RESEARCH

AND
PUBLICATION ETHICS

Computer Science and Engineering

University Institute of Engineering and Technology
Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014, INDIA
2022

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Sunil Bansal Biponjot Kaur
PhD Scholar
CSE Dept.
1. What do you understand by Plagiarism?
As the plagiarism definition suggests, when someone uses the work of another artist
without properly citing the source or giving credit, then that will be an instance of
plagiarism. Plagiarism is a punishable offense, and it is a form of intellectual theft.
It is effortless to plagiarise any content or article from the website, but at the same
time, it has grave consequences. Plagiarism can affect someone’s career adversely. The
student often uses parts of an article in his project without crediting the source,
therefore, committing plagiarism. The teachers must warn the students about
plagiarism as well as the plagiarism meaning to ensure that this offense does not occur.
If the student is changing the word order or summarising the work or using exact
lines from a text without using quotation marks or citing the source, that is not crediting
the source correctly, then it will be considered plagiarism.
Plagiarism is applicable for writing or website articles, but it is also applicable in stealing
intellectual property like music, images, videos, and even choreography of a dance.
Plagiarism can fail a piece of work trying to serve its primary purpose. While
artwork or writing is considered successful if it reaches the audience, plagiarism takes
away the work’s credibility, and the artist or writer’s message fails to reach the
audience. Therefore, the students or artists must not plagiarise, neither deliberately nor
accidentally.
As per the plagiarism definition, plagiarism means stealing intellectual property or
intellectual fraud. When you use parts of writing or artwork without crediting the
original writer or artist, then plagiarized work is considered.

2. What are the different categories of Plagiarism?

 MOSAIC OR PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM
With this type of plagiarism, the work of someone else is simply paraphrased without
proper citation. It’s often difficult to detect because the plagiarized material is
interwoven with many different sources, including the writer’s own ideas and
perspective. This type of paraphrasing can be done from one or several sources. The
writer may try to change up the sentence structure or use synonyms to make it seem
original. However, taking the idea of another piece is still plagiarism, even if the
words are switched up a bit and intermingled with original thought.
 PARAPHRASING PLAGIARISM
Paraphrasing, or incremental plagiarism, is the most common type of plagiarism. It’s
similar to the mosaic plagiarism style mentioned above. However, the difference is
that the copied work isn’t mixed in with new concepts and research. When you
paraphrase the original idea in your own words, the borrowed material stays the
same throughout the new piece.
 COMPLETE PLAGIARISM
Complete plagiarism is more common in academic writing than in content marketing
or other types of online writing. This type of plagiarism occurs when someone tries
to submit an entire research paper as their own without proper attribution. For
example, this involves copying and pasting the original work in its exact words. The
only thing that is changed is the author’s name.
  SELF-PLAGIARISM
Also known as auto-plagiarism, self-plagiarism happens when you copy your own
writing, whether intentional or not. Often the person in a self-plagiarism incident is
summarizing or repurposing their own work instead of writing a whole new piece
from scratch on the same topic. Many people think self-plagiarism is harmless
because you aren’t stealing from someone else. Just yourself. But, this type of
plagiarism can be just as damaging as any other.
 ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism doesn’t always happen on purpose. It’s still considered plagiarism when
someone copies another’s writing without citing their source, improperly cites the
source or leaves out quotation marks on accident. Just because the omission or
incorrect citation was accidental doesn’t mean plagiarism hasn’t been committed.
This is why it’s important to check any work and when in doubt, give your source
credit.
 SOURCE-BASED PLAGIARISM
This type of plagiarism refers to instances when misleading sources are involved. For
example, the writer may have two sources of information but only reference one.
Another form of source-based plagiarism would be when an author quotes a non-
existent or incorrect source. The worst type of this kind of plagiarism is when sources
are fabricated. Making up information like study findings or statistics is extremely
misleading and can even be harmful in the case of medical content.
 DIRECT OR VERBATIM PLAGIARISM
Direct plagiarism, also known as verbatim or copy-paste plagiarism, is an intentional
and unethical form of stealing content. As the name suggests, the writing is stolen
word for word and pasted into the new piece. The author then tries to pass off the
content as their own. A word or two might be changed, but this type of plagiarism is
too blatant to be considered paraphrasing.

3. What are the general steps taken by Publishers to minimize the issue of Plagiarism?
Here are some ways to avoid plagiarism.

 Allow ample time for writing and revision

The most common reason why many academics resort to plagiarism is that it is
quicker to copy and paste than generating fresh text. Writing is not only hard but
also slow. Remember that many journals routinely check every new manuscript for
plagiarism and if yours is rejected on that ground, you have lost valuable time. Make
every effort to use your own words when making notes and refer to those notes
rather than the original as you write your first draft.
 Use quotation marks and give the source
Perhaps the easiest way to avoid plagiarism is to make it clear that the block of text
is not what you wrote but is a direct quotation. And that is why you have not only
provided a citation but also enclosed it within quotation marks. For example, “read
complicated texts—especially PhD theses produced at UK universities . . . they are
likely to be written in good academic English”. When you do this, ensure that the
 extract is reproduced exactly, word for word. Also, check that the original
punctuation, italics if any, and spelling are retained.
 Paraphrase the original text in your words and cite the source
Remember that rephrasing somebody else’s idea with proper attribution is not
plagiarism; however, you need to express the idea in your words. Do not keep the
original in front of you as you write, because it will make it difficult for you to think of
alternative words and alternative ways of constructing sentences. Using your words
is not easy, which is why you need to read widely, going beyond technical journals
and textbooks. Most important, ensure that the sense of the original is not distorted
while paraphrasing.
 Read widely on many topics and read good writers
Make a conscious attempt to increase your vocabulary by reading on a variety of
topics. Read books written by authors known for the quality of their writing, which
will help you absorb a variety of sentence constructions; that variety and a richer
vocabulary will help you paraphrase easily and effectively. The time you spend on
reading is not wasted: it is good investment that will pay dividends later.
 Record the bibliographic details of sources accurately
Citing a source is a simple way to avoid plagiarism, but you must have the correct
details of each source that you cite. Although tracing original papers is a lot easier
now, it is also easier to make mistakes while copying or transcribing. Always cross-
check all the citations and references.
 Conduct a plagiarism check on your manuscript
If you are not very confident of your ability to write or paraphrase sentences
effectively, you could seek plagiarism-check services. These will help you determine
if your manuscript has any sections that will be considered plagiarized and thus take
appropriate and timely action.

4. What are UGC recommendations for the thesis write-up?

Guidelines for UGC Approved Thesis
Typewriting of Thesis
 Typewriting of the thesis work should always be on an A4 size sheet having
dimensions 21 cm X 29.7 cm.
 The font must be vivid and clear. Use a similar font in the entire thesis and as per in
the instruction given by university/college format.
 Proper spacing in paragraphs provides an intended view.
 Keep noticing errors: grammatical, spelling, punctuation, sentence making.
 Keep the focus on the acceptable value of plagiarism as instructed by the
university/college.
Chapters and Pages
 Use numerals (1, 2, 3….) at the bottom in the centre of the pages to number all the
pages.
 Use roman numerals for the preliminary pages in the lower-case to number front
pages.
 All the new chapters to begin from a new page.
 Align all the chapter headings in the centre.
 The displaying page of chapter title must be placed at the beginning of the chapter.
 Always avoid typing any heading near the page bottom or at the end of a page.
Tables and Figures
 Title and numbering along with the data caption that clearly describes the nature of
table and figure.
 Illustrate the caption at the bottom of the table and figure and on the same page.
 The text description must be above and on the same page related to any table,
figure, and graph.
Headings and Subheadings
 Keep the headings distinct by a larger font as compared to the whole text.
 Maintain all the headings of the same level by using the same font and style.
 Keep the headings aligned to the left side as the chapter headings remain in the
centre.
 Numbering to the headings and subheadings must be provided if instructed.

Format of UGC Approved Thesis

Three main parts of the thesis format are:
 Preliminaries
 List of Figures
 Text
 Annexure
Arrangement of Preliminaries
1. Cover Page or Outer Cover should carry the details:
o Title of Thesis
o Student’s Name
o Year of Thesis
o Institute’s Logo
o Name of the Institute
o Guides name (optional)
2. Title Page The title page should have the following information in a specific order as
per the instructions provided by college/university.
o The complete title of the thesis ( in capital letters only)
o Candidate’s name
o Institute’s name
o Year of submission
3. Declaration
o Under the declaration, students have to make a declaration of authority.
4. Certificate by the Research Guide/ Co-Guide
o Students have to attach the certificate provided by the guide or co-guide who
helped them in their research work.
5. Approval of Thesis
o The approval page must be signed by the Guide/Co-Guide.
6. Acknowledgment
 o Formally acknowledge all those who helped you technically, intellectually and
financially for completing your thesis.
7. Table of Contents
o List all the chapter headings, section headings, sub-headings, and appendices
along with their respective page numbers. Immediately after the table of the
content page, make a list of figures, tables, and abbreviations on three different
pages.

UGC suggestions to curb plagiarism in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs):

 Every HEI shall declare and implement the technology-based mechanism using
appropriate software so as to ensure that documents such as thesis, dissertation,
term papers, reports, publications or any other such documents are free of
plagiarism at the time of their submission.
 Every student submitting a thesis, dissertation, term papers, reports or any other
such documents to the HEI shall submit an undertaking indicating that the document
has been prepared by him or her and that the document is his/her original work and
free of any plagiarism.
 Every faculty, researcher and M.Phil./Ph.D. students should be provided account in
plagiarism detection tools for checking the content of their scripts.
 The undertaking shall include the fact that the document has been duly checked
through a Plagiarism detection tool approved by the HEI.
 The HEI shall develop a policy on plagiarism and get it approved by the relevant
statutory bodies of the University.
 Each supervisor shall submit a certificate indicating that the work done by the
researcher under him / her is plagiarism free.
 All HEIs shall submit to INFLIBNET soft copies of all M.Phil., Ph.D. dissertations and
theses carried out in its various departments after the award of degrees for hosting
in the digital repository under the "Shodh Ganga e-repository" programme.
 All HEIs shall create Institutional Repository on institute website which shall include
dissertation / thesis / paper / publication and other in-house publications.

5. What are PU recommendations for the thesis write-up?

PU recommendations for thesis write-up:
The Ph.D. thesis submitted by a research scholar shall be evaluated by his/her Research
Supervisor and at least two external examiners, who are not in employment of Panjab
University/affiliated College, of whom one examiner may be from outside the country.
The viva-voce examination, based among other things, on the critiques given in the
evaluation report, shall be conducted by the Research Supervisor, at least one of the
two external examiners and Chairperson of the concerned Department, and shall be
open to be attended by Members of the Research Advisory Committee, all faculty
members of the Department, other research scholars and other interested
experts/researchers. If the Chairperson is the supervisor of the candidate, then the Vice
Chancellor, will appoint one of the Professors as examiner.
 The Syndicate of Panjab University shall evolve a mechanism using well developed
software and gadgets to detect plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty.
While submitting for e evaluation, the dissertation/thesis shall have an undertaking
from the research scholar and a certificate from the Research Supervisor attesting to
the originality of the work, vouching that there is no plagiarism and that the work has
not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma of Panjab University
where the work was carried out, or to any other Institution (as per annexure (I).
Regarding interpreting Turnitin Originality Report for Ph.D. Thesis
(i) Filter should be set to:-
a. Excluding quotes(acknowledged).
b. Excluding Bibliography, references and footnotes.
c. Exclude matches less than ten words in continuity.
d. Exclude all generic terms, laws standard symbols and standards equations.
e. Any prior submission of work from thesis/dissertation of the candidate to
Turnitin database unknowingly/ mistakenly may be excluded from the
originality report.
(ii) Duly acknowledged secondary data sources be excluded from similarity analysis.
(iii) Similarity with self-published work in journals/ conference proceedings is to be
excluded from the analysis. This has to be clarified by the Supervisor and a note to
this effect be added along with the similarity report.
(iv) Research Methodology is to be excluded/ignored if quoted with proper
references/footnotes.
(v) Overall similarity index up to 20% is acceptable after taking (i),(ii),(iii), and(iv)
above into consideration.
(vi) Turnitin Originality Report should be certified by the Supervisor and
countersigned by the Chairperson.
(vii) Record of Turnitin Originality Report of the candidate must be maintained in the
office of the nodal department.
(viii) The subject of Hindi, Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu where Turnitin Originality Reports
system does not function, these Departments should devise their own
mechanisms to check the plagiarism.
(ix) The Ph.D. and M.Phil. research work be called as Ph.D. thesis and M.Phil.
dissertation.

6. What are the common tools (paid and free) to check Plagiarism in a document? What
are the differences (other than money) between a free and paid tool?
Paid Tools
1. Scribbr
2. Quetext
3. Grammarly
4. Unicheck
5. Check Plagiarism
6. Plagiarism Checker
7. PaperRater
 8. Plagiarisma
9. Turnitin
10. ProWritingAid
11. Urkund
12. Plagramme (Free for teachers and students, $5 per document for all other users.)

Free tools
1. Plagiarism Detector (1000 words/check)
2. Pre-Post SEO (1000 words/check)
3. Search Engine Reports (1500 words/check)
4. Small SEO Tools (1000 words/check)
5. DupliChecker (1000 words/check)
6. Writer (2000 words/check)
7. Plagium (5000 words/check)
8. Plagiarism Checker X (Free first 120 words)
9. iThenticate
10. PlagTracker(5000 words/check)
11. Viper

Scribbr Plagiarism
Paid checkers Paid checkers Checker

Average plagiarism
21% 41% 95%
percentage

Detects paraphrasing
No No Yes
plagiarism?

Able to find full

No No Yes
matches?

Often misleading: Confusing

Transparent one-time
Pricing only a trial, or subscription
payment per check
not free at all plans

Varies with
Word limits Usually <1,000 No limit
subscription plan

Hard to know Data not sold, stored, or

Usually more
Trustworthy? your documents shared; documents
accountable
are safe automatically deleted

Fewer bugs, Live support, happiness

Buggy sites, no
User experience some live guarantee, smooth
live support
support interface

Reports Sometimes not Downloadable, Clear report with

 different sources color-
downloadable, somewhat
coded, clickable text,
not very readable clearer
downloadable

7. Pick one published paper in your research domain and check its Plagiarism using two
software and analyse associated reports.
Paper: Scalable Object Detection using Deep Neural Networks
1. Plagiarism of the paper is checked with free software “Plagramme” and gives
highest plagiarism with 96% because it is already published and resided in the
repository. The paraphrase percentage is 6% with 23 matches and 0% improper
citation. The paper shows 64% similarity with internet source “cv-foundation.org”,
19% similarity with scholarly article in “doi.org”, 4% similarity with internet source
“cs.princeton.org” and 4% similarity with internet source “ur.booksc.me”.