CH4. Drainage Above Ground - 1
CH4. Drainage Above Ground - 1
CH4. Drainage Above Ground - 1
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− Outlet may be horizontal, `p', `S', left- or right-handed (horizontal outlet pans are now
standard, with push-fit adaptors to convert
the pan to whatever configuration is
required).
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2.2. Water WC Traps:
1. Washdown
• The wash down pan uses the force of the water from the
cistern to clear the bowl.
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2.3. Flushing Cisterns
Bell type
This form of flushing cistern is now virtually
obsolete, although some reproductions are
available for use in keeping with the
refurbishment of historic premises.
Still be found in use in old factories, schools
and similar established buildings.
Activated by the chain being pulled which also
lifts the bell.
As the chain is released the bell falls to displace
water down the stand pipe, effecting a siphon
which empties the cistern.
The whole process is relatively noisy.
Disc type
Manufactured in a variety of materials including plastics and ceramics for application to all
categories of building.
Depressing the lever raises the piston and water is displaced over the siphon.
A siphonic action is created to empty the cistern.
Some cisterns incorporate an economy or
dual-flush siphon.
When the lever is depressed and released
promptly, air passing through the vent pipe
breaks the siphonic action to give a 4.5-litre
flush. When the lever is held down a 7.5-litre
flush is obtained.
Since 2001 the maximum permitted single
flush to a WC pan is 6 litres.
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Automatic Flushing Cisterns
Roger field's flushing cistern
Has application to children's lavatories and
other situations where the users are unable to
operate a manual flush device.
As the cistern fills, air in the stand pipe is
gradually compressed.
When the head of water `h' is slightly above
the head of water `h', water in the trap is
forced out.
Siphonic action is established and the cistern
flushes the WC until air enters under the
dome to break the siphon.
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• Water flows through the bypass and refills the upper chamber to cancel out the upward force
acting under piston `a'. Valve `B' closes under its own weight.
2.5. Showers
• More economical to use than a bath as it takes less hot water (about 1⁄3), it is arguably more
hygienic and it takes up less space.
• A minimum 1 m head of water should be allowed above the shower outlet. If this is impractical,
a pumped delivery could be considered.
• The shower outlet (rose) should also be at least 2 m above the floor of the shower tray.
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2.6. Urinals
• These are used in virtually all buildings and public lavatories containing common facilities for
male conveniences.
• They reduce the need for a large number of WCs.
Stall Type
Contains curved stalls, dividing pieces and low-level channel.
Bowl Type
Secured to the wall and provided with division pieces where more than one is installed.
Slab Type
Fixed against the wall with projecting return end slabs and a low-level channel.
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2.7. Baths
• Baths are manufactured in acrylic sheet, reinforced glass fibre, enamelled pressed steel and
enamelled cast iron.
• The acrylic sheet bath has the advantage of light weight to ease installation, it is comparatively
inexpensive and is available in a wide range of colors.
• A Sitz bath is stepped to form a seat. It has particular application to nursing homes and hospitals
for use with the elderly and infirm.
2.8. Sinks
• Sinks are designed for culinary and other domestic uses.
• They may be made from glazed fireclay, enamelled cast iron or steel, stainless steel or from
glass fibre-reinforced polyester.
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− These can be built into a work surface or be provided as a sink unit with cupboards under.
Belfast Sinks:
− Belfast sink has an integral weir overflow and water may pass through this to the waste pipe
via a slotted waste fitting.
− It may have a hardwood or dense plastic draining board fitted at one end only or a draining
board fitted at each end.
− Alternatively, the sink may be provided with a fluted drainer of fireclay.
London Sinks:
− The london sink has similar features to Belfast sinks, but it does not have an integral
overflow.
− In recent years sinks of this type have lost favour to surface built-in metal and plastic
materials, but there is now something of a resurgence of interest in these traditional fittings.
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2.10. Washing Troughs
• Washing troughs are manufactured
circular or rectangular on plan in ceramic
materials or stainless steel.
• They are an economical and space-
saving alternative to a range of basins,
for use in factory, school and public
lavatories.
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4. Pipe Classification in Sanitary Appliances
• Waste pipes- conveying water-bound discharges from sinks, baths, showers, washbasins and
bidets
• Soil pipes - conveying human discharges from WCs or urinals
6. Traps
• Foul air from the drain and sewer is prevented from penetrating buildings by applying a water
trap to all sanitary appliances.
• A water seal trap is an integral part of gullies and WCs, being moulded in during manufacture.
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• Smaller fittings (i.e. sinks, basins, etc.), must be fitted with a trap.
Depth of water seal
WCs and gullies 50 mm (less than smaller fittings as these are unlikely to lose
their seal due to the volume of water retained).
Sanitary appliances other than 75 mm, where the branch pipe connects directly to a discharge
WCs with waste pipes of 50 stack. However, because of the slow run-off, seal depth may be
mm nominal diameter or less reduced to 50 mm for baths and shower trays.
Sinks, baths and showers 38 mm, where appliance waste pipes discharge over a trapped
gully.
Bottle traps
• Often used because of their neat appearance.
• Easier to install in small areas such as behind a wash basin.
• Should be avoided on sink as they are prone to cause food blockage.
“P”- traps
• Often used where the waste pipe is installed directly through a wall
from the appliance and into a drain or directly into a stack.
“S”- traps
• Used where the pipe has to go vertically from the trap through a floor or
into another horizontal waste pipe from another appliance.
• ‘P’ traps (and bottle traps) can be converted to ‘S’ traps using swivel
elbows.
Hepworth discharge pipe valve
• Works on the simple principle of using an internal
plastic membrane.
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• The membrane allows water to flow through it when the water is released, then closes to
prevent foul air from entering the building.
• It is ideal for fitting behind pedestals and under baths and showers, and is supplied with a range
of adaptors, so it can be used in various situations.
Running traps
• Used in public toilets or schools where one running trap is used for
a range of untrapped wash basins.
• On domestic installations it could be used in cases where a ‘P’ or
‘S’ strap arrangement is not possible or is difficult to achieve due
to limitation of space or an obstruction.
• Running traps are sometimes used with a washing machine waste outlet or dishwashers,
although specialist traps are also available for these appliances.
Resealing and anti-siphon traps
• If an above ground discharge system is designed and installed
correctly, the loss of trap seal should be prevented.
• However, these traps are designed to prevent seal loss due to the effects
of siphonage.
• These types of traps could be specified or fitted in situations where
normal installation requirements cannot be met.
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7. Loss of Trap Water Seal
• The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or poor
workmanship.
• Otherwise, it may be caused by poor system design and/or installation.
• The most obvious cause of water seal loss is leakage due to defective fittings or poor
workmanship.
• Otherwise, it may be caused by poor system design and/or installation.
• Main causes for the trap failures are,
Self-siphonage
Induced siphonage
Back pressure
Capillary action
Waving out
Self-siphonage
• As the water discharges, a plug of water is formed.
• This creates a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in the
pipe between the water plug and the basin, which is
enough to siphon the water out of the trap.
• Prevention methods:
by ensuring that the length of waste pipe is
within the regulations for single stack
installations, or
whether the waste pipe is ventilated, or
use of resealing traps
• Self-siphonage is most common in wash basins as its shape allows water to escape quickly.
Induced siphonage
• This is caused by the discharge of water from an appliance which is connected to the same waste
pipe as other appliances.
• As the water plug flows past the joints of the second
appliance, a negative pressure is created between the
pipe and appliance which siphons the water out of the
trap.
• This arrangement is not acceptable on a primary
ventilated stack, unless the final branch pipe is a size
bigger than the largest diameter waste pipe from the
appliance, e.g. basin into bath waste, the bath waste
would need to be 50 mm.
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Back pressure
• Compression occurs due to resistance to flow at the
base of a stack.
• The positive pressure displaces water in the lowest trap.
• Causes are a too small radius bottom bend, an
undersized stack or the lowest branch fitting too close
to the base of the stack.
Capillary action
• Water is drawn along the strands of the cloth due to capillary
action.
Waving out
• Gusts of wind blowing over the top of the stack can
cause a partial vacuum to disturb water seals.
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