Itapp
Itapp
Itapp
DATABASE
is a well-designed, organized, and carefully managed collection of data.
DATABASE
it can contribute to organizational success by providing managers and decision makers with timely,
accurate, and relevant information built on data.
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
consists of database, DBMS, and application
HIERARCHY OF DATA
data is generally organized in a hierarchy that begins with the smallest piece of data used by
computers (a bit), progressing up through the hierarchy to a database.
BITS
a binary digit that represents a circuit that is either on or off. ___ can be organized into units called
bytes
CHARACTER
each byte represents a ____, which is the basic
building block of most information
FIELD
typically a name, a number, or a combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business
object
FIELD
in addition to being entered into a database, ____ can be computed from other fields.
RECORD
collection of data fields all related to one object, activity, or individual. By combining descriptions
of the characteristics of an object, activity, or individual, a record can provide a complete
description of it
FILE
collection of related records
DATABASE
the highest level of the data hierarchy, a collection of integrated and related files
ENTITY
person, place, or thing (object) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained.
ATTRIBUTE
a characteristic of an entity. It usually selected to reflect the relevant characteristics of entities such
as employees or customers.
DATABASE APPROACH
most organizations use the _____ to data management, where multiple information systems share a
pool of related data
DATA MODEL
a diagram of entities and their relationships. It usually involves developing an understanding of a
specific business problem and then analyzing the data and information needed to deliver a solution
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
help ensure that the relationships among the data entities in a database are correctly structured so
that any application programs developed are consistent with business operations and user needs
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
can serve as reference documents after a database is in use. If changes are made to the database,
____ help design them
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
shows that each customer can place one-to-many orders, that each order includes one-to-many line
items, and that many line items can specify the same product
DOMAIN
each attribute can be constrained to a range of allowable values called its _____.
DOMAIN
indicates what values can be placed in each column of the relational table.
SELECTING
involves eliminating rows according to certain criteria
PROJECTING
involves eliminating columns in a table
JOINING
involves combining two or more tables
LINKING
the ability to combine two or more tables through common data attributes to form a new table with
only the unique data attributes, is one of the keys to the flexibility and power of relational
databases.
DATA CLEANSING
goal is to improve the quality of the data used in decision making. The "bad data" may have been
caused by user data-entry errors or by data corruption during data transmission or storage
DATA VALIDATION
involves the identification of "bad data" and its rejection at the time of data entry
DBMS
group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or between a
database and the user. ____ come in a wide variety of types and capabilities, ranging from small
inexpensive software packages to sophisticated systems costing hundreds of thousands of dollars
SQL
a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational
database
JIM GRAY
SQL databases conform to ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), defined
by _____ soon after Codd's work was published. These properties guarantee database transactions
are processed reliably and ensure the integrity of data in the database.
SCHEMA
defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables.
DATA DICTIONARY
a detailed description of all data used in the database. Among other things, the ___ contains the
following information for each data item:
CONCURRENCY CONTROL
A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more users or applications need to access the
same record at the same time
DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS
are skilled and trained IS professionals who hold discussions with business users to define their
data needs; apply database programming languages to craft a set of databases to meet those needs;
test and evaluate databases; implement changes to improve their performance; and assure that data
is secure from unauthorized access
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
an individual responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data
issues, including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the databases in an
organization.
DATABASE AS A SERVICE
an arrangement where the database is stored on a service provider's servers and accessed by the
service subscriber over the Internet, with the database administration handled by the service
provider.
4.4 ZETTABYTES
VOLUME: In 2014, it was estimated that the volume of data that exists in the digital universe was
____
VARIETY
Data today comes in a ____ of formats. Some of the data is what computer scientists call structured
data—its format is known in advance, and it fits nicely into traditional databases.
STRUCTURED DATA
its format is known in advance, and it fits nicely into traditional database; the data generated by the
well-defined business transactions that are used to update many corporate databases containing
customer, product, inventory, financial, and employee data
UNSTRUCTURED DATA
comes from sources such as word-processing documents, social media, email, photos, surveillance
video, and phone messages.
DATA MANAGEMENT
an integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained, certified fit for
use, stored, secured, and processed in such a way as to ensure that the accessibility, reliability, and
timeliness of the data meet the needs of the data users within an organization.
DATA GOVERNANCE
the core component of data management; it defines the roles, responsibilities, and processes for
ensuring that data can be trusted and used by the entire organization, with people identified and in
place who are responsible for fixing and preventing issues with data.
DATA STEWARD
an individual responsible for the management of critical data elements, including identifying and
acquiring new data sources; creating and maintaining consistent reference data and master data
definitions; and analyzing data for quality and reconciling data issues
DATA WAREHOUSE
a database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects
of the company's processes, products, and customers; primary purpose is to relate information in
innovative ways and help managers and executives make better decisions
DATA WAREHOUSE
stores historical data that has been extracted from operational systems and external data sources;
continuously refreshed with huge amounts of data from a variety of sources so the probability that
some of the sources contain "dirty data" is high.
EXTRACT
The goal of this process is to extract the source data from all the various sources and convert it into
a single format suitable for processing
TRANSFORM
a series of rules or algorithms are applied to the extracted data to derive the data that will be stored
in the data warehouse. A common type of transformation is to convert a customer's street address,
city, state, and zip code to an organization-assigned sales district or government census tract.
LOAD
the extracted and transformed data is loaded into the data warehouse. As the data is being loaded
into the data warehouse, new indices are created and the data is checked against the constraints
defined in the database schema to ensure its quality
DATA MARTS
a subset of a data warehouse. Data marts bring the data warehouse concept —online analysis of
sales, inventory, and other vital business data that have been gathered from transaction processing
systems—to small and medium-sized businesses and to departments within larger companies.
DATA LAKE
takes a "store everything" approach to big data, saving all the data in its raw and unaltered form.
The raw data residing in a ____ is available when users decide just how they want to use the data to
glean new insights
DATA LAKE
serves as the definitive source of data in its original, unaltered form. Its contents can include
business transactions, clickstream data, sensor data, server logs, social media, videos, and more
NOSQL DATABASES
provides a means to store and retrieve data that is modeled using some means other than the simple
two-dimensional tabular relations used in relational databases. Such databases are being used to
deal with the variety of data found in big data and Web applications.
HORIZONTAL SCALING
capability enables hundreds or even thousands of servers to operate on the data, providing faster
response times for queries and updates
HADOOP
an open-source software framework that includes several software modules that provide a means
for storing and processing extremely large data sets
HADOOP
divides data into subsets and distributes the subsets onto different servers for processing.
MapReduce PROGRAM
A composite program that consists of a Map procedure that performs filtering and sorting and a
Reduce method that performs a summary operation.
IN-MEMORY DATABASES
a database management system that stores the entire database in random access memory (RAM).
This approach provides access to data at rates much faster than storing data on some form of
secondary storage (e.g., a hard drive or flash drive) as is done with traditional database
management systems.
COMPUTER NETWORK
consists of communications media, devices, and software connecting two or more computer
systems or devices.
COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
are any material substance that carries an electronic signal to support communications between a
sending and a receiving device
NETWORKS
enable geographically separated workgroups to share documents and opinions, which fosters
teamwork, innovative ideas, and new business strategies.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
the shape or structure of a network, including the arrangement of the communication links and
hardware devices on the network.
STAR NETWORK
A network in which all network devices connect to one another through a single central device
called the hub node
BUS NETWORK
A network in which all network devices are connected to a common backbone that serves as a
shared communications medium.
MESH NETWORK
A network that uses multiple access points to link a series of devices that speak to each other to
form a network connection across a large area. Two types: full __ and partially __
CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE
An approach to computing wherein multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions,
such as database management, printing, communications, and program execution
CLIENT
It is any computer (often a user's personal computer) that sends messages requesting services from
the servers on the network
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH
the rate at which data is exchanged, usually measured in bits per second (bps) —the broader the
bandwidth, the more information can be exchanged at one time
BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS
High-speed Internet access that is always on and that is faster than traditional dial-up access
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
can be divided into two broad categories guided (also called wired) transmission media, in which
communications signals are guided along a solid medium, and wireless, in which the
communications signal is broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation.
10-GIGABIT ETHERNET
a standard for transmitting data at the speed of 10 billion bps for limited distances over high quality
twisted-pair wire. The ____ can be used for the high-speed links that connect groups of computers
or to move data stored in large databases on large computers to stand-alone storage devices
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical
conductor. All ____ signals are sent within a range of frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum
that represents the entire range of light that exists from long waves to gamma rays.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
BLUETOOTH
wireless communications specification that describes how cell phones, computers, faxes, printers,
and other electronic devices can be interconnected over distances of 10 to 30 feet at a rate of about 2
Mbps
Wi-Fi
A medium-range wireless communications technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance. In a
Wi-Fi wireless network, the user's computer, smartphone, or other mobile device has a wireless
adapter that translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. A wireless access
point, which consists of a transmitter with an antenna, receives the signal and decodes it. The
access point then sends the information to the Internet over a wired connection.
MICROWAVES
is a high-frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz) signal sent through the air. Terrestrial (Earth-bound) ___
are transmitted by line-of-sight devices, so the line of sight between the transmitter and receiver
must be unobstructed
GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
orbits the Earth directly over the equator, approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth, so that it
appears stationary
3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
supports wireless voice and broadband speed data communications in a mobile environment at
speeds of 2 to 4 Mbps. Additional capabilities include mobile video, mobile e-commerce,
location-based services, mobile gaming, and the downloading and playing of music.
MODEM
Translates data from a digital form (as it is stored in the computer) into an analog signal that can be
transmitted over ordinary telephone lines
FAX MODEM
Combines a fax with a modem; facsimile devices, commonly called fax devices, allow businesses
to transmit text, graphs, photographs, and other digital files via standard telephone lines
MULTIPLEXER
Allows several communications signals to be transmitted over a single communications medium at
the same time, thus saving expensive long-distance communications cost
FRONT-END PROCESSOR
Manages communications to and from a computer system serving many people
SWITCH
Uses the physical device address in each incoming message on the network to determine which
output port it should forward the message to reach another device on the same network
BRIDGE
Connects one LAN to another LAN where both LANs use the same communications protocol
ROUTER
Forwards data packets across two or more distinct networks toward their destinations through a
process known as routing; often, an Internet service provider (ISP) installs a router in a subscriber's
home that connects the ISP's network to the network within the home
GATEWAY
Serves as an entrance to another network, such as the Internet
NETWORK-MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
Software that enables a manager on a networked desktop to monitor the use of individual
computers and shared hardware (such as printers), scan for viruses, and ensure compliance with
software licenses.
ARPANET
ancestor of the Internet; a project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969
MILNET, ARPANET
ARPANET was broken into two networks: ___, which included all military sites, and a new,
smaller ___, which included all the nonmilitary sites. The two networks remained connected,
however, through use of the Internet protocol (IP)
INTERNET BACKBONE
One of the Internet's high-speed, long-distance communications links
IP ADDRESS
A 64-bit number that identifies a computer on the Internet
WEB
primary source of news and information an indispensable conduit for commerce, and a popular hub
for social interaction, entertainment, and communication.
HYPERLINK
Highlighted text or graphics in a Web document that, when clicked, opens a new Web page
containing related content
WEB BROWSER
Web client software— such as Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari—used to view
Web pages
TAG
A code that tells the Web browser how to format text—as a heading, as a list, or as body text—and
whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted
EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)
is a markup language for Web documents containing structured information, including words and
pictures
JAVASCRIPT
popular programming language for client-side applications. Programmers use __ to make Web
pages come alive, adding splashy graphics, animation, and real-time updates.
ASP.NET, C, C++ , Perl, PHP, and Python
other widely used client-side programming languages
WEB SERVICES
consist of standards and tools that streamline and simplify communication among Web sites and
make it simpler to develop and use the Web for business and personal purposes.
.NET
allows developers to use various programming languages to create and run programs, including
those for the Web
.NET platform
also includes a rich library of programming code to help build XML Web applications.
WEB
also includes a rich library of programming code to help build XML Web applications.
Web 2.0
The Web as a computing platform that supports software applications and the sharing of
information among users
INSTANT MESSAGING
online, real-time communication between two or more people who are connected via the Internet
MICROBLOGGING SERVICE
Twitter is a Web application that allows users to send short text updates (up to 140 characters) from
a smartphone or a Web browser to their Twitter followers.
TELEPRESENCE
takes videoconferencing to the ultimate level. ____ systems, such as those from Cisco and Polycom,
use high-resolution video and audio with high-definition displays to make it appear that conference
participants are actually sitting around a table
WEB LOG
typically called a blog; it is a web site that people and businesses use to share their observations,
experiences, and opinions on a wide range of topics.
BLOGOSPHERE
community of blogs and bloggers
BLOGGER
person who creates a blog
BLOGGING
process of placing entries on a blog site
PODCAST
an audio broadcast you can listen to over the Internet
CONTENT STREAMING
A method for transferring large media files over the Internet so that the data stream of voice and
pictures plays more or less continuously as the file is being downloaded.
MUSIC
Spotify, Pandora, Napster, and Google Play Music are just a few examples of Internet music sites
POPCORN TIME
free program that uses peer-to-peer networking to download movies and TV programs
ZYNGA
a fast-growing Internet company, sells virtual animals and other virtual items for games, such as
FarmVille.
CRAIGSLIST
a network of online communities that provides free online classified advertisements
GEO-TAGGING
technology that allows for tagging information with an associated location.
EXTRANET
a network built using Web technologies that links selected resources of the intranet of a company
with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners.
INTRANET
an internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and products. An
____ is an inexpensive yet powerful alternative to other forms of internal communication,
including conventional computer setups. An ____ provides employees with an easy and intuitive
approach to accessing information that was previously difficult to obtain
IoT ECOSYSTEM
consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments
SENSOR
consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments;
detects an event or changes in quantity and produces a corresponding output, usually an electrical
or optical signal
CLOUD COMPUTING
practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process
data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IaaS)
an information systems strategy in which an organization outsources the equipment used to support
its data processing operations, including servers, storage devices, and networking components.
AUTONOMIC COMPUTING
ability of IT systems to manage themselves and adapt to changes in the computing environment,
business policies, and operating objectives