Psalms

Psalms
music for the soul
a study of selected psalms

Version 2.0 - Copyright ©2009 Grace Bible Church, College Station, TX
Version 1.0 - Copyright ©2005 Grace Bible Church, College Station, TX
Created and edited by Brian Fisher, Matt Morton, and Buck Anderson
Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE®,

© Copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995
by The Lockman Foundation, used by permission.
This document may be reproduced and distributed freely,

but you may not charge a fee greater than your manufacturing costs.
No section of this document may be modified without the written consent
of Grace Bible Church, College Station, TX.
Welcome to our study! It is our heartfelt prayer that you will be blessed by
the variety of psalms we have selected. Each touches on timeless needs and
desires, yet all of them challenge us to worship God. Worship is the act of
offering to God what is due Him because of who He is. The Hebrew word
translated “worship” means to bow oneself down in reverence and submis-
sion. The book of Psalms teaches us to turn every situation into an occa-
sion for worship. If we are sad we should worship. If we are glad we should
worship. If we are in the dark we should worship. If we are in the light we
should worship. The Apostle Paul expressed it this way in Philippians 4:4
and 7, “Rejoice in the Lord always, and again I say, Rejoice. . . . And the
peace of God, which passes all understanding, shall guard your hearts and
minds in Christ Jesus.” “Let everything that has breath praise the Lord.
Praise the Lord!” (Psalm 150:6).
Bible Study Method Summary 4 Lesson 7 - Psalm 51 66
Introduction to the Psalms 10 Lesson 8 - Psalm 63 74
Lesson 1 - Psalm 1 16 Lesson 9 - Psalm 73 82
Lesson 5 - Psalm 23 50 Appendix 114
Lesson 6 - Psalm 30 58
3
Every time we study the Bible, the first thing to ask is, “What do I see?”
This is the crucial skill of observation, which lays the groundwork for the rest of
our study. Here are four tasks involved in observation which should be performed
in the order below:
Obs Task 1: Mark up the passage by visually identifying the follow-

ing specific elements:
• Underline all verbs. A verb is a word or group of words used to indicate
either that an action takes place (“These things speak ... with all authority”)
BIBLE STUDY METHODS QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
or that a state or condition exists (“the grace of God has appeared”). Verbs are
often the most significant indicators of the author’s flow of thought.
• Circle key words or phrases. These are words or short phrases that are im-
portant theologically (like “the faith” in Titus 1:13) or thematically set the theme
or main idea of the passage (like “turn away from the truth” in Titus 1:14).
• Highlight repeated words or phrases. Include words and phrases that
are closely related even if not exact duplicates (such as “talkers” and “teach”).
You’ll want to highlight things that are repeated from previous passages (such
as “faith” found in Titus 1:1, 4).
• Box connecting words. These important words indicate the logical connec-
tion between words, phrases, and clauses. Here are eight types of common con-
necting words to look for:
1. COMPARISON: either points out similarities between two or more related
ideas, or simply joins like ideas. Comparison words include: and, like, as, just
as, also, so also, even so (e.g. “various lusts AND pleasures” Titus 3:3).
2. CONTRAST: points out dissimilarities between ideas. Contrast words include:

but, rather, yet, however (e.g. “not on the basis of deeds ... BUT according
to His mercy” Titus 3:5).
3. PURPOSE: indicates the intended goal of an idea or action, whether or not

it was realized. Purpose words include: that, so that, in order that (e.g. “re-
prove them severely SO THAT they may be sound in the faith” Titus 1:13).
4. RESULT: very similar to “purpose,” but indicates the actual consequence,

whether or not it was intended. Result words include: that, so that, as a re-
sult, with the result that (e.g. “He saved us ... SO THAT being justified by His
grace we would be made heirs ...” Titus 3:5-7).
5. CAUSE: expresses the basis or cause of an action. Cause words include:

because, since and sometimes for (e.g. “who must be silenced BECAUSE they
are upsetting ... families” Titus 1:11).
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6. EXPLANATION: what follows further explains the previous idea, giving reasons why
it is true, or why it occurred, or simply adding additional information. Look for the key
word for (e.g. “FOR the grace of God has appeared” Titus 2:11).
7. INFERENCE: provides a logical consequence, a conclusion, or a summary to the

previous discussion. Inference words include: therefore, for this reason (e.g. “FOR
THIS REASON I left you in Crete” Titus 1:5).
8. CONDITION: presents a condition that must occur before a certain action or conclu-
sion can occur. The statement may or may not reflect reality (i.e. it could be hypotheti-

cal). Key word is if (e.g. “IF any man is above reproach” Titus 1:6).
Obs Task 2: List 2-3 primary themes you see in the passage each week.
A primary theme is the big idea, the central truth or command that the passage fo-
cuses on, such as “doctrine” in Titus 2:1-10. After reading the passage, write your themes
as single words or short phrases. Identifying these themes at the beginning of your study
will help you develop a good overall grasp of the passage.
Obs Task 3: Write two or more observations per verse.

Our observations might identify people, places, or events, point out repeated words
or key terms, record important connections between words and sentences, or even point
out something missing that we expected to see.
Obs Task 4: Record your own interpretive questions.

Here are a few examples:
WHO is... WHY did Paul...
...Paul talking about? ...choose this word?
...accomplishing the action? ...include this phrase, statement,
...benefiting from the action? or command?
...connect these ideas?
WHAT is the... ...not say ______?
...meaning of this word?
...significance of this phrase? HOW...
...implication of this statement? ...was this action accomplished?
...relationship between these ...will this situation occur?
phrases?
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INTERPRET
Our observation of a passage should stir interesting yet challenging ques-
tions, leading us to the second stage of our Bible study, interpretation. Fortu-
nately, we do not have to run to a commentary or study Bible for answers (though
these are helpful tools to check our conclusions). Use the following six methods, as
needed, to tackle a variety of questions. Also, make sure to familiarize yourself with
the three “Principles of Interpretation” that appear in the Appendix on page 115.
Int Method 1: Use the context.

Look for important clues in the sentences and paragraphs that come before
and after the verse in question. Try to follow the author’s flow of thought through
the whole chapter. This may take you to the previous lesson, so have it handy as a
review. You may need to read ahead for clues.
Int Method 2: Compare multiple translations.

This packet uses the New American Standard (NASB) translation. You can
often find helpful interpretive clues by comparing this translation with other trans-
lations. The New King James Version (NKJV), like the NASB, is a fairly word-
for-word translation of the Hebrew text. The New International Version (NIV)
and the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) are excellent phrase-to-phrase
translations of the Hebrew and thus often easier to read. Another excellent phrase-
to-phrase Bible, which includes extensive translation notes, is the New English
Translation (NET) available online for free at net.bible.org. You can find and com-
pare numerous translations of any Bible passage at www.biblestudytools.com.
Int Method 3: Look up key words.

While looking up a key word in English is helpful, doing so in Hebrew is far
better and is surprisingly easy, thanks to the internet. Simply log onto the website
www.biblestudytools.com, and as an example, type in “Psalm 1” in the box to the
left of the “Search” button and then click “Search.” All of Psalm 1 will appear on
the screen. Be sure that “New American Standard” is your selected Bible in the
drop down box and then click the box next to “Strongs Numbers” so that most of
the words will be highlighted in blue. Clicking on any of these will bring up a new
screen that will explain the Hebrew word used here, its possible definitions, and
the total number of times it is used in each book of the Old Testament (OT). Click
on any of the other OT books (under the title “NAS Verse Count”), and get a list of
every verse in that book that uses this Hebrew word. What used to take hours now
takes seconds!
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Int Method 4: Study cross-references (XRefs).
XRefs are simply other passages in any book of the Bible that are somehow related
to the verses you are studying. They often prove incredibly helpful as we seek to under-
stand our passage. A few such XRefs can be found in the margins of most English Bibles,
but more can be found by logging again onto www.biblestudytools.com. Simply type in
“Psalm 1” in the box to the left of the “Search” button and then click “Search.” All of Psalm
1 will appear on the screen. Be sure that “New American Standard” is your selected Bible
in the drop down box and then click the box next to “Cross References” so that numbers
appear throughout the passage. Clicking any of these will move your screen to the bottom

of the page where you will find a series of XRefs for specific verses within the passage. This
is a great tool for answering tough questions!
Int Method 5: Look up background information.

You can find helpful insights by looking up confusing names or words in a Bible
dictionary or by looking up the particular verses you are studying in a background com-
mentary. One of the best dictionaries is The New Bible Dictionary by Wood & Marshall.
The IVP Bible Background Commentary by Craig Keener is an excellent example of a
verse-by-verse background commentary.
Int Method 6: Tackle tough questions step-by-step.

When trying to answer the most challenging questions, follow this four step pro-
cess. (1) LIST ALL THE OPTIONS. Always start by brainstorming every possible an-
swer to your question. (2) LIST PROS AND CONS FOR EACH OPTION. See all the
evidence you can find that either argues for or against a particular option. This evidence
comes from your study of key words, the grammar of the sentence, the context of sur-
rounding verses and the book as a whole, cross-references to other books, and compari-
son with your overall understanding of Christian theology. (3) CHOOSE THE MOST
LIKELY OPTION. Look at your evidence for each option. Typically, evidence from the
immediate context is most important, followed closely by evidence from the book as a
whole. Evidence from other books of the Bible, or from Christian theology as a whole,
does not carry quite as much weight unless the solution contradicts a clear passage else-
where or a major tenant of Christian doctrine. In that case, since Scripture never lies
and God cannot contradict Himself, you must eliminate that option. (4) DECIDE ON
YOUR CERTAINTY LEVEL. Once you have chosen the best solution, step back for a
second and humbly gauge how certain you are of its accuracy (90% = I am very sure this
is correct... 60% = this solution is just a bit more likely than the others!) Finally, talk with
others and check commentaries or reference books to see what solutions they have chosen
and why.
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App ly
APPLY
Our Bible study is not over until we apply what we have learned to our ev-
eryday lives. And lest we underestimate the value of this last step, remember that
in God’s eyes it is the person who does not just know His Word but also obeys
His Word that truly loves Him (See John 14:21). So how do we apply a passage to
our lives? Application involves the following two tasks:
App Task 1: List potential principles from your passage.

A “principle” is simply a fact or command stated or implied in a particular
passage that is practically relevant to our lives. Legitimate principles are not spe-
cific to a particular person (e.g. 1 Timothy 5:23 is just for Timothy) nor a particu-
lar time (e.g. “do not leave Jerusalem” in Acts 1:4). It is often helpful when listing
principles to consider the following questions:
pp Is there something to worship or thank God for?
pp Is there a promise for me to claim or a truth for me to believe?
pp Is there something I am convicted about that I need to change or begin
doing?
pp Is there something or someone I need to pray for specifically this week?
pp Is there any relationship I need to work on?
App Task 2: Choose one principle, and create a plan to apply it to

your life this week.
Once you complete your principle list, prayerfully choose the one prin-
ciple you most need to work on (Do not just choose the easiest to apply!). If you
felt deeply convicted about one in particular, that is probably the principle God is
leading you to apply. Once you have chosen a specific principle, answer these two
questions:
pp What exactly will I do differently this week to apply this principle to my
life (Be specific)?
pp Whom, other than the Lord, will I ask to help me follow through with this
application?
8
Write any helpful Bible study method tips or techniques you learn throughout this study.
Also, remember that advanced skills are included in the Appendix section on page 114.
9
“In any area of life one naturally praises what one appreciates;
in fact, the praise is part of the enjoyment. It does not matter
whether it is sports, flowers, sunsets, children, cars, great books,
or anything else. To enjoy something fully one must speak of it.”
C.S. Lewis, Reflections in the Psalms
Introduction to the Psalms

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Introduction
God's people throughout history have loved the
Psalter (another name for the book of Psalms).
There are a number of reasons for its popularity.
First, it is a collection of songs that arise out of
experiences with which we can all identify. It is
very difficult to find any circumstance in life that
does not find expression in some psalm or another.
Some arose out of prosperity, others out of

adversity. Some psalms deal with holiness and
others with sinfulness. Some are laments that
bewail the worst of situations whereas others are
triumphant hymns of joy and thanksgiving. Some look back to the past while others look
forward to the future. The psalms are great because their writers composed them out of their
most profound experiences. Great poetry arises out of great living. "Out of the abundance of
the heart the mouth speaks" (Matthew 12:34). They are also great because the writers brought
these profound experiences into God's presence.
They show how people behave when they are conscious

of God, which is the only truly realistic way to live. The
permanent value of the Psalms lies in their revelation of
worship (Thomas Constable Study Notes, The Psalms).
The Book of Psalms is an inspired collection of spiritual

songs and comprises the primary hymnbook of the Bible.
The word “psalm” is a transliterated Greek word that was

used in the Septuagint for the Hebrew term “mizmor”
(song, melody). Many of the psalms were to be sung
and recited at festive occasions. Many musical terms are
cited within the text of Psalms including strings, octaves,
choir, sopranos, lightly, cello/lute, stringed instrument,
flute, vibrate, lyre, crescendo, pause, etc. The Book of
Psalms is one book. Each of the 150 “chapters” is a Psalm:
“The Book of Psalms” or “Psalm 119” (not “Psalms 119”).
The time of writing of the Book of Psalms probably extends from 1400-400BC.
Theological Principle of Psalms

The Lord, who sovereignly rules the universe, will establish His just rule on the earth in and
through His people whereupon the righteous will prosper and the wicked will suffer.
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Purposes of the Book of Psalms
John Calvin describes the Psalter as, “‘An Anatomy of all the Parts of the Soul; for there is not
an emotion of which any one can be conscious that is not here represented as in a mirror.”
Purposes:
1. To express the divine word spoken in rather than to man.
2. To reveal the character of God through the praise, complaint and exhortation of God’s
people so that the reader may be willing to submit to the Lord.
3. To enable the reader to come into contact with God through the expression of the
common, subjective daily experiences of others.
4. To encourage one’s confidence in God’s faithfulness by the words of others when one’s own
life experiences do not seem to support that faith.
5. To affirm the certainty of God’s future rule on earth through the line of David wherein the
righteous will be blessed and the wicked will be judged.
6. To provide a worship hymnal and a devotional guide for the Temple-centered Jewish faith.
7. To encourage believers to enjoy God and His benefits.
The Book of Psalms is divided into 5 major sections:

Book i: Psalms 1-41
Introduction: Psalms 1-2
Psalms of David (3-41)
Book ii: Psalms 42-72
Psalms of Korah’s sons (42-49)
A Psalm of Asaph (50)
Psalms of David (51-71)
A Psalm of Solomon (72)
Doxology & Conclusion (72:18-20)
Book iii: Psalms 73-89

Psalms of Asaph (73-83)
Psalms of Korah’s sons (84-85; 87-88)
A Psalm of David (86)
A Psalm of Ethan (89)
Doxology (89:52)
Book iv: Psalms 90-106
Psalms of Worship (mostly anonymous)
A Prayer of Moses (90)
Psalms of David (101, 103)
Doxology (106:48)
Book v: Psalms 107-150
Psalms of David (107-110; 138-145)
“Hallel” (Praise) Psalms (111-118; 135-136; 146-150)
A Psalm of the Law (119)
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Songs of Ascents (120-134)
A Psalm of the Captivity (137)
Doxology (150)
The Psalms may well be editorially grouped in accordance with the history of the nation of
Israel from the time of David on:
INTRODUCTION: The righteous one 1—2
BOOK I: David’s conflict with Saul 3—41
BOOK II: David’s kingship 42-72
BOOK III: Attack by the Kingdom of Assyria 73—89
BOOK IV: Introspection about destruction of the temple and the Exile 90—106
BOOK V: Praise and Reflection on the Return and the new era 107—145
CONCLUSION: Climatic praise to God 146—150
The Book of Psalms contains 5 major types of psalms:

• Individual Laments/Confidences/Thanksgiving (39%)
• Hymns of Praise (21%)
• Communal Laments/Confidences/Thanksgiving (18%)
• Instructional (15%)
• Royal (7%)
The Book of Psalms is important to the Old Testament as many individual psalms provide
background to biblical events/situations:
Psalm 3 – “A Psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.” (inspired
background to 2 Samuel 15).
Psalm 51 – “…when Nathan the prophet came to him (David) after he had gone
in to Bathsheba.” (inspired background into 2 Samuel 12).
The Book of Psalms is important to the New Testament:

• Of the 238 OT quotes in the NT, 116 are from the Psalms.
• Jesus frequently alluded to the Psalms.
• NT “Spirit-filled” living is partially characterized by “speaking to one another
in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody
with your heart to the Lord” (Eph. 5:19).
• The NT believers frequently used the Psalms as their hymnal.
The Literary Character of Hebrew Poetry/Wisdom

1. Rhythm of Thought: Parallelism
a. Synonymous - line 2 simply reiterates the idea of line 1; it restates the meaning using
different words.
Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgment,
Nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. Psalm 1:5
13
The cords of Sheol surrounded me;
The snares of death confronted me. Psalm 18:5
b. Contrasting - line 2 contrasts line 1. It may present the same truth but from the opposite side.

For the Lord knows the way of the righteous,
But the way of the wicked will perish. Psalm 1:6
Some boast in chariots and some in horses,

But we will boast in the name of the Lord, our God. Psalm 20:7
c. Climactic - line 2 repeats line 1 but then adds a conclusion.

Ascribe to the Lord, O sons of the mighty,
Ascribe to the Lord glory and strength. Psalm 29:1
d. Synthetic - line 2 expands or explains. Line 2 often but not always begins with a logical
connector such as “for,” “so that,” “since,” or “because.”

Gives Reason or Result:
He established the earth upon its foundations,
So that it will not totter forever and ever. Psalm 104:5
In peace I will both lie down and sleep,

For You alone, O Lord, make me to dwell in safety. Psalm 4:8
Expands:
But know that the Lord has set apart the godly man for Himself;
The Lord hears when I call to Him. Psalm 4:3
Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I am pining away;

Heal me, O Lord, for my bones are dismayed. Psalm 6:2
e. Emblematic - line 2 explains figurative language used in line 1.

As the deer pants for the water brooks,
So my soul pants for You, O God. Psalm 42:1
Their throat is an open grave;

They flatter with their tongue. Psalm 5:9b
2. Rhythm of Sound (in Hebrew)

a. Acrostic Poems are written so that the initial letters of consecutive lines form an
alphabet, word, or phrase (Ps. 9; 10; 25; 34; 37; 11; 112; 119; 145; Prov. 31:10-31;
Lam. 1; 2; 3; 4; Nahum 1:2-20). This was a mnemonic tool (memory device) conveying
ideas of order, progression, and completeness.
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b. Alliteration is the consonance of sounds at the beginning of words or syllables (Ps. 122:6).
c. Assonance is correspondence of vowels sounds, often at the end of words in order to
emphasize an idea, theme, or tone (Ps. 119:29).
d. Paronomasia is a word play through the repetition of words of similar sound, but not
necessarily meaning in order to heighten the impact of the message (Gen. 32:22-24).
e. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like what they describe (Ruth 1:19).
f. Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words that would complete a given parallel
construction (Ps. 115:4-7).
g. Inclusio is the repetition of words or phrases by which the poet returns to the point from
which he began (Ps. 118:1,29).
Technical names to designate the types of psalms

a. “Psalm” (Heb. mizmor): “a song accompanied by the plucking of the strings of an
instrument.” Fifty-seven of the psalms are so labeled.
b. “Song” (Heb. shir): “a song.” Twelve of the psalms are so labeled.
c. Maskil: “A contemplative poem.” Thirteen of the psalms are so labeled.
d. Miktam: root meaning is disputed. Later Hebrew (LXX and Modern Hebrew understand
the word to mean “inscription poem,” or “epigram,” “a poem containing pithy sayings, etc.”
Term is found in six superscriptions.
e. “Prayers” (Heb. Tepillah): “Prayer.” Found in five psalms titles and Hab. 3.
f. “Praise” (Heb. Tehillah): “Praise” found in Ps. 145.
Musical Terms with the Psalms

a. “To the chief musician” (Heb. lam-menasseah): Disputed term. Most construe the
term to mean “To the choir leader.” Found in 50 psalms.
b. “Sons of Korah” (Pss. 42, 44-49, 84, 87-88): Disputed whether the term refers to
authorship or to musical rendition. The evidence-- would involve dual authorship in

Ps. 88, the use of the plural, the LXX confusion--suggests that the sons of Korah were
the musical performers of these ten psalms.
c. “Jeduthun” (Pss. 39,62,77). Disputed term. Perhaps it refers to a guild of musicians
who rendered the psalms.
d. “Neginoth” (Pss. 4,6,54,55,67,76,61 [singular]): “with stringed instruments.”
e. “Alamoth” (Ps. 46): “Upon lyres tuned to the voice of maidens.”
f. “Sheminith” (Pss. 6,12). “with an eight stringed lute.”
g. “Nehilloth” (Ps. 5): Obscure term (“wind instrument”?).
h. “Gittith” (Pss. 8,81,84): Disputed term (“wine song”? or “instrument from Gath”?).
i. “Selah” (not in superscriptions). “Lift up”? Probably denotes places in the psalm
where the worshipers were to lift up their voices.
Adapted in part from “The Book of Psalms,” David Malick, www.bible.org.
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Psalm 1
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pray Begin this time in prayer, confessing any sins you know of, thanking the Lord for the
gift of His Word, and asking for His Spirit to illuminate your study.
Psalm 1 serves as the instructive prologue for the entire

Book of Psalms. This initial psalm describes the two paths
of life open to people: the way of the righteous and the
way of the wicked. Therefore, it serves as the appropriate
preface for the collection of the 150 psalms. Its nature
is that of a wisdom psalm, so designed to give skill and
understanding to the reader. Some scholars consider
Psalm 1 to be added much later by Ezra (444BC) as a
preface to the entire Psalter. Others see a close affinity to
Psalm 26, a psalm of David.
Do you find “delight” in the law of the Lord (here referring to His Word, to all
of Scripture)? Why or why not? Where else do you find “delight”?
lesson 1 Psalm 1
Psalm 1:1-2
How blessed is the man who does not walk
in the counsel of the wicked,
Nor stand in the path of sinners,
Nor sit in the seat of scoffers!
But his delight is in the law of the LORD,
And in His law he meditates day and night.
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what do
observe
I see? Refer to Observation Tasks 1-4 on pages 4-5.
Psalm 1
1 How blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked,
Nor stand in the path of sinners,
Nor sit in the seat of scoffers!
2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD,
And in His law he meditates day and night.
3 He will be like a tree firmly planted by streams of water,
Which yields its fruit in its season
And its leaf does not wither;
And in whatever he does, he prospers.
4 The wicked are not so,
But they are like chaff which the wind drives away.
5 Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgment,
Nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.
6 For the LORD knows the way of the righteous,

lesson 1 Psalm 1
But the way of the wicked will perish.
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My Observations
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
lesson 1 Psalm 1
v6
19
what does
INTERPRET
it mean? Refer to pages 6-7.
Hebrew poetry is often arranged and distinguished by the use of various types
of parallelisms described in the Introduction of this study. There are five types of
parallelism that are important to identify as we attempt to interpret a psalm:
synonymous, contrasting, climatic, synthetic, and emblematic. In Psalm 1 notice
the use of synonymous parallelism in 1:5a-b, then synthetic parallelism in 1:6a, then
contrasting parallelism in 1:6b. See pages 13-14 for further study.
1. What are the two kinds of paths/lives/people described in this psalm? What sec-
tions of the psalm are used to describe each path?
2. Does Psalm 1:1 use a particular kind of parallelism to describe what the “blessed
man” does NOT do? If so, what kind? Explain how the parallelisms add to our
meaning of 1:1.
3. What do you think is the significance of the progression in v1 (“walk-stand-sit”)?

lesson 1 Psalm 1
4. Based on v1, how should we relate to sinful people? How does this harmonize with
1 Corinthians. 5:9-13?
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5. How does each part of the tree described in v3 illustrate the life of the person who
studies Scripture?
6. What does “prosper” or “succeed” mean in v3? Does it mean that the righteous will
always prosper materially? Or is it talking about spiritual prosperity? Or both? (See
John 5:14; 9:1-3)
7. Does God promise that Christians will always prosper materially (2 Timothy 3:12;
Hebrews 10:32-34)? If not, how do we apply this?
8. What motivations are given in this Psalm for avoiding evil?
lesson 1 Psalm 1
9. What motivations are given for walking with the Lord?
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how
APPLY
does it work?
Review Application Tasks 1 and 2 on page 8 before proceeding. Next, list a few prin-
ciples you learned from the passage and then complete the “Reflect on Your Life”
section. Prayerfully choose the one principle you most need to work on (do not just
choose the easiest to apply). If you felt deeply convicted about one in particular, that
is probably the one God is leading you to apply! Once you have chosen a specific prin-
ciple, follow the directions on the next page to develop a realistic and specific plan to
apply it to your life.
List Principles:
List at least five principles from Psalm 1. Remember, a principle is simply a fact or
command stated or implied in the passage that is relevant to your own life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reflect on Your Life:

How are the principles you listed active (or not) in your walk with the Lord?
lesson 1 Psalm 1
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Apply One this Week:
Circle the one principle from your list that you will seek to apply this week. Now
create a plan to apply this principle by answering these two questions:
pp What exactly will you do differently this week to apply this principle (be specific)?
pp Whom, other than the Lord, will you ask to help you follow through with
this application?
pray End your study by returning to the Lord in prayer. Thank Him for what you have
learned this week, ask Him to help you apply the principle you have chosen, and lay
before Him the needs of your fellow small group members.
My Notes...
lesson 1 Psalm 1
23
The Lord & His Anointed
Psalm 2
24
Psalm 2
background
Psalm 2 is the prophetic prologue for the entire Psalter as
all nations are urged to submit to the authority of the Son
whom God has ordained to rule over them. According to
Acts 4:25 this psalm was written by David and is referred to
as “the second Psalm” in Acts 13:33. The original occasion
for this royal psalm was most likely David’s coronation at
Hebron and triumph over the Jebusite stronghold of Zion
as recorded in 2 Samuel 5:1-10.
read Read through the psalm two or three times this week.
reflect
Spend a moment or two pondering the awesome power and wonder of God.
Then ask yourself this question: Why would anyone (including me) ever want
to oppose His plans and ways? In what ways am I tempted to oppose His plans?
What should motivate us to align with His plans?
lesson 2 Psalm 2
memorize
Psalm 2:1-2
Why are the nations in an uproar
And the peoples devising a vain thing?
The kings of the earth take their stand
And the rulers take counsel together
Against the LORD and against His Anointed.
25
what do
observe
Psalm 2
1Why are the nations in an uproar
And the peoples devising a vain thing?

2The kings of the earth take their stand
And the rulers take counsel together

Against the LORD and against His Anointed, saying,
3“Let us tear their fetters apart
And cast away their cords from us!”

4He who sits in the heavens laughs,
The Lord scoffs at them.

5Then He will speak to them in His anger
And terrify them in His fury, saying,

6“But as for Me, I have installed My King
Upon Zion, My holy mountain.”

7“I will surely tell of the decree of the LORD:
He said to Me, ‘You are My Son,

Today I have begotten You.
8‘Ask of Me, and I will surely give the nations as Your inheritance,
And the very ends of the earth as Your possession.

9‘You shall break them with a rod of iron,
You shall shatter them like earthenware.’”

10Now therefore, O kings, show discernment;
lesson 2 Psalm 2
Take warning, O judges of the earth.

11Worship the LORD with reverence
And rejoice with trembling.

12Do homage to the Son, that He not become angry, and you perish in the way,
For His wrath may soon be kindled.

How blessed are all who take refuge in Him!
26
My Observations
vv1-3
vv4-6
vv7-9
vv10-12
lesson 2 Psalm 2
27
what does
INTERPRET
The use of questions is one of the many rhetorical devices at the disposal of a writer. In
fact, there are over 3,200 questions found throughout the Bible. Psalm 2 begins with
a question, but the poet is not asking this question to obtain an answer. This type of
query is know as “rhetorical” and is employed to convey God’s indignation at the futile
attempts of mankind to combat Him. Rhetorical questions are often more persuasive
than direct statements because they force the reader to reflect on the implied answer.
1. Read 2 Samuel 7:8-17. What is the connection between this passage and Psalm 2?
2. According to 2:2 who is described as coming against the Lord and His Anointed?
3. What does “anointed” mean in 2:2? Who is the Lord’s Anointed?
4. What type of parallelism is found in 2:2a-b? in 2:3a-b?

lesson 2 Psalm 2
5. What does 2:7b mean? What does it mean to be God’s “son” in the Old Testament?
28
6. Who is speaking in v3?
7. What is meant by the phrase “tear their fetters apart” in v3?
8. How does the description of God’s Son compare with Jesus Christ’s earthly minis-
try (Matthew 11:29-30; Isaiah 61:1-2; Luke 4:18-19)? Explain the differences be-
tween these two biblical accounts.
9. Why do we sometimes resist God’s authority in our lives? Why should we be sub-
missive to God?
10. What characteristics of God can we learn from this Psalm? lesson 2 Psalm 2
29
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 2 Psalm 2
30
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 2 Psalm 2
31
Nighttime Grief
Psalm 6
32
Psalm 6
background
Psalm 6 was penned by David and musically arranged by his choir
director for an eight-stringed lyre or harp. This evening psalm is believed
to be written during David’s brief exile from Jerusalem during Absalom’s
attempt to overthrow David’s throne (2 Samuel 14-18). The structure is
that of an individual lament psalm as David, reproved by God through
temporary removal from the throne by his own son, petitions the Lord
for deliverance, finds assurance that his prayer has been heard, and thus
warns his persecutors of their certain shame and dismay.
reflect
Have you ever cried out to the Lord in anguish like David does in Psalm 2?
Who or what do you turn to in difficult times?
lesson 3 Psalm 6
memorize
Psalm 6:8-9
Depart from me, all you who do iniquity,
For the LORD has heard the voice of my weeping.
The LORD has heard my supplication,
The LORD receives my prayer.
33
what do
observe
Psalm 6
1 O LORD, do not rebuke me in Your anger,
Nor chasten me in Your wrath.
2 Be gracious to me, O LORD, for I am pining away;
Heal me, O LORD, for my bones are dismayed.
3 And my soul is greatly dismayed;
But You, O LORD --how long?
4 Return, O LORD, rescue my soul;
Save me because of Your lovingkindness.
5 For there is no mention of You in death;
In Sheol who will give You thanks?
6 I am weary with my sighing;
Every night I make my bed swim, I dissolve my couch with my tears.
7 My eye has wasted away with grief;
It has become old because of all my adversaries.
8 Depart from me, all you who do iniquity,
For the LORD has heard the voice of my weeping.

lesson 3 Psalm 6
9 The LORD has heard my supplication,
The LORD receives my prayer.
10 All my enemies will be ashamed and greatly dismayed;
They shall turn back, they will suddenly be ashamed.
34
My Observations
vv1-3
vv4-5
vv6-7
vv8-10
lesson 3 Psalm 6
35
what does
INTERPRET
Look closely at the headings located just above Psalm 6:1. Many Bibles will have
two headings. The first heading may be something like “Prayer for Mercy in Time
of Trouble.” This is a topical heading supplied by the editors of your Bible. The
second heading, however, is something quite different: “For the choir director;
with stringed instruments, upon an eight-stringed lyre. A Psalm of David.” This
supposed “heading” is actually verse one of Psalm 6 in the Hebrew Bible and is just
as much a part of the Word of God as the verses that follow! That is why you will see
some commentaries and articles cite verses as 6:5[4], which would be a reference
to chapter 6, verse 5 in the Hebrew text or chapter 6, verse 4 in an English Bible.
How wonderful of God to include the type of musical instrument He wanted to
accompany the psalm!
1. What does 6:1 (in an English Bible) tell us about what the Lord is doing to David?
To best answer this question, first read 2 Samuel 14-18.
2. What specifically are David’s requests in 6:1-3?
3. Collectively, what do verses 1-3 teach us about addressing the Lord in grief?
lesson 3 Psalm 6
4. In 6:4-5, what two reasons does David use to invoke God’s intervention? In other
words, according to David, why should God deliver David?
36
5. Think about what David says regarding death in v5. What is Sheol? Why is David so nega-
tive about death? Is this how we should think about death?
6. Is David being literal or using a figure of speech in 6:6-7 (see page 44 for help)? Support
your reasoning.
7. Verse 8 seems to mark a change in the psalm. To whom is David speaking in this verse?
8. Has David’s mood changed in 6:8-10? Why?
9. Is illness a way that God chastens (James 5:13-20)? Is all illness the evidence of God’s
chastening (John 9:1-3)? See also 2 Corinthians 4:7-11; 12:7-10; Philippians 1:21-23. lesson 3 Psalm 6
37
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 3 Psalm 6
38
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 3 Psalm 6
39
God Revealed
Psalm 19
40
Psalm 19
background
The lyrics of Psalm 19 were written by David and turned over to the choir director for the
musical setting. The psalm, most likely, is a product of David’s experiences as a shepherd (1
Samuel 16:11) as he certainly saw many stars, sunrises, and sunsets. Natural revelation (19:1-
6) and written revelation (19:7-14) are beautifully featured in Psalm 19.
reflect
When was the last time you sat outside and watched a sunset or drove into the
country at night to look at the stars? What do you learn about God from such
experiences?
lesson 4 Psalm 19
memorize
Psalm 19:1-2
The heavens are telling of the glory of God;
And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands.
Day to day pours forth speech,
And night to night reveals knowledge.
41
what do
observe
Psalm 19
1 The heavens are telling of the glory of God;
And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands.

2 Day to day pours forth speech,
And night to night reveals knowledge.

3 There is no speech, nor are there words;
Their voice is not heard.

4 Their line has gone out through all the earth,
And their utterances to the end of the world.

In them He has placed a tent for the sun,
5 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber;
It rejoices as a strong man to run his course.

6 Its rising is from one end of the heavens,
And its circuit to the other end of them;

And there is nothing hidden from its heat.
7 The law of the LORD is perfect, restoring the soul;
The testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple.

8 The precepts of the LORD are right, rejoicing the heart;
The commandment of the LORD is pure, enlightening the eyes.

9 The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring forever;
The judgments of the LORD are true; they are righteous altogether.
10 They are more desirable than gold, yes, than much fine gold; Sweeter also
than honey and the drippings of the honeycomb.

11 Moreover, by them Your servant is warned;
In keeping them there is great reward.

12 Who can discern his errors? Acquit me of hidden faults.
lesson 4 Psalm 19
13 Also keep back Your servant from presumptuous sins; Let them not rule
over me;
Then I will be blameless,
And I shall be acquitted of great transgression.
14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart
Be acceptable in Your sight,

O LORD, my rock and my Redeemer.
42
My Observations
vv1-2
vv3-4
vv5-6
vv7-8
vv9-10
vv11-12
lesson 4 Psalm 19
vv13-14
43
what does
INTERPRET
One of the most powerful ways to emotionally engage an audience with your words is to
use figurative language like the metaphor in the lyrics above. Figurative language uses
words and phrases in an unexpected way to create a vivid image in the mind of a listener.
This image adds color to the author’s message, holds the listener’s attention, forces the
listener to slow down and reflect on the idea being communicated, makes the abstract
more concrete, and aids in retention of the author’s point. While there are many types of
figurative language, here are the eight major types you should be looking for as you study
the book of Psalms:
1) Simile: Compares two things by using the explicit formula “like” or “as”.
He will be like a tree firmly planted. Psalm 1:3
As the deer pants for the water brooks, So my soul pants for You, O God.
Psalm 42:1
2) Metaphor: Compares two things but omits “like” or “as” and instead simply equates
them (A is B).
The Lord is my shepherd. Psalm 23:1
Their throat is an open grave. Psalm 5:9
3) Metonymy: One word is substituted for another word closely associated with it. In
Psalm 51:8 below, “joy and gladness” which cannot literally be heard, are substituted for
“your forgiveness” which would cause joy and gladness.
Make me to hear joy and gladness, Psalm 51:8
Will the dust praise You? Psalm 30:9
4) Hyperbole: Conscious exaggeration for the sake of effect or emphasis.
I dissolve my couch with my tears. Psalm 6:6
Then I beat them fine as the dust before the wind; Psalm 18:42
5) Personification: Treating something non-human (often inanimate) as though it

were a human.
Let the rivers clap their hands,
Let the mountains sing together for joy Psalm 98:8
And their tongue struts through the earth. Psalm 73:9
6) Anthropomorphism: The portrayal of God in human terms.

And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. Psalm 19:1
Smoke went up out of His nostrils, Psalm 18:8
lesson 4 Psalm 19
7) Apostrophe: A direct address to a person or thing as though the person or thing were
present and capable of listening.
Lift up your heads, O gates, Psalm 24:7
Depart from me, all you who do iniquity, Psalm 6:8
8) Symbol: A concrete image that points to or embodies other meanings. Examples

include “light” used to represent God, goodness, truth, or blessing (such as in Psalm 27:1)
and “throne” to represent power and authority (such as in Psalm 89:4 and 14).
44
what does
INTERPRET
it mean?
1. What are the two sections of this psalm? Use verse groupings to support your basic
outline.
2. List at least five figures of speech in the psalm and explain what each figure is de-
scribing.
3. How do the heavens tell of God’s glory (cf. Rom. 1:18-23)? To whom are these
things revealed (Acts 14:15-17)?
4. What is v3 saying? Rewrite this verse in your own words clarifying your under-
standing of the meaning. Check other English translations to see the various op-
tions.
5. What is being described in 19:5-6? State your reasoning.

lesson 4 Psalm 19
6. What benefits are there in knowing God’s Word (19:7-11)?
45
7. What does the analogy in 19:10 tell us about the value of God’s Word? Do you agree
with David’s statement in v10? Why or why not?
8. What is the relationship between verses 1-6 and 7-11? What about between 7-11 and
12-13?
9. Based on this Psalm, how can you overcome being “ruled” by sin?
10. What is the difference between “hidden faults” and “willful sin” (19:12-13)? How
does the Psalmist deal with each of these in his life?
11. David uses the term “rock” elsewhere in v14 and elsewhere in his writings (18:2, 31,
46; 27:5; 28:1; 31:2-3; etc.). What can we learn about his use of that term?
lesson 4 Psalm 19
12. Final Thought: David observed that under the influence of the sun the heavens
make God’s handiwork in creation known to humanity. Likewise people learn of
God’s plan to bless humankind under the influence of God’s Law. In view of this
dual revelation, in nature and in Scripture, David prayed that God would cleanse
his life so he would be acceptable to God (Constable, Psalms Notes, p. 40).
46
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 4 Psalm 19
47
this application?
lesson 4 Psalm 19
48
My Notes...
49
lesson 4 Psalm 19
The Lord, My Shepherd
Psalm 23
50
Psalm 23
background
Know as the “The Pearl of the Psalms,” the Twenty-Third Psalm is the simplest and sweetest
song ever sung. David wrote this psalm, an individual expression of confidence in God. The
original setting is believed to be the forest of Hereth as King Saul and his army sought to
kill David (1 Samuel 22:5). Against the background of a pasture and a banquet hall, David
meditates on the Lord’s many provisions and concludes that His persistent loyal love will
draw him into communion in the house of the Lord.
reflect
Spend a few moments considering the characteristics of sheep. What are they
like? What do they need?
memorize lesson 5 Psalm 23

Psalm 23:1-3
The LORD is my shepherd,
I shall not want.
He makes me lie down in green pastures;
He leads me beside quiet waters.
He restores my soul;
He guides me in the paths of righteousness
For His name’s sake.
51
what do
observe
Psalm 23
1 The LORD is my shepherd,
I shall not want.
2 He makes me lie down in green pastures;
He leads me beside quiet waters.
3 He restores my soul;
He guides me in the paths of righteousness
For His name’s sake.
4 Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,
I fear no evil, for You are with me;
Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me.
5You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies;
You have anointed my head with oil;
My cup overflows.
6 Surely goodness and lovingkindness will follow me all the days of my life,
lesson 5 Psalm 23
And I will dwell in the house of the LORD forever.
52
My Observations
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
lesson 5 Psalm 23
v6
53
what does
INTERPRET
Ever notice that the same key words keep showing up throughout the Bible? Words
such as faith, sin, righteousness, forgiveness, grace, glory, holy, compassion,
lovingkindness, and praise occur time after time. Understanding God’s written
revelation to us hinges on understanding these key words. Word study is the art and
science of unlocking the full range of meaning of terms like these. There are several
tools that can be used to do this but the key to perform a successful word study is
to see how the word is USED throughout the Bible. Remember this maxim when it
comes to word studies: the meaning of a word is determined by how it is used. Find
a word to study, look it up every time it appears, and discover its range of meaning
by seeing how various authors use the word. Once fully studied, words tell beautiful
stories! (A helpful word study tool can be found at biblestudytools.com).
1. Why is God described as a shepherd? What is it that shepherds actually do? Why
would David use that figure to describe God’s relationship to him? What can we
learn about God’s character, His behavior, His motive, and yourself from this im-
agery? See also John 10:11-18 for additional insight. (For further reading, see the
article entitled “An Overview of the Shepherd in Hebrew Culture” in the Appendix
of this notebook).
2. What needs of the sheep are met by the shepherd in 23:1-3?

lesson 5 Psalm 23
3. Why, according to verse 3, does God act as our Shepherd? What does this tell us
about His character?
54
4. What is the significance of each element of the imagery in verses 4-5 (“valley of the
shadow of death,” “rod and staff,” etc.)?
5. What pronoun for God did David use in 23:1-3? What pronoun for God does he
now use in 23:4? Why?
6. What needs are met in 23:4?
7. Does the setting change in 23:5? To what? Why? What is the significance of the
imagery in v5? What is David’s point in this verse?
8. What purpose does 23:6 serve in the psalm? What does “lovingkindness” mean?
lesson 5 Psalm 23
9. How has God cared for you in the past as His sheep? Can you think of a time when
you were in the “valley of the shadow of death”? How did you respond? What dif-
ference would it have made if you had known and believed that God is your Shep-
herd?
55
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 5 Psalm 23
56
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 5 Psalm 23
57
Thanksgiving
Psalm 30
58
Psalm 30
background
Psalm 30 was written by David most likely upon the occasion of his securing
the construction site for Solomon’s temple (1 Chronicles 22), following the
great deliverance from the pestilence described in 1 Chronicles 21:14-27.
The song follows the structure of an individual thanksgiving declarative
praise psalm.
reflect
Think back to a time when God delivered you from or helped you through a
difficult trial. Did you respond in praise? Why or why not?
memorize
lesson 6 Psalm 30
Psalm 30:4-5
Sing praise to the LORD, you His godly ones,
And give thanks to His holy name.
For His anger is but for a moment, His favor
is for a lifetime;
Weeping may last for the night,
But a shout of joy comes in the morning.
59
what do
observe
Psalm 30
1 I will extol You, O LORD, for You have lifted me up,
And have not let my enemies rejoice over me.

2 O LORD my God, I cried to You for help, and You healed me.
3 O LORD, You have brought up my soul from Sheol;
You have kept me alive, that I would not go down to the pit.
4 Sing praise to the LORD, you His godly ones,
And give thanks to His holy name.

5 For His anger is but for a moment, His favor is for a lifetime;
Weeping may last for the night,
But a shout of joy comes in the morning.

6 Now as for me, I said in my prosperity, “I will never be moved.”
7 O LORD, by Your favor You have made my mountain to stand strong;
You hid Your face, I was dismayed.

8 To You, O LORD, I called,
And to the Lord I made supplication:

9 “What profit is there in my blood, if I go down to the pit?
Will the dust praise You? Will it declare Your faithfulness?

10 “Hear, O LORD, and be gracious to me;
lesson 6 Psalm 30
O LORD, be my helper.”
11 You have turned for me my mourning into dancing;
You have loosed my sackcloth and girded me with gladness,

12 That my soul may sing praise to You and not be silent.
O LORD my God, I will give thanks to You forever.

60
My Observations
vv1-5
vv6-9
vv10-12
lesson 6 Psalm 30
61
what does
INTERPRET
It is often said that the three most important words in real estate are “location, location,
location.” In the interpretation of biblical literature the three most important terms are
“context, context, context.” Train your eye to look for important clues in and around
the text you are studying. Try to follow the psalmist’s flow of thought throughout
the passage. Keep in mind the type of psalm you are dealing with and review the key
elements found in that type of psalm. Psalm 30, for example, has a key contextual clue
found in the superscription: “A Psalm; a Song at the Dedication of the House. A Psalm of
David.” God supplies the context for us, namely, “the dedication of the house” (temple).
A little cross-referencing and you will find yourself in 1 Chronicles 22, the most likely
contextual setting for the original use of this particular psalm. Read 1 Chronicles 21 as
well for greater contextual insight.
1. A declarative praise psalm such as Psalm 30 has a particular structure as follows:
Superscription v.1 in Hebrew Bible = heading above v.1 in English Bible

Proclamation of Intent
to Praise
Report of Deliverance
(introductory summary)
Call to Praise and
Descriptive Praise
Rehearsal Prayer for
Deliverance
Report of Deliverance
Vow of Praise
After each sub-section above, list the verse(s) from Psalm 30 that fulfill the purpose
of each sub-section.
lesson 6 Psalm 30
2. Verse 4 contains two key verbs that describe David’s attitude about his deliverance.
What are they? What do they mean? (Hint: first find other uses of the terms in Da-
vid’s writings so you can see how David used the terms: see page 6).
62
3. Verse 5 provides one of the Bible’s best explanations of grief and joy. What kind
of parallelism did David employ to make his points? Restate the verse in your own
words. (See also Lamentations 3:31-33.)
4. What specific sin did David confess in verse 6?
5. Regarding the sin described in verse 6, what has David now realized in verse 7?
6. Restate David’s petition in 30:8-9 in your own words. What’s the point he is trying to
make?
7. What’s the purpose of the final verse of the psalm?
8. What are some ways that God responds to sin in a believer’s life (see Proverbs 3:11-12;
lesson 6 Psalm 30
Hebrews 12:1-13)?
63
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
List at least five principles from Psalm 30. Remember, a principle is simply a fact
or command stated or implied in the passage that is relevant to your own life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 6 Psalm 30
64
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 6 Psalm 30
65
Confession & Cleansing
Psalm 51
66
Psalm 51
background
Psalm 51 was written by David as a result of the prophet Nathan
confronting him about his relationship with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11-12).
The psalm is a prayer of confession given to David’s choir director for
musical arrangement.
reflect
Is there any sin in your life right now that you need to confess to the Lord? Is
there any sin you have confessed that you need to trust has been forgiven?
lesson 7 Psalm 51
memorize
Psalm 51:17
The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit;
A broken and a contrite heart, O God,
You will not despise.
67
what do
observe
Psalm 51
1 Be gracious to me, O God, according to Your lovingkindness;
According to the greatness of Your compassion blot out my transgressions.
2 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity
And cleanse me from my sin.
3 For I know my transgressions,
And my sin is ever before me.
4 Against You, You only, I have sinned
And done what is evil in Your sight,
So that You are justified when You speak
And blameless when You judge.
5 Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity,
And in sin my mother conceived me.
6 Behold, You desire truth in the innermost being,
And in the hidden part You will make me know wisdom.
7 Purify me with hyssop, and I shall be clean;
Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.
8 Make me to hear joy and gladness,
Let the bones which You have broken rejoice.
9 Hide Your face from my sins
And blot out all my iniquities.
10 Create in me a clean heart, O God,
And renew a steadfast spirit within me.
11 Do not cast me away from Your presence
And do not take Your Holy Spirit from me.
12 Restore to me the joy of Your salvation
And sustain me with a willing spirit.
13 Then I will teach transgressors Your ways,
lesson 7 Psalm 51
And sinners will be converted to You.

14 Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, the God of my salvation;
my tongue will joyfully sing of Your righteousness.
15 O Lord, open my lips,
That my mouth may declare Your praise.
16 For You do not delight in sacrifice, otherwise I would give it;
68
You are not pleased with burnt offering.
17 The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit;
A broken and a contrite heart, O God, You will not despise.
18 By Your favor do good to Zion;
Build the walls of Jerusalem.
19 Then You will delight in righteous sacrifices,
In burnt offering and whole burnt offering;
Then young bulls will be offered on Your altar.
My Observations
vv1-2
vv3-6
vv7-12
lesson 7 Psalm 51
vv13-19
69
what does
INTERPRET
The Bible assumes that you know the Bible. That little maxim will serve well
all those that heed it. Said another way: it is crucial to know and understand the
interrelationships of the stories found within the Bible. Therefore, the background of
a certain biblical text can shed great interpretive light on the passage under scrutiny.
There is no better example of this than that of Psalm 51. The key to understanding
David’s confession in this psalm is to understand the many events surrounding his
sin with Bathsheba recorded in 1 Samuel 11 and 12. Spend some time in these
two powerful chapters before you begin your study of Psalm 51.
1. What does David seem to be doing in verses 1-2? In verses 3-6?
2. To what two attributes of God does David appeal in verses 1-2? What does each of
these words really mean?
3. In verses 1-6 list all the occurrences and terms David uses to describe his sin.
4. Explain David’s point in v4. How can he say this after committing adultery against
lesson 7 Psalm 51
Uriah and then killing him?
70
5. What does David mean in v5? Read Romans 5:12-19 for help.
6. What does David seem to be requesting in verses 7-12?
7. What verbs does David employ to describe his request in verses 7-12?
8. What would it have meant for God to cast David from His presence or take from
David the Holy Spirit (v11)? Read Deuteronomy 34:9; Judges 14:5-6 and 16:15-21
for help. Is this possible for Christians today (Ephesians 1:13-14; Romans 8:35-39)?
lesson 7 Psalm 51
9. In one succinct phrase, what is David saying to God in verses 13-19?
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how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 7 Psalm 51
72
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 7 Psalm 51
73
Wilderness
Psalm 63
74
Psalm 63
background
The superscription of this psalm captures what David was experiencing as
he penned Psalm 63: “…when he was in the wilderness of Judah.” Separated
from the tabernacle, the formal place of worship, the psalmist satisfies his
soul’s yearning for worship by praising God for His loyal love even during
his present duress, and confidently anticipates his future joy when the lying
mouths of his enemies will be stopped.
reflect
Have you ever thought about the degree to which you really yearn for the Lord?
Spend a few minutes meditating on this question.
memorize lesson 8 Psalm 63

Psalm 63:1-3
O God, You are my God; I shall seek You earnestly;
My soul thirsts for You, my flesh yearns for You,
In a dry and weary land where there is no water.
Thus I have seen You in the sanctuary,
To see Your power and Your glory.
Because Your lovingkindness is better than life,
My lips will praise You.
75
what do
observe
Psalm 63
1 O God, You are my God; I shall seek You earnestly;
My soul thirsts for You, my flesh yearns for You,
In a dry and weary land where there is no water.

2 Thus I have seen You in the sanctuary,
To see Your power and Your glory.

3 Because Your lovingkindness is better than life,
My lips will praise You.

4 So I will bless You as long as I live;
I will lift up my hands in Your name.

5 My soul is satisfied as with marrow and fatness,
And my mouth offers praises with joyful lips.

6 When I remember You on my bed,
I meditate on You in the night watches,

7 For You have been my help,
And in the shadow of Your wings I sing for joy.

8 My soul clings to You; Your right hand upholds me.
9 But those who seek my life to destroy it,
Will go into the depths of the earth.

10 They will be delivered over to the power of the sword;
lesson 8 Psalm 63
They will be a prey for foxes.

11 But the king will rejoice in God;
Everyone who swears by Him will glory,
For the mouths of those who speak lies will be stopped.
76
My Observations
vv1-2
vv3-8
vv9-11
lesson 8 Psalm 63
77
what does
INTERPRET
David in Psalm 63 uses figures of speech liberally. Refer back to the discussion on figures
(in the Psalm 19 section of this study) and try to identify the various types of figures
used in this psalm. Make careful note of the anthropomorphisms employed in 63:7-8.
1. List the different types of parallelism and figures of speech in this Psalm.
2. What two things prompt David to yearn for God as seen in verses 1-2?
3. From verses 3-8 list three aspects of the Lord that David praises and extols?
4. What does it mean to be in the shadow of God’s wings? Why does this cause the
Psalmist to rejoice (v7)?
lesson 8 Psalm 63
78
5. What is David’s mood in verses 9-11? Why?
6. Go back and title the major sections of the psalm cited below:
vv1-2
vv3-8
vv9-11
7. Explain the contrast between the destiny of the wicked and the destiny of the man
who “swears by God” (vv10-11).
8. Can you identify with David’s sense that he is away from God’s presence? Write
down some of your thoughts.
lesson 8 Psalm 63
79
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 8 Psalm 63
80
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 8 Psalm 63
81
Destiny
Psalm 73
82
Psalm 73
background
In Psalm 73 we are introduced to a new psalmist: Asaph. Bible
dictionaries can be a powerful interpretive aid as they can quickly
summarize what the Bible says about any particular topic or person.
Note the following excerpt from the Tyndale Bible Dictionary on
Asaph:
Asaph is Berechiah’s son, an important tabernacle musician during

King David’s reign (1 Chr. 6:31–32, 39). Along with Heman, the
head singer, and Ethan, Asaph was appointed to sound bronze
cymbals during the ceremony when the ark was brought to the new
tabernacle (1 Chr. 15:1–19). David appointed Asaph to serve “by giving constant praise and
thanks to the Lord God of Israel” (1 Chr. 16:4–5) and to lead Israel in a special psalm of praise
(1 Chr. 16:7–36). Along with his relatives he ministered daily before the ark (1 Chr. 16:37;
25:6, 9;). He was also described as David’s private prophet (1 Chr. 25:1–2). Asaph’s name
appears in the superscriptions of Psalms 50 and 73–83 and in the guild he established, “the
sons of Asaph” (1 Chr. 25:1; 2 Chr. 35:15; Ezra 2:41; Neh. 7:44; 11:22).
reflect
What is the final fate of the unrighteous? The righteous? Reflect upon your
views on heaven and hell.
lesson 9 Psalm 73
memorize
Psalm 73:25-26
Whom have I in heaven but You?
And besides You, I desire nothing on earth.
My flesh and my heart may fail,
But God is the strength of my heart
and my portion forever.
83
what do
observe
Psalm 73
1 Surely God is good to Israel,
To those who are pure in heart!
2 But as for me, my feet came close to stumbling,
My steps had almost slipped.
3 For I was envious of the arrogant
As I saw the prosperity of the wicked.
4 For there are no pains in their death,
And their body is fat.
5 They are not in trouble as other men,
Nor are they plagued like mankind.
6 Therefore pride is their necklace;
The garment of violence covers them.
7 Their eye bulges from fatness;
The imaginations of their heart run riot.
8 They mock and wickedly speak of oppression;
They speak from on high.
9 They have set their mouth against the heavens,
And their tongue parades through the earth.
10 Therefore his people return to this place,
And waters of abundance are drunk by them.
11 They say, “How does God know?
And is there knowledge with the Most High?”
12 Behold, these are the wicked;
And always at ease, they have increased in wealth.
13 Surely in vain I have kept my heart pure
And washed my hands in innocence;
14 For I have been stricken all day long
And chastened every morning.
15 If I had said, “I will speak thus,”
Behold, I would have betrayed the generation of Your children.
16 When I pondered to understand this,
It was troublesome in my sight
17 Until I came into the sanctuary of God;
Then I perceived their end.
18 Surely You set them in slippery places;
lesson 9 Psalm 73
You cast them down to destruction.

19 How they are destroyed in a moment!
They are utterly swept away by sudden terrors!
20 Like a dream when one awakes,
O Lord, when aroused, You will despise their form.
21 When my heart was embittered
And I was pierced within,
22 Then I was senseless and ignorant;
I was like a beast before You.
23 Nevertheless I am continually with You;
84
You have taken hold of my right hand.
24 With Your counsel You will guide me,
And afterward receive me to glory.
25 Whom have I in heaven but You?
And besides You, I desire nothing on earth.
26 My flesh and my heart may fail,
But God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever.
27 For, behold, those who are far from You will perish;
You have destroyed all those who are unfaithful to You.
28 But as for me, the nearness of God is my good;
I have made the Lord GOD my refuge,
That I may tell of all Your works.
My Observations
vv1-9
vv10-14
vv15-20
vv21-24
lesson 9 Psalm 73
vv25-28
85
what does
INTERPRET
1. According to verses 1-9 what was Asaph struggling with?
2. According to Asaph, what seem to be the pleasures of the wicked in verses 3-9?
What do these pleasures have in common?
3. What information does God reveal to Asaph that changes his perspective on the
wicked (vv16-20)? Why does Asaph’s envy evaporate?
4. Meditate on verses 21-24 and list the key insights learned by Asaph.
lesson 9 Psalm 73
86
5. What kind of question is used in 73:25a? What’s the purpose of the question?
6. Restate v28 in your own words.
7. What figures of speech are used to describe the wicked person? How do they
heighten understanding?
8. What figures of speech describe the destruction of the wicked? How do they height-
en understanding?
lesson 9 Psalm 73
87
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 9 Psalm 73
88
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 9 Psalm 73
89
Halleluyah
Psalm 113
90
Psalm 113
background
Psalms 113-118 form the Hallel, the Hymns of Praise, which were to be sung at the Festivals of
Passover, Pentecost, & Tabernacles as well as the Festival of the Dedication and New Moons.
When Jews celebrate Passover in their homes, Psalms 113 and 114 would be sung before the
meal, and Psalms 115-118 after it. Psalm 118 was probably the hymn sung by Jesus and His
disciples in the upper room at their Passover supper (Matt. 26:30; Mark 14:26).
Psalm 113, a descriptive praise psalm, is the first of the Hallel Psalms and forms an interesting
connection with Psalm 112, which deals with the subject of wealth, while Psalm 113 focuses
upon poverty. Many scholars believe that the reference to “the barren woman” (113:9) is a
reference to Hannah’s Song in 1 Samuel 2:1-10.
reflect
How often do you thank God for answering prayer or blessing you? Spend a few
minutes writing out five things you can praise God for right now.
lesson 10 Psalm 113
memorize
Psalm 113:3-4
From the rising of the sun to its setting
The name of the LORD is to be praised.
The LORD is high above all nations;
His glory is above the heavens.
91
what do
observe
Psalm 113
1 Praise the LORD! Praise, O servants of the LORD,
Praise the name of the LORD.
2 Blessed be the name of the LORD
From this time forth and forever.
3 From the rising of the sun to its setting
The name of the LORD is to be praised.
4 The LORD is high above all nations;
His glory is above the heavens.
5 Who is like the LORD our God,
Who is enthroned on high,
6 Who humbles Himself to behold
The things that are in heaven and in the earth?
7 He raises the poor from the dust
And lifts the needy from the ash heap,
8 To make them sit with princes,

lesson 10 Psalm 113
With the princes of His people.
9 He makes the barren woman abide in the house
As a joyful mother of children.
Praise the LORD!
92
My Observations
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
v7
lesson 10 Psalm 113

v8
v9
93
what does
INTERPRET
Additional resources for background:

“The New Bible Dictionary” edited by Wood and Marshall (the best, if you must choose)
“The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament” by Craig Keener
“The New Manners and Customs of Bible Times” by Ralph Gower
“Harper’s Bible Dictionary” edited by Paul Achtemeier
1. What are two major sections in this psalm? Give detailed support from the psalm
for your outline.
2. What reasons does the Psalmist give us for praising God in Psalm 113? List the rea-
sons followed by a verse reference for each.
3. In vv6-9 the Psalmist praises God for His grace in action. Can you think of any bib-
lical examples when God performed gracious actions like those described here?
lesson 10 Psalm 113
94
4. Using God’s example in vv7-8, how should we treat the poor and needy? Look at
James 1:27-2:16.
5. Look back at pages 14 and 15 and select which “Rhythm of Sound” the author em-
ploys in verses 1 and 9.
lesson 10 Psalm 113
95
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 10 Psalm 113
96
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 10 Psalm 113
97
Fearfully, Wonderfully Made
Psalm 139
98
Psalm 139
background
Psalm 139 is a Davidic meditation turned over to his orchestral director for musical
accompaniment. Perhaps David’s flight from Saul (1 Samuel 19:10, 12, 18) inspired this
psalm as seen in David’s questions (seen in synonymous parallelism) in 139:7 – “Where can
I go from Thy Spirit? Or where can I flee from Thy presence?”
reflect
How does it make you feel to know that God is intimately acquainted with every
part of your life?
lesson 11 Psalm 139
memorize
Psalm 139:14
I will give thanks to You, for I am fearfully
and wonderfully made;
Wonderful are Your works,
And my soul knows it very well.
99
what do
observe
Psalm 139
1 O LORD, You have searched me and known me.
2 You know when I sit down and when I rise up;
You understand my thought from afar.
3 You scrutinize my path and my lying down,
And are intimately acquainted with all my ways.
4 Even before there is a word on my tongue,
Behold, O LORD, You know it all.
5 You have enclosed me behind and before,
And laid Your hand upon me.
6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me;
It is too high, I cannot attain to it.
7 Where can I go from Your Spirit?
Or where can I flee from Your presence?
8 If I ascend to heaven, You are there;
If I make my bed in Sheol, behold, You are there.
9 If I take the wings of the dawn,
If I dwell in the remotest part of the sea,
10 Even there Your hand will lead me,
And Your right hand will lay hold of me.
11 If I say, “Surely the darkness will overwhelm me,
And the light around me will be night,”
12 Even the darkness is not dark to You,
And the night is as bright as the day.
Darkness and light are alike to You.
13 For You formed my inward parts;
You wove me in my mother’s womb.
14 I will give thanks to You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made;
lesson 11 Psalm 139
Wonderful are Your works,

And my soul knows it very well.
15 My frame was not hidden from You,
When I was made in secret,
And skillfully wrought in the depths of the earth;
16 Your eyes have seen my unformed substance;
And in Your book were all written
The days that were ordained for me,
When as yet there was not one of them.
100
17 How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God!
How vast is the sum of them!
18 If I should count them, they would outnumber the sand.
When I awake, I am still with You.
19 O that You would slay the wicked, O God;
Depart from me, therefore, men of bloodshed.
20 For they speak against You wickedly,
And Your enemies take Your name in vain.
21 Do I not hate those who hate You, O LORD?
And do I not loathe those who rise up against You?
22 I hate them with the utmost hatred;
They have become my enemies.
23 Search me, O God, and know my heart;
Try me and know my anxious thoughts;
24 And see if there be any hurtful way in me,
And lead me in the everlasting way.
My Observations
vv1-6
vv7-12
vv13-18
lesson 11 Psalm 139
vv19-24
101
what does
INTERPRET
The structure of Psalm 139 is one of the keys to proper interpretation of this wisdom
psalm. After the superscription (technically verse 1 in the Hebrew text) the psalm
falls into four strophes (major sections) of six verses each. In each of the first three
strophes a clear pattern emerges: summary statement, development of the theme,
and finally the conclusion, which also forms the lead into the next strophe.
1. List the different types of parallelism and figures of speech in this Psalm.
2. Discuss in detail the extent of God’s scrutiny of the psalmist as described in verses
1-6. What categories of normal human activity are cited in this section?
3. What can you learn about God from this Psalm?

lesson 11 Psalm 139
4. What can you learn about the Spirit of God from this Psalm?
102
5. Where are the “wings of the dawn” (139:9)? Where is the “sea”? What do verses
9-10 tell you about God’s presence in our lives?
6. What do verses 14 and 15 tell us about the way in which we were created? How
should this affect the way we see ourselves?
7. Verses 19-22 seem somewhat abrupt when the rest of the Psalm is considered.
What is the connection between these verses and verses 1-18?
8. How do verses 23-24 relate to what comes before them?
lesson 11 Psalm 139
103
how
APPLY
does it work?
List Principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

lesson 11 Psalm 139
104
this application?
My Notes...
lesson 11 Psalm 139
105
Our Response of Praise
Psalm 150
106
Psalm 150
background
Many hold that David wrote Psalm 150 as he experienced an uninhibited
exuberance in worship on the occasion of the bringing up of the Ark of the
Covenant to Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6; 1 Chronicles 15). Notice the linkage
between 150:4 and 149:3. Psalm 150 serves as the psalter’s universal doxological
finale. Whereas Psalm 149 is addressed to Israel, Psalm 150 is addressed to
everything with breath!
reflect
Praise. What does it mean? Am I a true praiser of the Lord?
lesson 12 Psalm 150
memorize
Psalm 150:1-2
Praise the LORD!
Praise God in His sanctuary;
Praise Him in His mighty expanse.
Praise Him for His mighty deeds;
Praise Him according to His excellent greatness.
107
what do
observe
Psalm 150
1 Praise the LORD!
Praise God in His sanctuary;
Praise Him in His mighty expanse.
2 Praise Him for His mighty deeds;
Praise Him according to His excellent greatness.
3 Praise Him with trumpet sound;
Praise Him with harp and lyre.
4 Praise Him with timbrel and dancing;
Praise Him with stringed instruments and pipe.
5 Praise Him with loud cymbals;
Praise Him with resounding cymbals.
6 Let everything that has breath praise the LORD.
Praise the LORD!

lesson 12 Psalm 150
108
My Observations
v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
lesson 12 Psalm 150
v6
109
what does
INTERPRET
True biblical praise is the deep acknowledgment and appreciation of superiority and/
or greatness. Praise involves the citation of the REASON(s) why praise is being given.
In contexts where the word “praise” (Hebrew = halal, from which the compound word
“Halleluyah” is formed) is found, train your eye to look for terms like “because” or
“for” and the reason(s) for the praise. Even in the finale of the 150 psalms, “His mighty
deeds” and “His excellent greatness” (150:2) comprise the reasons for the praise of
the Lord. Halleluyah.
1. Sometimes biblical words are so common they can lose their “punch” if we are not
careful to unlock their true meaning. An excellent example of this is seen in the
word “halleluyah.” This term usually is spelled “hallelujah” but let’s look at it a little
closer before we decide which rendering best reflects the original Hebrew behind
the term. Actually, the term is a compound word, consisting of three sub-terms:
a. Halal – a common word in Hebrew most often translated “to praise”
b. U – the symbol for a plural command (“all of you praise!”)
c. Yah – shortened form of 4-letter name of God (YHWH or Yahweh).
In English texts, often the “Y” in “Yah” is changed to a “J” or simply dropped
(as in Mic-ah, Isai-ah, etc.). However, the Hebrew text clearly shows that the
object of praise in this construction is “Yah.”
Thus the phrase we often utter without giving it too much thought is actually a
command for all of us to praise Yah (or Yahweh)! Write down some of your thoughts
and questions about this compound term, “Halleluyah.”
2. How many occurrences of the word “praise” are found in this psalm?
lesson 12 Psalm 150
3. What are the locations in which praise is to be found as seen in v1?
110
4. What are the two specific reasons for the praise cited in v2?
5. How many musical instruments are listed in 150:3-5? Why does David list all these
instruments?
6. Having read Psalm 150, describe how you think David may have felt as he praised
Yahweh.
lesson 12 Psalm 150
111
how
APPLY
does it work?
Reflect on the Psalms (List principles, big ideas,
main thoughts, etc.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
List five truths you have learned in the Psalms

we have studied:
1.
2.
lesson 12 Psalm 150
3.
4.
5.
112
Using the five truths you cited in the previous section, write your own psalm to the Lord.
lesson 12 Psalm 150
113
Appendix
1. Principles of Interpretation- p115
2. Creating Lists - p116
3. Discipleship Resources - p117
4. An Overview of the Shepherd
in Hebrew Culture - p118
114
1) Principles of interpretation
Principle #1 - Your goal is to discern the author’s intended meaning to the original
audience. Unfortunately, most people begin their Bible study by asking, “What does this pas-
sage mean to me?” While there may be multiple possible applications to my life, there is only
one meaning, the author’s intended meaning; and we must first seek this out. This involves three
important steps:
1. Always start your study with prayer, asking the same God who composed Scripture
through these ancient authors to give you insight to understand His intended meaning.
2. Be very careful to avoid reading your 21st century circumstances and theologi-
cal issues into the text as they will skew your understanding.
3. Work diligently to see the text from the point of view of the original readers. To
do this: [a] dig into the historical and cultural background using Bible dictionaries and com-
mentaries, and [b] spend a few moments thinking about the original audience’s religious
understanding by asking - What books of the Bible did they have access to? What did they
know about God? about Jesus? about salvation? etc.
Principle #2 - Assume a “normal” use of language. The Bible was given to us because God
desired to communicate with us, not to hide Himself from us. Therefore, we should not be looking
for “hidden” meanings as we study. Instead, we should use the “normal” techniques we would use
to understand any piece of literature:
APPENDIX
1. Study the grammar. Yes, most of us hated grammar in junior high, but it really is helpful
for understanding Scripture! So pay attention to nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions.
Think through any figures of speech. Observe how phrases and clauses are connected into
sentences and how sentences are linked together into paragraphs.
2. Remember that chapters came later. When Paul wrote Corinthians or Luke wrote
the book of Acts, they wrote single, unified stories without verse or chapter divisions. These
books were meant to be read just like you would read a letter or a novel. So always keep the
overall story in mind as you study each passage.
Principle #3 - Let Scripture interpret Scripture. Since God is unchangingly truthful and
always consistent (John 17:17; Hebrews 3:6; James 1:17), we can, and should, expect the same of
His Word. This has two practical applications:
1. Check your conclusions. Always compare your conclusions with the teachings of Scrip-
ture as a whole. If you find that your interpretation of a passage contradicts the clear teach-
ing of Scripture elsewhere, you probably need to revise your conclusions.
2. Allow clear passages to illuminate ambiguous passages. Whenever you encoun-

ter a passage that is confusing or open to multiple possible interpretations, use clearer pas-
sages of Scripture to guide you to the correct interpretation.
One last caution - remember that God revealed Scripture progressively, not all at once. There-
fore, we should not be surprised by differences between how people related to and understood
God at different times in the history of Scripture. For example, while Abraham needed only be-
lieve that God was faithful in order to be justified (Genesis 15:6), in the NT era, we must believe in
Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection to be saved (1 Corinthians 15:1-7).
115
2) Bonus Skill: Creating Lists

This skill involves identifying a key word, subject, person, place, or event in the
passage and then listing every fact given about that word. For example, if you made a list
on “God” from 2 Timothy 1, it might look like this:
God...
1. made Paul an apostle by His will (v1)
2. gives grace, mercy and peace (v2)
3. is the Father (v2)
4. is thanked and served (v3)
5. gives gifts (v6)
6. doesn’t give spirit of timidity (v7)
7. gives spirit of power, love, and sound mind (v7)
8. gives power for suffering (v9)
9. saved us (v9)
10. called us (v9)
As you read this list, what jumps out at you? Perhaps you see that “God gives” is
mentioned five times in this list. What a gracious and loving God we serve! You have dis-
covered one of the characteristics of God: His generous grace toward men. By creating
these lists, you will begin to see patterns of truth that you will want to study further. For
APPENDIX
example, this list on God may lead you to do a word study on “give” or find all the other
references in Paul’s epistles to God’s giving nature. Furthermore, this list can now be used
for meditation, to praise and worship God, to encourage others and to proclaim the char-
acter of God to the lost.

One word of caution about lists, however. Just because you are able to create a list
centered on a key word, such as “God” in 2 Timothy 1, does not mean that Paul’s main
point in the passage is to talk about that key word. Paul’s emphasis in 2 Timothy 1, in fact,
is not to discuss attributes about God; it is to encourage Timothy to press on in the min-
istry of the gospel. So make sure that before you create any lists you complete the initial
processes of observation: list themes, mark up the text, and record your most significant
observations. However, after these initial tasks, creating lists is a great way to deepen
your study of a passage!
116
3) Discipleship Resources
One of the predominant themes throughout the book of Titus is the relationship
between sound doctrine and sound living. It is important that we know the truth of the Bi-
ble and that our lives would more and more begin to reflect Jesus Christ. Spiritual growth
clearly involves study of God’s word, but it also involves transformation of our character
and life. This process is often called “discipleship” and refers to an intentional relation-
ship between a mature believer and a younger believer where the former trains the latter
towards the goal of spiritual maturity. Paul’s discipleship of Timothy (and Titus as well)
is one the greatest examples we have of this process in all of Scripture. And like Paul, we
too can make a lasting impact for God’s kingdom by spiritually reproducing ourselves in
the lives of others.
Going through this Bible study was one of the best steps you could take to prepare
you to disciple someone else because now you know how to explain and defend key bib-
lical truths like the gospel, spiritual leadership, grace, and salvation. Just as important,
you have now learned and practiced the basic method of Bible study - survey, observe,
interpret, apply, synthesize. These are key steps towards spiritual maturity that you can
now pass on to others!
But where can you go from here to learn more about spiritual multiplication? Here
are a few helpful resources:
APPENDIX
pp The Master Plan of Evangelism by Robert Coleman
This is a highly motivational analysis of Jesus’ own principles of evangelism and
discipleship.
pp The Lost Art of Disciple Making by Leroy Eims

This very practical resource will give you a detailed structure to follow and great
content to cover as you begin to disciple a new believer.
pp A Survey of Bible Doctrine by Charles Ryrie

This is not a book about discipleship. It is, instead, an easy to read, relatively short
systematic theology primer that you can walk a new believer through to ground
them in the faith.
pp Essentials of the Faith by Grace Bible Church, College Station TX

This small group Bible study packet walks a new believer through the fundamental
truths and practices of the Christian faith in ten self-paced lessons.
117
4) An Overview of the Shepherd in Hebrew Culture

Throughout Israel’s history tending flocks has been a critical aspect of Jewish life.
The country’s dry grounds made it necessary for the flocks of sheep and cattle to move
about during the rainless summer and to stay for months at a time in isolated areas far
from the dwelling of the owner. This made shepherding a necessary part of agricultural
life in Israel. It was an independent and responsible job. Shepherds often had small flocks
of 20-30 sheep but flocks of 100 were not unheard of (cf. Luke 15:4). Not only was it prof-
itable but the threat of wild beasts and robbers often made it dangerous. Sometimes the
owner himself (Lk. 15:6; Jn. 10:12) or his sons did the job, but usually it was done by hired
shepherds who often did not care for the sheep in the same way the owner would (Jn.
10:12 ff.).1 The hired shepherds were often lower-class citizens or poorer relatives who
generally were looked down upon by the majority of Jewish society. The profession was
proscribed as being “unclean” by rabbinic law and was thus avoided by all except the low-
est in the Jewish community or foreigners. In fact, Abba Gurjan of Zadjan once said, “Let
not a man bring up his son to be a donkey-driver, nor a camel-driver, nor a barber, nor a
sailor, nor a shepherd, nor a peddler; for their occupations are those of thieves.” 2 Thus
it is very interesting that the Old Testament describes Yahweh as a shepherd (Psalm 23;
79:13–80:1; 95:7; Isa 40:11; Jer 31:10) as well as the leaders of Israel as shepherds (Num
27:16–17; 1 Kgs 22:17; Jer 23:1–4; Ezekiel 34). In the New Testament, Jesus is spoken of
as the good shepherd (Jn 10:14); chief shepherd (1 Pet 5:4); great shepherd (Heb 13:20);
APPENDIX
the one shepherd (Jn 10:16). This analysis will review the function of the shepherd within
the Hebrew economy, the daily responsibilities of the shepherd, and how that imagery
reflects the portrayal of spiritual shepherds in the Old and New Testament.
The importance of shepherding vis a vis the economy and worship among the He-
brews cannot be overstated. Sheep are first mentioned in Genesis 4:2-4 when the first
example of a sacrificial offering is given. Generally, both the adult animal (Ex. 20:24) and
the lamb were sacrificed. In 1 Samuel 25:18, Abigail provided David’s men with sheep
as food. The wool of the sheep was used as clothing (Leviticus 13:47). “Rams skins dyed
red” were used as a covering for the tabernacle (Exodus 25:5). Sheep and lambs were
sometimes paid as tribute (2 Kings 3:4). Shepherds in Palestine and the East generally
go before their flocks, which they induce to follow by calling to them, comp. (John 10:4;
Psalms 77:20; 80:1) though they also drive them. (Gen. 33:13).
According to the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, the main job of the
shepherd is to see that the sheep find plenty to eat and drink. The flocks are not fed in
pens or folds, but, summer and winter, must depend upon foraging for their sustenance
(Ps. 23:2). Goats hunt out the best feeding-grounds, but sheep are more helpless and
have to be led to their food (cf. Numbers 27:16,17); nor do they possess the instinct of
many other animals for finding their way home (compare Ezek 34:6-8). Flocks should
1 Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vols. 5-9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10
compiled by Ronald Pitkin. Edited by Kittel, Gerhard, Geoffrey William Bromiley, and Gerhard
Friedrich, Vol. 6, Page 485. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964-c1976.
2 Alfred Edersheim, Sketches of Jewish Social Life, (Garland, Texas: Electronic edition by
Galaxie Software) 2000.
118
be watered at least once a day. Where there are springs or streams this is an easy mat-
ter. Frequently the nearest water is hours away. One needs to travel in the dry places in
Syria or Palestine, and then enter the watered valleys like those in Edom where the flocks
are constantly being led for water. This lends additional light to the Psalmist’s words,
“He leadeth me beside still waters.” Sometimes water can be obtained by digging shallow
wells (Gen 26:18-22,25,32). The shepherd frequently carries with him a pail from which
the sheep can drink when the water is not accessible to them. On the mountaintops the
melting snows supply the needed water. In other districts it is drawn from deep wells
(Gen 29:2; Jn 4:6). The usual time for watering is at noon, at which time the flocks are
led to the watering places (Gen 29:2,3). After drinking, the animals lie down or huddle
together in the shade of a rock while the shepherd sleeps. At the first sound of his call,
which is usually a peculiar guttural sound, hard to imitate, the flock follow off to new
feeding-grounds. Even should two shepherds call their flocks at the same time and the
sheep be intermingled, they never mistake their own master’s voice (Jn 10:3-5).
The Bible describes a daily routine that the shepherd usually followed. In the
morning he led forth his flock from the fold (John 10:4), which he did by going before
them and calling to them. When he arrived at the pasturage he watched the flock with the
assistance of dogs (Job 30:1). If any sheep happened to stray, he had to search for it until
he found it (Ezekiel 34:12; Luke 15:4). This is because the shepherd was responsible and
hence liable for the disappearance of any animal and would have to make repayment or
APPENDIX
restitution if it were hurt or he could not find it again. This would not be an easy thing
to do for a relatively poor herdsman. He supplied them with water, either at a running
stream or at troughs attached to wells (Genesis 29:7; 30:38; Exodus 2:16; Psalm 23:2). At
evening he brought them back to the fold, and reckoned them to see that none were miss-
ing, by passing them “under the rod” as they entered the door of the enclosure (Leviticus
27:32; Ezekiel 20:37). The sheep and goats would feed together during the day, but the
shepherd would separate them at night (Mt. 25:32) because goats are more susceptible to
cold and have to be kept warmer than sheep, which like fresh air at night. The shepherd
checked each sheep, as it passed, by a motion of the hand (Jeremiah 33:13). At the end of
this process, he watched the entrance of the fold throughout the night, acting as porter
(John 10:3). The shepherd’s office thus required great watchfulness, particularly by night
(Luke 2:8). It also required tenderness toward the young and feeble (Isaiah 40:11) par-
ticularly in driving them to and from the pasturage (Gen. 33:13). In large establishments
there are various grades of shepherds, the highest being styled “rulers,” (Gen. 47:6) or
“chief shepherds,” (1 Pet. 5:4). In a royal household the title of abbir “mighty,” was be-
stowed on the person who held the post. (1 Sam. 21:7).

As previously mentioned, the nature of the work and care of the shepherd led many
biblical authors to describe God the Father, God the Son and leaders as shepherds. This
was because of the type of care God gives to his otherwise helpless people and that the
119
leaders are expected to give. Isa 40:11 is a picture drawn from pastoral life of Yahweh’s
care over His children. It says, “He will feed his flock like a shepherd, he will gather the
lambs in his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and will gently lead those that have their
young.” A strong sympathy for helpless animals is a marked characteristic of the shep-
herds in Bible lands. The birth of offspring in a flock often occurs far off on the mountain-
side. The shepherd solicitously guards the mother during her helpless moments and picks
up the lamb and carries it to the fold. For the few days, until it is able to walk, he may carry
it in his arms or in the loose folds of his coat above his girdle. Psalm 23 describes God as a
Shepherd who provides for His sheep (vv.1-3a), guides his sheep (v. 3b), and protects His
sheep (v. 4). As a result His sheep are called to rejoice in His abundant provision (verse 5)
and enjoy intimate fellowship with Him (v. 6).
Spiritual leaders are asked to give the same care over God’s sheep. However the
Old Testament often describes individuals or nations as “sheep without a shepherd” be-
cause they had forgotten Yahweh (Nu 27:17; 1 Ki 22:17; 2 Ch 18:16; Ezek 34:5,8; Zec 10:2;
Mt 9:36; Mk 6:34). The shepherds are described as worthless (Zec 11:17) and warned that
God will replace them (Ezek 34). Kittel makes an interesting observation about this fact,
“In view of the fact that in, e.g., the threats of Jeremiah “shepherds” is also a common
term for political and military leaders, it is surprising that there is no single instance in
the OT of ‘shepherd’ ever being used in Israel as a title for the ruling king. The distinc-
tion from the courtly style of the ancient Orient is even more palpable if we add that in
APPENDIX
the time of impending disaster ‘shepherd’ still occurs as a title for the ruler, but only
for the future Messianic son of David. Because the shepherds have refused and become
unfaithful, Yahweh will visit them; He Himself will take over the office of shepherd and
gather and feed the scattered flock; He will appoint better shepherds (Jer. 3:15; 23:4) and
proclaim: ‘I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant
David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their shepherd. And I Yahweh will be their God,
and my servant David prince among them; I, Yahweh, promise it,’ Ez. 34:23 f. Israel and
Judah will become one people (37:22) under one shepherd (37:24). With the title ‘shep-
herd’ Ez. seeks to guard against a one-sidedly political understanding of the figure of the
future ruler, and also to leave the manner of the fulfillment of the promise to God.”3

Thus Jesus is the only one who can adequately fulfill this role. Kittel writes of John
10, “The interpretative saying is repeated, and by means of the marks mentioned in vv.
3–5 and 11b–13 it is shown that the reference truly is to Jesus; he is the pastor bonus, as is
proved both by the inward fellowship which unites Him to His own (vv. 14b–15a) and also
by the laying down of His life…for the flock (v. 15b, 17f.). The address reaches its climax in
v. 16. Jesus’ office as Shepherd is not restricted to Israel; it is universal…when He brings
the other sheep, the promise will be fulfilled…The conclusion (v. 17f.) looks on from the
sacrifice of life…to the receiving of life.” 4
120
Consequently, 1 Peter 5:1-4 says, “Therefore, I exhort the elders among you, as
your fellow elder and witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker also of the glory
that is to be revealed, shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight not un-
der compulsion, but voluntarily, according to the will of God; and not for sordid gain, but
with eagerness; nor yet as lording it over those allotted to your charge, but proving to be
examples to the flock. And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfad-
ing crown of glory.” This indicates that like the Chief Shepherd, elders are to demonstrate
the same care and consideration over the flocks they have been given. This care is demon-
strated by selflessness, a good example, and a willingness to serve.

In conclusion, a biblical analysis of the shepherd reveals that it was an essential
job for the economy and livelihood of Hebrew society. Even though many leaders did
not respect shepherds, the Bible consistently portrays God the Father, God the Son and
other Christian leaders as shepherds. This portrayal emphasizes the selfless nature of the
shepherd who cares for His otherwise helpless sheep by feeding them, guiding them and
protecting them. Shepherds who do not do this are not pleasing to God and in some cases
replaced.
APPENDIX
3 Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vols. 5-9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10
compiled by Ronald Pitkin. Edited by Kittel, Gerhard, Geoffrey William Bromiley, and Gerhard
Friedrich, Vol. 6, Page 485. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964-c1976.
4 Ibid.
121
Psalms
music for the soul
God's people throughout history have loved the book of Psalms.
There are a number of reasons for its popularity. First, it is a
collection of songs that arise out of experiences with which we
can all identify. It is very difficult to find any circumstance in
life that does not find expression in some psalm or another.
Some arose out of prosperity, others out of adversity. Some
psalms deal with holiness, and others with sinfulness. Some are
laments that bewail the worst of situations whereas others are
triumphant hymns of joy and thanksgiving. Some look back to
the past while others look forward to the future.
The psalms are great because their writers composed them out
of their most profound experiences. Great poetry arises out
of great living. "Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth
speaks" (Matt. 12:34). They are also great because the writers
brought these profound experiences into God's presence. They
show how people behave when they are conscious of God, the
only truly realistic way to live. Therefore the permanent value
of the Psalms lies in their revelation of worship (Thomas
Constable Study Notes, The Psalms).

Psalms

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What is the purpose of studying the Psalms?

What is the purpose of studying the Psalms?

What are some characteristics of the Psalms?

What are some characteristics of the Psalms?

Psalms

music for the soul

a study of selected psalms

Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE®,

This document may be reproduced and distributed freely,

Bible Study Method Summary 4 Lesson 7 - Psalm 51 66

Introduction to the Psalms 10 Lesson 8 - Psalm 63 74

Lesson 1 - Psalm 1 16 Lesson 9 - Psalm 73 82

Lesson 2 - Psalm 2 24 Lesson 10 - Psalm 113 90

Lesson 3 - Psalm 6 32 Lesson 11 - Psalm 139 98

Lesson 4 - Psalm 19 40 Lesson 12 - Psalm 150 106

Lesson 5 - Psalm 23 50 Appendix 114

Obs Task 1: Mark up the passage by visually identifying the follow-

2. CONTRAST: points out dissimilarities between ideas. Contrast words include:

3. PURPOSE: indicates the intended goal of an idea or action, whether or not

4. RESULT: very similar to “purpose,” but indicates the actual consequence,

5. CAUSE: expresses the basis or cause of an action. Cause words include:

7. INFERENCE: provides a logical consequence, a conclusion, or a summary to the

BIBLE STUDY METHODS QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

Obs Task 3: Write two or more observations per verse.

Obs Task 4: Record your own interpretive questions.

Int Method 1: Use the context.

Int Method 2: Compare multiple translations.

Int Method 3: Look up key words.

BIBLE STUDY METHODS QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

Int Method 5: Look up background information.

Int Method 6: Tackle tough questions step-by-step.

App Task 1: List potential principles from your passage.

App Task 2: Choose one principle, and create a plan to apply it to

BIBLE STUDY METHODS QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

C.S. Lewis, Reflections in the Psalms

Introduction to the Psalms

Some arose out of prosperity, others out of

They show how people behave when they are conscious

The Book of Psalms is an inspired collection of spiritual

Introduction to the Psalms

Theological Principle of Psalms

The Book of Psalms is divided into 5 major sections:

Book iii: Psalms 73-89

The Book of Psalms contains 5 major types of psalms:

The Book of Psalms is important to the New Testament:

Introduction to the Psalms

The Literary Character of Hebrew Poetry/Wisdom

Some boast in chariots and some in horses,

c. Climactic - line 2 repeats line 1 but then adds a conclusion.

In peace I will both lie down and sleep,

Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I am pining away;

Heal me, O Lord, for my bones are dismayed. Psalm 6:2

e. Emblematic - line 2 explains figurative language used in line 1.

Their throat is an open grave;

2. Rhythm of Sound (in Hebrew)

Technical names to designate the types of psalms

Musical Terms with the Psalms

Introduction to the Psalms

Adapted in part from “The Book of Psalms,” David Malick, www.bible.org.

Psalm 1 serves as the instructive prologue for the entire