Republic of the Philippines

Province of Surigao del Sur

Municipality of Lianga

NORTH EASTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

SEQUINTIAL LED LIGHT CHASER

(ARDUINO UNO PROJECT)

NAME OF STUDENTS

REPOSPOSA, CHAREN C.

TEJERO, MILDRED B.

FEBRUARY 2022

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front Page----------------------------------------------------------------------i

Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------1

Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------------------2

Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------3

Chapter 1: RATIONALE-----------------------------------------------------4

Chapter 2: METHODOLOGY

Introduction of the project---------------------------------------------5

Discussion and Definition of the Parts----------------------------5- 10

Schematic diagram-----------------------------------------------------11

The Code and the final project------------------------------------12-22

REFERENCES………………………………………………………23

1
 ABSTRACT

We choose this simple arduino uno project for us, as a beginners, to

know what is the usage of the arduino uno board ,the bread board, jumper wire and
the LED light(Light Emitting Diode)and also how to program by the use of arduino
integrated development environment (IDE) even though this are the basic but it is
usable . Because in doing some project people starts the basic one for them to
improve their skills and logical thinking. Despite of this pandemic that we experience
we did our best to cooperate the lesson to learn more and to sharpen our mind by
learning from basic. The purpose of our project is to prove that even this is simple
but it is understandable for beginners that we don’t need to start the difficult project if
we didn’t know the usage of the basic information.

2
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our God that who
give us strength and knowledge to finish our project. And to our teacher Gene Boy
Pitos who is understandable and patiently waited us and to finish this project. And to
our classmate who’s always support us we are really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and our boss who helped us a
lot by supporting our financial to this project.
We are making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED US AND GOD BLESS!!!

3
 CHAPTER 1
Rationale
The Sequential LED light chaser is loosely defined as a system where LEDs
follow one another in a certain pattern. A light chaser can be used to create lighting
animation sequences to attract attention for advertising and promotion, such as the
one we saw in some stores and malls. In addition, it can be used to create pleasing
effects for entertainment as well. Others might find this not that helpful, but for some
people who studies electronics, it is really important to know Led light chaser. For
this is one of the basic fundamentals in learning arduino programming.

As a student that had embedded system subject we need to create

something unique or special things that is related in electronics and programming.
We choose did this LED light chaser project because it wakes our interest on how
will things goes in the end that the light will do some basic pattern effects by
compiling and running the code. We also did this so we can improve our thinking and
gain more knowledge about arduino , this project is the way to enhance our skills
that in the near future we will use this.

We know we are not just the student who have the interest in learning
arduino, by this project we want to help those students that have the same interest
as ours to excel there skill. There are many excellent electronic projects that can do
with the help of arduino, but in order to maximize this passion we need to know
about the world of microcontrollers and the basics.

Therefore we started from the basic arduino project the Led Light Chaser with
effects.

4
 Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY

Introduction of the Project

The LED chaser or sequential is a popular LED Lighting. It’s used in
running light rope displays to flash different lighting patterns. In a chaser or
sequential, a controller commands the sequence and timing of the flashing LEDs
to illuminate different kinds of lighting patterns. This LED chaser is built on
Arduino UNO. That is currently the most popular single-board microcontroller. In
this sequential, twelve LEDs are interfaced with Arduino to demonstrate five(5)
different lighting effects patterns.LEDs are directly interfaced to Arduino pins.
That are controlled via the digital output from Arduino. The UNO is programmed
to output logical signals with different effect sequence over its pins with the
appropriate timing pattern to show different LED light effects or patterns.

DISCUSSION AND DEFINATION OF THE PARTS

ARDUINO UNO

5
 In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David
Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino. The initial
Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis. Arduino Uno is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-
use programmable open-source microcontroller board that can be integrated into a
variety of electronic projects. This board can be interfaced with other Arduino boards,
Arduino shields, Raspberry Pi boards and can control relays, LEDs, servos, and
motors as an output. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PMW output and 6 can be used as analog input), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller, simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

The following is the components of Arduino Uno Board:

 ATmega328: This is the brain of the board in which the program is stored.

 Ground Pin: there are several ground pins incorporated on the board.
 PWM: the board contains 6 PWM pins. PWM stands for Pulse Width
Modulation, using this process we can control the speed of the servo motor,
DC motor, and brightness of the LED.
 Digital I/O Pins: there are 14 digital (0-13) I/O pins available on the board that
can be connected with external electronic components.
 Analogue Pins: there are 6 analogue pins integrated on the board. These pins
can read the analogue sensor and can convert it into a digital signal.
 AREF: It is an Analog Reference Pin used to set an external reference
voltage.
 Reset Button: This button will reset the code loaded into the board. This
button is useful when the board hangs up, pressing this button will take the
entire board into an initial state.
 USB Interface: This interface is used to connect the board with the computer
and to upload the Arduino sketches (Arduino Program is called a Sketch)
 DC Power Jack: This is used to power up the board with a power supply.

6
  Power LED: This is a power LED that lights up when the board is connected
with the power source.
 Micro SD Card: The UNO board supports a micro SD card that allows the
board to store more information.
 3.3V: This pin is used to supply 3.3V power to your projects.
 5V: This pin is used to supply 5V power to your projects.
 VIN: It is the input voltage applied to the UNO board.
 Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator controls the voltage that goes into
the board.
 SPI: The SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. Four Pins 10(SS),
11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK) are used for this communication.
 TX/RX: Pins TX and RX are used for serial communication. The TX is a
transmit pin used to transmit the serial data while RX is a receive pin used to
receive serial data

BREAD BOARD

The breadboard most commonly used today is usually made of white plastic and
is a pluggable (solderless) breadboard. It was designed by Ronald J. Portugal in
1971.Sometimes it called protoboard it is essentially the foundation to construct and
prototype electronics. It allows for easy and quick creation of temporary electronic
circuits or to carry out experiments with circuit design. A breadboard is usually
covered with holes lined with metal, in which wires and electrical components such

7
as resistors, diodes and capacitors can be plugged. The holes are divided into rows,
and holes within particular rows are wired together on the underside of the
breadboard so that an electric current can flow down the rows.
To plugged in to a standard power supply that either connects to a wall outlet
or a battery. Certain holes in the breadboard are connected to positive (+) or
negative (-) voltage so that when a circuit is correctly wired and the breadboard is
plugged in, current flows will through the circuit.

JUMPER WIRE

Leon Jumper invented jumper cables in 1863, way before cars were even
thought about or put into production. He was trying to restart batteries for other
mechanical devices, and his product was successful. Now, these same jumper
cables are used today to help people get restarted every day.

Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them
to be used to connect two points to each other without soldering. It is typically used
with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a
circuit as needed. Fairly simple the colors had nothing to do, the usage of this colors
is to identify or differentiate the pins between the connection.

8
LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

The light-emitting diode (LED) was invented by H.J. Round in (1907), Oleg
Losev in (1927),James R.Biard (1961) and Nick Holonyok in (1962).The first
production of the LED was on October 1962 they use the anode (+) and cathode
(- )as the pin configuration. LED is a semiconductor light source that emits light when
current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to
cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are semiconductor light sources that combine a

P-type semiconductor (larger electron concentration) with an N-type semiconductor
(larger electron concentration). Applying a sufficient forward voltage will cause the
electrons and holes to recombine at the P-N junction, releasing energy in the form of
light. Compared with conventional light sources that first convert electrical energy
into heat, and then into light, it convert electrical energy directly into light, delivering
efficient light generation with little-wasted electricity.

RESISTOR (220 ohms)

9
 In 1959 Otis Frank Boykin, known for inventing the wire precision resistor,
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

The resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).An ohm is the resistance that occurs when
a current of one ampere(A) passes through a resistor with one volt (V) drop across
its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This
ratio is represented by the Ohm’s law. There are many different ways to make a
resistor. Some are just a coil of wire made of a material that is a poor conductor. The
most common and inexpensive type is made from powdered carbon and a glue-like
binder. Such carbon composition resistors usually have a brown cylindrical body with
a wire lead on each end, and colored bands that indicate the value of the resistor.

Resistor Composition

Resistors can be constructed out of a variety of materials. Most common, modern

resistors are made out of either a carbon, metal, or metal-oxide film. In these
resistors, a thin film of conductive (though still resistive) material is wrapped in a
helix around and covered by an insulating material.

Types of Resistor

1.) Through-hole resistors come with long, pliable leads which can be stuck into
a breadboard or hand-soldered into a prototyping board or printed circuit board

10
(PCB). These resistors are usually more useful in breadboarding, prototyping, or in
any case where you'd rather not solder tiny, little 0.6mm-long SMD resistors. The
long leads usually require trimming, and these resistors are bound to take up much
more space than their surface-mount counterparts. The most common through-hole
resistors come in an axial package. The size of an axial resistor is relative to its
power rating. A common ½W resistor measures about 9.2mm across, while a
smaller ¼W resistor is about 6.3mm long.

2.) Surface-mount resistors are usually tiny black rectangles, terminated on either

side with even smaller, shiny, silver, conductive edges. These resistors are intended
to sit on top of PCBs, where they're soldered onto mating landing pads. Because
these resistors are so small, they're usually set into place by a robot, and sent
through an oven where solder melts and holds them in place.

Schematic Diagram

11
Final Output
The Code:

#define t 30

#define t1 20

#define t2 100

#define t3 50

void setup() {

for (int i = 2; i <= 13; i++) {

pinMode(i, OUTPUT);

}void loop(){

effect_1();

effect_1();

effect_2();

effect_2();

effect_3();

effect_3();

effect_4();

effect_4();

effect_5();

effect_5();

effect_6();

effect_6();

effect_7();

effect_7();

void effect_1()

12
for(int i=2; i<14; i++){

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i+1, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i+2, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i, LOW);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i+1, LOW);

delay(t1);

for(int i=13; i>1; i--){

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i-1, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i-2, HIGH);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i, LOW);

delay(t1);

digitalWrite(i-1, LOW);

delay(t1);

void effect_2()

int count = 13;

13
 for (int i = 2; i < 13; i++) {

clear();

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

digitalWrite(count, HIGH);

count--;

if (count != 7) {

delay(t2);

for (int i = 13; i > 2; i--) {

clear();

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

digitalWrite(count, HIGH);

count++;

if (count != 8) {

delay(t2);

void effect_3()

for(int i=2; i<14; i++){

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

delay(t3);

for(int i=2; i<14; i++){

digitalWrite(i, LOW);

delay(t3);

14
}

for(int i = 14; i>=2; i--){

digitalWrite(i, HIGH);

delay(t3);

for(int i = 14; i>=2; i--){

digitalWrite(i, LOW);

delay(t3);

void effect_4()

for(int j = 2; j <= 13; j++){

digitalWrite(j, HIGH);

delay(t2);

j=j+1;

for(int j = 2; j <= 13; j++){

digitalWrite(j, LOW);

delay(t2);

for(int k = 15; k > 2; k--){

digitalWrite(k, HIGH);

delay(t2);

k=k-1;

for(int k = 15; k > 2; k--){

digitalWrite(k, LOW);

delay(t2);

15
 }

void effect_5()

for(int j=2; j<14; j++){

digitalWrite(j, HIGH);

delay(t);

digitalWrite(j+2, LOW);

delay(t);

for(int k = 15; k>2; k--){

digitalWrite(k, HIGH);

delay(t);

digitalWrite(k+2, LOW);

delay(t);

void clear(void)

for (int i = 2; i <= 13; i++) {

digitalWrite(i, LOW);

16
FINAL PROJECT:

17
References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino#Founding

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino_Uno

https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/what-is-arduino-uno-a-getting-started-guide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard#:~:text=The%20breadboard%20most
%20commonly%20used,Portugal%20in%201971.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/breadboard

https://www.techwalla.com/articles/the-functions-of-a-breadboard

https://www.safetyrestore.com/blog/importance-of-jumper-cables/#:~:text=Leon
%20Jumper%20invented%20jumper%20cables,people%20get%20restarted%20every
%20day.

http://blog.sparkfuneducation.com/what-is-jumper-wire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

https://www.rohm.com/electronics-basics/leds/what-are-leds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor#:~:text=A%20resistor%20is%20a
%20passive,transmission%20lines%2C%20among%20other%20uses.

https://eepower.com/resistor-guide/resistor-fundamentals/what-is-a-resistor/#

http://www.electronicsandyou.com/what-is-a-resistor-types-of-resistor-function-color-
code-symbol.html

https://www.phillytrib.com/otis-boykin-invented-an-improved-electrical-resistor/
article_f73aeede-4d70-5ea2-90c6-4d8b7b93e3e1.html#:~:text=The%20inventor%20Otis
%20Frank%20Boykin,%2C%201920%20in%20Dallas%2C%20Texas.

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/resistors/types-of-resistors#:~:text=Resistor
%20Composition,covered%20by%20an%20insulating%20material.

https://youtu.be/kA-WaNq4nsQ

18