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EAPP Q2 Module 6 - Research

Philosophical Foundations in Education (La Consolacion University Philippines)

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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES – GRADE 11/12

Quarter 2 – Module 6: CONDUCTS SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR OBSERVATIONS

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: DARWIN S. ARIATE

Editors: GINA B. PANTINO

JOSALIE T. TONIO
SONIA V. PRENSADER
LORAINE T. CHIONG

Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and

Masbate City Division headed by JEANETTE ROMBLON

Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL P. SARTE

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SHS

English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 6
CONDUCTS SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS
OR OBSERVATIONS
This instructional material was developed based from the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELC) in English for Academic and Professional
Purposes in response to the new normal scheme in learning delivery of the
Department of Education. This module was collaboratively reviewed by
educators and program specialists in the Regional Office V. We encourage
teachers and other educational stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
____________________.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education Republic of the Philippine

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I. Introduction:

You have explored the nature and purpose of designing a

questionnaire, and now you are ready to explore methods of data
collection. There are varieties of methods of data collection including
observations, experiments, surveys, and others. The most common
methods used are experiments, observations, and surveys. The
purpose of this lesson is for you to explore methods of data collection,
how they work in practice, the purpose of each, when their use is
appropriate, and what they can offer to your research. According to
Gena Showalter – “Giving up is the only sure to fail.” So let’s keep
fighting.

II. Objective:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

Conducts surveys, experiments, or observations

III. Vocabulary List:

Let’s enrich your vocabulary with these terms that you will
encounter throughout this lesson.

Survey – measure characteristics of interest about a population using

selected sample without making connections between the data.

Observation – researchers determine whether an existing condition called a

factor is related to a characteristics of interest

Data – information gathered from the respondents/participants

Experiment – researchers create a condition by applying a treatment and

seeing if it has any effect on characteristics of interest.

Population – a group of individuals, institutions, objects and so forth with

common characteristics that are the interest of a researcher.

Biased Questions – the wording may lead the respondent to think a certain
way.

Control Group – is the group that does not get the treatment or is not given
special instructions to follow.

Treatment Group – is the group that gets the treatment or is given special
instructions to follow.
Skewed Data - it is when a curve appears distorted in a statistical
distribution.

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IV. Pre-Test:

Multiple Choice : Write the letter of your choice in your answer

sheet or in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is a true observation?

a. It takes less time than interviews
b. It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave
as they do
c. Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt.
d. All of the above.

2. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: “What

else? Or ‘Could you expand on that?’ are all forms of:
a. Structured responses
b. Category questions
c. Protocols
d. Probes

3. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:

a. There is a need for highly personalized data
b. It is important to ask supplementary questions
c. High numbers of respondents are needed
d. Respondents have difficulty with written language

4. What type of survey question encourages an answer phrased in the

respondent’s own words?
a. Scan-Ended
b. Close-Ended
c. Talk-Ended
d. Open-Ended

5. Interview questions should:

a. Lead the respondent
b. Probe sensitive issues
c. Be delivered in a neutral tone
d. Test the respondents’ power of memory

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V. Learning Concept:

Today, you are going to learn the three different ways on how to
conduct surveys, experiments, or observations.

The first method you have is a SURVEY. In doing a survey, the

researcher must understand the right mode of inquiry for establishing an
inference whether in a large group of people or from a small number of
people in a group. The very aim of conducting a survey is to present and
explain the actual experiences of a certain population.

Conducting survey is done in three (3) steps: 1) by email; 2) telephone;

3) personal interview. The method of data collection can be from observation
to content analysis and this can be used in the survey.

The challenges limitations of a survey are seen according to the

following criteria: 1) appropriateness of the method; 2) accuracy of what to
observe; 3) generalizability of findings; 4) administrative constrains; 5)
ethical and political difficulties.

An example of a survey is the open-ended questions. This is placed in

a box form and will permit your respondents to provide a unique answer.
This kind of approach is able to provide the respondents the freedom to say
what they feel about a topic, which provided you with an exploratory data
that may unleash important issues, opportunities, issues, or quotes.
(Buensuceso, Dacanay, Manalo, and San Gabriel, 2016, p101)

Let’s consider this example:

You want to know what proportion of your English class likes rock
music. You have three different ways to conduct a study and you need to
look at the key features of each different method, the pros and cons and
decide which method is best.

You already know that a survey means that you are going to select
people. And in this case those people would be in the English class because
that is your population and then you will ask them questions or multiple
questions depending on what you‘re looking for. In this example, you would
randomly select people and you could ask, for example “Do you like rock
music?”

So the positive side of this method is that it’s very time efficient. It’s
very quick to just come up with a question, ask someone a question and get
their answer then record it. This is also nice because you get the right to the
point in your question, you’re designing the question to get the exact
information you’re looking for so it focuses on the desired response.

The negative side of the survey is it’s very likely you could get biased
responses and remember biased responses caused us to get skewed data

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and the reason you could get a biased response is because when you ask
someone a question the wording is very important. The wording of the
question or the way someone interprets your question can cause you to have
biased responses. So you have to careful with how you will ask and
formulate your question/s.

So for example, if you ask someone, “Do you like rock music?”
You might be biased towards saying YES or NO depending on how they feel
about rock music; whereas, maybe if you had them rank different kinds of
music and gave them different options that would give you a better idea on
how they really feel about this type of music.

So you have to be careful when conducting a survey. Make sure

the wording of your question is not going to cause someone to answer in a
different way.

The second method you have is OBSERVATION. According to

Buensuceso, Dacanay, Manalo, and San Gabriel (2016), Observation
may take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy
and descriptive notes of what is happening.

It is argued that there are limits to the situations that can be observed
in their ‘natural’ settings and that the presence of the researcher may lead
to problems with validity.

Limitations with observation include:

a. Change in people’s behavior when they know they are being observed.
b. A ‘snap shot’ view of a whole situation
c. Think Big Brother…
d. The researcher may miss something while they are watching and
taking notes
e. The researcher may make judgments, make value statements or
misunderstand what has been observed

Strength of observation

a. Can offer a flavor for what is happening

b. Can give an insight into the bigger picture
c. Can demonstrate sub-groups
d. Can be used to assist in the design of the rest of the research
e. Sometimes, the researcher becomes or needs to become a participant
observer, where he/she is taking part in the situation in order to be
accepted and further understand the workings of the social
phenomenon

Observation can sometimes obtain more reliable information about

certain things – for example, how people actually behave. It can also serve
as a technique for verifying or nullifying information provided in face to face

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encounters. People or environment can be observed. When environment is
researched, it can provide valuable background information that may inform
other aspects of the research.

Techniques for collecting data through observation:

Written descriptions

- The researcher makes written descriptions of the people, situations or

environment
- Limitations include
• Researcher might miss out on an observation as they are taking
notes
• The researcher may be focused on a particular event or situation
• There is room for subjective interpretation of what is happening

Video recording

- Allows the researcher to also record notes

- Limitations may include
• People acting unnaturally towards the camera or others
avoiding the camera
• The camera may not always see everything

Photographs and artifacts

- Useful when there is a need to collect observable information or

phenomena such as buildings, neighborhoods, dress, and
appearance
- Artifacts include objects of significance – memorabilia, instruments,
tools and others.

Documentation

Any and all kinds of documentation may be used to provide

information – a local paper, information on a notice board, administrative
policies and procedures.

As you can see, observation tells you that you are probably going to
observe people.

Let’s consider again the same example given.

You want to know what proportion of your English class likes
rock music.
In this method, you would randomly select people and you would just
observe their behavior and it depends on what your study is about. In this
scenario, you want to know people who like rock music. So for example, you
could play rock music for everybody in the class and you could just observe

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how they react to the music and if they have a response or if they are
dancing or singing and that would be a way to have an observational study.

The positive side of this is that, in this situation you can acquire more
details and it’s different from just saying “Do you like rock music?” and
getting a Yes or No answer. If you’re observing how someone responds to
you playing rock music you’re going to get more data, you’re going to record
specifically how they react.

The negative side of this method is that it is time-consuming and it

can be difficult to observe somebody for a longer period of time. So with rock
music, it is not that hard to just play rock music and see how someone
reacts but depending on what your study is all about, you might need to be
spending more time observing them to get the information you need.

So, this method takes more time and it is not also perfect because you
don’t have a control group. Those are the group of people that you are giving
different kind of music and seeing how they respond to that.

The third method is EXPERIMENT. According to Murdock (2020), in

this method, you will randomly select people and you need to split them into
groups and they will now your control group. So for example, if you were
doing an experiment about medication, and you wanted to see if a
medication was helping somebody. You would have your participants in two
different groups and you would get different treatments. One group would
get the medication you’re interested in finding out if it works and then the
other group would maybe get a different medication that they are going to
take but they don’t know that it actually doesn’t do anything. So that would
tell us if there’s any bias in the experiment towards somebody thinking
they’d feel better just because they’re taking medication. So that’s one
example of how a control group would work.

Let’s consider again the same example given.

You want to know what proportion of your English class likes
rock music.

In this situation with rock music, your control group could be having
a group that listen to a different genre of music so that way you would be
observing one group listening to rock and one group listening to something
else and you could actually compare. It would show you if people are
responding a certain way just because you are giving them a certain
treatment versus how do they actually feel about rock music.

So the positive side of this is that the control group reduces bias
whereas in the survey and observational study, you didn’t have a control
group. It also allows you to determine if there’s a cause and an effect
happening. So it will really just give you a much deeper understanding of
how people are behaving based on your treatment to them, especially to the

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example medication, you can really determine if the medication is helping
people or not.

The negative side of this method is, it is time consuming because

you’re going have two different groups. It is a little bit harder to keep track
of who’s in which group, how are you treating each group, and also this
method always have to be concerned with ethics meaning you are not going
to persuade them to behave in certain way or treating them in a way that is
not okay.

In this situation, you can do any of these methods but you have to be
aware of the ways you can get bias especially in a survey, you can get a lot
of bias responses and an observational study if you don’t have a control
group. So, an experiment is the best way to get a least amount of bias.

VI. Practice Task 1(Answers may vary)

Directions: Prepare a sample interview guide using the format stated below.
Sample title is provided for you. You may opt to provide another title of
your own.

Your output will be rated based on a rubric.

RUBRIC

CRITERIA
RATE Relevance to Clarity and
Originality/Uniqueness
Theme/Topic Preciseness
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70

INTERVIEW GUIDE

Name: ___________________ (optional) Date: _________________________

Residence: _______________________

A Home away from Home: Success Stories of College Students in

Barangay Manambrag
(Research Title)
Question # 1
•
Question # 2
•
Question # 3
•

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Practice Task 2 (Answers may vary)

Directions: Note some observations done about a research focusing on

superstitions and beliefs involving wedding.

Observation Guide

When 2 become 1: Wedding Beliefs, Rituals and Superstitions in

Barangay Agojo

Wedding Beliefs, Wedding Beliefs, Wedding Beliefs,

Rituals and Rituals and Rituals and
Superstitions Superstitions Superstitions
(Before) (During) (After

Practice Task 3 (Answers may vary)

Directions: Make a similar survey form to be used in the field. Use it

in the sample research title provided for you as your guide.
Your output will be rated based on a rubric.

RUBRIC

CRITERIA
RATE Relevance to Clarity and
Originality/Uniqueness
Theme/Topic Preciseness
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70

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The Grouper Fishers of Barangay Bislig
(Research Title)

Survey Questionnaire:

• How many grouper fishers are actively involved in fishing?

• How much is the average income of every grouper fisher for the
month?
• What are the expenses incurred by every grouper fisher?
• What are some other improvements in the lives of grouper
fishers?

VII. Post Test (Answers may vary)

Directions: Prepare a qualitative research tool for your reference. Choose

from INTERVIEW GUIDE, SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE, and
OBSERVATION GUIDE.

Your output will be rated based on a rubric.

RUBRIC

CRITERIA
RATE Relevance to Clarity and
Originality/Uniqueness
Theme/Topic Preciseness
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70

VIII. Assignments/Additional Activities

Directions: Prepare a qualitative research tool to be used in a particular

research topic.
Research Title: “Mea Culpa: Story of Trial and Forgiveness of a Drug
Surrenderee”

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References:
Biglete, Amelia. “Lecture on Models of Research”. Lecture, De La Salle
University
Manila, 2016.

Creswell, J.W. (2009). Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

Approach,
chapter 9, qualitative procedures
Olson, Karin, Michael Coughlan, and Frances Ryan, ed. Handbook of
Qualitative
Health Research for Evidence-Based Practice. New York:
Springer, 2016.

Wolcott, H.F. (2001) Writing Up Qualitative Research, Newbury Park,

CA: Sage

Murdock, Emily, (May 23, 2020). Surveys, Experiments, and

Observational Studies. Retrieved from www.youtube.com

https://syudy.sagepub.com/grayresearchbusiness2/student-
resources/multiple-choice-quizzes

ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test:
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. A

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