ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Tutor:
Ms. Ruby Maria Syriac
Dept. of ME
SYLLABUS

Statics of rigid bodies: classification of force systems, composition

and resolution of forces, resultant and equilibrium equations, methods
of projections, Varignon’s theorem of moments.
Friction: analysis of single and connected bodies. Parallel coplanar
forces, couple. Beam reactions.
Properties of surfaces: centroid of composite areas, moment of inertia
of areas, polar moment of inertia, theorem of Pappus-Guldinus. Forces
in space.
Dynamics: D’Alembert’s principle, motion on horizontal and inclined
surfaces, motion of connected bodies. Impulse momentum and work
energy relation. Curvilinear translation.
Rotation: kinematics of rotation. Plane motion of rigid body:
instantaneous centre. Simple harmonic motion: mechanical vibrations.
 TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Timoshenko, S., Young, D. H., Rao, J. V. and Pati, S., Engineering Mechanics, Mc-
Graw Hill Publishers, 2017.
2. Beer, F. P. and Johnston, R., Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics,
Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 12th edition, 2005.
3. Bansal, R. K., A Textbook of Engineering Mechanics, Laxmi Publications, 8th edition,
2016.
4. Sharma, D. P., Hibbeler, R. C. and Shames, I. H., Engineering Mechanics, Pearson
Publishers, 2011.

5. Bhavikkatti, S. S., Engineering Mechanics, New Age International Publishers, 2016.

6. Merriam, J. L. and Kraige, L. G., Engineering Mechanics - Vols. 1 and 2, John Wiley,
7th edition, 2006.
7. Hibbeler, R. C. and Gupta, A., Engineering Mechanics, Vol. I Statics, Vol II Dynamics,
Pearson Education, 2009.
8. Shames, I. H., Engineering Mechanics - Statics and Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India.
 MARK DISTRIBUTION

Continuous Assessment Exams End Semester

Bloom’s Taxonomy
(Marks) Exam
Level
CA Exam I CA Exam II (Marks)
Remember
Understand 20 20 30
Apply 30 30 70
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
MODULE 1 Lecture # 1
History of Mechanics

From prehistoric times, human beings have used simple machines

such as bevels, wheels, levers and pulley as tools.
History of Mechanics

Archimedes’s Spiral Water Pump : When shaft is turned, spiral

connected with the shaft raises water. (B.C.287-212)
 History of Mechanics

• Leornado da Vinci (1452-1519)

– Had the correct idea of the thrust produced
by an arch
– He has studied the strength of materials
experimentally.
– First attempt to apply statics in finding
force in members of structures.
– Also the first attempt for determining the “Mechanics is the paradise
of mathematical sciences
strength of structural materials. because here we come to
the fruits of mechanics”
 History of Mechanics

• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

– Proposed the Law of Inertia
– Predict the motion of an object using a
mathematical model
 History of Mechanics

• Issac Newton (1642-1727)

– Established Classical Mechanics
– Physics that explains the relationship
between force and motion acting on an
object
– Statics + Dynamics
 History of Mechanics

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

– Physics theory on time and space
– Special Relativity + General relativity
– The theory that natural laws are invariant to
inertial systems and that time and space are
relative to observers
 History of Mechanics

• Max Plank (1858-1947)

– Quantum mechanics that deals with the
shape of a microscopic system.
– Quantum mechanics generalizes classical
theory, including all mechanics and
electromagnetism
History of Mechanics
History of Mechanics

Classical Mechanics/ Newtonian Mechanics : deals with the

motion of bodies under the influence of forces or with the
equilibrium of bodies when all forces are balanced. The subject
may be thought of as the elaboration and application of basic
postulates first enunciated by Isaac Newton.
Relativistic Mechanics : science concerned with the motion of
bodies whose relative velocities approach the speed of light. Put
forth by Albert Einstein
Quantum Mechanics : science dealing with the behaviour of
matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to
describe and account for the properties of molecules and atoms
and their constituents
 Introduction to Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences that is concerned

with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the action
of forces
Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics of Solids Mechanics of Fluids

Mechanics of
Mechanics of Deformable Ideal Fluids
Rigid Bodies Bodies Viscous Fluids
Incompressible
Strength of Fluids
Statics Dynamics
Materials
Theory of
Kinetics Kinematics Theory of Elasticity
Platicity
Rigid body

• A definite quantity of matter the parts of which are fixed in

position relative to one another [1]
• No bodies are absolutely rigid
• Deformation is negligible when compared to size of body
Rigid Body Mechanics

Essential for the design and analysis of many types of structural

members, mechanical components, electrical devices, etc,
encountered in engineering.
Statics & Dynamics

• Statics :- Study of forces and conditions of equilibrium of

material bodies subjected to action of force.
• Dynamics :- Study of motion of rigid bodies and their
correlation with the forces causing them.
Mechanics: Basic Concepts

• Space: Geometric region occupied by bodies. Position of body

– described by linear and angular measurements relative to a
coordinate system
• Mass: Quantity of matter in a body
• Time: Measure of sequence of events
• Force :
– Action that tend to change the state of rest of a body
– Magnitude, point of application and direction
• In Newtonian mechanics, Length, Time, and Mass are absolute
concepts independent of each other and force is a derived
concept.
Mechanics: Basic Concepts

• System of Forces

Forces

Coplanar Non-Coplanar

Concurrent Non-Concurrent Concurrent Non-Concurrent

Parallel General Parallel General

Mechanics: Basic Concepts

• System of Forces

Concurrent Coplanar Non-Concurrent Coplanar Forces

Forces (Parallel)
Mechanics: Basic Concepts
• System of Forces

Collinear Forces

Non-Coplanar Forces

Non-Collinear Forces
Mechanics: Units
Mechanics: Units
Mechanics: Units
MODULE 1 Lecture # 2
Idealisation in Mechanics

Continuum : Continuous distribution of matter with no voids or

empty spaces.
Particle : A body with mass but with dimensions that can be
neglected
Rigid Body: A combination of large
number of particles in which all
particles remain at a fixed distance
from one another before and after
applying a load.
Size of earth is insignificant
Material properties of a rigid body compared to the size of its orbit.
are not required to be considered Earth can be modeled as a
when analyzing the forces acting on particle when studying its orbital
motion.
the body.
Idealisation in Mechanics

Concentrated Force: Effect of a loading which is assumed to act

at a point (CG) on a body.
Provided the area over which the load is applied is very small
compared to the overall size of the body.
Force
Characteristics of Force

Magnitude Point of Application

Line of Action Direction

Representation of Force

• Graphically force may be represented by the segment of

a straight line.
• Length of line segment represent magnitude of force
• Direction of force is represented by arrow head
Laws of Mechanics
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)
‘An object remains at rest (if originally at rest) or moves in a
straight line with constant velocity if the net force on it is zero.’

First law contains the principle of

the equilibrium of forces : the main
topic of concern in Statics
Laws of Mechanics

Newton’s Second Law

‘ The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the impressed force and it takes place in the
direction of the force acting on it.’

Second Law forms the basis for most of the analysis in Dynamics
Laws of Mechanics

Newton’s Second Law

Laws of Mechanics

Newton’s Third Law

The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles
are equal, opposite, and collinear.
Third law is basic to our understanding of Force Forces
always occur in pairs of equal and opposite forces.
Laws of Mechanics

The Gravitational Law of Attraction

Two bodies will be attracted towards each other along their connecting
line with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centres

F = mutual force of attraction between two particles

G = universal constant of gravitation
Experiments give G = 6.673x10-11 m3/(kg.s2)
Rotation of Earth is not taken into account
m1, m2 = masses of two particles
r = distance between two particles
Laws of Mechanics

Weight of a Body: If a particle is located at or near the surface of

the earth, the only significant gravitational force is that between
the earth and the particle

Weight of a particle having mass m1 = m :

Assuming earth to be a nonrotating sphere
of constant density and having mass m2 = Me

r = distance between the earth’s center

and the particle

Let g = G Me /r2 = acceleration due to

gravity (9.81m/s2)
 Laws of Mechanics
Principle of Transmissibility of Forces
‘ If the point of application of a force acting on a rigid body is
transmitted to act at any other point along its line of action, the
state of rest or motion of the rigid body will remain unchanged.’
Laws of Mechanics

Parallelogram Law of Forces

If two forces represented by vectors F1 and F2 acting under an
angle α, their action is equivalent to the action of one force FR
obtained as the diagonal of the parallelogram constructed by the
vectors F1 and F2 and directed as shown in figure.
Laws of Mechanics

Principle of Superposition
The action of a given system of forces on a rigid body will in no
way be changed if we add to or subtract from them another
system of forces in equilibrium.
Composition and Resolution of Forces
Composition and Resolution of Forces

α
 Composition and Resolution of Forces
• Composition: Merging the forces acting in a system into single
force, which has the same effect as all the forces acting
together. Such a single force is called as the ‘Resultant of the
System.
• Resolution: Dividing a force into simple parts such that their
combined effect is equal to the original force itself.
Resolution of Forces
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Resolution of Forces into Rectangular
Components
Composition of Forces

α
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces

α
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
O
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
Composition of Forces
MODULE 1 Lecture # 3
Practice Problems

Example 1:
Determine the components of the 1000N force shown along the
aa’ and bb’ axes shown in figure[1].

Answer:
P = 1154.7 N
Q = 577.35 N
Practice Problems

Example 2:
Determine the resultant of the forces shown in figure[5].

Answer:
R = 161.48 N
α = 18.81°
Practice Problems

Example 3:
The forces 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, 50 N and 60 N are acting at one of
the angular points of a regular hexagon, towards the other five
angular points, taken in order. Find the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.

Answer:
R = 155.8 N
α = 76.6°
Practice Problems

Example 4:
An electric street lamp is suspended from a small ring B supported by two
wires AB and CB, the ends A and C of which are on the same level. Assuming
these wires to be perfectly flexible and neglecting their weights, find the force
produced in each, if the weight of the lamp is 67N, length of each wire 3.05m
and sag DB is 1.22m.[1]

Answer:
FAB = 83.75 N
FBC = 83.75 N
MODULE 1 Lecture # 4
Practice Problems

Example 5:
Two smooth spheres, each of radius r and weight Q, rest in a
horizontal channel having vertical walls, the distance between
which is b. Find the pressures exerted on the walls and floor at
the points of contact A, B and D. Given r=254mm; b=914mm; Q
= 445N. [1]

Answer:
RA = RB = 591.6N
RD = 900N
Practice Problems

Example 6:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the smallest force P,
which will maintain the body of weight W=300N on an inclined
smooth plane as shown in Figure in equilibrium. [1]

Answer:
P = 150N
Practice Problems

Example 7:
A ball of weight 120N rests in a right-angled groove, as shown in
figure. The sides of the groove are inclined at an angle of 30° and
60° to the horizontal. If all the surfaces are smooth, then
determine the reactions RA and RC at the point of contact. [3]

Answer:
RA= 60N
RC= 103.923N
MODULE 1 Lecture # 5
Practice Problems

Example 8:
Two identical rollers, each of weight Q = 445N, are supported by
an inclined plane and a vertical wall as shown in figure.
Assuming smooth surfaces, find the reactions induced at the
points of support A, B and C. [1]

Answer:
RA = 385.4N
RB = 642.3N
RC = 513.84N
Practice Problems

Example 9:
A weight Q is suspended from a small ring C, supported by two
cords AC and BC. The cord AC is fastened at A while the cord
BC passes over a frictionless pulley at B and carries the weight P.
If P=Q and α =50°, find the value of angle β. [1]

Answer:
β=80°
Practice Problems

Example 10:
Two smooth cylinders, each of weight W=445N and radius r = 152mm, are
connected at their centers by a string AB of length l=406mm and rest upon a
horizontal plane, supporting above them a third cylinder of weight Q = 890N
and radius r=152mm. Find the forces S in the string and the pressures
produced on the floor at the points of contact D and E. [1]

Answer:
S=398N
Rd =Re = 890N
MODULE 1 Lecture # 6
Moment of a Force
O
Effectiveness of force to produce rotation
of a body about a fixed point

Moment about axis O-O is Mo = Fd

𝑀𝑜 = 𝐹𝑟 sin 𝛼
Moment of a Force

Sense of the moment may be

determined by the right-hand
rule
 Varignon’s Theorem

Moment of a Force about a point is equal to the sum of the

moments of the force’s components about the point.
Consider a resultant force P is acting at a point
A. P1 and P2 are the components of P along any
two directions. α
C
Consider two axes X and Y. Select any point O D
along Y-axis
Drop perpendiculars from O to the line of
action of resultant force P, and component Θ2
forces P1 and P2 . H
B
AG = AF + FG
= AF + BH E F G
= AF + BD COS θ2
= AF + AC COS θ2
 Varignon’s Theorem

AD COS θ = AB COS θ1 + AC COS θ2

P COS θ = P1 COS θ1+ P2 COS θ2
Multiplying by OA,
P x OA COS θ = P1 x OA COS θ1+ P2 x OA
α
COS θ2 C
D
P x d = P1 x d1 + P2 x d2
Moment of resultant force P about O = Moment
of component force P1 about O + Moment of Θ2
H
component force P2 about O B

E F G
MODULE 1 Lecture # 7
Practice Problems

Example 11:
Calculate the moment of the 250N force on the handle of the
monkey wrench about the centre of the bolt.

Answer:
Practice Problems

Example 12:
Elements of the lower arm are shown
in the figure. The weight of the
forearm is 22N with mass center at G.
Determine the combined moment
about the elbow pivot O of the
weights of the forearm and the sphere.
What must the biceps tension force be
so that the overall moment about O is
zero?

Answer:
Practice Problems
Example 13:
The small crane is mounted along the side of a pickup bed and
facilitates the handling of heavy loads. When the boom elevation
angle is θ=40°the force in the hydraulic cylinder BC is 4.5 kN,
and this force applied at point C is in the direction from B to C
(the cylinder is in compression).
Determine the moment of this
4.5kN force about the boom
pivot point O.

Answer:
MODULE 1 Lecture # 8
Practice Problems

Example 14:
Determine the magnitude of a horizontal force P applied at the
center C of a roller of weight Q=4450N and radius r = 381mm
which will be necessary to pull it over a curb of 76.2mm. [1]

Answer:
Pmin = 2670N
Practice Problems

Example 15:
A prismatic bar AB of negligible weight and length l is hinged at A and
supported at B by a string that passes over a pulley C and carries a load
P at its free end. Assuming that the distance h between the hinge A and
the pulley C is equal to the length l of the bar, find the angle α at which
the system will be in equilibrium.[1]

Answer:
𝑃
𝛼 = 2 sin−1
2𝑄