Lebanese International University

Types of DC Motors And Their

Applications
 DC Machine

A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. It can be classified

into two types namely DC motors as well as DC generators

The applications of the DC machine is limited to trains, mills, and mines.

As examples, underground subway cars, as well as trolleys, may utilize DC motors.

In the past, automobiles were designed with DC dynamos for charging their batteries.
 DC Machine

DC machines, the same machine can work as Motor or Generator.

If you supply it with DC volt, it will rotate.

If you rotate the rotor, it ill generate voltage

 DC Machine

Any DC machine consists of the following main

parts:

Brushes: it is the part that link the rotor to the

supply.

Commutator segments: it is the copper that links

the supply with the armature winding.

Rotor: it is the rotating part of the machine

Stator: it is the stationary part of the machine.

Each of them could generate flux either using a

magnet or electromagnet (winding fed by current
source)
 DC Machine

In large motors, usually both rotor and stator

have windings.

The rotor winding is known as armature

winding whereas the stator winding is known as
the field winding.

DC machines, the same machine can work as

Motor or Generator.
 DC Machine

operation:
 DC Machine

operation:
 DC Machine

operation:
 DC Machine

Here is the equivalent circuit for the DC

machine:

We can clearly see the 2 windings, but actually

some machines have 2 windings at the stator
and one at the rotor . This will be cleared in the
coming topics.
 DC Machine

The winding at the stator are 2 types:

1- shunt winding:

2- series winding:

Resistivity of the winding depends in the

following factors:

Length, density, and cross sectional area.

 DC Machine

Windings:

Armature: Has almost low internal resistance, thickness depends on the

motor ratings. (A1 - A2)

Series winding: Short and thick wires, it has a low resistance (D1 - D2)

Shunt winding: Long and thin wires, it has high resistance (E1 – E2)
 DC Machine

Windings:

Armature: Has almost low internal resistance, thickness depends on the

motor ratings. (A1 - A2)

Series winding: Short and thick wires, it has a low resistance (D1 - D2)

Shunt winding: Long and thin wires, it has high resistance (E1 – E2)
DC Motors
 DC Machine

Separately Excited

Every winding is fed from a separate source, so that field current is not related or
armature current.

It has almost constant speed as load increases below rated torque since we added
circuit breaker across armature voltage.
Equations of Separately Excitation
Requirement

You have to find the input power, output power, and Efficiency for Torque starting from 0 up to 1.6
by increasing steps by 0.2 Nm

Draw curves of Speed with respect to torque, Ia with respect to torque, Va with respect to torque, and
the efficiency with respect to Torque.
 DC Machine

Self Excited DC Motor

Every winding is fed from a separate source, so that field current is not related or

1. Shunt wound DC motor

2. Series wound DC motor

3. Compound wound DC motor

 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

In this configuration, the stator (field – shunt)) winding is connected in parallel

with the rotor ( armature) windings.

This machine has a good speed regulation, low starting torque.

 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

How can we reverse the direction of rotation for shunt machines??

This can be done by either rotating the armature winding or the shunt winding.

Reversing the polarity of the supply keeps the same direction because current
direction will e reversed in both coils lead to the same direction
 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

In DC shunt motor, at the starting , the machine will exhibit high starting current,
also known as inrush current.

To limit this current, we usually connect a series resistance with the armature
winding so that it decreases the armature voltage, thus decreasing the starting
current.

This resistor (adjustable) must be used only at the beginning of the experiment
and it should be removed once the speed develops and reaches steady state.
 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

It is also known as a Starter or a starting

adjustable resistor.
Terminal A is to connect the resistance with the
armature winding, whereas terminal E is to ensure
full voltage for field winding
 DC Machine

1. Shunt Wound DC Motor

Unlike the starter, field regulators is used to

control the field current, that in turns controls the
flux, thus controlling the speed.

It is connected in series with the field (shunt)

winding.
 DC Machine

2. Series Wound DC Motor

In this configuration, the stator winding is connected in series with the rotor
windings.

This machine has high starting torque but the speed of this motor drops
drastically as load increases.
 DC Machine

2. Series Wound DC Motor

This machine must not run at no load.

At no load, armature and field currents are almost null, and the speed is inversely
proportional to field current (flux), i.e. at no load the speed will exhibit very high
speed that destroys the shaft (rotor).

To run this machine at no load, we can either supply the machine with 20 % of
the full voltage.

Or increase the supply voltage gradually till reaching the rated speed then stop.
 DC Machine

2. Series Wound DC Motor

 DC Machine

2. Series Wound DC Motor

How can we reverse the direction of rotation for series machines??

This can be done by either rotating the armature winding or the series winding.

Reversing the polarity of the supply keeps the same direction because current
direction will e reversed in both coils lead to the same direction
 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Achieved by combining the operational characteristic of both the shunt and series
motors.

The compound motor essentially contains the field winding connected both in
series and in parallel to the armature winding as shown in the figure below.
 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Compound has 2 configuration according to its function:

1- Cumulative compound

The flux of shunt aids the flux of series, thus resist the
change in speed.

It has a good speed regulation and high torque, but less

than that of shunt.
 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Compound has 2 configuration according to its function:

2. Differential compound

Flux of shunt opposes flux of series, thus drops drastically

with increase of torque.

It has almost the same characteristics as series machine, so it

shouldn’t run at no load.
 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Compound has 2 configuration according to its connection:

1. Long shunt: could be cumulative or differential

 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Compound has 2 configuration according to its connection:

2. Short shunt: could be cumulative of differential

 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

How can we reverse the direction of rotation for compound machines while keeping
the same function??

This can be done by either rotating the armature winding or the both series AND
shunt winding.

Reversing armature or series winding might change the direction of rotation but will
change the function, if the motor is cumulative, then it will be differential.

Reversing the polarity of the supply keeps the same direction because current
direction will reversed in both coils lead to the same direction
 DC Machine

3. Compound Wound DC Motor

Summary:
Simulink Separately DC Motor Circuit
Simulink DC Shunt Motor Circuit
 Evaluation questions

1. List the main parts of a dc motor

2. What is the role of the brushes

3. What is the role of the commutator segments

4. What do we call the winding at the stator

5. How many winding we may have at the stator? What are they?

6. What is Separately excited motor

 Evaluation questions

7. What is meant by shunt characteristics that shunt motor exhibits?

8. What is the Motor Starting resistor? Why do we use it?

9. How can we vary the speed of a dc motor? List 2 methods

10. What is meant series motor?

11. Why the series motor shouldn't be run at no load?

12. How can we run the series motor at no load?

 Evaluation questions

13. How can we reverse the direction of rotation of a series motor?

14. How can we reverse the direction of rotation of a shunt motor?

15. What is the difference between cumulative compound and differential compound?

16. How can we reverse the direction of rotation of a compound motor?

17. What happens to the speed as armature voltage increases

18. What happens to the armature current as load increases

How can we vary the speed of a dc motor? List 2 methods

By varying the supply voltage

By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding

By varying the armature voltage, and by varying the armature resistance