BONES OF THE FACE

- Serve to protect the brain and the smell.

1. Maxillae (2)
- The 2 maxillary bones fused to form the upper jaw, located anterior of hard palate.
- Maxillae carry the upper teeth in the alveolar margin.
2. Palatine bones (2)
- paired palatine bones form the posterior part of the hard palate, walls of nasal cavity and floor of
the orbit.
3. Zygomatic bone (2)
- they lie below the lateral to the orbit or eye socket
- Articulate with the maxilla, frontal and temporal bone
4. Lacrimal bone (2)
- thin bone forming part of the medial walls of each orbit.
- Has a glues that serve as a passageway for tears.
5. Nasal bone (2)
- the small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose.
- Articulates with the frontal bone.
6. Vomer bone (1)
- this is the single thin bone in the median line of the nasal cavity.
7. Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- thin bones projecting from lateral walls of nasal cavity.
8. Mandible (1)
– largest & strongest bone of the face.
SUTURES AND FONTANELS
- The term joint or articulation is used for any junction of 2 bones.
- All the joints between cranial bones are immovable joints called sutures.
4 major cranial sutures
1. Coronal suture: It unites the frontal and parietal bones
2. Lamboidal: Unites the parietal and occipital bones.
3. Sagittal: Unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull.
4. Squamous: unites the temporal and parietal bones.
 Use of cranial suture: Maintain a state of patency from infancy through early adulthood as the
skull continues to grow and accommodate the developing brain’s demand for expansion.
4 membrane filled fontanels
 Fontanels- large membranous areas between incomplete ossified bones.
- Soft spots
- Allow the skulls to expand as the child’s brain completes its growth and development during the first
few years of life.
1. Anterior fontanel: largest fontanels; closes 18-24 months after birth; located midline of the 2 parietal
bones.
2. Posterior fontanel: Closes 2 months after birth; midline among 2 parietal bones and occipital bone.
3. Sphenoid fontanel: Anterolateral fontanels; regular shape; closes 3 months after birth.
4. Mastoid fontanel: posterolateral fontanels; begins to close after 1-2 months after birth; completely
close after 12 months.
 By the age of 2 years, normally all the fontanels had to be ossified (Calcify- become hard)
What is the purpose of the fontanels?
1. Permits the compression of the infant’s skull during childbirth.
2. Permit the growth of the brain after birth.
HYOID BONE (1)
- “U” shape located inferior to the root of the tongue, superior to the larynx.
- It supports the tongue; provides attachment sites to the muscle in speaking and swallowing.
OSSICLES OF THE EAR
 Middle ear- within the temporal bone containing ____________________.
 Ossicles- transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear.
1. Malleus (hammer/mallet) (2) - outermost part and the largest bone of the ear, attached to the tympanic
membrane; connects the incus.
2. Incus (Anvil) (2) - Middle bone; receives vibration from the malleus
3. Stapes (Stirrup) (2) - smallest bone in the body; conduct vibration to the inner ear.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- Spine/ spinal column
- Extends from the base of the skull through the entire length of the trunk.
- Composed of 26 separate bones called membrane.
- Joined by fibro cartilaginous joints.
 Intervertebral Disc – acts as caution such as vertebrae.
 Annulus – outer layer of the disk.
 Nucleus – surrounds the machimoist canter of the disc.
 Lamina – Covers the canal with a large hole with the center of the vertebra.
 A child contains 22 separate vertebrae.
Functions of vertebral column/vertebrae
1. Form a strong but flexible support for the neck and trunk.
2. Protect the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
3. Provides supports on the weight of the body
4. Give an erect posture
Functions of the intervertebral disks
1. Acts as a shock absorber during movement; walking, running, jumping.
2. Allow vertebrae to move without damaging each other.
CURVATURE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
1. Cervical curve- convex forward, secondary curve, they do not appear until after birth.
2. Thoracic curve- convex backward, primary curve, present in fetus.
3. Lumbar curve- convex forward, secondary curve, they do not appear until after birth.
4. Sacral curve- convex backward, primary curve, present in fetus.
5. Curves provide spring and resiliency and necessary to cushion in walking, maintains center of gravity
in the body.
6. Lumbar curve more pronounced in women than in men, most especially during pregnancy.
Abnormal curvatures in the body
1. Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine.
2. Kyphosis: exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic region which results in rounded upper back.
3. Lordosis: abnormally increased inward curvature of the lower spine causes
________________________.
Vertebrae
1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
- Cervical bone (neck): (7)
- They support, enable to move up, down, and sideways.
 Transverse Foramina- pair of opening which are found only in these vertebrae.
 Atlas- is a term used for the first cervical vertebra, because THEY SUPPORT THE
HEAD.
2. THORACIC VERTEBRAE
- Thoracic (chest):(4)
- Increase in size as they progress down
- 1st 4 similar to the cervical vertebrae; the last 4 had common features with lumbar vertebrae.
3. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
- Lumbar (back): (5)
 - Largest and strongest vertebrae.
- Situated at the “small back” between the thorax and pelvis.
- Responsible for carrying lots of body weight.
- Last true vertebrae.
4. SACRUM
 Sacrum- provides strength and stability to the pelvis; 5 vertebral bodies fused into 1 bone.
 Coccyx/ Coccygeal- 3 to 5 fused vertebrae- 1 human tailbone, irregularly shaped vertebrae.
TOTAL-----______________
THORAX
- It includes the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae and costal cartilages.
- Thoracic skeleton is formed by intervertebral disks of 12 thoracic vertebrae; by 12 pairs of ribs;
12 costal cartilages, and the sternum.
- Protects the heart, lungs and some abdominal organs
- It also supports bones of the pectoral girdle.
RIBS
- Curve, slightly twisted strips of bone.
- These are 12 pairs of ribs, which articulate posterior with the vertebral column.
 INTERCOSTAL SPACE: _____________________________________
 TRUE RIBS- Upper ____ pairs of ribs; attach to both __________ and the ___________.
 FALSE RIBS- lower ___ pairs of ribs (__ to __); attach to the _______ indirectly.
 FLOATING RIBS- 11TH AND 12TH, they are attach only to the vertebral column.
 TYPICAL RIBS- 3 to 9th; each with a wedge shaped head on the end next to the spine.
STERNUM (BREASTBONE)
- Midline bony structure of anterior chest walls.
- Sternum consist of:
1. MANUBRIUM: Articulates with the clavicle.
2. BODY: Articulates the 2 ribs – 10 pairs of ribs.
3. XIPHOID PROCESS: Doesn’t connect with any of the ribs.
B. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- Consist of 126 bones
UPPER EXTREMITIES
 Pectoral girdle (shoulder) (4) - consist of clavicle and scapula.
a. Clavicle (collar bone) (2)
- this is a long bone that extends from sternum and scapulae.
- It acts as a brace to hold the arm and helps prevents dislocation.
b. Scapulae (2)
- located posterior the thoracic; located on the thoracic wall between the ribs 2 and 7.
- Flat triangular body that can be felt at the _____________________________________.
Bones of the upper Extremities:
- This is the bone of the arm, forearm, which consists of the humerus, ulna, radius carpal (wrist),
metacarpals and phalanges of the fingers.
1. Humerus (2) - arm bone located between the shoulder and elbow; longest and largest bone of the
upper limb.
2. Radius (2) and Ulna (2) - two bones of the forearm; anatomical position lateral radius; palm face
backward; distal end and up medial to ulna
3. Carpals (16), metacarpals (10), phalanges (28)
a. Wrist or carpals (carpus) (8 each)
- composed of eight short bones, connected each other by ligaments that restrict their mobility to
gliding movement.
- So, when the hands is put into action/movement, the carpal bones glide with each other in order
to function.
b. Metacarpal bones (5 each)
– make up the skeleton of the palm of the hand.
c. Phalanges (14 each)
- are the finger bone.
- 3 phalanges in each finger
- proximal, medial, distal except the thumb
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE (LOWER LIMB GIRDLE)
1. Pelvic girdle (2) - formed by the right and left hip bones (ossa coxae).
- 3 fused bones: pubis, ischium, illium
2. Hipbones (Ossa coxae), sacrum, and coccyx.
a. Hipbones- the paired hipbones are the broadest bone in the body.
b. Sacrum- are part of the vertebral of axial bone.
c. Coccyx- it is only included under hipbone of appendicular skeleton because of its articulation to the
structure.
Parts of the Ossa Coxae:
1. Ischium
- “Sit-down bone”; forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone.
 Ischial tuberosity- roughened area that receives body weight when one is sitting.
- Serves as attachment for posterior thigh muscles and carries the body weight while sitting.
 Acetabulum – deep cut, which is a socket of the ball end socket joint with the head of the femur.
Parts of Ischium:
a. Ischial tuberosity- roughened area that receives body weight when one is sitting.
b. Ischial spine- superior to the tuberosity; important in pregnant women; posterior part of ischium
which is a triangular extinct; narrows the outlet.
2. Ilium
- Largest and upper portion of the coxa (hipbone); flares outward; forming the prominence of the
hip.
- Provides many attachment points or muscles of the trunk and hips.
3. Pubis
- anterior and inferior part of the hipbone; constitute the anterior part of the ossa coxae.
- Has a role in connecting the two hipbones at the anterior part of the body and at the location of
symphysis pubis.
OTHER STRUCTURE:
1. Greater sciatic notch- allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve (Largest nerve in the body) to
pass into the pelvis into the thighs.
2. Obturator Foramen- largest foramen in the skeleton; an opening which allows blood vessels and
nerves into the anterior part of the thighs.
3. Symphysis pubis (pubic bones) – each hipbone fuses anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint.; it unites
the ossa coxae anteriorly.
- above the external genital area and anterior to the urinary bladder; made of iodine cartilage and
fiber cartilage.
 Relaxin: produced by ovary and placenta; increases the flexibility.
PELVIS (Bowl Shape)
- Formed by sacrum and coccyx posteriorly and the two hipbones anteriorly and laterally.
- Basic functions of pelvis are:
1. Provide attachment sites for muscle of the trunk and lower limbs.
2. Transfer and transmit the weight of the body from the vertebral column to the femur of
the lower limb.
3. Supports and protects the organ within the pelvis.
-Organs: pelvic organ, urinary bladder, reproductive organ, parts of the colon.
Divisions of pelvis
1. Greater pelvis
- this is the false pelvis.
- Expanded portion of the cavity situated above and in front of the pelvic brim.
2. Lesser pelvis
- True pelvis; Obstetriespelvis
- This is the critical region during childbirth.
- providing the opening through which the baby must pass.
- Contains rectum, urinary bladder, vagina, cervix of uterus, prostate gland
 Pelvic Brim: Superior opening of the pelvis; during CB, the pelvic is the route taken by the
baby’s head.