AIRCRAFT

NAME: HAJIE BELL B.
ENANORIA AAMT 2-ALPHA AMT 2104
Activity 1
Enumeration.
Direction: Answer each item as best as you can.
1. What are the four forces acting on the aircraft?
 Thrust- the forward force that the powerplant/ propeller or rotor produces. It
opposes the power of drag or overcomes it. It operates parallel to the
longitudinal axis, as a general rule. This, however, is not always the case, as
was later clarified.
 Drag- a rearward, retarding force generated by the wing, rotor, fuselage and
other protruding objects’ disturbance of airflow. Drag, parallel to the relative
wind, opposes thrust and works rearward.
 Weight- the combined load, the crew, the fuel, and the freight or luggage of
the aircraft itself. Weight forces down the aircraft due to the force gravity. It
opposes lift through the center of gravity (CG) of the aircraft and works
vertically downward.
 Lift- the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, which acts
perpendicular to the flight path through the center of lift , opposes the
downward force of weight.
2. What are the three types of drag?
Profile Drag
From the frictional resistance of the blades going through the air, Profile drag
grows. With the AOA of the airfoil, it does not alter dramatically, but increases
moderately as airspeed increases. Profile drag is made up of form drag and skin
friction. Shape drag results from the turbulent wake generated by the airflow
separation form a structure’s surface.
Induced Drag
Induced drag is generated by the airflow circulation around the rotor blade as it
creates lift. The high pressure are beneath the blade joins the low pressure area
above the blade at the trailing edge and at the rotor tips. This causes a spiral, or
vortex, which trails behind each blade whenever lift is being produced. These
vortices deflect the airstream downward in the vicinity of the blade, creating an
increase in downwash.
Parasite Drag
Parasite drag is present anytime the helicopter is moving through the air. This
type of drag increases with airspeed. Non-lifting components of the helicopter,
such as the cabin, rotor mast, tail and landing gear, contribute to parasite drag.
Any loss of momentum by airstream, due to such things as openings for engine
cooling, crates additional parasite drag. Because of its rapid increase with
increasing airspeed, parasite drag is the major cause of drag at higher airspeeds.
Activity 2
Identification
1. The forward force that the powerplant/propeller or rotor produces.

-thrust
2. This force is parallel to the relative wind, opposes thrust and works rearward.
-drag
3. It operates to the longitudinal axis, as a general rule.
-thrust
4. It opposes lift through the center of gravity of the aircraft and works vertically
downward.
-weight
5. The dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, which acts perpendicular to
the flight path through the center of lift, opposes the downward force of the
weight.
-lift
Activity 3
Essay
1. Explain the Bernoulli’s Principle.

- The relationship between internal fluid pressure and fluid velocity is defined by
Bernoulli’s theory. It is a declaration of the law of conservation of energy and
helps to understand why an aerodynamic force is created by an airfoil. It is not
possible to establish or kill the principle of conservation of energy states, and the
amount of energy entering a system must also leave.
2. Define what is an airfoil.
- An airfoil is any surface that produces more lift than drag while going by via the
air at an acceptable angle. Very frequently, airfoils are associated with lift output.
Often, airfoils are used for stability (fin), control (elevator) and thrust or
propulsion (rotor or propeller). Certain airfoils, such as rotor blades, combine
some of these functions.
3. Discuss the Newton’s Third Law of Motion.
- Additional lift is provided by the rotor blade’s lower surface as air striking the
underside is deflected downward. According to Newton’s Third Law of Motion
“for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction,” the air that is deflected
downward also produces an upward or lifting reaction.
4. What is hovering flight?
- Hovering is the most challenging part of flying a helicopter. This is because a
helicopter generates its own gusty air while in a hover, which acts against the
fuselage and flight control surfaces. The end result is constant control inputs and
corrections by the pilot to keep the helicopter where it is required to be. The
control inputs in a hover are basic, despite the difficulty of the assignment.
5. What is vertical flight?
- Hovering is actually an aspect of vertical flight. Increasing the angle of incidence
of the rotor blades (pitch) while keeping their rotation speed constant generates
additional lift and the helicopter ascends. Decreasing the pitch causes the
helicopter to descend. In a no-wind condition in which lift and thrust are less than
weight and drag, the helicopter descends vertically.
6. What is forward flight?
- In steady forward flight, with no change in airspeed or vertical speed, the four
forces of lift, thrust, drag and weight must be in balance. once the tip-path plane
is tilted forward, the total lift-thrust force is also tilted forward. This resultant lift-
thrust force can be resolved into two components. Lift acting vertically upward
and thrust acting horizontally in the direction of flight.
7. What is sideward or rearward flight?
- The tip-path plane is tilted rearward for the rearward flight. Which in turn tilts
the rearward lift-thrust vector? Drag now, acts directly upward with the lift part
and weight straight down.
8. Explain what is turning flight.
- In forward flight, the rotor disk is tilted forward, which also tilts the total lift-
thrust force of the rotor disk forward. When the helicopter is banked, the rotor
disk is tilted sideward resulting in lift being separated into two components. Lift
acting upward upward and opposing weight is called the vertical component of
lift.
9. What is the purpose of autorotation?
- Autorotation is the state of flight where the main rotor system of a helicopter is
being turned by the action of air moving up through the rotor rather than engine
power driving the rotor. In normal, powered flight, air is drawn into the main
rotor system from above and exhausted downward, but during autorotation, air
moves up into the rotor system from below as the helicopter descends.
Autorotation is permitted mechanically by a freewheeling unit, which is a special
clutch mechanism, that allows the main rotor to continue turning even if the
engine in not running. If the engine fails, the freewheeling unit automatically
disengages the engine from the main rotor allowing the main rotor to rotate
freely. It is the means by which a helicopter can be landed safely or glide in the
event of an engine failure.

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NAME: HAJIE BELL B.

ENANORIA AAMT 2-ALPHA AMT 2104

1. What are the four forces acting on the aircraft?

2. What are the three types of drag?

1. The forward force that the powerplant/propeller or rotor produces.

1. Explain the Bernoulli’s Principle.

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