CH3. Lighting - 2

4.
Color rendering index (CRI)/Color rendition index

CRI is a numerical scale not exceeding 100, which used for measuring the effectiveness of an
artificial light source to reproduce color when compared to natural light.
The most obvious application is to photography and cinematography, but the index is also useful for
categorizing artificial light applications to building interiors. Low pressure sodium discharge lamps
have a poor CRI rated below zero.
5. Light Fittings
From an optical perspective, the fitting should obscure the lamp from the discomfort of direct vision
to reduce the impact of glare.
Direct Lighting
Semi-direct Lighting
Indirect Lighting
Semi-indirect Lighting
General Lighting
6. Illumination Data for Home Lighting
Main illumination data for home lighting are,
o The nature of the task/activity and its dependence on high illumination
o The age of the person(s) performing the task/activity
o The wall/ceiling reflectances of the room
o Requirements for timely completion of the task/activity
o Requirements for precision or accuracy in the task activity
Light Output Ratio (LOR)
LOR is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux of the luminaire to the lumens of the lamp used. It
a figure used to indicate how much light is lost within a luminaire.
ULOR and DLOR: Upward and Downward Light Output Ratios are the amounts of light from the
upper and lower halves of a luminaire respectively.
Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

Part of the lumen output from the sources is lost in the fittings. Some output is directed to the walls
and ceilings where part will be absorbed and part reflected. Thus, only a portion of the light given
out reaches the working surface. This proportion is expressed as a number always less than unity.
CU Depends on;
 The type of the lighting system (direct or indirect)
 The type and mounting height of the fittings
 The color and surface of walls and ceilings
 To some extent, the shape and dimensions of the room
Depreciation Factor (DF)
Dust and dirt on fittings and sometimes ageing of the fittings reduce the light output. Illumination
will also be impaired by deterioration in the condition of the decorations. Thus, the illumination
received from a lighting source will not be its actual illumination level.
Maintenance Factor (MF)

MF is inversely depends on DF.
Space/ Height Ratio (S/H)

The value of the spacing-height ratio depends upon the type of fitting and the illumination which
may be specified. Once the height is decided, the ratio enables the spacing and therefore the number
of fittings to be determined.
Illumination Formulae
Where total number of lumens are required for a certain building:
7. Light Control
Lighting controls allow occupants of a space to adjust the level and quality of light based on their
personal preference and needs. In addition to enhancing the ambience of a space, controlling light
helps save energy. Principles of lighting controls are,
 Controlling Operating Time
 Controlling Power
 Code Requirements
 Common Sense
Types of light control are,
 Switching
 Time Control
 Occupancy Sensing
 Dimming
8. Daylighting
Before the appropriate artificial light source can be selected, it is important to consider how daylight
can be used effectively. Daylight is highly desirable as a light source because people respond very
positively to it. Also, with the proper design, daylight can significantly reduce the amount of electric
light required throughout the day.
Advantages of designing with nature

With the invention of electricity, humans began a series of changes in lifestyles that are now seen as
interrupting nature's rhythms. Although not immediately deadly, these changes threaten individual
long term health. Some of these include:
• In modern developed nations, humans tend to be indoors more than 90 % of the time and are
often vitamin D deficient.
• By day, darkened interiors with warmer color temperatures (relative to outdoors) can detract
from normal alertness and attentiveness, affecting productivity and learning.
• At night, high indoor light levels and television, computer, and smartphone screens
effectively extend the daylight periods, slowing the onset of increased melatonin and sleep.
• Exterior lighting disrupts the rhythms of plants and animals and can interrupt the human
cycle as well.
Considerations for designing usable daylight in buildings

 Siting the building—that is, orienting it for optimum solar exposure
 Massing the building—that is, presenting the optimum building surfaces toward the sun
 Choosing fenestration to permit the proper amount of light into the building, taking into
account seasons, weather, and daily solar cycles
 Shading the façade and fenestration from unwanted solar radiation
 Adding appropriate operable shading devices, such as blinds and curtains, to permit occupant
control over daylight admission
 Designing electric lighting controls that permit full realization of the energy savings benefit
of daylighting
Methods of Daylighting in Buildings

Top Lighting
Skylight: The skylight, or horizontal glazing, permits direct solar
and sky radiation through a fenestrated aperture. Toplighting is
the easiest form of daylighting and is relatively unaffected by
site orientation and adjacent buildings.
Single Clerestory: The single clerestory produces

both direct and indirect lighting by introducing light
through a vertical clerestory window. Depending on
the adjacent roof, some of the light may be reflected
downward by the ceiling into the space. However,
the site orientation can contribute a relatively high
percentage of direct light, which can be glaring.
Sawtooth single clerestory: The sawtooth single

clerestory produces both direct and indirect lighting
but, by bouncing a high percentage of the light off
the adjacent slanted ceiling, increases the amount of
downward light and minimizes the amount of direct
light. If the sawtooth glazing faces north, it can be an
excellent source of natural light for a large interior
area.
Double clerestory: The monitor or double clerestory also

produces abundant daylight, especially in buildings where the
solar orientation or weather does not permit the sawtooth or
other more unusual designs. With proper choice of glazing and
overhang, a monitor can produce exceptionally balanced and
comfortable daylight.
Side Lighting
Side lighting employs vertical fenestration (usually windows) to introduce natural light. Unlike
toplighting, side lighting tends to introduce light that can be too bright relative to the room surfaces,
sometimes causing glare. However, because windows generally provide side lighting, the view is
often desirable, and the glare is an acceptable side effect.
Building Light Shelf: Many modern buildings
employ a light shelf to shade the lower part of
the window. The top of the shelf is reflective,
intended to bounce light inward and onto the
ceiling, which in turn provides for deeper light
penetration and improved interior light quality.
A light shelf has limited benefit with diffuse
light on sunless and cloudy days.
Awnings: Awnings or other extended shades
offer additional protection and are generally
needed on the east and west façades of the
building. Awnings are particularly useful on
retail storefront windows. Without an awning, it
is very difficult to see into a retail store when
direct sunlight hits the glass because the interior
light is much lower than the exterior light. With
an awning, the window is in shadow, making
the interior light appear brighter and allowing
the view inside.
Overhang Soffit: Similar to an awning, overhang

soffits provide a limited amount of shading and are
best employed on the south façade (in the
Northern Hemisphere) of the building.
Shades: Blinds, curtains, and shades are the most common forms of interior shading. Interior shading
devices should be chosen to have a reflective surface so that unwanted light is reflected back
outdoors. Dark shades may prevent glare and provide a superior view from the inside looking out,
but they can absorb solar energy and become warm, heating the space. If possible, provide a light
color on the outside of the shade and a dark color on the inside.
Glazing: View glazing, permitting a clearer glass, or daylight glazing, which is generally darker or
more reflective than view glazing to prevent glare from the bright sky or direct solar radiation.

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4.

Color rendering index (CRI)/Color rendition index

Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

Maintenance Factor (MF)

Space/ Height Ratio (S/H)

Advantages of designing with nature

Considerations for designing usable daylight in buildings

Methods of Daylighting in Buildings

Single Clerestory: The single clerestory produces

Sawtooth single clerestory: The sawtooth single

Double clerestory: The monitor or double clerestory also

Overhang Soffit: Similar to an awning, overhang

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