
Illustration :
y = cos 2x + 3 sin x. Find range of y
Type 4
[JEE M 2020]
[JEE Adv. 2010]
Conditional
Identities
Conditional Identities
Summation of
Trigonometric
Series
Summation of sine series Summation of cosine series
Find the sum of series

Summation of cosec series
[JEE Adv. 2016]

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11th / 9, 10 Trigonometric
Equations
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Examples of Trigonometric Equations Solution of Trigonometric Equations
1
1
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Principal Solution
Principal
Solution
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Principal Solution - Shortcut Method
Principal Solution - Shortcut Method Principal Solution - Shortcut Method
2 3
Principal Solution - Shortcut Method
General
Solution
General Solution General Solution
General solutions General Solutions - Examples
General Solutions - Examples General Solutions - Examples
2 3
Find Number of Solutions :
Number of
Solution
Find Number of Solutions :
[JEE Adv. 2015]
Type 1: Factorization/ Quadratic Form
Type - 1
Factorisation

Solve (2 sin x - cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2 x in [0, 2π].
Find the general solutions of equation 2 sin2 2x + 6sin2x = 5.
Find the general solutions of equation
(1 - tan θ) (1 + sin 2θ) = 1 + tan θ.
[JEE M 2021]
Let S = {θ ∈[ -2π, 2π] : 2 cos2θ + 3 sinθ = 0}.
Then the sum of the elements of S is:
A. B. C. 2π D. 0
[JEE M 2019- 9 April (M)]
Type - 2

Type 2 Find general solution of sin x + cos x = √2.
Find general solution of √3 cos x + sin x = 2. Find the general solutions of equation sin x + cos x = 3/2
[JEE M 2021]
[JEE Adv. 2018]
Type 3
Convert Sum to Product
Type - 3
(Convert Sum to Product)
Use code NV10 to get 10% discount on Unacademy Plus

A. 3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 2
[JEE M 2019]
A. 8π
B. 11π
C. 12π
D. 9π
[JEE M 2021]
[JEE Adv. 2011]
Type - 4
(Convert Product to Sum)
Type 4 Number of solutions of the trigonometric equation in [0, π],

sin 3θ = 4 sinθ. sin 2θ. sin4θ.
Convert Product into Sum
A. B. C. D.
Use code NV10 to get 10% discount on Unacademy Plus

Find the number of solution of the equation in [0, 2π],
tan (5π cos α) = cot (5π sin α)
Type 5
(i) Equations of the form P ( sin x 土 cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0, can
be solved by the substituting cos x 土 sin x = t
Type - 5
(ii) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable
e.g. consider the equation sin42x + cos42x = sin 2x. cos 2x
Find general value of x satisfying the equation

sin4 2x + cos4 2x = sin 2x cos 2x.
Solve the equation : 4 cot 2θ = cot2 θ - tan2 θ
Type 6
Solving equations with the use of boundedness of the function.
Remember :-
Type - 6 -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, - 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, tan x ∈ R, cot x ∈ R.

| cosec x | ≥ 1, | sec x | ≥ 1.
Using Range of Functions

Solve for x : cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x = 3. Solve for x : sin3x - cos3x = 1 + sin x cos x.
[JEE M 2019]
A. 11
B. 7
C. 5
D. 9
[JEE M 2021]
[JEE Adv. 2014]
Type - 7
Type 7 Solve for x, in x ∊ [0, 2π]
Solution of trigonometric equation of the form

(i) f(x) ≥ 0, φ(x) ≥ 0
(ii) f2(x) = φ(x)
Type - 8 [JEE M 2020]
Log wale Questions

A. 20
B. 12
C. 9
D. 16
[JEE M 2021]
Type - 9
Graph wale Questions

A.
B.
3
4
PYQs
C. 2
D. 5
[JEE M 2021]
[JEE Adv. 2010]
[JEE Adv. 2016]
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Sequence and Series

Bratin Mondal Top Results Amaiya singhal Sequence is arrangement of numbers in some logical pattern
100 %ile 100 %ile
Eg. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ?
Eg. 1, 4, 9, 16, ?
Series is sum of elements of a sequence
Eg. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ....
Eg. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ….
General term/nth term/Last term of G.P. :
If a is the first term and d the common difference, of AP.
Arithmetic
Progression
Arithmetic Progression If 5th & 6th terms of an A.P. are respectively 6 & 5.
Find the 11th term of the A.P.
AP is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a fixed number. This
fixed number is called the common difference.
1. E.g: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13……..
2. E.g: 4, 2, 0, -2, -4……..
3. E.g: 3, 3, 3, 3, 3……..
If Tm = n and Tn = m ⇒ Tr = m+n-r
If Tm = n and Tn = m ⇒ Tm+n = 0
Shortcut-1 Shortcut-2
In an A.P., if T2000 = 20 & T20 = 2000, find T2020 = ? In an A.P., if T64 = 13 & T13 = 64, find T100 = ?
A. -24
B. -23
C. -22
D. -21
If n Tn = m Tm ⇒ Tm+n = 0 If 8th & 15th terms of an A.P. are respectively 37 & 65. Find a and d
?
Shortcut-4
Shortcut-3
If 9 times the 9th term of an AP is equal to 13 times the 13th term, How many three digit numbers are divisible by 6?
then the 22nd term of the AP is
A. 149 B. 150 C. 151 D. 166
A. 0 B. 22 C. 198 D. 220
Shortcut-5
How many numbers between 11 and 90 are divisible by 7?
Sum of n terms of an A.P.
Sum of n
Terms of A.P.
Let S1 be the sum of first 2n terms of an arithmetic progression.

How many terms of the sequence, 20 + 19 ⅓ + 18 ⅔ + ….
Let S2 be the sum of first 4n terms of the same arithmetic
Must be taken so that their sum is 300. progression. If (S2 - S1) is 1000, then the sum of the first 6n terms
A. 25 or 36 of the arithmetic progression is equal to
B. 25 or 31
C. 26 or 31 JEE Main
D. 21 or 36 A. 1000
B. 7000 [JEE M 2021]
C. 5000
D. 3000
The sum of first n terms of two A.P.’s are in the ratio
3n + 8 : 7n + 15, then the ratio of their 12th term is
A. 8:7 B. 7 : 16 C. 74 : 169 D. 13 : 47
Shortcut-7
If Sn denotes the sum first ‘n’ terms of A.P then The sum of n terms two A.P.’s are in the ratio of
7n + 1 : 4n + 27, find the ratio of their 11th terms
A. 2n-1 B. 2n C. 2n+1 D. n/2 A. 8:7 B. 7 : 16 C. 4:3 D. 13 : 47
If the ratio of the nth terms of two APs is (2n + 8) : (5n - 3), then
A. 8:7 B. 7 : 16 C. 4:3 D. 38 : 72
Shortcut-7
The sum of first 20 terms common between the series The number of terms common to two A.P.s
3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + …. and 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + ….. is 3, 7, 11, …., 407 & 2, 9, 16, …. , 709 is
A. 4000 B. 4020 C. 4200 D. 4220 A. 12 B. 13 C. 14 D. 15
JEE 2014 Shortcut-8
Shortcut-8
[JEE M 2020]
Let X be the set consisting of the first 2018 terms of the arithmetic
progression 1, 6, 11, …, and Y be the set consisting of the first 2018
terms of the arithmetic progression 9, 16, 23, ….. . Then, the number
of elements in the set X ∪ Y is
Highlights of
[JEE Adv. 2018]
A.P.
Highlights of an A.P. Highlight of an A.P.
1. If each of an A.P. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by
the same non zero number, then the resulting sequence is also an 3. The common difference can be zero, positive or negative
AP.
Highlight of an A.P. Highlight of an A.P.
2. Three numbers in AP can be taken as a-d, a, a+d 4. The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the beginning
Four numbers in AP can be taken as a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d and end is constant and equal to the sum of first and last terms
Five numbers in AP can be taken as a-2d, a-d, a, a+d, a+2d
Six terms in AP can be taken as a-5d, a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d, a+5d
Highlight of an A.P. If are in A.P, then are in A.P.
5. For any series, Tn = Sn - Sn-1. In series if Sn is a quadratic function of n

or Tn is a linear function of n, then the series is an A.P.
Given a1, a2, a3…….an in A.P and

Highlight of an A.P.
If
6. If a, b, c are in A.P. ⟹ 2b = a+ c then find the value of λ.
[JEE 2006]
If the sum of the first 40 terms of the series The sides of a right angled triangle are in arithmetic progression.
3 + 4 + 8 + 9 + 13 + 14 + 18 + 19 +.........is (102)m, then m is equal to If the triangle has area 24, then what is the length of its smallest
side?
A. 20
[JEE Adv. 2018]
B. 25
[JEE M 2021]
C. 10
D. 5
Geometric Progression (G.P.) :
If the ratio of two consecutive terms is always constant.

This ratio is called common ratio.
General term/nth term/Last term of G.P. :
Geometric
Progression
In an increasing geometric series, the sum of the second and the
sixth term is 25/2 and the product of the third and fifth term is 25.
Then, the sum of 4th, 6th and 8th terms is equal to:
A. 35
B. 30
C. 26 [JEE M 2021]
D. 32
Sum of n
Terms of G.P.
Sum of n terms of a G.P. : If 210 + 29 . 31 + 28 . 32 +......+ 2 . 39 + 310 = S - 211 then S is equal to:
A. 2 . 311
B. 311 - 212
C. 311/2 + 210
[JEE M 2020]
D. 311
Sum of infinite terms of a G.P. :

If and The product of 21/4 . 42/16 . 83/48………..∞ =
then
A. √2
A. xyz = 4 B. 2
B. xy - z = (x + y) z C. 21/4
[JEE M 2021] [JEE M 2020]
C. xy + yz + zx = z D. 1
D. xy + z = (x + y)z
[JEE Adv. 2020]

Highlights of
G.P.
Highlights of G.P :
1. If each term of a GP be multiplied or divided by the same

non - zero quantity, the resulting sequence is also a GP.
Highlights of G.P : Highlights of G.P :
2. If each term of a G.P. raised the same power then resulting sequence 4. If a finite G.P. the product of the terms equidistant from the
is also a G.P beginning and the end are equal a1an = a2an-1 = a3an-2 = ….
Highlights of G.P : Highlights of G.P :
3. Any 3 consecutive terms of a GP can be taken as a/r, a, ar

5. If a, b, c are in GP → b2 = ac
any 4 consecutive terms of a GP can be taken as a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3
& so on
The sum of first four term of a geometric progression (G.P.) is 65/12
and the sum of their respective reciprocals is 65/18. If the product
of first three terms of the G.P. is 1, and the third term α, then 2α is
[JEE M 2021]
Type 1: Converting Recurring Decimal to Fraction
Type 2 :
Sequence
Convertible to
G.P.
The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, ……, Type 3 :
is
A. 7/81 (179 - 10-20) B. 7/9 (99 - 10-20)
Find the sum S = (x + y) + (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3) + … n terms.
C. 7/81 (179 + 10-20) D. 7/9 (99 + 10-20)

[JEE M 2021]
[JEE 2013]
Arithmetic -
Geometric
Progression
(A.G.P.)
Type 4 : Sum of n terms and infinite terms of an A.G.P
S = 1/2 + 3/4 + 7/8 + 15/16 + …. to n terms.

Find the sum to n terms and also S∞ of The sum to infinite term of the series
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 2
[JEE 2009]
The sum of the infinite series
is equal to
A. 9/4
B. 15/4
[JEE M 2021]
Miscellaneous
C. 13/4
D. 11/4
Series
Type 1 :
Sequence dealing with

If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
The sum of first 9 terms of the series.
A. 142 B. 192 C. 71 D. 96
A. 100 B. 99 C. 102 D. 101
[JEE 2016] [JEE 2015]

If α, β are natural numbers such that Type 2 :
100α - 199β = (100)(100) + (99)(101) + (98)(102) +......+(1)(199), then
the slope of the line passing through (α, β) and origin is:
Continued Product
A. 540 S= 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + …… + n(n+1)
B. 550 Method 1: Sigma Method

[JEE M 2021]
C. 530
D. 510
Type 2 : Type 2 :
Continued Product Continued Product

S= 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + …… + n(n+1) S= 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + …… + n(n+1)(n+2)
Method 2: Method of Difference

Type 2 : Type-3 (Using method of difference)
Continued Product
S= 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + …… + n(n+1)(n+2) Find the sum of series .
i. 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + ……………….. n terms
Method 3: Shortcut
S = 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26 + 37 + …………… + Tn
Type -4 (Splitting the nth term as a difference of two) :
Shortcut-10
Find the sum of n terms of the series and also fins S∞. Find the sum of n terms of the series and also fins S∞.
Shortcut-11
Find the sum of n terms of the series and also fins S∞.
Shortcut-11
Illustration
If the 3rd, 6th and last term of a H.P are 1/3, 1/5, 3/203,
find the number of terms.
Harmonic
Progression
Harmonic Progression (H.P.) Important Result
If mth term of an H.P is n, and nth term is equal to m then

(m + n)th term is
Shortcut-12
If the roots of the equation x3 - 11x2 + 36x - 36 = 0 are in H.P. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P. The abc, abd,
Find the middle root. acd, bcd are
A. Not in A.P./G.P/H.P B. In A.P.
C. In G.P. D. In H.P.
To insert ‘n’ AM’s between a and b :
Arithmetic
Mean (A.M.)
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) : Sum of ‘n’ AM’s inserted between a and b :

If n arithmetic means are inserted between 2 and 38, then the sum
Insert 20 AM’s between 4 and 67. of the resulting series is obtained as 200. Then find the value of n.
Shortcut-13
If eleven A.M’s are inserted between 28 and 10, then find the Let a, b, c be positive integers such that b/a is an integer. If
number of integral A.M’s. a, b, c are in geometric progression and the arithmetic mean
of a, b, c is b + 2, then the value of is
[JEE Adv. 2014]

Geometric
Mean (G.M.)
Geometric Mean (G.M):

Insert 4 GM’s between 5 and 160.
To insert ‘n’ GM’s between a and b:
Shortcut-14
Product of GM’s inserted between a and b:
Harmonic
Mean (H.M.)
Harmonic Mean (H.M): Sum of Reciprocals of HM’s
If 9 arithmetic and harmonic means be inserted between 2 and 3,

To insert ‘n’ HM’s between a and b: prove that A + 6/H = 5 where A is any one of the A.M’s and H the
corresponding H.M.
If A1, A2 ; G1, G2 ; and H1, H2 be two A.M’s and G.M’s and H.M’s
between two quantities, then prove that
Relation
between A.M.,
G.M. and H.M.
Relation between A.M, G.M and H.M.
Relation between A.M, G.M. and H.M
If a & b are two positive numbers the A ≥ G ≥ H & A, G, H

are in G.P i.e G2 = AH
Relation between A.M and G.M. If a + b + c = 3 and a, b, c are positive then prove that
Let f : R ⟶ R be such that for all x ∈ R (2x+1 + 21-x), f(x) and
(3x + 3-x) are in A.P., then the minimum value of f(x) is:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3 [JEE M 2020]
D. 4
The minimum of where α, x ∈ R and α > 0, is
equal to:
A. a + 1/a
B. α + 1
[JEE M 2021]
C. 2a
D. 2√α
The minimum value of 2sinx + 2cosx is:

A. 2-1 + √2 Get one on one Customized study plan
B. 21-√2 experts
C. 21-1/√2 Live Classes Weekly Tests

[JEE M 2020]
D. 2-1+1/√2
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Binomial Theorem
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Binomial Theorem
NVLIVE NVLIVE
Binomial Theorem Pascal’s Triangle
Code: NVLIVE Code: NVLIVE

Some Binomial Expansions Factorial
Binomial Coefficients Statement of Binomial Theorem

Number of Terms Expansion of (1+x)n & (1-x)n
(x + y)n = nC0 xn y0 + nC1 xn-1 y1 + nC2 xn-2 y2 + …….. + nCn x0 yn
JEE M 2021

Important Formulas Important Formulas
Code: NVLIVE

The number of ordered pairs (r, k) for which 6 35Cr = (k2 - 3) 36Cr + 1,
where k is an integer, is
JEE M 2020
A.
6
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4

If n ≥ 2 is a positive integer, them the sum of the series
A. 51C - 30C
7 7 n+1C
2 + 2 (2C2 + 3C2 + 4C2 + ……. + nC2) is :
JEE M 2020 A.
JEE M 2021
B. 50C - 30C7
7
B.
C. 51C + 30C7
7
C.
D. 50C - 30C6
6
D.
JEE M 2020

The coefficients of three consecutive terms of (1+ x)n+5 are in the ratio 5:
10: 14 then n is ____

JEE Adv. 2013
Important Terms
Code: NVLIVE
Important terms in Binomial Expansion General Term
1. General term
2. Middle Term
3. Term independent of x
4. Numerically Greatest Term
Code: NVLIVE
General Term Illustration:
Find fourth term in the expansion of

(x + y)n = nC0 xn-0 y0 + nC1 xn-1 y1 + nC2 xn-2 y2 + …….. + nCn x0 yn

If the fourth term in the expansion of is 4480, the value of x
where x ∈ N is equal to
A. JEE M 2021
2
B.
4
C.
3
D.
1
Illustration:
JEE 2003

JEE Adv. 2016
Term Independent of ‘x’ Example :

Find term independent of x in
Code: NVLIVE
JEE M 2021
If the term independent of x in the expansion of
is k, then 18k is equal to

JEE M 2020
A. 9
B. 11
C. 5
D. 7

Let α > 0, β > 0 be such that α3 + β2 = 4. If the maximum value of the
term independent of x in the binomial expansion of
is 10k, then k is equal to

JEE M 2020
A. 84
B. 176
C. 336
D. 352
Rational and Irrational

Terms JEE M 2021
Code: NVLIVE
The total number of irrational terms in the binomial expansion of
Middle Term
JEE M 2019
A.
55
B.
49
C.
48
D.
54
Code: NVLIVE
Middle Term Middle Term

Binomial Coefficient vs Coefficient vs Term Greatest Binomial Coefficient
Consider the general term for (ax + by)n
Code: NVLIVE
Greatest Binomial Coefficient If a, b and c are the greatest values of 19Cp, 20Cq and 21Cr respectively,
then:
JEE M 2020
A.
a/11 = b/22 = c/42
B.
a/22 = b/11 = c/42
C.
a/22 = b/42 = c/11
D.
a/21 = b/11 = c/22

Numerically Greatest Term Numerically Greatest Term
Consider the expansion for (ax + by)n. If Tr+1 is numerically greatest term, then:
Code: NVLIVE
Illustration: Illustration:
Find the greatest term in the expansion of (7 - 5x)11 where x = 2/3. Find numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of (3 - 5x)15 when
x = 1/5

Finding Remainders #NVStyle Method
Code: NVLIVE
If (27)999 is divided by 7, then the remainder is ____

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3 JEE M 2017
D. 6

If {p} denotes the fractional part of the number p, then
If (2021)3762 is divided by 17, then the remainder is ____
Is equal to:
JEE M 2020 JEE M 2021
A. 5/8
B. 1/8
C. 7/8
D. 3/8
GP Wale Questions
Code: NVLIVE
The coefficient of x7 in (1 + x)10 + x(1 +x)9 + x2( 1 + x)8 + …. + x10 is:
A.
330
JEE M 2020
B.
210
C.
420
D.
260
Multinomial Multinomial
Code: NVLIVE
Example:
Find the coefficient of x4 in (1 + x + x2)10
Sum of Binomial Sum of Binomial coefficients
Coefficients
Code: NVLIVE
Sum of odd/ even Binomial coefficients
JEE M 2021
A. 2
B. 2n-1
C. 1
D. n
Sigma Method
Code: NVLIVE
Let m, n ∈ N and gcd(2, n) = 1.
If 30 30C0 + 29 30C1 + 28 30C2 + …… + 2 30C28 + 1 30C29 = n 2m
then n + m is
JEE M 2021
JEE M 2020

Multiplying Binomial Important Shortcut (#NVStyle)
Coefficients m+nC = mC nC
r r 0 + mCr-1nC1 + mCr-2nC2 + ………….. + mC0nCr
Code: NVLIVE
Multiplying Binomial expansions Multiplying Binomial expansions
C02 + C12 + C22 + .........= Cn2 = 2n!/n!n!

Multiplying Binomial expansions Multiplying Binomial expansions
C0 C1 + C1C2 + C2C3 + .........+ Cn-1 Cn = 2nCn-1 C0 C2 + C1C3 + C2C4 + .........+ Cn-2 Cn = 2nCn-2
The value of 6C 6C
r 6-r Let X = (10C1)2 + 2(10C2)2 + 3(10C3)2 + …… + 10(10C10)2
A. 1124 where 10Cr, r ∊ { 1, 2, 3 ... , 10} denote binomial coefficients

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B. 1324 Then the value of
C. 1024
D. 924

JEE Adv 2020

Use of Differentiation Use of Differentiation
Code: NVLIVE
Use of Differentiation

Use of Integration
Code: NVLIVE
Use of Integration

Illustration:
JEE Adv 2019

Binomial for any index Binomial Theorem for any index
Code: NVLIVE
Some Important Expansions Some Important Expansions
(1 + x)-1 (1 - x)-1
Some Important Expansions Illustration:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Illustration: Example:
The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1+ x + x2 + x3)6 in powers of x,
is
JEE M 2021
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1

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Permutation and Combination
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Permutation and Combination: #Baspan

It’s all about Counting
Factorial ! Factorial !
Fundamental Principle Fundamental Principle of Counting
of Counting AND ⇒ x
OR ⇒ +
Fundamental Principle of Counting Fundamental Principle of Counting
City A and City B are connected by 3 different routes and City B and City C In how many ways a person in city B can exit city B?
are connected by different routes. In how many ways can a person go from
city A to city C via B?
A B C A B C
Concept of filling Example
vacant spaces
How many 3 digit numbers can be formed by the digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(i) without repetition
(ii) with repetition
How many 6 digits odd number greater than 6,00,000 can be formed
from the digits 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 if repetition of digit is allowed ?
Rank of a word Rank of Word

Find Rank of a Word “MATHS”
A. 32 M A T H S
B. 53
Shortcut - 1 C. 54
Finding RANK D. 55
Without repetition
(Without repetition)
“SACHIN”
Without repetition
Find Rank of a Word “MOTHER”
M O T H E R
Shortcut - 2
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Finding RANK
(With repetition)
Find Rank of a word “INDIA”
With repetition With repetition
Find Rank of a Word “India” Find Rank of a Word “IIT JEE”
A. 46
I N D I A
B. 47 I I T J E E
C. 55
D. 42
Basic Questions
JEE Adv. 2007
If the digits are not allowed to repeat in any number formed by using The total number of numbers, lying between 100 and 1000 that can be
the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, then the number of all numbers greater than formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5, if the repetition of digits is not allowed
10,000 is equal to and numbers are divisible by either 3 or 5 is
The number of three-digit even numbers, formed by the digits 0, 1, 3, 4,

6, 7 if the repetition of digits is not allowed, is.
JEE Adv. 2018
JEE Main 2021

Number of zeros in n! Finding the power of primes
Find number of Zeros in 100! Find number of Zeros in 1000!

Find number of Zeros in 500! Permutation vs
Combination
Permutation vs Combination: Permutation vs Combination :

(i) Out of A, B, C, D take 3 letter & form number plate of car.
(ii) Out of four letters A, B, C, D take any 3 letters & form triangle.
Question based on If 1P1 + 2. 2P2 + 3. 3P3 + … + 15. 15P15 = qPr - s, 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 then q+sCr-s is equal
to.
Formula ( nCr and nPr) JEE Main 2021
The value of (2. 1P0 - 3 . 2P1 + 4. 3P2 - .. up to 51th term) + (1! - 2! + 3! - … up

to 51th term) is equal to : Theorem - 1 :
Number of combination of n different things taken r at a time when p
particular things are always included. = n-pCr-p
A. 1 - 51(51) ! JEE Main 2020 i.e. Find total number of ways of selecting 11 player out of 15 player
B. when Mahendra singh Dhoni and Yuvraj Singh are always included
1 + (51)!
C. 1 + (52)!
D. 1
Theorem - 2 :
Question based on Application
Number of combination of n different things taken r at a time when p of Formula( nCr and nPr)
particular things are always excluded. = n-pCr
There are 15 players in a cricket team, out of which 6 are bowlers, 7 are
A test consists of 6 multiple choice questions, each having 4 alternative
batsmen and 2 are wicketkeepers. The number of ways, a team of 11
answers of which only one is correct. The number of ways, in which a
players be selected from them so as to include at least 4 bowlers, 5
candidate answers all six questions such that exactly four of the
batsmen and 1 wicketkeeper, is _
answers are correct, is ____.

A scientific committee is to formed from 6 indians and 8 foreigners,
which includes at least 2 indians and double the number of foreigners
as indians. Then the number of ways, the committee can be formed is :
A. 560
JEE Main 2021 JEE Adv. 2016
B. 1050
C. 1625
D. 575
Number of Straight Number of Straight Lines/ Triangles
Lines and Triangles

There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear and rest are There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear and rest are
non - collinear. Find non - collinear. Find
(i) Number of straight lines (i) Number of straight lines

(ii) Number of triangles #Method 1 (ii) Number of triangles #Method 2
There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear and rest are There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear and rest are
non - collinear. Find non - collinear. Find
(i) Number of straight lines (i) Number of straight lines

(ii) Number of triangles #Method 1 (ii) Number of triangles #Method 2
If the sides AB, BC and CA of a triangle ABC have 3,5 and 6 interior Number of Diagonals in n-sided polygon
points respectively, then the total number of triangles that can be
constructed using these points as vertices, is equal to
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A. 354
B. 240
C. 333
D. 360
Let n > 2 be an integer. Suppose that there are n Metro stations in a city
located along a circular path. Each pair of stations is connected by a
straight track only. Further, each pair of nearest stations is connected
by blue line, whereas all remaining pairs of stations are connected by
red line. If the number of red lines is 99 times the number of blue lines,
then the value of n is :
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JEE Adv. 2014
A. 201
B. 200
C. 101
D. 199
Linear Permutation 4 Boys & 4 Girls are to be seated in a line find number of ways
(i) If B1 and G1 are always together

(ii) If B1 and G1 are never together
4 Boys & 4 Girls are to be seated in a line find number of ways 4 Boys & 4 Girls are to be seated in a line find number of ways
(iii) If “No two girls are together” (v) Boys and girls are alternate
(iv) If not all the girls are together (vi) If there are 4 married couples then number of ways in which they
can be seated so that each couple is together.
The number of six letter words(with or without meaning), formed
Two families with three members each and one family with four using all the letters of the word ‘VOWELS’, so that all the consonants
members are to be seated in a row. In how many ways can they be never come together, is.
seated so that the same family members are not separated ?

A. 2! 3! 4!
B. (3!)3 . (4!)
C. (3!)2 . (4!)
D. 3! (4!)3
JEE Adv. 2015

Batting Order
Questions
JEE Adv. 2017
Batting Order Questions

Tick and Cross Method
Number of ways in which Indian team (11 players) can bat, if Yuvraj wants to bat (No two consecutive selection)
before Dhoni and Jadeja wants to bat after Dhoni is
Tick and Cross Method Tick and Cross Method
There are 10 trees in a row. 4 trees are to be cut down. The number of ways that no
two of the cut down trees are consecutive is
Formation of Groups
JEE Adv. 2020
Formation of Groups/Teams : Formation of Groups/Teams :
JEE Adv. 2020
JEE Adv. 2012
Ans : 1080
Permutation of Alike Permutation of alike objects :
Objects D A D D Y
Find total number of word’s formed by using all letters of the word Consider word ASSASSINATION, find number of ways of arranging the
“IITJEE”. letters.
(i) Number of words using all.

(ii) If no two vowels are together.
I I T J E E (iii) vowels are in the same order.
(iv) Relative position of vowels and consonant remain same.
The number of words (with or without meaning) that can be formed The number of seven digit integers with sum of the digits equal to 10
from all the letters of the word “LETTER” in which vowels never come and formed by using the digits 1, 2 and 3 only is
together is____.
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A. 77
JEE Main 2020 JEE Adv 2009
B. 42
C. 35
D. 82
Permutation of Objects Permutation of the objects taken
some at a time :
taken some at a time How many 5 lettered words can be formed using the letters of the
words. “INDEPENDENCE”.
Find the number of words each consisting 5 letters from the letters of
the word “ M I S S S I S S I P P I”
The number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed by

taking 4 letters at a time from the letters of the word ‘SYLLABUS’ such
that two letters are distinct and two letters are alike, is _.
Circular Permutation
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Circular Permutation : Circular Permutation :
The number of circular permutation of n distinct objects is (n - 1)!
Necklace / Garland →
A. 5 x 6! JEE Main 2017 A. 7! 6! JEE Main 2012

B. 6 x 6! B. (6!)2
C. 7! C. (7!)2
D. 5 x 7! D. 7!
Total number of Total number of selections/combination :
Selections n identical things n different things
Number of ways of selecting zero things
Number of ways of selecting one thing
Number of ways of selecting two things
Number of ways of selecting n things
It is given that 4 Apples, 3 Mangoes, 2 Bananas, 2 Oranges, consider

Total number of selections/combination : the following cases.
Number of ways of selecting zero or more objects from n distinct objects = 2n

Case-l: Fruits of same species are alike and rests are different , then
Number of ways of selecting one or more objects from n distinct objects = 2n - 1 (i) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit is selected.
(ii) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit of each kind is selected.
Number of ways of selecting zero or more objects from n identical objects = n+1 Case-II: Fruits of same species are different and rests are also
different, then
Number of ways of selecting one or more objects from n identical objects = n
(i) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit is selected.
It is given that 4 Apples, 3 Mangoes, 2 Bananas, 2 Oranges, consider It is given that 4 Apples, 3 Mangoes, 2 Bananas, 2 Oranges, consider
the following cases. the following cases.
Case-l: Fruits of same species are alike and rests are different , then Case-II: Fruits of same species are different and rests are also
different, then
(i) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit is selected.
(ii) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit of each kind is selected. (i) Find the number of ways, at least one fruit is selected.
Number Theory Total Number of Divisors :

Number of EVEN divisors Sum of Divisors
Consider the number N = 25 x 34 x 57 x 72

Number of ways of representing N as
(i). Total number of divisor,
product of 2 numbers (ii). Number of proper divisor
Consider the number N = 25 x 34 x 57 x 72 Consider the number N = 25 x 34 x 57 x 72
(iii). Number of odd divisor (vii). Number of divisible by 2 but not by 4.

(iv). Number of even divisor
(v). Number of divisors divisible by 5.
(vi). Number of divisors divisible by 10.
Consider the number N = 25 x 34 x 57 x 72 Consider the number N = 25 x 34 x 57 x 72
(viii). Sum of all divisors (xi). Number of ways in which N can be resolved as product of two
divisor.
(ix). Sum of even divisors
(x). Sum of odd divisors
A natural number has prime factorization given by n = 2x3y5z , where y
and z are such that y + z = 5 and y-1 + z-1 = 5/6 , y > z. Then the number
of odd divisors of n, including 1, is :
Summation of Numbers
A. 11
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B. 6x
C. 12
D. 6
Shortcut Find the sum of all 3 digit numbers that can be formed by using
digits 1, 2, 3.
A.
Summation of Numbers 1332
B. 1221
C. 1443
D. 1665
Find the sum of numbers greater than 10000 that can be formed by using Sum of all the numbers greater than 10000 formed by the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (without repetition). if no digit being repeated.
A. A. 6666600
1111 x 15 x 24
B. B. 66666000
11111 x 15 x 24
C. C. 6666000
1111 x 15 x 120
D. D. 666660
11111 x 15 x 120
Sum of all “3 digit numbers” that can be formed by using 1, 2, 3, 4 If 0 is included

(without repetition).
Sum of all 3 digit numbers that can be formed by using 0, 1, 2.
A. 6660
A. 633
B. 6666 B. 666
C. 6600 C. 636
D. 6000 D. 663
If digits are repeated If digits are repeated
Sum of all 4 digit numbers that can be formed by using 1, 1, 3, 4.

Sum of all 4 digit numbers that can be formed by using 1, 1, 2, 2.
A. 29997 A. 9900
B. 29977 B. 9000
C. 29797 C. 9999
D. 27779 D. 9990
The sum of all the 4-digit distinct numbers that can be formed with the
digits 1,2,2 and 3 is : Distribution of Alike
A. 26664
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Objects
B. 122664
C. 122234
D. 22264
Beggar-Coin Principle/ Ball-stick Method Beggar-Coin Principle/ Ball-stick Method
Find number of ways in which 30 mangos can be distributed among 5 Find total number of ways of distributing 7 identical computers to
persons. R|S|G so that each receive atleast one computer.
Find number of natural solutions of equation x + y + z = 102, where Number of non-negative integral solution of the inequality
x, y, z ∈ N. x+y+z+t ≤ 30.
The total number of 3-digit numbers, whose sum of digits is 10, is _ The total number of positive integral solutions (x, y, z) such that
xyz = 24
A. 36
B. 45
C. 24
D. 30
Derangement Derangement :
If n things are arranged in a row, the number of ways they can be
deranged so that r things occupy wrong places while (n - r) things
occupy their original places, is
= nCr Dr
Where Dr = r !
A person writes letters to five friends and addresses the

Remember corresponding envelopes. In how many ways can the letters be
placed in the envelops so that
Dr = r !
a. All letters are in the wrong envelopes.
b. Atleast three of them are in the wrong envelopes.
D0 = 1
D1 = 0
D2 = 1
D3 = 2
D4 = 9
D5 = 44
JEE Adv. 2014

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Circles
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Circles
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CIRCLE Equation of Circles

Locus of a point in a plane whose distance from a fixed point (called
centre) is always constant (called radius).
C(a, b)
If Centre and Radius is given General Equation of Circle
Equation of circle whose centre is (a, b) and radius = r is given by
Equation of circle whose centre is (0, 0)

and radius = r is given by
C(a, b)
Find the centre & radius of the circle whose equation is

General Equation of Circle 1) x2 + y2 - 4x + 6y + 12 = 0
1) x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 20 = 0
C(a, b)
The diameter of the circle, whose centre lies on the line x + y = 2 in the first
quadrant and which touches both the lines x = 3 and y = 2, is ____
PYQ
For the four circles M, N, O and P, following four equations are given :
Circle M : x2 + y2 = 1 JEE Main 2021
Circle N : x2 + y2 - 2x = 0
Circle O : x2 + y2 - 2x - 2y + 1 = 0
Circle P : x2 + y2 - 2y = 0
If the centre of circle M is joined with centre of the circle N, further
centre of circle N is joined with centre of the circle O, centre of circle O
is joined with the centre of circle P and lastly, centre of circle P is joined
with centre of circle M, then these lines from the sides of a :
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A. Rhombus
B. Square
C. Rectangle
D. Parallelogram
PYQ
If the area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle,
x2 + y2 + 10x + 12y + c = 0 is 27√3 sq. units then c is equal to :
A. 13
B. 20 JEE Main 2019

C. -25
D. 25
Equation of Circle if 3 points are given
on it
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1)
(x3, y3)
JEE Adv. 2021

Find the equation of the circle, the coordinates of the end points of
Equation of Circle in Diameter Form whose diameter are (-1, 2) and (4, -3)
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1)
Intercepts made by Intercepts made by a circle on the axes :
circle
Intercepts made by a circle on the axes : PYQ
A circle touching the x-axis at (3, 0) and making an intercept of length 8
on the y-axis through the point :
A. (3, 10)
B. (3, 5) JEE Main 2019

C. (2, 3)
D. (1, 5)
Parametric Coordinates of Parametric Coordinates of a circle :
Circle
C (a, b)
Let A(1, 4) and B(1, -5) be two points. Let P be a point on the circle (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2
= 1 such that (PA)2 + (PB)2 have maximum value, then the points P, A and B lie on :
JEE Main 2021

A. A parabola
B. A straight line
C. A hyperbola
D. A ellipse
Let PQ be a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 9. If α and β are the lengths of the

Parametric coordinates of endpoints of perpendiculars from P and Q on the straight line, x + y = 2 respectively, then the
maximum value of αβ is _
diameter
(r cos𝜃, r sin𝜃)
C (0, 0) JEE Main 2021
(- r cos𝜃, - r sin𝜃)
Position of Point w.r.t
Circle
Position of a point with respect to a circle: Position of a point with respect to a circle:
Method 1 Method 2
Discuss the position of the points (1, 2) and (6, 0) with respect to the
circle x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 11 = 0 Line and Circle
Line and Circle : Method 1 Line and Circle : Method 2

For what value of c will the line y = 2x + c be tangent to the circle
x2 + y2 = 5 ?
PYQ Equation of Tangent

The number of integral values of k for which the line, 3x + 4y = k
intersects the circle, x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y + 4 = 0 at two distinct points is _
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Equation of tangent to circle : Equation of Tangent: Point Form
T=0
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 - 30x + 6y + 109 = 0

at (4, -1).
Equation of Tangent: Parametric Form
The equation of a tangent to circle x2 + y2 = a2 at (a cos α, a sin α) is
x cos α + y sin α = a
Find the equation of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 - 6x + 4y - 12 = 0
Equation of Tangent: Slope Form which are parallel to the line 4x + 3y + 5 = 0
PYQ
The line 2x - y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the circle at the point (2,5) and the
centre of the circle lies on x - 2y = 4. Then, the radius of the circle is :
17 Mar 2021 Shift 1

A. 3√5
B. 5√3
C. 5√4
D. 4√5
PYQ
If a line, y = mx + c is a tangent to the circle, (x - 3)2 + y2 = 1 and it is
perpendicular to a line L1, where L1 is the tangent to the circle, x2 + y2 =
1 at the point ; then :
A. c2 - 7c + 6 = 0
JEE Main 2021
B. c2 + 7c + 6 = 0
C. c2 + 6c + 7 = 0
D. c2 - 6c + 7 = 0
Equation of Normal Equation of normal :
The tangent and the normal lines at the point (√3, 1) to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and
Find the equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 3 = 0 at the x - axis form a triangle. The area of this triangle (in square units) is :
the point (2, 3)
A. 4 / √3 JEE Main 2021
B. 1/3
C. 2 / √3
D. 1 / √3
Length of Tangent and Length of tangent from external point
Power of Point
P (x1, y1)
Power of Point Important Figure
P (x1, y1)
P (x1, y1)
Power of a point P is positive, negative

or zero according as the point ‘A’ is
outside, inside or on the circle
respectively.
Let the tangents drawn from the origin to the circle,
Find the length of the tangent drawn from the point (5, 1) to the circle x2 + y2 - 8x - 4y + 16 = 0 touch it at the points A and B. The (AB)2 is equal to :
x2 + y2 + 6x - 4y - 3 = 0
A. 52/5 JEE Main 2020
B. 56/5
x2 + y2 - 8x - 4y + 16 = 0
C. 64/5
D. 32/5
P (0, 0)
Director Circle Director circle :

Locus of a point from where two perpendicular tangents can be drawn
to the circle
Find the equation of director circle of the circle (x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 2
Director circle :
Tangents from External Equation of Tangents from External Point

Find the equation of both the tangents drawn to the circle
Point x2 + y2 - 2x + 4y = 0 from the point (0, 1)

Important Note:
Circumcircle of ΔPAB will definitely pass through O
O
P
Pair of Tangents from

JEE Adv. 2009 External Point
Pair of tangents from a point :
valid for all conics
Chord of Contact
Chord of contact :
Eqn of Chord if Midpoint is
Eqn of chord of contact is given by T = 0
given
P (x1, y1)
Equation of the chord with a given middle point : Find the equation of pair of tangents from (7, 1) to the circle
x2 + y2 = 25.
JEE Adv. 2012

Chord of Circle Chord of circle
In the circle given below, let OA = 1 unit, OB = 13 unit and PQ ⊥ OB.

PYQ Then, the area of triangle PQB (in square units) is :
If one of the diameters of the circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 6y + 6 = 0 is a chord of A. 26√3 JEE Main 2021
another circle ‘ C’ whose center is at (2, 1), then its radius is
B. 24√2
JEE Main 2021 C. 24√3
D. 26√2
PYQ
If the length of the chord of the circle, x2 + y2 = r2 (r>0) along the line, y
- 2x = 3 is r, then r2 is equal to : JEE Adv. 2019
A. 9/5
B. 12
C. 24/5 JEE Main 2020
D. 12/5
Number of Common
Tangents
Common tangents to two circles : Common tangents to two circles :
Choose the incorrect statement about the two circles whose equations are given
below : PYQ
x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y + 41 = 0 and x2 + y2 - 16x - 10y + 80 = 0
A. The minimum distance between any two points P1 and P2 while

Distance between two centres is the average of radii of both the circles. considering point P1 on one circle and point P2 on the other circle for
the given circles’ equations
B. Both circles’ centres lie inside region of one another. x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y + 41 = 0
17 Mar 2021 Shift 1
x2 + y2 - 24x - 10y + 160 = 0 is __.
C. Both circles pass through the centre of each other.
D. 17 Mar 2021 Shift 1

Circles have two intersection points.
PYQ Angle between two circles
Choose the correct statement about two circles whose equations are
given below :
x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y + 41 = 0
x2 + y2 - 22x - 10y + 137 = 0
18 Mar 2021 Shift 1

A. Circles have same centre
B. Circles have no meeting point
C. Circles have only one meeting point
D. Circles have two meeting points
Angle between two circles Angle between two circles

Orthogonality of two Orthogonality of two circles
circles
For what value of k the circles x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y + 7 = 0 and

x2 + y2 - 8x + 6y + k = 0 cut orthogonally. PYQ
If the angle of intersection at a point where the two circles with
radii 5 cm and 12 cm intersect is 90o , then the length (in cm) of their
common chord is :
JEE Main 2019
A. 13/5
B. 120/13
C. 60/13
D. 13/2
The C1 and C2 be the centres of the circles x2 + y2 - 2x - 2y - 2 = 0 and x2 + y2 - 6x -
6y + 14 = 0 respectively. If P and Q are the points of intersection of these circles
then, the area (in sq. units) of the quadrilateral PC1QC2 is :
A. 8 JEE Main 2019
B. 6
C. 9
D. 4
Radical Axis and Radical

Center
Radical axis and radical centre : Note :
The radical axis is the locus of points from which length of tangent to two (i) If two circles intersect, then the radical axis is the common chord
circles are equal. of the two circles.
(ii) If two circles touch each other, then the radical axis is the
The equation of radical axis of the two circles is given by S1 - S2 = 0
common tangent of the two circles.
(iii) Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining the centres
of the two circles.
(iv) Radical axis will pass through the mid point of the line joining the
centres of the two circles only if the two circles have equal radii.
(v) Radical axis bisects a common tangent between the two circles.
Note : PYQ
The common tangent to the circles x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 24
= 0 also passes through the point:
A. (4, -2)
B. (-6, 4)
C. (6, -2) JEE Main 2021
D. (-4, 6)
If the circles x2 + y2 + 5Kx + 2y + K = 0 and 2 (x2+y2) + 2Kx + 3y – 1=0, (K∈ R),
intersect at the points P and Q, then the line 4x + 5y - K = 0 passes through P and
Q,for :
JEE Main 2021
A. infinitely many values of K
B. no value of K
C. exactly two values of K
D. exactly one value of K
Family of Circles Family of circles :

Case 1
The equation of the family of circles passing through the points of
intersection of two circles S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is : S1 + λS2 = 0
Family of circles : Family of circles :
Case 2 Case 3
The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points
intersection of a circle S = 0 & a line L = 0 is given by S + λL = 0 (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) can be written in the form :
Family of circles :
Case 4 JEE Adv. 2011
The equation of a family of circles touching a fixed line ax+by+c=0 at

the fixed point (x1, y1) is (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 + λ(ax+by+c) = 0, where K is
a parameter.
The line x = y touches a circle at the point (1, 1). If the circle also passes through
the point (1, 1). If the circle also passes through the point (1, -3), then its radius is :
A. 3 JEE Main 2021
B. 2√2
C. 2
D. 3√2
A circle touches the y - axis at the point (0, 4) and passes through the point (2, 0).
Which of the following lines is not a tangent to this circle ?
A. 4x - 3y + 17 = 0 JEE Main 2021
B. 3x - 4y - 24 = 0
C. 3x + 4y - 6 = 0
D. 4x + 3y - 8 = 0
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Cartesian Coordinate
System
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Cartesian Coordinate System Distance Formula
Distance of P from x axis = |b|

Distance of P from y axis = |a|
P (a, b)
Distance of P from Origin =
Q (x2, y2)
P (x1, y1)
Section Formula Example
The intersection of three lines x – y = 0, x + 2y = 3 and 2x +y = 6 is a:
R (x, y) Q (x2, y2) JEE Main 2021

P (x1, y1) A. Equilateral triangle
B. None of the above
C. Isosceles triangle
D. Right angled triangle

R (x, y) P (x1, y1) Q (x2, y2)
Example
The number of integral values of m so that the abscissa of point of
intersection of lines 3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer, is :
A. JEE Main 2021

1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 0
Area of Triangle
P (x1, y1)
Q (x2, y2) R (x3, y3)
Example
If the area of the triangle formed by the points (1, 2), (2, 3) and (x, 4) is
40 sq. units then find x.
Area of Quadrilateral (#NVStyle) Example
The area of quadrilateral whose vertices are A(1, 1), B(3, 4), C(5, -2) and
D(4, -7) is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Example
Let two points be A(1, – 1) and B(0, 2). If a point P(x', y') be such that
the area of △PAB = 5 sq. units and it lies on the line, 3x + y - 4𝛌 = 0, then
a value of 𝛌 is:
JEE Main 2020
A. 4
B. 3
C. 1
D. -3
Slope of Line Slope of Line
Slope of a line = m = tan 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ [0, π)
Slope of Line ( Two Point Form) Intercepts
Q (x2, y2)
P (x1, y1)
Intercept Note:
1. Line having equal intercept then m = -1.
1. Line having intercept equal in magnitude but opposite in sign

then m=+1
1. Line equally inclined with coordinate axes then m = ±1
1. Line cutting of equal non zero distance from origin then m = ±1
Collinearity of 3 Points Collinearity of 3 Points
1.
2.
Example
If the points (sin θ, cos θ), (-2 √2, 2) and (-√2, 1) are collinear, then the
number of values of θ ∈ [0, 2π] is :
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. Infinite
Equation of Straight Line Equation of SL
in Various Forms 1.
2.
Point slope form
Two point form
3. Slope intercept form
4. Intercept form
5. Determinant form
6. Normal / Perpendicular form
1. Point Slope Form 2. Two Point Form
Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 3) and (4, 5).
3. Slope Intercept Form 4. Intercept Form

Example Example
Find the equation to the straight line cutting off an intercept 3 from the Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, 4)
negative direction of the axis of y and inclined at 120° to the positive and cutting off intercepts, equal but of opposite signs from the two
direction of x-axis. axes.
5. Determinant Form 6. Normal/Perpendicular Form

Example Example
Find equation of a straight line on which length of perpendicular from If the equation x cosθ + ysinθ = p is the normal form of the line
the origin is four units and the line makes an angle of 120° with the √3x+y+2=0 then values of θ and p are
positive direction of x-axis
A.
B.
C.
D.
Example
A man is walking on a straight line. The arithmetic mean of the
reciprocals of the intercepts of this line on the coordinate axes is 1/4.
Three stones A, B and C are placed at the points (1, 1), (2, 2) and (4, 4)
respectively. Then which of the these stones is/are on the path of the
man?
JEE Main 2021
A. B only
B. A only
C. All the three
D. C only
Example
If a straight line passing through the point P(-3, 4) is such that its
intercepted portion between the coordinate axes is bisected at P, then
its equation is :
JEE Main 2019
A. 3x - 4y + 25 = 0
B. 4x – 3y + 24 = 0
C. x-y+7=0
D. 4x + 3y = 0
Example
A straight line L at a distance of 4 units from the origin makes positive
intercepts on the coordinate axes and the perpendicular from the origin
to this line makes an angle 60° with the line x + y= 0. Then an equation
of the line L is
JEE Main 2019
A.
B.
C.
D.
Angle between Two ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES
Straight Lines
Condition For The Lines To Be Parallel Example

and Perpendicular
Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2) and making an angle
of 45° with the line 2x + 3y = 10.
Equation Of A Line Parallel To A Given Line Example
Find the equation of straight line parallel to 3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and passing
through (1, 1).
Equation Of A Line Perpendicular To A Given Example

Line
Find the equation of line perpendicular to 2x - y = 7 and passing
through point of intersections of line 3x + 4y = 8 and y-axis.
Example
If the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points P(1,
4) and Q (k, 3) has y-intercept equal to -4, then a value of k is
JEE Main 2020

A. -2
B. -4
C. √14
D. √15
Example
If the two lines x + (a–1)y = 1 and 2x + a²y = 1 (a € R - {0, 1}) are
perpendicular, then the distance of their point of intersection from the
origin is:
JEE Main 2019
A. √2/5
B. 2/5
C. 2/√5
D. √3/5
Five Important Points Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
w.r.t Triangle Point of Intersection of
Centroid Medians
Incenter Interior Angle Bisectors
Orthocenter Altitudes
Circumcenter Perpendicular Bisectors for sides
Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
A (x1, y1) A (x1, y1)
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3) B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Find the circumcentre of the triangle with the vertices A(2,1), B (-2,3) and C
(1,-2)?
A (x1, y1) A (x1, y1)
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3) B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle Special Cases: Right Angle Triangle
Special Cases: Equilateral Triangle Important Note

● For any triangle Orthocentre (H), Centroid (G), Circumcentre (O)
are collinear and centroid divides orthocentre and circumcentre in
the ratio 2 : 1 internally.
● For isosceles triangle centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and
incentre are collinear.
● For equilateral△, centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and incentre
coincide.
PYQ
Consider a triangle having vertices A(-2, 3), B(1, 9) and C(3, 8). If a line L
passing through the circumcenter of triangle ABC, bisects line BC, and
intersects y-axis at point (0, ∝/2), then the value of real number ∝ is
JEE Main 2021
Example
In a triangle PQR, the coordinates of the points P and Q are (-2, 4) and
(4, -2) respectively. If the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PR
is 2x – y + 2 = 0, then the centre of the circumcircle of the △PQR is :
JEE Main 2021

A. (-1, 0)
B. (-2, -2)
C. (0, 2)
D. (1, 4)
JEE Main 2021
Locus of a Point Locus of a Point

4 Easy Steps to Find Locus Example
1. Assume the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be The equation of locus of all points equidistant from the point (-1, 2) and
determined as (h, k) the origin is:
1. Use Mathematical condition given in the question to find A. x - 3y - 7 = 0

relation between h and k
B. 2x - 4y +5 = 0
1. Eliminate other variables except h and k
C. 4x + y - 3 = 0
1. Replace h → x and k → y
D. x + 2y + 1 = 0
Example
Let A(1, -3) and B(-2, 5) be vertices of △ABC. If the third vertex C of
△ABC move on the line 3x + y = 1, then locus of centroid is :
A. X-y=0
B. x-y=3
C. x+y=1
D. 3x + y = 0
Example
A stick of length 10 units rests against the floor and a wall of a room. If
the stick begins to slide on the floor then
A. Locus of middle point is x² + y2 = 25
B. Locus of middle point is x² + y2= 100
C. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2 =

25/9
D. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2=
100/9
Length of Perpendicular
Length Of The Perpendicular Example
Find the point on y-axis whose perpendicular distance from the line 4x
– 3y - 12 = 0 is 3
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines PYQ

If the line, 2x – y + 3 = 0 is at a distance 1/√5 and 2√5 from the lines 4x
– 2y + ∝ = 0 and 6x – 3y + ß = 0, respectively, then the sum of all
possible value of ∝ and ß is
JEE Main 2020
PYQ
JEE Adv. 2020
Parametric Equation of
Straight Line
Parametric Form Of A Line Example
A triangle ABC lying in the first quadrant has two vertices as A(1, 2) and
B(3, 1). If ⦟BAC = 90°, and ar (△ABC) = 5√5 sq. units, then the abscissa
of the vertex C is:
JEE Main 2020
A. 1 + √5
B. 1 + 2 √5
C. 2 +√5
D. 2 √5 - 1
Position of Point w.r.t.

Straight Line
Position Of A Point W.R.T. A Line Example
Are the points (3, 4) and (2, -6) on the same or opposite sides of the line
3x - 4y = 8?
Example
The set of all possible values of ∅ in the interval (0, 𝛑) for which the
points (1, 2) and (sin ∅, cos ∅) lie on the same side of the line x + y = 1 is :
JEE Main 2020

A.
B.
C.
D.
Concurrency of 3 lines Concurrency Of Three Lines
Three lines are concurrent if
Example
Family of Straight Lines Family Of Straight Lines
Equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2 is given by L1 +λ L2 =0
Example Example
Two lines are given by L1 : 3x – 4y + 6 = 0 & L2 : x + y + 2 = 0. It the family of straight lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b passes
Find the equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2, if through a fixed point for all values of a and b. Find the point.
it is parallel to y = 2x + 3
Example Example
A variable line ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed point if a, b, c are Consider the set of all lines px + qy + r = 0 such that 3p + 2q + 4r = 0.
in arithmetic progression.Find the fixed point. Which one of the following statements is true?
JEE Main 2019
A. The lines are concurrent at the point (¾, ½)
B. Each line passes through the origin.
C. The lines are all parallel
D. The lines are not concurrent.
Optics Based Problems Optics Based Problem
Image of Point in Straight Line
Foot of Perpendicular of Point in Straight Line

Example
The image of the point (3, 5) in the line x - y + 1 = 0, lies on :
JEE Main 2021

A. (x - 2)2 + (y – 4)2 = 4
B. (x – 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
C. (x – 4)2 + (y - 4)2 = 8
D. (x - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = 12
Shortcuts Reflection Problems
Image of (a, b) in x-axis is (a, -b)

Image of (a, b) in y-axis is (-a, b)
Image of (a, b) in y=x line is (b, a)
PYQ
A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at an angle 30°
on the line x = 1 at the point A. The ray gets reflected on the line x = 1
and meets x-axis at the point B. Then, the line AB passes through the
point:
JEE Main 2020
A.
B.
C.
D.
PYQ
Let the point B be the reflection of the point A(2,3) with respect to the line
8x – 6y – 23 = 0. Let TA and TB be circles of radii 2 and 1 with centres A and
B respectively. Let T be a common tangent to the circles TA and TB such
that both the circles are on the same side of T. If C is the point of
intersection of T and the line passing through A and B, then the length of
the line segment AC is_
JEE Adv. 2019
Equation of Angle Equation of Angle Bisectors
Bisector
Identifying Acute and Obtuse Angle Identifying Angle Bisector Containing

Bisectors Origin and Not Containing Origin
Example
The equation of the bisector of the lines 3x - 4y + 1 = 0 and 5x + 12y - 11
= 0 which do not contain origin is
A. 7x - 56y + 34 = 0
B. 32x + 4y - 21=0
C. 3x + 7y + 11 = 0
D. 16x - 3y + 7 = 0
Example
The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 3x -
4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y - 2 = 0 is
A. 21x + 77y - 101 = 0
B. 11x - 3y + 9 = 0
C. 21x + 77y + 101 = 0
D. 11x - 3y - 9 = 0
Example Pair of Straight Lines
Find the equations of the acute angle bisector between the straight
lines 4x - 3y + 4 = 0 and 6x + 8y - 9 = 0
Pair of Straight Lines Pair of Straight Lines
will represent pair of straight line if

Pair of Straight Lines passing through origin Pair of Straight Lines passing through origin
General form of equation of POSL passing through origin
Factorising POSL passing through Origin Angle between POSL passing through origin
Method to factorise is put y = mx

Example : 12x² – 20xy + 7y2 = 0
BISECTORS OF ANGLE BETWEEN THE LINES REPRESENTED
Special Cases by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 0
The condition that these lines are :
1. At right angles to each other if a+b=0.

i.e. coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0.
2. Coincident if h2 = ab.
3. Equally inclined to the axis of x if h = 0. i.e. coeff. of xy = 0.
Example
Find the centroid of the triangle the equation of whose sides 12x² –
20xy + 7y2 = 0 and 2x - 3y + 4 = 0.
Homogenisation Homogenisation
Example
Find the value of 'm' if the lines joining the origin to the points common
to x2 + y2 + x - 2y - m = 0 & x + y = 1 are at right angles.
If the straight line joining origin and the points of intersection of the curve
5x2 +12xy-6y2+4x-2y+3=0 and x + ky - 1 = 0 are equally inclined to coordinate axes then find k
A. 1
B. -1
C. 2
D. None
PYQs
JEE Adv. 2021
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Conic Section
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Conic Section Definition of any conic
Locus of point which is moving in a plane such that ratio of its distance
from a fixed point (focus) and fixed line (directrix) is always constant
General Eqn of any 2nd General Equation of 2nd degree curve
degree curve
Pair of SL
Hyperbola
Circle Parabola Ellipse
h2 > ab
h=0 h2 = ab h2 < ab
e>1
a=b e=1 e<1
Example Standard Equation of
Which conic does 13x2 - 18xy + 37y2 + 2x + 14y - 2 = 0 represent?
Parabola
Standard Equation of Parabola

Terms related to parabola
Kundli of Parabola
4 different orientation of parabolas
Standard Equation
Focus
Vertex
Eqn of Directrix
Eqn of Axis of Parabola
Extremities of Latus Rectum
Length of Latus rectum(LR)
Eqn of tangent at vertex(T.A.V)
Parametric Coordinates
Kundli of Parabola Trick for Parametric Coordinates

Standard Equation
Focus
Vertex
Directrix
Axis
LR
Tangent at vertex
Parametric
Coordinates
Example
Example :
The area (in sq. units) of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the
parabola y2 = 8x, with one of its vertices on the vertex of this
parabola, is :
A. 64 √3
B. 256 √3 JEE Main 2019
C. 192 √3
D. 128 √3
Shifted Parabola Parabola whose vertex is shifted
(x - 1)2 = -12 (y - 2)
Example :
Axis of a parabola lies along x-axis. If its vertex and focus are at
distance 2 and 4 respectively from the origin, on the positive
x - axis then which of the following points does not lie on it ?
A. (5, 2√6)
B. (8, 6) JEE Main 2019
C. (6, 4√2)
D. (4, -4)
If the area of the triangle whose one vertex is at the vertex of the parabola, y2 +
4 (x - a2) = 0 and the other two vertices are the points of intersection of the
parabola and y-axis, is 250 sq. units, then a value of ‘a’ is :
A. 5√5
JEE Main 2019

B. 5(21/3)
C. (10)2/3
D. 5
The locus of a point which divides the line segment joining the point (0, -1) and a
Locus point on the parabola, x2 = 4y, internally in the ratio 1 : 2 is :
A. 9x2 - 12y = 8
JEE Main 2020
B. 9x2 - 3y = 2
C. x2 - 3y = 2
D. 4x2 - 3y = 2
The locus of the mid-point of the line segment joining the focus of the parabola y2
= 4ax to moving point of the parabola, is another parabola whose directrix is :
A. x=a JEE Main 2021
B. x=0
C. x = -a/2
D. x = a/2
A. x2 = y
B. y2 = 2x
C. JEE Adv. 2011

y2 = x
D. x2 = 2y
Chord of Parabola
Chord of Parabola Focal Length:
Chord : Line segment joining two points on the curve Focal Length: Length of any point on parabola from focus
(a, 0)
Focal Chord Length of Focal Chord

Chord passing through focus
Length of focal chord
(a, 0)
(a, 0)
If one end of a focal chord of the parabola, y2 = 16x is at (1, 4), then the length of
this focal chord is :
A. 25
B. 22
JEE Main 2019
C. 24
D. 20
Example :
JEE Main 2021

Position of point w.r.t parabola
Position of Point w.r.t
Parabola
Example :
Check whether the point (3, 4) lies inside or outside the parabola y2 = 4x.
Line and Parabola
Line and Parabola Condition of tangency
Equation of Tangent Equation of Tangent :
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
1. Point Form : 2. Parametric Form :
3. Slope Form :
Remember: The equation of a tangent to the parabola, x2 = 8y, which makes an angle θ with
the positive direction of x-axis, is :
JEE Main 2019

A. y = x tan θ + 2 cot θ
B. y = x tan θ - 2 cot θ
C. x = y cot θ + 2 tan θ
D. x = y cot - 2 tan θ
The tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x at the point where it intersects the circle x2 +
y2 = 5 in the first quadrant, passes through the point :
A.
JEE Main 2019
B.
C.
D.
Let a line y = mx (m > 0) intersect the parabola, y2 = x at a point P, other than the If one end of a focal chord AB of the parabola y2 = 8x is at A(1/2 , -2), then the
origin. Let the tangent to it at P meet the x-axis at the point Q, If area (ΔOPQ) = 4 equation of the tangent to it at B is :
sq. units, then m is equal to _.
JEE Main 2020
JEE Main 2020 A. 2x + y - 24 = 0
B. x - 2y + 8 = 0
C. x + 2y + 8 = 0
D. 2x - y - 24 = 0
Example :
If the lines x + y = a and x - y = b touch the curve y = x2 - 3x + 2 at
the points where the curve intersects the x - axis, the a/b is equal
to _.
JEE Main 2020

Example :
A tangent is drawn to the parabola y2 = 6x which is perpendicular
Point of Intersection of
to the line 2x + y = 1. Which of the following points does NOT lie
on it ?
A. (0, 3)
two tangents
B. (-6, 0) JEE Main 2021
C. (4, 5)
D. (5, 4)
Point of Intersection of Tangents Paragraph Question

Let PQ be a focal chord of parabola y2 = 4ax. The tangents to the parabola
G O A at P and Q meet at a point lying on the line y = 2x + a, a>0
1. Length of chord PQ is JEE Adv. 2013
A. 7a
B. 5a
C. 2a
D. 3a
Paragraph Question
If the chord PQ subtends an angle θ at the vertex of y2 = 4ax, then tan θ =
JEE Adv. 2013
Important Property
Point of intersection of tangents at the extremities of focal chord lie on directrix
Eqn of Common
Tangent
Example : Example :
If the common tangent to the parabolas, y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y also If y = mx + 4 is a tangent to both the parabolas, y2 = 4x and
touches the circle, x2 + y2 = c2, then c is equal to : x2 = 2by, then b is equal to :
JEE Main 2020
A. 1 / 2√2 A. -32
B. 1 / √2 B. -64 JEE Main 2020
C. 1/4 C. -128
D. 1/2 D. 128
Example :
Equation of a common tangent to the circle, x2 + y2 - 6x = 0 and
the parabola, y2 = 4x, is :
A. 2√3y = 12x + 1
B. √3y = x + 3 JEE Main 2019
C. 2√3y = -x - 12
D. √3y = 3x + 1
Example :
The equation of a common tangent to the curves, y2 = 16x and
xy = -4, is :
A. x-y+4=0
B. x+y+4=0
JEE Main 2019
C. x - 2y + 16 = 0
D. 2x - y + 2 = 0
Example :
Equation of a common tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x and the
External Point
hyperbola xy = 2 is :
A. x+y+1=0
B. x - 2y + 4 = 0
JEE Main 2019
C. x + 2y + 4 = 0
D. 4x + 2y + 1 = 0
DIY
Ans: C
Chord of Contact
P (x1, y1)
Chord of contact :
given
P (x1, y1)
Equation of the chord with a given middle point :
JEE Adv. 2017
Equation of Normal
Eqn of Normal : 1. Point form :
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
2. Parametric form : 3. Slope form :

Note : Important Result
If the normal at one point P(at12,2at1) intersects the parabola again at Q(at22,2at2) then
Example :
JEE Main 2021

JEE Adv. 2015
Co-normal points
Example :
Find the equation of normal to the parabola y2 = 4x which passes through (3, 0)
CO - normal points :
Properties of co-normal points : Properties of co-normal points :
1. The algebraic sum of the slopes of three concurrent normals is 2. The algebraic sum of ordinates of the feets of three normals
zero. drawn to a parabola from a given point is zero
Properties of co-normal points :

3. Three real normals can be drawn to any parabola y2 = 4ax from a
given point (h, k) if h > 2a
Example : Example :
4. The centroid of the triangle formed by the feet of the three If the three normals drawn to the parabola, y2 = 2x pass through
normals lies on the axis of the parabola the point (a, 0) a ≠ 0, then ‘a’ must be greater than :
A. 1/2
JEE Main 2021
B. -1/2
C. -1
D. 1
If P is a point on the parabola y = x2 + 4 which is closest to the straight line
Shortest Distance y = 4x - 1, then the coordinates of P are :
A. (-2, 8)
B. (1, 5)
JEE Main 2021
C. (3, 13)
D. (2, 8)
Pole and Polar
Polar & Pole : Polar & Pole :

Let P be any point inside or outside a parabola. Suppose a straight line
drawn through P intersect the parabola at Q and R. Then the locus of
point of intersection of the tangents to the parabola at Q and R is
called the polar of given P with respect to the parabola and point P is
called the pole of the polar.
Equation of the Polar of the point P(x1, y1) w.r.t. the parabola y2 = 4ax is
y y1 = 2a(x + x1)
Note :
Diameter of Parabola
The polar of the focus of the parabola is the directrix.
Diameter of a Parabola : Equation of diameter of a Parabola :

Diameter of a conic is the locus of middle points of a series of its
parallel chords.
Properties of Parabola Properties of Parabola :
1. Circle described on focal length as diameter touches Tangent at vertex
Properties of Parabola : Properties of Parabola :

2. Circle described on focal chord as diameter touches directrix 3. Reflection Property
5. The portion of tangent to the parabola intercepted between directrix and
4. Tangent at the extremities of focal chord intersect at right angle on the curve subtends a right angle at focus
directrix
JEE Adv. 2021

6. The foot of perpendicular from focus on any tangent to parabola lies of 7. The area of triangle formed by three points on a parabola is twice the
tangent at vertex area of triangle formed by tangents at these points
JEE Adv. 2011

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Conic Section
Conic Section
Definition of any conics
General Eqn of any 2nd
degree curve
Standard Eqn of Ellipse

General Equation of 2nd degree curve
Pair of SL
Hyperbola
h2 > ab
h=0 h2 = ab h2 < ab
e>1
a=b e=1 e<1
Tracing of Ellipse Tracing of Ellipse
If a > b If b > a
Kundli of Ellipse Kundli of Ellipse
Horizontal Ellipse Vertical Ellipse Horizontal Ellipse Vertical Ellipse
Standard Equation Relation between a, b

and e
Centre
Extremities of Latus
Length of Major axis Rectum
Length of Minor axis Length of Latus

rectum(LR)
Vertexes
Foci
Auxiliary Circle
Eqn of Directrix
PS + PS’ =
Kundli of Ellipse
x2/16 + y2/12 = 1
Focal Length
Focal Length: Length of any point on Ellipse from focus
If the distance between the foci of an ellipse is 6 and the distance between its
Alternate Definition of ellipse directrices is 12, then the length of its latus rectum is :
PS + PS’ = 2a
A. √3
JEE Main 2020
B. 3√2
C. 3/√2
D. 2√3
If the coordinates of two points A and B are (√7, 0) and (-√7, 0)

respectively and P is any point on the conic, 9x2 + 16y2 = 144, then
PA + PB is equal to :
JEE Main 2020

A. 16
B. 8
C. 6
D. 9
Let (a > b) be a given ellipse, length of whose latus rectum
is 10. If its eccentricity is the maximum value of the function,
then a2 + b2 is equal to :
A. 145 JEE Main 2020
B. 116
C. 126
D. 135
If the point of intersections of the ellipse

and the circle x2 + y2 = 4b, b > 4 lie on the curve y2 = 3x2, then b is equal to :
A. 12 JEE Main 2021
B. 5
C. 6
D. 10
In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference of the lengths of
major axis and minor axis is 10 and one of the foci is at (0, 5√3), then
the length of its latus rectum is
JEE Main 2019

A. 10
B. 5
C. 8
D. 6
If the point P on the curve, 4x2 + 5y2 = 20 is farthest from the point Q(0, -4),
then PQ2 is equal to :
JEE Main 2020

A. 36
B. 48
C. 21
D. 29
JEE Adv 2021
JEE Adv 2012

Position of a point w.r.t
an ellipse
Position of a point w.r.t an ellipse : Illustration :

Check whether the point P(3, 2) lies inside, on or outside of the
ellipse
Interaction of a line and an ellipse :
Line and Ellipse
Condition of tangency
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
1. Point Form : 2. Parametric Form :

3. Slope Form : Remember
Point Form T=0
Parametric Form
Slope Form
Let L be a tangent line to the parabola y2 = 4x - 20 at (6, 2). If L is also a

tangent to the ellipse then the value of b is equal to :
JEE Main 2021

A. 11
B. 14
C. 16
D. 20
If 3x + 4y = 12√2 is a tangent to the ellipse x2/a2 + y2/9 = 1 for some a ∈ R,
then the distance between the foci of the ellipse is :
JEE Main 2020

A. 2√7
B. 4
C. 2√5
D. 2√2
The length of the minor axis (along y -axis) of an ellipse in the standard
form is 4/√3. If this ellipse touches the line, x + 6y = 8; then its
eccentricity is :
JEE Main 2020

A.
B.
C.
D.
JEE Adv 2020
Suppose that the foci of the ellipse are (f1, 0) and (f2, 0) where
f1 > 0 and f2 < 0. Let P1 and P2 be two parabolas with a common vertex at
(0,0) and with foci at (f1, 0) and (2f2, 0), respectively. Let T1 be a tangent to
P1 which passes through (2f2, 0) and T2 be a tangent to P2 which passes
through (f1, 0). If m1 is the slope of T1 and m2 is the slope of T2, then the
value of is JEE Adv 2015

Equation of Common
Tangent
Let L be a common tangent line to the curve 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 and (2x)2 +
(2y)2 = 31. Then the square of slope of line L is
JEE Main 2021
Eqn of Normal :
Equation of Normal
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
1. Point form : 2. Parametric form :
3. Slope form :
Let x = 4 be a directrix to an ellipse whose centre is at the origin and its
Eccentricity is 1/2 . If P (1, β), β > 0 is a point on this ellipse, then the
equation of the normal to it at P is :
JEE Main 2020

A. 4x - 3y = 2
B. 8x - 2y = 5
C. 7x - 4y = 1
D. 4x - 2y = 1
If the normal at an end of a latus rectum of an ellipse passes through

an extremity of the minor axis, then the eccentricity e of the ellipse
satisfies :
JEE Main 2020

A. e4 + 2e2 - 1 = 0
B. e2 + e - 1 = 0
C. e4 + e2 - 1 = 0
D. e2 + 2e - 1 = 0
Let the line y = mx and the ellipse 2x2 + y2 = 1 intersect at a point P in
the first quadrant. If the normal to this ellipse at P meets the co-
ordinate axes at (-1/3√2 , 0) and (0, β), then β is equal to :
A. 2√2 / 3
B. 2 / √3
C. 2/3 JEE Main 2020
D. √2 / 3
Director Circle
Director Circle
Locus of point of intersection of tangents which meet at right angle
(h, k)
Pair of Tangents from Pair of tangents from a point :

External Point
P (x1, y1)
Chord of Contact Chord of contact :
P (x1, y1)
Eqn of Chord if Midpoint is Equation of the chord with a given middle point :
given
Diameter of Ellipse:
Diameter of Ellipse Diameter of a conic is the locus of middle points of a series of its
parallel chords.
Equation of Diameter of Ellipse

Properties of Ellipse
Properties of the Ellipse : Properties of the Ellipse :
2. The locus of the point of intersection of feet of perpendicular from foci
1. Reflection Property on any tangent to an ellipse is the auxiliary circle.
Which of the following points lies on the locus of the foot of Properties of the Ellipse :
perpendicular drawn upon any tangent to the ellipse, x2/4 + y2/2 = 1
from any of its foci ? 3. The product of perpendicular distance from the foci to any tangent of
an ellipse is equal to square of the semi minor axis
JEE Main 2020
A. (-2, √3)
B. (-1, √2)
C. (-1, √3)
D. (1, 2)
Properties of the Ellipse :
4. Tangents at the extremities of latus-rectum of an ellipse intersect on the
corresponding directrix.
Properties of the Ellipse : Properties of the Ellipse :

5. PS + PS’ = 2a 6. If the normal at any point P on the ellipse with centre C meet the major
& minor axes in G & g respectively & if CF be perpendicular upon this
normal then
(i) PF.PG = b2
(ii) PF.Pg = a2
Properties of the Ellipse : Join with us in Telegram
7. The portion of the tangent to an ellipse between the point of contact &
the directrix subtends a right angle at the corresponding focus. Telegram Channel

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Conic Section
Conic Section
Definition of any conics Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1 , focus
(1, 2) and eccentricity √3.
General Eqn of any 2nd

degree curve
General Equation of 2nd degree curve Standard Equation of
Hyperbola
Pair of SL
Hyperbola
h2 > ab
h=0 h2 = ab h2 < ab
e>1
a=b e=1 e<1
Tracing of Hyperbola
Standard Equation of Hyperbola
Tracing of Conjugate Hyperbola Kundli of Hyperbola
Hyperbola Conjugate Hyperbola
Standard Equation
Centre
Length of Transverse
axis
Length of Conjugate axis
Vertexes
Foci
Eqn of Directrix
Kundli of Hyperbola Properties of Hyperbola and its

conjugate
Hyperbola Conjugate Hyperbola
Relation between a, b 1. The foci of a hyperbola and its

and e
conjugate are concyclic and form the
Length of Latus
vertices of a square.
rectum(LR)
1. If e1 & e2 are the eccentricities of the
Auxiliary Circle
hyperbola & its conjugate then
|PS - PS’| = e1-2 + e2-2 = 1.
Kundli of Hyperbola
16x2 - 9y2 = -144
Kundli of Hyperbola
Focal Length
Focal Length Alternate Definition of Hyperbola
Focal Length: Length of any point on Hyperbola from focus |PS - PS’| = 2a
A hyperbola passes through the foci of the ellipse x2/25 + y2/16 = 1 and
its transverse and conjugate axes coincide with major and minor axes
of the ellipse, respectively. If the product of their eccentricities is one,
then the equation of the hyperbola is
JEE Main 2021
A. x2/9 - y2/4 = 1
B. x2/9 - y2/16 = 1
C. x2 - y2 = 9
D. x2/9 - y2/25 = 1
A hyperbola having the transverse axis of length √2 has the same foci
as that of the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12, then this hyperbol does not pass
through which of the following points ?
JEE Main 2020

A.
B.
C.
D.
If 5x + 9 = 0 is the directrix of the hyperbola 16x2 - 9y2 = 144, then its

corresponding focus is : A hyperbola has its centre at the origin, passes through the point (4, 2)
and has transverse axis of length 4 along the x - axis . Then the
eccentricity of the hyperbola is :
JEE Main 2019
A. (5, 0)
A. 3/2 JEE Main 2019
B.
B. √3
C.
C. 2
D. (-5,0)
D. 2/√3
If a hyperbola has length of its conjugate axis equal to 5 and the distance
Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1 be reciprocal to
between its foci is 13, then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is :
that of the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4. If the hyperbola passes through a focus
of the ellipse, then
JEE Main 2019 JEE Adv 2011
A. 13/12
A. The equation of the hyperbola is x2/3 - y2/2 = 1
B. 2
B. A focus of the hyperbola is (2, 0)
C. 13/6
C. The eccentricity of the hyperbola is
D. 13/8
D. The equation of the hyperbola is x2 - 3y2 = 3
Let H : x2 / a2 - y2 / b2 = 1, where a > b > 0, be a hyperbola in the xy-

plane whose conjugate axis LM subtends an angle of 60o at one of its
vertices N. Let the area of the triangle LMN be 4√3.
The correct option is :

JEE Adv 2018
A. P→4 ; Q→2; R→1; S→3 B. P→4; Q→3 ; R→1; S→2
C. P→4 ; Q→1 ; R→3 ; S→2 D. P→3 ; Q→4 ; R→2 ; S→1

Rectangular Hyperbola
Rectangular Hyperbola : Shifted Hyperbola

The equation 16x2 - 3y2 - 32x + 12y - 44 = 0 represents a hyperbola
Hyperbola if Center is not at Origin :
A. the length of whose transverse axis is 2√3
B. The length of whose conjugate axis is 8.
C. Whose centre is (1,2)
D. Whose eccentricity is √19 / 3
The equation 9x2 - 16y2 - 18x + 32y - 151 = 0 represent a hyperbola -
A. The length of the transverse axes is 4
B. Length of latus rectum is 9
C. Equation of directrix is x = 21/5 and x = -11/5
D. None of these
Position of a Point w.r.t
Hyperbola
Find the position of the point (5, -4) relative to the hyperbola
Position of Point w.r.t Hyperbola : 9x2 - y2 = 1.
Line and Hyperbola Line w.r.t Hyperbola :
If 2x - y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the hyperbola x2 / a2 - y2 / 16 = 1, then

which of the following cannot be sides of a right angled triangle ?
JEE Adv 2017

A. a, 4, 1
B. a, 4, 2
C. 2a, 8, 1
D. 2a, 4, 1
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
Point Form
Point Form : Parametric form :

Consider a hyperbola H : x2 - 2y2 = 4. Let the tangent at a point P(4, √6)
Slope form : meet the x-axis at Q and latus rectum at R (x1, y1) , x1 > 0. If F is a focus
of H which is near to the point P, then the area of ΔQFR is equal to
JEE Main 2021

A. 4√6
B. √6 - 1
C. 7/√6 - 2
D. 4√6 - 1
A line parallel to the straight line 2x - y = 0 is tangent to the hyperbola

x2/4 - y2/2 = 1 at the point (x1, y1). Then x21 + 5y21 is equal to :
JEE Main 2020

A. 6
B. 8
C. 10
D. 5
If the eccentricity of the standard hyperbola passing through the point
(4, 6) is 2, then the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at (4, 6) is :
JEE Main 2019

A. x - 2y + 8 = 0
B. 2x - 3y + 10 = 0
C. 2x - y - 2 = 0
D. 3x - 2y = 0
The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola 4x2 - 5y2 = 20 parallel to the

line x - y = 2 is :
JEE Main 2019

A. x-y+1=0
B. x-y+7=0
C. x-y+9=0
D. x-y-3=0
The line 2x + y = 1 is tangent to the hyperbola x2 / a2 - y2 / b2 = 1.
If this line passes through the point of intersection of the nearest
directrix and the x-axis, then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is
JEE Adv. 2010
If the line y = mx + c is a common tangent to the hyperbola x2/100 -
Common Tangent y2/64 = 1 and the circle x2 + y2 = 36, then which one of the following is
true ?
JEE Main 2020

A. c2 = 369
B. 5m = 4
C. 4c2 = 369
D. 8m + 5 = 0
Let a line L : 2x + y = k, k > 0 be a tangent to the hyperbola x2 - y2 = 3. If
L is also a tangent to the parabola y2 = αx, then α is equal to :
A. 12
JEE Main 2021
B. -12
C. 24
D. -24
Director Circle
Director Circle : Condition of real Director Circle :
Locus of point of intersection of tangents which meet at right angle
Equation of Normal Equation of Normal:
1. Point Form
2. Parametric Form
3. Slope Form
1. Point form : 2. Parametric form :
3. Slope form :
If a hyperbola passes through the point P(10, 16) and it has vertices at (
士6, 0), then the equation of the normal to it at P is :
JEE Main 2020

A. 3x + 4y = 94
B. 2x + 5y = 100
C. x + 2y = 42
D. x + 3y = 58
Let P(3, 3) be a point on the hyperbola x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1. If the normal to

it at P intersects the x-axis at (9, 0) and e is its eccentricity, then the
ordered pair (a2, e2) is equal to :
JEE Main 2020

A. (9/2 , 3)
B. (3/2, 2)
C. (9/2, 2)
D. (9,3)
JEE Adv. 2020

External Point
Chord of Contact
P (x1, y1)
Chord of contact :
P (x1, y1) given
The locus of the midpoints of the chord of the circle, x2 + y2 = 25 which is
Equation of the chord with a given middle point : tangent to the hyperbola, x2/9 - y2/16 = 1 is :
JEE Main 2021

A. (x2 + y2) - 16x2 + 9y2 = 0
B. (x2 + y2)2 - 9x2 + 144y2 = 0
C. (x2 + y2)2 - 9x2 - 16y2 = 0
D. (x2 + y2)2 - 9x2 + 16y2 = 0
The locus of the mid points of the chords of the hyperbola x2 - y2 = 4,

which touch the parabola y2 = 8x, is
JEE Main 2021

A. y3 (x - 2) = x2
B. x3 (x - 2) = y2
C. y2(x - 2) = x3
D. x2(x - 2) = y3
Diameter of Hyperbola
Diameter of Hyperbola: Equation of Diameter of Hyperbola

Diameter of a conic is the locus of middle points of a series of its
parallel chords.
Properties of Hyperbola Properties of Hyperbola :
The tangent & normal at any point of a hyperbola bisect the angle
between the focal radii.
Reflection Property : Properties of Hyperbola :

Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus of the
hyperbola x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1 upon any tangent is its auxiliary circle i.e. x2
+ y2 = a2 & the product of the feet of these perpendiculars is b2.
Properties of Hyperbola : Properties of Hyperbola :
The portion of the tangent between the point of contact & the directrix The foci of the hyperbola and the points P and Q in which any tangent
subtends a right angle at the corresponding focus. meets the tangents at the vertices are concyclic with PQ as diameter
of the circle.
Asymptotes of Asymptotes of Hyperbola

Asymptote: Tangent at infinity
Hyperbola
Equation of Asymptotes of Hyperbola : Properties of Asymptotes :
A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same asymptote.
Properties of Asymptotes : Properties of Asymptotes :

The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola Axes of Hyperbola bisects the angle between asymptotes
The angle between the asymptotes of Asymptotes are the tangent to the hyperbola from the centre.

A simple method to find the coordinates of the centre of the Hyperbola, pair of asymptotes and the conjugate hyperbola are
hyperbola is expressed as a general equation of degree 2. different only by constant term
i.e, let f(x, y) = 0 represents a hyperbola.
Find Then the point of intersection of
gives the centre of the hyperbola.
xy - 3y - 2x = 0
Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola xy - 3y - 2x = 0.
Properties of Asymptotes :
If b = a, then x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1 reduces x2 - y2 = a2. The asymptotes of
rectangular hyperbola x2 - y2 = a2 are y = 土 x which are at right angles.
The asymptotes of a hyperbola having centre at the point (1,2) are

parallel to the lines 2x + 3y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 0. If the hyperbola passes
through the point (5, 3), show that its equation is (2x + 3y - 8)(3x + 2y - 7)
= 154.
Rectangular Hyperbola Rectangular Hyperbola xy=c2 :
xy=c2
When the centre of any rectangular hyperbola be at the origin and its
asymptotes coincide with the coordinate axes then equation of
hyperbola is xy = c2.
Here the equation of asymptotes is xy = 0 and the equation conjugate

hyperbola is xy = -c2.
Rectangular Hyperbola xy=c2 : Kundli of Hyperbola xy=c2 :
Standard Equation xy = c2
Centre (0, 0)
Eqn of Transverse axis
Eqn of Conjugate axis
Equation of asymptotes
Vertexes
Foci
Eqn of Directrix
Kundli of Hyperbola xy=c2 : Join with us in Telegram
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Length of Transverse
axis
Length of Conjugate axis
Length of Latus Complete Notes and Lectures

rectum(LR)
Parametric Coordinates ● livedaily.me/atoms

Auxiliary Circle
Director Circle

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Iota and its powers Powers of i (iota)

Powers of i (iota) Powers of i (iota)
NOTE: Sum of any 4 consecutive power of iota = 0
Find the value of Definition of Complex Numbers

Definition of Complex Numbers Classification of Complex Numbers
Z=a+ib Z=a+ib
Purely Real Purely Imaginary Imaginary

If b = 0 If a = 0 If b ≠ 0
Geometrical Representation of CN Note :

Algebra of Complex Numbers Algebra of CN :
If z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 2 - i then find
Equality of Complex Numbers :

Note: If (m, n ∈ N), then the greatest common
divisor of the least values of m and n is _.

JEE Main 2020
The least positive integer n such that If the real part of the complex number z =
is a positive integer, is. θ ∈ (0, π/2) is zero, then the value of sin2 3θ + cos2 θ is equal to
Square Root of Complex
Numbers
Square root of CN : #Shortcut
1.
1. 2. 1. 2.
3. 4. 3. 4.
The imaginary part of can be
A. -√6 JEE Main 2020

B. -2√6
C. 6
D. √6
Conjugate, Modulus and Conjugate of CN :
Argument Replace i → -i
Conjugate of CN - Geometrical Meaning : Modulus of CN :

Modulus of CN - Geometrical Meaning : Distance Formula
Argument of CN : Principle Argument of CN :
#Shortcut Method
𝜋-𝜶 𝜶
𝜶-𝜋 -𝜶
Principle Argument of CN : Find Principal Argument :
Least Positive Argument : Properties of Modulus,

Conjugate and Argument
Properties of Modulus Properties of Conjugate
Properties of Argument : Let a complex number be w = 1 - √3i. Let another complex number z
be such that |zw| = 1 and arg (z) - arg (w) = π/2. Then the area of the
triangle with vertices origin, z and w is equal to : JEE Main 2021
A. 4
B. 1/2
C. 1/4
D. 2
Representation of Complex
Numbers
Representation of CN : 1. Cartesian Form :
1. Cartesian Form
2. Polar Form / Trigonometric Form
3. Euler Form
4. Vector Form
2. Trigonometric/polar form : 3. Exponential/Euler form :
Euler Identity 4. Vector Form :

Locus of z Represent the Locus of z
Represent the Locus of z Represent the Locus of z

Represent the Locus of z Let S1, S2 and S3 be three sets defined as
S1 = {z ∈ C : |z - 1| ≤ √2}
S2 = {z ∈ C : Re(( 1 - i)z) ≥ 1 } JEE Main 2021
S3 = {z ∈ C : Im(z) ≤ 1}
Then the set S1 ∩ S2 ∩ S3
A. Is a singleton
B. Has exactly two elements
C. Has infinitely many elements
D. Has exactly three elements
De moivre’s Theorem (DMT) :

De moivre’s Theorem (DMT) : De moivre’s Theorem (DMT) :
# Statement - 1
# Statement - 2
The value of is :
JEE Main 2020
A.
B.
C.
D.
If (√3 + i)100 = 299 (p + iq), then p and q are roots of the equation :
A. x2 - (√3 - 1)x - √3 = 0
JEE Main 2021
B. x2 + (√3 + 1)x + √3 = 0
C. x2 + (√3 - 1)x - √3 = 0
D. x2 - (√3 + 1)x + √3 = 0
Cube Root of Unity Cube root of unity :

Cube root of unity : Cube root of unity :
Properties of Cube Root of Unity Properties of Cube Root of Unity

The value of is :
A. JEE Main 2020 JEE Main 2021

-215
B. 215 i
C. -215 i
D. 65
If a and b are real numbers such that (2 + α)4 = a + bα, where

α = (-1 + i√3) / 2 , then a + b is equal to :
A. JEE Main 2020

9
B. 24
C. 33
D. 57
nth Root of Unity
nth root of unity : nth root of unity :

nth root of unity : Properties of nth Root of Unity
Properties of nth Root of Unity Properties of nth Root of Unity

Properties of nth Root of Unity
(4) If all n roots of nth root of unity are plotted on argand plane, we get a
regular polygon of n sides
JEE adv. 2015

Geometry of Complex Numbers
Distance Formula What will they represent?

Section Formula Complex Numbers as Vectors
Concept of Rotation Concept of Rotation :

Concept of Rotation : Multiplication by -1, i, -i, ⍵ and -⍵
The area of the triangle with vertices A(z), B(iz) and C(z + iz) is : Important Result
If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle then
JEE Main 2021
z21 + z22 + z23 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1
and if z0 is the circumcentre of the triangle then

3z20 = z2l + z22 + z23.
Let z1 , z2 be the roots of the equation z2 + az + 12 = 0 and z1, z2 form
an equilateral triangle with origin. Then, the value of lal is
JEE Main 2021
Standard Locus involving Standard Locus involving Argument

Argument
If S = , then :
JEE Main 2021

A. S contains exactly two elements.
B. S contains only one element.
C. S is a circle in the complex plane
D. S is a straight line in the complex plane
If z1 = 2 + 3 i, z2 = 3 - 2 i and z3 = -1 - 2 √3 i then which of the following The equation arg (z - 1 / z + 1) = π /4 represents a circle with :
is true ? JEE Main 2021
A. Centre at (0, -1) and radius √2
B. Centre at (0, 1) and radius √2
C. Centre at (0, 0) and radius √2
D. Centre at (0, 1) and radius 2

Equation of Straight Line Equation of Straight Line
# Shortcut
General Equation of Straight Line Parallel and Perpendicular Lines :

Let ω1 and ω2 be the complex slopes of two lines
(i) If ω1 = ω2 then lines are parallel
(ii) If ω1 + ω2 = 0 then lines are perpendicular.
# Complex Slope
Reflection of point in SL : Find the image of the point P(1 - i) in the line
z1
Distance of point from Line : Let z = x + iy be a non-zero complex number such that z2 = i |z|2 ,
where i = √-1, then z lies on the :
A. JEE Main 2020

z1 Line, y = -x
B. Imaginary axis
C. line , y = x
D. Real axis
Different Forms of Eqn of Different Forms of Eqn of Circle :
Circles
Find the centre and radius of the circle : If the equation a|z|2 + αz + αz + d = 0 represents a circle a, d are real
constants then which of the following condition is correct ?
JEE Main 2021

A. |α|2 - ad ≠ 0
B. |α|2 - ad > 0 and a ∈ R - {0}
C. |α|2 - ad ≥ 0 and a ∈ R
D. α = 0, a, d ∈ R+
If for the complex number z satisfying | z - 2 - 2i | ≤ 1, the maximum Standard Locus Involving
value of |3iz + 6| is attained at a + i b, then a + b is equal to.
JEE Main 2021

Modulus
Type 1 Let z and w be two complex numbers such that
and Re(w) has minimum value. Then,

the
minimum value of n ∈ N for which wn is real, is equal to ____
JEE Main 2021
Type 2
Type 3 If z is a complex number satisfying the equation | z + i | + | z - i | = 8, on

the complex plane then maximum value of | z | is
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
Log of Complex Numbers Logarithm of CN :
Separate into real and imaginary parts the following : Join with us in Telegram
(i) log (1 + i)
Telegram Channel


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Statistics
One Shot

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Types of Data
1. Organised Data
2. Unorganised Data
Types of Data
Types of Data
1. Raw Data
2. Grouped Data
a. Discrete
b. Continuous
Measure of
Central Tendency
Measure of Central Tendency Mean (Average)
1. Mean Find Mean

2. Median
3. Mode 92, 96, 104, 101, 105, 99, 97, 108
Mean (Average) Mean (Average)
Find Mean 🔥Shortcut
92, 96, 104, 101, 105, 99, 97, 108
If for some x ∈ R, the frequency distribution of the marks obtained by

20 students in a test is :
then the mean of the marks is : [JEE Main - 2019]
A. 3.2
B. 3.0
C. 2.5
D. 2.8
Grouped Mean In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys whose average marks in a
subject are 75. If the average marks of the complete class is 72, then what
is the average of the girls?
[2002]
A. 73
B. 65
C. 68
D. 74
Median (Middle Number) Median (Middle Number)
If number of observations are odd then median is observation

S-1: arrange in ascending or descending order
S-2: Find Middle observation
If number of observations are even then median in the
Find Median? average of and observation

92, 96, 104, 101, 105, 99, 97, 108
Mode (Most Repeating Observation) Relation
10, 20, 10, 30, 20, 42, 40, 37, 20 3 Median = 2 Mean + Mode
Deviations
Deviations
Mean Deviation Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation Variance Deviation

Let n be an odd natural number such that the variance of
1, 2, 3, 4, …. , n is 14. Then n is equal to.
[JEE Main - 2021]
Coefficient of Variance
Magic Table
The series having greater C.V. is said to be more variable or
conversely less consistent, less uniform, less stable, less homogeneous
Magic Table
Operations on xi Mean S.D. Variance
add K to each obv. add K unchanged unchanged
sub K to each obv. sub K unchanged unchanged
mul K to each obv. mul K mul K mul K2 Type 1:

div K to each obv. div K div K div K2
Shortcut
Let xi (1 ≤ i ≤ 10) be ten observations of a random variable X. If If then the standard
where 0 ≠ p ∈ R, then the standard deviation

deviation of n observations x1, x2, ……………. xn is :
deviation of these observations is :
A. 4/5 [JEE Main - 2020]
B. √(3/5) [JEE Main - 2020]
C. 9/10
D. 7/10
If Then the standard deviation of the
Let the observations xi(1 ≤ i ≤ 10) satisfy the equations,
9 items x1, x2, …….. x9 is :
A. 4 If μ and λ are the mean and the variance of the observations,

[JEE Main - 2018]
x1 - 3, x2 - 3, …, x10 - 3, then the ordered pair (μ, λ) is equal to ;
B. 2
[JEE Main - 2020]
C. 3 A. (3, 3)
D. 9 B. (6, 3)
C. (6, 6)
D. (3, 6)
Type 2:
Arithmetic
Progression
Type - 2: Arithmetic Progression If the variance of the terms in an increasing A.P., b1 , b2 , b3, ……, b11 is
90, then the common difference of this A.P is _.
[JEE Main - 2020]
If the mean deviation of the numbers 1, 1 + d, 1 + 2d, ………..

1 + 100d from their mean is 255, then d is equal to -
A. 20.0 [2009]
B. 10.1
C. 20.1
D. 10.0
Type 3:
Two Observations
Missing
The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16 respectively.

If 5 of these observations are 2, 4, 10, 12, 14, then the absolute
difference of the remaining two observations is :
A. 1 [JEE Main - 2020]
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
If the mean and variance of six observations 7, 10, 11, 15, a, b are 10 The mean of 6 distinct observations is 6.5 and their variance is 10.25. If
and 20/3, respectively, then the value of |a - b| is equal to : 4 out of 6 observations are 2, 4, 5 and 7, then the remaining two
observations are :
A. 9 A. 10, 11
[JEE Main - 2021] [JEE Main - 2021]
B. 11 B. 3, 18
C. 7 C. 8, 13
D. 1 D. 1, 20
Homework Q1
If the mean and variance of the following data : 6, 10, 7, 13, a, 12, b, 12 The mean and variance of 8 observations are 10 and 13.5
are 9 and 37/4 respectively, then (a - b)2 is equal to : respectively. If 6 of these observations are 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, then the
absolute difference of the remaining two observations is :
A. 24 [JEE Main - 2021] A. 9

[JEE Main - 2020]
B. 12 B. 5
C. 32 C. 3
D. 16 D. 7
Homework Q2 Homework Q3
If the mean and standard deviation of the data 3, 5, 7, a, b are 5 and 2 Let the mean and variance of four numbers 3, 7, x and y (x > y) be 5
respectively, then a and b are the roots of the equation : and 10 respectively. Then the mean of four numbers 3 + 2x, 7 + 2y, x +
y and x - y is.
A. x2 - 20x + 18 = 0
B. 2x2 - 20x + 19 = 0 [JEE Main - 2020] [JEE Main - 2021]
C. x2 - 10x + 19 = 0
D. x2 - 10x + 18 = 0
If the mean and variance of eight numbers 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 20, x and y The mean and variance of seven observations are 8 and 16,
be 10 and 25 respectively, then x . y is equal to respectively. If 5 of the observations are 2, 4, 10, 12, 14, then the
product of the remaining two observations is :
A. 45
B. 49
[JEE Main - 2020] [JEE Main - 2019]
C. 48
D. 40
The mean of five observations is 5 and their variance is 9.20. If three The mean and the variance of five observations are 4 and 5.20,
of the given five observations are 1, 3 and 8, then a ratio of other two respectively. If three of the observations are 3, 4 and 4; then the
observations is : absolute value of the difference of the other two observations, is :
A. 10 : 3 A. 7
[JEE Main - 2019]
B. 4:9 [JEE Main - 2019] B. 5
C. 5:8 C. 1
D. 6:7 D. 3
Magic Table
Operations on xi Mean S.D. Variance
add K to each obv. add K unchanged unchanged
sub K to each obv. sub K unchanged unchanged
Type 4: mul K to each obv. mul K mul K mul K2
Magic Table div K to each obv. div K div K div K2

Consider three observations a, b and c such that b = a + c. If the
standard deviation of a + 2, b + 2, c + 2 is d, then which of the following
is true ?
[JEE Main - 2021]
A. b2 = 3(a2 + c2) + 9d2
B. b2 = a2 + c2 + 3d2
C. b2 = 3(a2 + c2 + d2)
D. b2 = 3(a2 + c2) - 9d2
Let A be a set of 2n terms out of which n terms are ‘a’ and n terms are ‘-
a’. If b is added to all 2n terms then its mean is 5 and standard deviation Let X = {x ∈ N : 1 ≤ x ≤ 17} and Y = {ax + b : x ∈ X and a, b ∈ R, a > 0}. If
is 20. Then the value of a2 + b2 is - mean and variance of elements of Y are 17 and 216 respectively then
[JEE Main - 2021] a + b is equal to :

[JEE Main - 2020]
A. 625
A. 7
B. 425
B. -7
C. 525
C. -27
D. 725
D. 9
The mean and the standard deviation (s.d) of 10 observations are 20
and 2 respectively. Each of these 10 observations is multiplied by p
and then reduced by q , where p ≠ 0 and q ≠ 0. If the new mean and
new s.d. become half of their original values, then q is equal to :
A. -5 [JEE Main - 2020]
B. 10
C. -20
D. -10
All the students of a class performed poorly in Mathematics. The teacher

decided to give grace marks of 10 to each of the students. Which of the
following statistical measures will not change even after the grace marks
were given ?
A. mean
[JEE Main - 2013]
B. median
C. mode
D. variance
Let x1, x2, ……………, xn be n observations, and let x̄ be their arithmetic mean
If the variance of the first n natural numbers is 10 and the variance of
and σ2 be the variance -
Statement 1 : Variance of 2x1, 2x2, ……. 2xn is 4σ2 the first m even natural numbers is 16, then m + n is equal to _.
Statement 2 : Arithmetic mean of 2x1, 2x2, ……. 2xn is 4x ̄
[JEE Main - 2020]
A. Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true [2012]
B. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2

is a correct explanation for Statement-1
C. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
C. Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
Type 4:
Wrong Observation
is deleted
The mean age of 25 teachers in a school is 40 years. A teacher retires
Type - 4: Wrong obs. is deleted at the age of 60 years and a new teacher is appointed in his place. If
the mean age of the teachers in this school now is 39 years, then the
age (in years) of the newly appointed teacher is_.
[JEE Main - 2021]
The mean of the data set comprising of 16 observations is 16. If one of The mean and standard deviation of 20 observations were calculated as
the observations valued 16 is deleted and three new observations 10 and 2.5 respectively. It was found that by mistake one data value was
valued 3, 4 and 5 are added to the data, then the mean of the resultant taken as 25 instead of 35. If α and √β are the mean and standard
data, is : deviation respectively for correct data, then (α, β) is :
[JEE Main - 2015] A. (11, 26) [JEE Main - 2021]

A. 15.8
B. (10.5, 25)
B. 14.0
C. (11, 25)
C. 16.8
D. (10.5, 26)
D. 16.0
The mean and variance of 20 observations are found to be 10 and 4,
respectively. On rechecking, it was found that an observation 9 was
incorrect and the correct observation was 11. Then the correct
variance is :
A. 3.99
[JEE Main - 2020]
B. 4.01
C. 4.02
D. 3.98
Type 5:
Use of Binomial
Consider the data on x taking the values 0, 2, 4, 8, … , 2n with
frequencies nC0, nC1, nC2, . . . nCn respectively. If the mean of this data is
728/2n, then n is equal to_.
[JEE Main - 2020]
Type 6: Observations are divided into two groups
Type 6:
Observations are
divided into two
groups
An online exam is attempted by 50 candidates out of which 20 are
boys. The average marks obtained by boys is 12 with a variance 2. The
variance of marks obtained by 30 girls is also 2. The average marks of
all 50 candidates is 15. If μ is the average marks if girls and σ2 is the
variance of marks of 50 candidates, then μ + σ2 is equal to.
[JEE Main - 2021]
The first of the two samples in a group has 100 items with mean 15
and standard deviation 3. If the whole group has 250 items with mean
15.6 and standard deviation √13.44, then the standard deviation of the
second sample is :
A. 8 [JEE Main - 2021]
B. 6
C. 4
D. 5
Consider the statistics of two sets of observations as follows : For two data sets, each of size 5, the variances are given to be 4 & 5 and
the corresponding means are given to be 2 and 4 respectively. The
Size Mean Variance
variance of the combined data set is -
Observation I 10 2 2
Observation II n 3 1 A. 11/2
[JEE M 2010]
B. 6
If the variance of the combined set of these two observations is 17/9,
then the value of n is equal to _
C. 13/2
[JEE Main - 2021]
D. 5/2
Homework
Homework

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Nishant Vora

B.Tech - IIT Patna

MATHEMATICS 7+ years Teaching experience

3d Geometry Mentored 5 lac+ students

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Bratin Mondal Top Results Amaiya singhal

Distance formulae Section formulae

1 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

2 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

3 Coordinates of midpoint of line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and B

(x2, y2, z2) is

If A and B are foot of perpendicular from (3, 7, 4) on the XY plane

Direction Ratios l, m, n respectively.

Important Results Direction Ratios (DRs)

2 sin2∝ + sin2β + sin2𝛾 = 2

A line AB in three-dimensional space makes 45° and 120° with the

1 Passing through a point and parallel to given direction

Find the equation of the line through the point 2i + j - 3k and

Angle between two lines = Angle between their Direction Vectors

Find the value of λ so that the following lines are perpendicular

The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is

II. Point of Intersection

M-1 Find Foot of Perpendicular then use Distance Formula

P(x0, y0, z0)

M-2 Perpendicular Distance =

P(x0, y0, z0)

Shortest Distance between two Skew Lines Consider the lines

The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is

[JEE Adv. 2018]

[20 July 2021 Shift 1]

Condition for 2 Lines to Intersect

Condition of Coplanarity (for vectors)

1. Two non-zero vectors are always coplanar

[25 July 2021 Shift 2]

Two lines and

are coplanar. Then 𝝰 can take value(s)

[JEE Adv. 2013]

Equation of Representation of Plane : P, ∏, 𝝈

General Equation of Plane Note

If the Equation of Plane is 2x + y + 2z = 5, then find

Let the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 bisect the line joining the points

[18 Mar 2021 shift 1]

[JEE Adv. 2017]

[JEE Adv. 2006]

[JEE Adv. 2010]

The equation of the planes parallel to the plane x - 2y + 2z - 3 = 0

[18 Mar 2021 Shift 1]

Image of Point in Plane Foot of Perpendicular from Point on the Plane

[JEE Adv. 2010]

[26 Feb 2021 Shift 2]

Solving Line and

Projection of Line Segment on Plane

Angle Between Two Planes Angle Between Two Planes

Consider the three planes

A. P1 and P3 are parallel.

A. x - 3y - 2z = -2 [08 Apr 2019 Shift 1]