I.

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS

The steam power plant is located in a sub-urban municipality with a total output of
10,000 kW. The power plant is 6-heaters regenerative cycle with deaerator and employed a
turbine with a condition line C.

Figure A-13 Representative Steam Turbine Condition Lines on the Mollier plane, Page 673
of Power Plant Engineering in MKS Units by Frederick T. Morse
A. Conditions of Steam Entering the Turbine (@ State 1)

From Figure A-13 Representative Steam Turbine Condition Lines on the Mollier plane,
Page 673 of Power Plant Engineering in MKS Units by Frederick T. Morse.

▪ Temperature of steam entering the turbine, t1 = 693 °F = 367.222 °C

▪ Pressure of steam entering the turbine, P1 = 21.09 kg/cm2

𝑘𝑔 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃1 = (21.09 ) ( ) = 2068.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
1.0332
𝑐𝑚2

B. Conditions of Steam Leaving the Turbine (@ State 40)

From Figure A-13 Representative Steam Turbine Condition Lines on the Mollier plane,
Page 673 of Power Plant Engineering in MKS Units by Frederick T. Morse.

▪ Pressure of steam leaving the turbine, P40 = 0.07 kg/cm2

𝑘𝑔 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃40 = (0.07 )( ) = 6.8648 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
1.0332
𝑐𝑚2

▪ Temperature of steam leaving the turbine, t40 = tsat @ P40

Pressure, MPa Temperature, ͦC

0.0065 37.63
0.0068648 T40
0.0070 39.00
*from Table 2 Saturation: Pressures of Steam Tables by Keenan, et al

By interpolation, t40 = 38.6296 °C

C. Conditions of Final Feedwater (@ State 32)

P32 = P1 = 21.09 kg/cm2 = 2068.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Then, Pgage = Pabs - Patm

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 21.09 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 − 1.0332 = 20.0568
𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚2
 𝑘𝑔 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (20.0568 )( ) = 1966.9524 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
1.0332
𝑐𝑚2

Figure 8-11, Page 225 of Power Plant Engineering in MKS Units by Frederick T. Morse

No. of stages of extraction = 7

Pressure, kg/cm2 Temperature, °C

14.06 174

20.0568 T32

21.09 184

*from Figure 8-11

By interpolation, t32 = 182.5303 °C

D. Temperature of Feedwater Leaving the Heater

We find first the temperature difference at;

 1. 3 (three) heaters; Feedwater leaving the heater and the feedwater entering the heater
(from deaerator), ∆T(29 – 32) and,
2. 4 (four) heaters; Feedwater leaving the heater (from deaerator) and the feedwater
entering the heater, ∆T(24 – 28)
Determining mid pressure of the system in compressed liquid table:

Pmid = √Ph Pl

Ph = P1 = high pressure entering the turbine = 2068.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Pl = P40 = low pressure leaving the turbine = 6.8648 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Pdeaerator = √(2068.28)(6.8648)

Pdeaerator = P28 = 119.157 kPa

Pressure (kPa) Temperature (°C) Specific Volume Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

(m3/kg)

115 103.58 1.0463 x 10-3 434.15

119.157 t28 Vf28 h28

120 104.8 1.0473 x 10-3 439.32

*from Table 2 Saturation: Pressures of Steam Tables by Keenan, et al

By interpolation,

t28 = 104.5943 °C

Vf28 = 1.0471 x 10-3 m3/kg

h28 = 438.45 kJ/kg

P29 = P32 = 2068.28 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Wpump2 = Vf28 (P29 – P28) = h29 – h28

h29 = h28 + Vf28 (P29 – P28)

h29 = 438.45+ (1.0471 x 10-3) (2068.28 – 119.157) kPa = 440.491 kJ/kg

@ State 29

Pressure = 0 MPa Pressure = 2.5 MPa

Temperature (°C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Temperature (°C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

100 418.96 100 420.85

t@ 0 440.491 t@ 2.5 440.491

120 503.57 120 505.33

Pressure (MPa) Temperature (°C)

0 t@0 =105.0895

2.06828 t29

2.5 t@ 2.5 = 104.6499

*from Table 4 Liquid of Steam Tables by Keenan, et al

By double interpolation,

t29 = 104.7258 °C

For the temperature difference of heaters entering the boilers,

∆t = t32 – t29

∆t = 182.5303 °C – 104.7258 °C

∆t = 77.8045 °C

Thus,

∆𝑡 77.8045 ℃
∆𝑡𝑏𝑒𝑡.𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = = = 25.935 ℃
3 3

Finding for t24:

@ State 23

Pressure (MPa) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Specific Volume (m3/kg)

0.0065 157.67 1.0069 x 10-3

0.0068648 h23 Vf23

0.0070 163.4 1.0074 x 10-3

*from Table 2 Saturation: Pressures of Steam Tables by Keenan, et al

By interpolation,

h23 = hf @ P23 = 161.8506 kJ/kg

Vf23 = Vf @ P23 = 1.0073 x 10-3 m3/kg

P24 = P28 = 119.157kPa

h24 = h23 + Vf23 (P24 – P23)

h24 = 161.8506 + (1.0073 x 10-3) (119.157 – 6.8648) = 161.9637 kJ/kg

@ State 24:

Pressure = 0 MPa Pressure = 2.5 MPa

Temperature (°C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Temperature (°C) Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

20 83.95 20 86.30

t@ 0 161.9637 t@ 2.5 161.9637

40 167.56 40 169.77
 Pressure (MPa) Temperature (°C)

0 t@ 0 = 38.6613

0.119157 t@24

2.5 t@ 2.5 = 38.6226

*from Table 4 Liquid of Steam Tables by Keenan, et al

By double interpolation,

t24 = 38.6617 °C

So,

∆t = t28 – t24

∆t = 104.5943 °C – 38.6617 °C

∆t = 65.9326 °C

Thus,

∆𝑡 65.9326 ℃
∆𝑡𝑏𝑒𝑡.𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = = = 16.4832 ℃
4 4

Temperature of Feedwater Leaving the Heater:

For heater no. 1

t25 = t24 + 16.4832 ℃= 38.6617 °C + 16.4832 ℃

t25 = 55.1449 °C

For heater no. 2

t26 = t25 + 16.4832 ℃= 55.1449 °C + 16.4832 ℃

t26 = 71.6281 °C
 For heater no. 3

t27 = t26 + 16.4832 ℃= 71.6281 °C + 16.4832 ℃

t27 = 88.1113 °C

For heater no. 4 (deaerator)

t28 = tsat @ P28 = tsat @ 108.7901 kPa = t28 = 104.5943 °C

For heater no. 5

t30 = t29 + 25.935 ℃= 104.7258 °C + 25.935 ℃

t30 = 130.6608 °C

For heater no. 6

t31 = t30 + 25.935 ℃= 130.6608 °C + 25.935 ℃

t31 = 156.5958 °C

For heater no. 7

t32 = t31 + 25.1461 ℃= 156.5958 °C + 25.935 ℃

t32 = 182.5308 °C

E. Temperature of Steam Entering the Heater

From the condition given: there is a 5 °C difference between the temperatures of

feedwater leaving the heater and temperature of steam entering the heater;

Then;

For heater no. 1

t2 – t25 = 5 °C

t2 = 5 °C + 55.1449°C = 60.1449 °C

For heater no. 2

t5 – t26 = 5 °C
 t5 = 5 °C + 71.6281 °C = 76.6281 °C

For heater no. 3

t8 – t27 = 5 °C

t8 = 5 °C + 88.1113 °C = 93.1113 °C

For heater no. 4 (deaerator)

t11 – t28 = 5 °C

t11 = 5 °C + 104.5943°C = 109.5943 °C

For heater no. 5

t14 – t30 = 5 °C

t14 = 5 °C + 130.6608 °C = 135.6608 °C

For heater no. 6

t17 – t31 = 5 °C

t17 = 5 °C + 156.5958 °C = 161.5958 °C

For heater no. 7

t20 – t32 = 5 °C

t20 = 5 °C + 182.5308 °C = 187.5308 °C

Note:

Temperature drop will exist on each extraction due to longer pipe lines and imperfect
insulations. The steam leaving the turbine at each extraction may be superheated or saturated
mixture which means that when the steam leaves the turbine in a mixture state, there would be
no temperature drop since the steam from a mixture state goes through a saturated liquid curve
at constant pressure, then on each state should be verified. In preceding calculations on which
it involves steam mixture when it leaves the turbine will have no temperature difference as it
leaves the heater.
F. Temperature of Steam Leaving the Turbine

From the condition given: there is a 5 °C temperature difference between the steam
leaving the turbine and temperature of steam entering the heater;

Then;

For first extraction

tA – t20 = 5 °C

tA = 5 °C + 187.5308 °C = 192.5308 °C

For second extraction

tB – t17 = 5 °C

tB = 5 °C + 161.5958 °C = 166.5958 °C

For third extraction

tC – t14 = 5 °C

tC = 5 °C + 135.6608 °C = 140.6608 °C

For fourth extraction

tD – t11 = 5 °C

tD = 5 °C + 109.5943 °C = 109.5943 °C

For fifth extraction

tE – t8 = 5 °C

tE = 5 °C + 93.1113 °C = 98.1113 °C

For sixth extraction

tF – t5 = 5 °C

tF = 5 °C + 76.6281 °C = 81.6281 °C
 For seventh extraction

tG – t2 = 5 °C

tG = 5 °C + 60.1449 °C = 65.1449 °C

G. Pressure at Each Stages of Extraction

To find P1, PA, PB, PC, PD, to condition line C from Fig. A-13 p. 673 by Frederick T.
Morse.

Schematic Diagram:
T-s Diagram:

P1 = 21.09 kg/cm2 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

PA = P @ TA: TA = 192.5308 °C (From Figure A-13, Mollier plane condition line C)

Pressure, kg/cm2 Temperature, °C

3.65 182.2

PA 192.5308

4.10 193.3

PA= 4.069 kg/cm2 = 399.0326 kPa (Interpolated)

PB = P @ TB: TB = 166.5958 °C (From Figure A-13, Mollier plane condition line C)

Pressure, kg/cm2 Temperature, °C

2.95 160

PB 166.5958 °C

3.35 171.1

PB = 3.1877 kg/cm2 = 312.6066 kPa

PC = P @ TC: TC = 140.6608 °C (From Figure A-13, Mollier plane condition line C)

Pressure, kg/cm2 Temperature, °C

2.20 137.8

PC 140.6608

2.55 148.9

PC = 2.2902 kg/cm2 = 224.5919 kPa

PD = Pdeaerator

Pdeaerator = P28 = 119.157 kPa

PD = Psat @ 109.5943°C = 119.157 kPa
 Pdearator is a mixture.

PE = Psat @ TE : TE = 98.1113 °C
Pressure, kPa Temperature, °C

94.33 98

PE 98.1113

97.78 99

PE = 94.714 kPa (from steam table, interpolated)

PF = Psat @ TF : TF = 81.6281 °C
Pressure, kPa Temperature, °C

49.34 81

PF 81.6281

51.36 82

PF = 50.6088 kPa (from steam table, interpolated)

PG = Psat @ TG: TG = 65.1449°C

Pressure, kPa Temperature, °C

25.03 65

PG 65.1449

26.17 66

PG = 25.1952 kPa (from steam table, interpolated)

P40 = 6.8648 kPa (previously calculated)

Therefore as summarized in the T-S Diagram above;

P1 = P32 = P31 = P30= P29 = 2068.28 kPa
 PA = P21 = P19 = P20 = 399.0326 kPa
PB = P18 = P16 = P17 = 312.6066 kPa
PC = P15 = P13 = P14 = 224.5919 kPa
PD = P24 = P25 = P26 = P27 = P28 = P12 =P10 = P11 = 119.157 kPa
PE = P9 = P7 = P8 = 94.714 kPa
PF = P6 = P4 = P5 = 50.6088 kPa
PG = P3= P2 = 25.1952 kPa
P40 = P22 =P23 = 6.8648 kPa

H. Temperature of Condensate after Throttling:

T22 = T23 = 38.6296 ºC

I. Condensate Leaving the Evaporator: (@ State 38)

P33 = P38 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
T38 = Tsat at 399.0326 kPa
Pressure, MPa Temperature, °C

0.3930 143

0.3990326 T38

0.4041 144

T38 = 143.5435 °C (Interpolated)

J. Condensate Entering the Hot well after Throttling from Evaporator: (@ State 40)
P39 = P40 = 6.8648 kPa
T39 = Tsat at 6.8648 kPa
T39 = T40 = 38.6296 °C

K. Determination of Enthalpy at each State:

From Steam Tables by Keenan et. al.
@ State 1: Enthalpy of steam leaving the boiler
P1 = 2068.28 kPa; T1 = 367.222 °C
From steam tables, superheated vapor table, @ 367.222 °C
@ 2.05 MPa @ 2.10 MPa
 Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg

360 3158.3 360 3157.2

367.222 h@2.05 367.222 h@2.10

370 3180.5 370 3179.5

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

2.05 3174.3328

2.06828 h1

2.10 3173.3051

h1 = 3173.9571 kJ/kg (Double interpolation)

Verify first state A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and 40 Using Condition Line C.

@ State A: Enthalpy of steam at first extraction
PA = 399.0326 kPa; TA = 192.5308 °C
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.38 MPa @ 0.40 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C

2840.6 190 2839.5 190

h@0.38 192.5308 h@0.40 192.5308

2861.5 200 2860.5 200

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.38 2845.8894

0.3990326 hA

0.40 2844.8147

hA = 2844.8667 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.38 MPa @ 0.40 MPa

Entropy, kJ/kgK Temperature, °C Entropy, kJ/kgK Temperature, °C

7.1511 190 7.1256 190

s@0.38 192.5308 s@0.40 192.5308

7.1959 200 7.1706 200

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.38 7.1624

0.3990326 sA

0.45 7.137
 sA = 7.1382 kJ/kg K(Double Interpolation)

@ State B: Enthalpy of steam at second extraction

PB = 312.6066 kPa; TB = 166.5958 °C
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.30 MPa @ 0.32 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C

2782.3 160 2780.8 160

h@0.30 166.5958 h@0.32 166.5958

2803.3 170 2802 170

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.30 2796.1512

0. 3126066 hB

0.32 2794.7831

hB = 2795.289 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

From steam tables, superheated vapor table,

@ 0.30 MPa @ 0.32 MPa

Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK

160 7.1276 160 7.0952

166.5958 s@0.30 166.5958 s@0.32

170 7.1757 170 7.1436

Pressure, MPa Entropy, kJ/kg K

0.30 7.1593
 0. 3126066 sB

0.32 7.1271

sB = 7.139 kJ/kg K (Double Interpolation)

@ State C: Enthalpy of steam at third extraction

PC = 224.5919 kPa; TC = 140.6608 °C
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,

@ 0.22 MPa @ 0.24 MPa

Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

140 2746.4 140 2744.7

140.6608 h@0.22 140.6608 h@0.24

150 2767.3 150 2765.7

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.22 2747.7811

0.2245919 hC

0.24 2746.0877

hC = 2747.3923 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.22 MPa @ 0.24 MPa

Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK

140 7.1828 140 7.1393

 137.2452 s@0.22 137.2452 s@0.24

150 7.2327 150 7.1896

Pressure, MPa Entropy, kJ/kg K

0.22 7.1691

0.2245919 sC

0.24 7.1254

sC = 7.1591 kJ/kg K (Double Interpolation)

@ State D: Enthalpy of steam at fourth extraction
PD = 119.157 kPa; TD = 109.5943 °C
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.11 MPa @ 0.12 MPa

Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

100 2675.0 100 2673.7

109.5943 h@0.11 109.5943 h@0.12

110 2695.3 110 2694.2

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.11 2694.4764

0.119157 hD

0.12 2693.3683

hD = 2693.462 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

From steam tables, superheated vapor table,

 @ 0.11 MPa @ 0.12 MPa

Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK Temperature, ºC Entropy, kJ/kgK

100 7.3147 110 7.2718

109.5943 s@0.11 109.5943 s@0.12

110 7.3686 120 7.3261

Pressure, MPa Entropy, kJ/kg K

0.11 7.4213

0.119157 sD

0.12 7.379

sD = 7.3826 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

@ State E: Enthalpy of steam at fifth extraction

PE = 94.714 kPa; TE = 98.1113 °C

Tsat @ 94.714 kPa (steam table)
Pressure, MPa Temperature, ºC

0.090 96.71

0.094714 Tsat

0.095 98.20

Tsat @ 94.714 kPa = 98.1147 ℃

TE = Tsat (Saturated Vapor)

Since,
Tsat = TE, the steam condition is Saturated Vapor.
Thus,
Notice that the steam condition at this state is already in a saturated vapor. The
problem states that there is a 5 °C difference of steam leaving the turbine and the steam
entering the heater which in this case is not applicable since a 5°C difference will lead
the conditions of steam at state 8 to be compressed liquid (at constant pressure), which
is erroneous in this part.

Since,
The temperature at state E is equal to T8 which is the saturated temperature at
94.714 kPa.
TE = T8 = 98.1147 ℃ (corrected value)
Previous calculation of PE = 94.714 kPa which in this case, the pressure at state E should
be equal to Psat at 98.1147 ℃. Thus, using new values;
PE = 94.714 kPa
TE = 98.1147 ℃
Solving for hE = hg @ TE = 98.1147 ℃
Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg

98 2672.9

98.1147 hE

99 2674.5

hE = 2673.084 kJ/kg

@ State F: Enthalpy of steam at sixth extraction

PF = 50.6088 kPa; TF = 81.6281 °C

Verify:
Tsat at 50.6088 kPa (steam table)
Pressure, MPa Temperature, ºC
 0.050 81.33

0.0506088 Tsat

0.055 83.72

Tsat @ 50.6088 kPa = 81.621 °C

Since Tsat ≈ TF, the steam condition is Mixture.
TF = T5 = Tsat @ 50.6088 kPa = 81.621 °C (corrected value)

Previous calculation of PF = 50.6088 kPa which in this case, the pressure at state F
should be equal to Psat at 81.621 °C. Thus,

Temperature, °C Pressure, MPa

81 0.04934

81.621 PF

82 0.05136

PF = 50.5944 kPa (Steam Table)

Thus, using new values;
PF = 50.5944 kPa
TF = 81.621 °C
Solving for quality, xF:
s− sf
XF = sfg

Where:
SF = SG = S40 = Average entropy from A to D
7.1382 +7.139 +7.1591 +7.3826
= kJ/kg K
4

SF = SG = S40 = 7.2047 kJ/kg K (Average entropy)

PF = 50.5944 kPa
 Pressure, MPa Sf, kJ/kg K Sfg, kJ/kg K hf, kJ/kg hfg, kJ/kg

0.050 1.0910 6.5029 340.49 2305.4

0.0505944 sf sfg hf hfg

0.055 1.1193 6.4422 350.54 2299.3

Interpolated values:
sf = 1.0944 kJ/kg K
sfg = 6.4957 kJ/kg K
hf = 341.685 kJ/kg
hfg = 2304.675 kJ/kg
Thus,
s = sf + xF sfg
7.2047 −1.0944
xF = = 0.9407
6.4957

hF = hf + xF hfg
hF = 341.685 kJ/kg + 0.9407 (2304.675 kJ/kg)
hF = h5 = 2509.6928 kJ/kg

@ State G: Enthalpy of steam at seventh extraction

PG = 25.1952 kPa; TG = 65.1449 °C
Verify:
Tsat @ 25.1952 kPa (steam table)

Pressure, MPa Temp, ℃

0.025 64.97

0.0251952 Tsat

0.026 65.85

Tsat @ 25.1952 kPa = 65.1418 °C

 Since Tsat ≈ TG, the steam condition is Mixture. The temperature at state G is
determined from the formula. There should have no temperature difference between this line,

TG = T2 = 65.1418 °C (corrected value)

Previous calculation of PG = 25.1952 kPa which in this case, the pressure at state G
should be equal to Psat at 65.1418 °C. Thus,
Temperature, °C Pressure, MPa

65 0.02503

65.1418 PG

66 0.02617

PG = 25.1917 kPa (Steam Table)

Thus, using new values;
PG = 25.1917 kPa
TG = 65.1418 °C
Solving for quality, xH:
s− sf
XG =
sfg

Where:
sG = 7.2047 kJ/kg K (Average entropy)
PG = 25.1917 kPa
Pressure, MPa sf, kJ/kgk sfg, kJ/kgk hf, kJ/kg hfg, kJ/kg

0.025 0.8931 6.9383 271.93 2346.3

0.0251917 sf sfg hf hfg

0.026 0.9040 6.9139 275.61 2344.1

Interpolated values:
sf = 0.8952 kJ/kg-K
sfg = 6.9336 kJ/kg-K
hf = 272.6355 kJ/kg
hfg = 2345.8783 kJ/kg
Thus,
 sG = sf + xG sfg
7.2047 −0.8952
xG = = 0.90999
6.9336

hG = hf + xG hfg
hG = 272.6355 kJ/kg + 0.90999 (2345.8783 kJ/kg)
hG = h2 = 2407.36129 kJ/kg

@ State 40: Enthalpy of mixture leaving the turbine

From figure A-13 condition line E Pp. 673 PPE by Morse,
@ P40 = 0.07 kg/cm2 = 6.8648 kPa
Solving for quality, x40:
s− sf
x40= sfg

Where:
S40 = 7.2047 kJ/kg K (Average entropy)
P40 = 6.8648 kPa

Pressure, kPa Sf, kJ/kgk Sfg, kJ/kgk hf, kJ/kg hfg, kJ/kg

0.0065 0.5408 7.7613 157.67 2412.4

0.0068648 sf sfg hf hfg

0.007 0.5592 7.7167 163.40 2409.1

Interpolated values:
sf = 0.5542 kJ/kg-K
sfg = 7.7288 kJ/kg-K
hf = 161.8506 kJ/kg
hfg = 2409.9923 kJ/kg
Thus,
s = sf + x40 sfg
7.2407 −0.5542
x40 = = 0.8651
7.7288

h40 = hf + x40 hfg

h40 = 161.8506 kJ/kg + 0.8651 (2409.9923 kJ/kg)
h40 = 2246.7349 kJ/kg
State at the extraction areas:

P1 = 2068.28 kPa = Superheated Vapor

PA = 399.0326 kPa = Superheated Vapor
PB = 312.6066 kPa = Superheated Vapor
PC = 224.5919 kPa = Superheated Vapor
PD = 119.157 kPa = Superheated Vapor
PE = 94.714 kPa = Saturated Vapor
PF = 50.6088 kPa = Mixture
PG = 25.1952 kPa = Mixture
P40 = 6.8648 kPa = Mixture

Since TF and TG fall into a mixture state refer to figure A-13 condition line E Pp. 673
PPE by Morse. Even though the problem states that there is a 5℃ difference of steam leaving
the turbine and the steam entering the heater which in this case is not applicable since a 5℃
difference will lead the conditions of steam at state 5 and 2 to be compressed liquid (at constant
pressure), which is erroneous in this part.
Thus,
For sixth extraction
TF= T5 = 81.6281 °C
For seventh extraction
TG = T2 = 65.1449 °C

@ State 8: Enthalpy of steam entering heater no. 3

P8 = PE = 94.714 kPa, T8 = 93.1113 ℃
Verify:
Tsat @ 94.714 kPa = 96.1485 ℃
Tsat = T8 (Saturated Vapor)
Pressure, kPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.090 2670.9

0.094714 h8

0.095 2673.2
 h8 = 2674.1844 kJ/kg (Interpolated)
@ State 11: Enthalpy of steam entering deaerator
P11 = PD = 119.157 kPa, T11 = 109.5943 °C
Verify:
Tsat @ 119.157 kPa < 109.5943 °C
Tsat < T11 (Superheated Vapor)
From steam tables; h @ P11 and T11
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,

@ 0.11 MPa @ 0.12 MPa

Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

100 2675 100 2673.7

109.5943 h@0.11 109.5943 h@0.12

110 2695.3 110 2694.2

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.11 2694.4764

0.1087901 h11

0.12 2693.3683

h11 = 2694.6105 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

@ State 14: Enthalpy of steam entering heater no. 4

P14 = PC = 224.5919 kPa, T14 = 135.6608 °C
 Verify:
Tsat @ 224.5919 kPa < 135.6608 °C
Tsat < T14 (Superheated Vapor)
From steam tables; h @ P14 and T14
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.22 MPa @ 0.24 MPa

Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

130 2725.3 130 2723.4

135.6608 h@0.22 135.6608 h@0.24

140 2746.4 140 2744.7

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.22 2737.2443

0.2245919 h14

0.24 2735.4575

h14 = 2736.8341 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

@ State 17: Enthalpy of steam entering heater no. 5

P17 = PB = 312.6066 kPa, T17 = 161.5958 °C
Verify:
Tsat @ 312.6066 kPa < 161.5958 °C
Tsat < T17 = Superheated Vapor

From steam tables; h @ P17 and T17

From steam tables, superheated vapor table,

@ 0.30 MPa @ 0.32 MPa

 Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

160 2782.3 160 2780.8

161.5958 h@0.30 161.5958 h@0.32

170 2803.3 170 2802

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.30 2785.6512

0.3126066 h17

0.32 2784.1831

h17 = 2784.7258 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

@ State 20: Enthalpy of steam entering heater no. 6
P20 = PA = 399.0326 kPa, T20 = 187.5308 °C
Verify:
Tsat @ 399.0326 kPa < 187.5308 °C
Tsat < T20 = Superheated Vapor
From steam tables; h @ P20 and T20
From steam tables, superheated vapor table,
@ 0.38 MPa @ 0.40 MPa

Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, ºC Enthalpy, kJ/kg

180 2819.4 180 2818.2

182.5374 h@0.38 182.5374 h@0.40

190 2840.6 190 2839.5

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

 0.38 2824.7736

0.3990326 h20

0.40 2823.5989

h20 = 2823.6557 kJ/kg (Double Interpolation)

@ State 3: Enthalpy of water leaving the heater no.1

P3 = PG = 25.1952 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P3
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.025 271.93 0.8931

0.0251952 hf sf

0.026 275.61 0.9040

hf = h3 = 272.6483 kJ/kg
sf = s3 = 0.8952 kJ/kg K

@ State 4: Enthalpy of water entering the heater no.2

P4 = PF = 50.6088 kPa
s3 = s4 = 0.8952 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

251.12 0.8312 253.21 0.8298

h@0.0 0.8952 h@2.5 0.8952

334.87 1.0753 336.86 1.0737

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

 0.0 273.0782

0.0506088 h4

2.5 275.6401

h4 = 273.1301 kJ/kg

@ State 6: Enthalpy of water leaving heater no. 2

P6 = PF = 50.6088 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P6
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.050 340.49 1.0910

0.0506088 hf sf

0.055 350.54 1.1193

hf = h6 = 341.7137 kJ/kg
sf = s6 = 1.0944 kJ/kg K

@ State 7: Enthalpy of water entering heater no. 3

P7 = PE = 94.714 kPa
s6 = s7 = 1.0944 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

334.87 1.0753 336.86 1.0737

h@0.0 1.0944 h@2.5 1.0944

418.96 1.3069 420.85 1.3050

 Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 341.8049

0.094714 h7

2.5 342.3956

h7 = 342.0287 kJ/kg

@ State 9: Enthalpy of water leaving heater no. 3

P9 = PE = 94.714 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P9
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.090 405.15 1.2695

0.094714 hf sf

0.095 411.43 1.2864

hf = h9 = 411.0708 kJ/kg
sf = s9 = 1.2854 kJ/kg

@ State 10: Enthalpy of water entering deaerator

P10 = PD = 119.157 kPa
S9 = s10 = 1.2854 kJ/kg
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

 334.87 1.0753 336.86 1.0737

h@0.0 1.2854 h@2.5 1.2854

418.96 1.3069 420.85 1.3050

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 411.1537

0.119157 h10

2.5 413.7328

h10 = 411.2766 kJ/kg

@ State 12: Enthalpy of water leaving the dearator

P12 = PD = 119.157 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P12
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.110 428.79 1.3329

0.119157 hf sf

0.150 434.15 1.3471

hf = h12 = 430.017 kJ/kg

sf = s12 = 1.3362 kJ/kg

@ State 13: Enthalpy of water entering heater no.4

P13 = PC = 224.5919 kPa
s12 = s13 = 1.3362 kJ/kg
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa
 Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

418.96 1.3069 420.85 1.305

h@0.0 1.3362 h@2.5 1.3362

503.57 1.5278 505.33 1.5255

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 430.1826

0.2245919 h13

2.5 432.8036

h13 = 430.4181 kJ/kg

@ State 15: Enthalpy of saturated liquid leaving the heater no.4

P15 = PC = 224.5919 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P18
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.22 517.63 1.5628

0.2245919 hf sf

0.225 520.72 1.5706

hf = h15 = 520.4678 kJ/kg

sf = s15 = 1.56996 kJ/kg K

@ State 16: Enthalpy of water entering heater no.5

P16 = PB = 312.6066 kPa
s15 = s16 = 1.56996 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa
 Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

503.57 1.5278 505.33 1.5255

h@0.0 1.56996 h@2.5 1.56996

588.89 1.7395 590.52 1.7369

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 520.5615

0.2692683 h16

2.5 523.2465

h16 = 520.8507 kJ/kg

@ State 18: Enthalpy of saturated liquid leaving the heater no.5
P18 = PB = 312.6066 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P18
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.310 566.27 1.6835

0.3126066 hf sf

0.315 568.62 1.6893

hf = h18 = 567.4951 kJ/kg

sf = s18 = 1.6865 kJ/kg K

@ State 19: Enthalpy of water entering the heater no.6

P19 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
s18 = s19 = 1.6865 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa
 Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

503.57 1.5278 505.33 1.5255

h@0.0 1.6865 h@2.5 1.6865

588.89 1.7395 590.52 1.7369

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 567.5298

0. 3990326 h19

2.5 570.0575

h19 = 567.9333 kJ/kg

@ State 32: Enthalpy of feed water leaving heater no.6

From steam tables: h32 = hf @ PA (For Closed Feedwater Heater)

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.395 602.80

0. 3990326 hf

0.40 604.74

h32 = 604.3646 kJ/kg (Interpolated)

@ State 21: Enthalpy of Saturated liquid leaving heater no.6

P21 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
From steam tables; hf @ P21
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.395 602.8
 0. 3990326 hf

0.40 604.74

h21 = 604.3646 kJ/kg (Interpolated)

@ State 22: Enthalpy of mixture entering the hot well

P22 = P40 = 6.8648 kPa
h21 = h22 = 604.3696 kJ/kg
From steam tables; hf and hfg @ P22
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0065 157.67 2412.4

0.0068648 hf hfg

0.007 163.4 2409.1

hf =161.8506 kJ/kg
hfg = 2409.9923 kJ/kg
Solving for quality, x22:
h22 − hf 604.3696 − 161.8506
x22 = =
hfg 2409.9923

x22 = 0.1836
@ State 23: Enthalpy of feed water leaving the hot well
P23 = P40 = 6.8648 kPa
From steam tables; hf and sf @ P23
From steam tables, Saturated Pressure
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.0065 157.67 0.5408

0.0068648 hf sf

0.007 163.4 0.5592

hf = h23 = 161.8506 kJ/kg

 sf = S23 = 0.5542 kJ/kg K

@ State 24: Enthalpy of feed water entering the heater no.1

P24 = PD = 119.157 kPa
s23 = s24 = 0.5542 kJ/kg K
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg k

83.95 0.2966 86.3 0.2961

h@0.0 0.5542 h@2.5 0.5542

167.56 0.5725 169.77 0.5715

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg

0.0 162.0143

0. 119157 h24

2.5 164.5266

h24 = 162.1340 kJ/kg

@ State 25: Enthalpy of feed water entering the heater no.2

h25 = h3 = 272.6483 kJ/kg

@ State 26: Enthalpy of feed water entering the heater no.3

h26 = h6 = 341.7137 kJ/kg

@ State 27: Enthalpy of feed water entering the deaerator

 h27 = h9 = 411.0708 kJ/kg

@ State 28: Enthalpy of feed water leaving the deaerator

P28 = 119.157 kPa
h28= hf @ 119.157 kPa (For Closed Feedwater Heater)

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kgk

0.115 434.15 1.3471

0.119157 hf Sf

0.120 439.32 1.3608

hf = h28 = 438.4483 kJ/kg

sf = s28 = 1.3585 kJ/kg K

@ State 29: Enthalpy of feed water entering heater no.4

According to the previous calculation, the value of h29 is
h29 = 440.491 kJ/kg

@ State 30: Enthalpy of feed water entering the heater no.6

h30 = h15 = 520.4678 kJ/kg

@ State 31: Enthalpy of feed water entering heater no. 7

h31 = h18 = 567.4951 kJ/kg

Solving for enthalpies

Assumptions:
• Take make-up water to be 1.5 % of mass blow down from the boiler to the evaporator
(state 34).
• make-up water pumped to the evaporator (state 45) is a sub-cooled liquid
• steam leaving the evaporator, (state 36), is saturated vapor
• steam entering the evaporator, (state 33), is superheated vapor
• condensate leaving the evaporator, (state 38), is saturated liquid
@ State 33: (Superheated Vapor)
P33 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
TA + T20 192.5308 +187.5308
T33 = = = 190.0308 ℃
2 2

From Steam table by Keenan et.al. Superheated table

@ 0.38 MPa @ 0.40 MPa

Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg

190 2840.6 190 2839.5

190.0308 h@0.38 190.0308 h@0.40

200 2861.5 200 2860.5

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy,

0.38 2840.6644

0. 3990326 h33

0.40 2839.5647

h33 = 2839.6179 kJ/kg

@ State 34: (Subcooled Liquid)

P34 = Patm = 101.325 kPa
T34 = 32 ℃
Verifying:
From Steam table by Keenan et.al. Saturation table:
 Temperature, °C Pressure, MPa

99.63 0.100

Tsat 0.101325

101.00 0.105

Tsat = 99.993°C (Interpolated)

Since T34 < Tsat, then state 34 is in compressed liquid condition.
P34 = 101.325 kPa and T34 = 32 °C
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,

@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg

20 83.95 20 86.30

32 h@0 32 h@2.5

40 167.56 40 169.77

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy,

0.0 134.116

0.101325 h34

2.5 136.382

h34 = 134.2078 kJ/kg

@ State 35: (Subcooled Liquid)
P35 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
T35 = 32 °C
Verify:
From Steam table by Keenan et.al. Saturation table
 Pressure, MPa Temperature, °C

0.395 143.18

0.3990326 Tsat

0.40 143.63

Tsat = 143.5429 °C (Interpolated)

Since T35 < Tsat, then state 35 is in compressed liquid condition.
P35 = 399.0326 kPa and T35 = 32 °C
From steam tables, compressed liquid table,

@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg

20 83.95 20 86.30

32 h@0 32 h@2.5

40 167.56 40 169.77

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy,

0.0 134.116

0.3990326 h35

2.5 136.382

h35 = 134.4777 kJ/kg

@ State 36: (Saturated Vapor)

P36 = PA = Pevap = 399.0326 kPa (Saturated Vapor)

From Steam table by Keenan et.al (Saturated Vapor)

 Pressure, kPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature °C

0.395 2738 143.18

0.3990326 h36 T36

0.40 2738.6 143.63

h36 = 2738.4839 kJ/kg

T36 = 143.5429 °C

@ State 37: (Superheated Vapor)

P37 = P40 = 6.8648 kPa
h37= h36= 2738.4839 kJ/kg
T37= T @ h36 and P40
From steam tables, (Superheated vapor)

@ 0.006 MPa @ 0.008 MPa

Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg

120 2726 120 2725.8

T@0.006 2738.4839 T@0.008 2738.4839

130 2745 130 2744.9

Pressure, kPa Temperature °C

6.0 126.5705

6.8648 T37
 8.0 126.6408

T37 = 126.6009 °C

@ State 38: (Saturated Liquid)

P38 = PA = Pevap = 399.0326 kPa
From Steam table by Keenan et.al (Saturation liquid)

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C

0.395 602.8 143.18

0.3990326 h38 T38

0.40 604.74 143.63

h38 = h39 = 604.3646 kJ/kg

T38 = 143.5429 °C

@ State 39: (Mixture)

P39 = 6.8648 kPa
h39 = h38 = 604.3646 kJ/kg
From Steam table by Keenan et.al, saturated liquid table
Pressure, MPa Enthalpy, hf, kJ/kg hfg, kJ/kg

0.0065 157.67 2412.4

0.006848 hf hfg

0.0070 163.40 2409.1

hf = 161.8506 kJ/kg
hfg = 2409.9923 kJ/kg
Solving for quality, x39:
h39 − hf
X39 = hfg
 (604.3646 − 161.8506) kJ/kg
X39 = 2409.9923 kJ/kg

X39 = 0.1836
@ State 40: (Mixture)
P40 = 6.8648 kPa = 0.07 kg/cm2
T40 = 38.6296 °C
S40 = save = 7.2047 kJ/kg K
From Steam table by Keenan et.al at Saturation: Pressures
Pressure (MPa) sf, kJ/kg K sfg, kJ/kg K hf, kJ/kg hfg, kJ/kg

0.0065 0.5408 7.7613 157.67 2412.4

0.0068648 sf sfg hf hfg

0.0070 0.5592 7.7167 163.40 2409.1

sf = 0.5542 kJ/kg K; sfg = 7.7288 kJ/kg K

hf = 161.8506 kJ/kg; hfg = 2409.9923 kJ/kg
Solving for quality, x48:
S40 − Sf
x40 = Sfg

(7.2047 − 0.5542)
x40= = 0.8605
7.72888

h40 = hf + x40(hfg)
h40 = 161.8506 kJ/kg + 0.8605 (2409.9923 kJ/kg)
h40 = 2235.649 kJ/kg

@ State 41: (Saturated Liquid)

From the equation (11-24) Pp. 422 (PPE by Morse)

The terminal difference td° is the difference between steam saturation

temperature at condenser inlet pressure and condenser water outlet temperature;
td° = ts – to
Terminal difference employed is an economic matter. Higher vacuums to
be carried with smaller td’s, but larger condensers. In practice, td appears to range
from 2.8 to 5.6℃. The Heat Exchange Institute indicates that performance cannot
be exactly predicted if td is less than 2.8 °C if pc is less than 18 mmHg, or if Vw
is less than 0.9 m/sec.
Temperature difference, td
td = T40 – T41
Where:
Ts = T40 = Steam Saturated temperature = 38.6296 °C
T41 = Condensing water outlet temperature

From PPE by Morse, it appears to range from 2.8 to 5.6 ℃. Use, td = 4.2 °C
So,
4.2 °C = 38.6296 °C – T41
T41 = 34.4296 °C
h41 = hf at 34.4296 °C

From Steam table by Keenan et.al Saturated liquid

Temperature,°C Enthalpy, kJ/kg

34 142.50

34.4296 h41

35 146.68

h41 = 144.2957 kJ/kg

P41 = 6.8648 kPa

@ State 42: (Saturated Liquid)

T42 = 20 °C
P42 = Psat @ 20 °C = 2.339 kPa
 h42 = hf @ 20 °C = 83.96 kJ/kg

@ State 43: (Subcooled Liquid)

P43 = Pcondenser = 6.8648 kPa
T43 = 20 °C
From Steam table, compressed liquid table,
@ 0 MPa @ 2.5 MPa

Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg Temperature °C Enthalpy kJ/kg

20 83.95 20 86.3

Pressure, MPa Enthalpy,

0.0 83.95

0.006865 h43

2.5 86.3

h43 = 83.9565 kJ/kg

@ State 44: (Saturated Liquid)

P44 = PA = 399.0326 kPa
h44 = hf @ 399.0326 kPa
T44 = Tsat @ 399.0326 kPa
From Steam table, saturated liquid table,

Pressure, kPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg Temperature, °C

0.395 602.8 143.18

 0.3990326 h44 T44

0.40 604.74 143.63

h44 = 604.3646 kJ/kg

T44 = 143.5429 °C

L. Determination of the Masses of Extraction of Steam and the Total Mass of Steam

(𝐦𝟏 , 𝐦𝐀 , 𝐦𝐁 , 𝐦𝐂 , 𝐦𝐃 , 𝐦𝐄 , 𝐦𝐅 , 𝐦𝐆 , 𝐦𝟒𝟎 )

1) Taking Turbine as Control Volume

Where:
m1 = ms = total mass of steam entering the turbine
mA = mass of steam at first extraction
mB = mass of steam at second extraction
mC = mass of steam at third extraction
mD = mass of steam at fourth extraction
mE = mass of steam at fifth extraction
mF = mass of steam at sixth extraction
mG = mass of steam at seventh extraction
m40 = mass of steam entering the condenser

Also,
mB = ms − mA
1.1
mC = ms − mA − mB
1.2
mD = ms − mA − mB − mC
1.3
mE = ms − mA − mB − mC − mD
1.4
mF = ms − mA − mB − mC − mD − mE
1.5
mG = ms − mA − mB − mC − mD − mE − mF
1.6
m40 = ms − mA − mB − mC – mD − mE − mF − mG
1.7
m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32
@ Junction j:
mA = m20 + m33
1.8
By mass balance:
ms = mA + mB + mC + mD + mE + mF + mG + m40
1.9
By energy balance:
ms h1 = WT + mA hA + mB hB + mC hC + mD hD + mE hE + mF hF + mG hG +
m40 h40
1.10

Solving for WT :
B.Pturbine
ηturbine = I.Pturbine

Where:
ηturbine = 88 %
B. Pturbine = Generator Input
Outputgenerator
Gen. Input = ηgen

ηgen = 95 %
Output generator = 10,000 kW
Then,
Gen. Input = (10,000 kW)/0.95 = 10526.3158 kW
Then,
0.88 = 10,526.3158 /I. Pturbine ; I.Pturbine = 11961.7225 kW
Thus,

𝐖𝐓 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐖

2) Take Heater no.1 as Control Volume
MASS BALANCE:

m2 = m3 = m4 = mG

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m24 + m2 = m25 + m3

m24 h24 + m2 h2 = m25 h25 + m3 h3

h25 − h24
m2 = m24 ( )
h2 − h3

272.6483 − 162.1340
m2 = m24 ( )
2407.36129 − 272.6483

𝐦𝟐 = 𝐦𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟖𝐦𝟐𝟒

3) Take Heater no.2 as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m6 = m4 + m5

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m2 = m3 = m4 = mG = 0.0518m24

m4 h4 + m5 h5 + m25 h25 = m26 h26 + (m4 + m5 )h6

m5 (h5 − h6 ) = m25 (h26 − h25 ) + m4 (h6 − h4 )

m5 (2509.6928 − 341.7137 ) = m24 (341.7137 − 272.6483) + 0.0518 m24 (341.7137 −

273.1301 )

𝐦𝟓 = 𝐦𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟓𝐦𝟐𝟒

m6 = 0.0518m24 + 0.0335m24

𝐦𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝐦𝟐𝟒

4) Take Heater no.3 as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m9 = m7 + m8

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m7 = m6 = 0.0853 m24

m7 h7 + m8 h8 + m32 h32 = (m8 + m7 ) h9 + m33 h33

m8 (h8 − h9 ) = m26 (h27 − h26 ) + m7 (h9 − h7 )

m8 (2674.1844 − 411.0708 )
= m24 (411.0708 − 341.7137 ) + 0.0853 m24 (411.0708 − 342.0287 )

𝐦𝟖 = 𝐦𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝐦𝟐𝟒

m9 = 0.0853 m24 + 0.0332 m24

𝐦𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝟐𝟒

5) Take Deaerator as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m12 = m10 + m11

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m10 = m9 = 0.1185 m24

m10 h10 + m11 h11 + m27 h27 = (m10 + m11 )h12 + m28 h28

m11 (h11 − h12 ) = m27 (h28 − h27 ) + m10 (h12 − h10 )

m11 (2694.6105 − 430.017 )
= m24 (438.4483 − 411.0708 ) + 0.1185 m24 (430.017 − 411.2766 )

𝐦𝟏𝟏 = 𝐦𝐃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝐦𝟐𝟒

m12 = 0.1185 m24 + 0.0131 m24
𝐦𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝟐𝟒

6) Take Heater No. 4 as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m15 = m13 + m14

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32
m13 = m12 = 0.1316 m24
m13 h13 + m14 h14 + m29 h29 = (m13 + m14 )h15 + m30 h30
m14 (h14 − h15 ) = m29 (h30 − h29 ) + m13 (h15 − h13 )
m14 (2736.8341 − 520.4678 )
= m24 (520.4678 − 440.491 ) + 0.1316 m24 (520.4678 − 430.4181)

𝐦𝟏𝟒 = 𝐦𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝟐𝟒

m15 = 0.1316 m24 + 0.0414 m24
𝐦𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑

7) Take Heater No. 5 as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m18 = m16 + m17

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m16 = m15 = 0.173 m24

m16 h16 + m17 h17 + m30 h30 = (m16 + m17 )h18 + m31 h31
m17 (h17 − h18 ) = m30 (h31 − h30 ) + m16 (h18 − h16 )
m17 (2784.7258 − 567.4951 )
= m24 (567.4951 − 520.4678 ) + 0.173 m24 (567.4951 − 520.8507 )

𝐦𝟏𝟕 = 𝐦𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝐦𝟐𝟒

m18 = 0.173 m24 + 0.0248 m24
𝐦𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖 𝐦𝟐𝟒

8) Take Heater No. 6 as a Control Volume

MASS BALANCE:

m21 = m19 + m20

m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32

m19 = m18 = 0.1978 m24

m19 h19 + m20 h20 + m31 h31 = (m19 + m20 )h21 + m32 h32

m20 (h20 − h21 ) = m31 (h32 − h31 ) + m19 (h21 − h19 )

m20 (2823.6557 − 604.3696)
= m24 (604.3696 − 567.4951 ) + 0.1978 m24 (604.3696 − 567.9333 )

𝐦𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝐦𝟐𝟒
m21 = 0.1978 m24 + 0.0199 m24
𝐦𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝟐𝟒

9) Take Cooling Tower as a Control Volume

By energy balance:
𝑚41 ℎ41 + 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎 = 𝑚42 ℎ42 + 𝑚𝑏 ℎ𝑏
𝑚41 ℎ41 − 𝑚42 ℎ42 = 𝑚𝑏 ℎ𝑏 − 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎
Also, mass balance:
𝑚41 + 𝑚𝑎 Wa = 𝑚42 + 𝑚𝑏 Wb
𝑚41 − 𝑚42 = 𝑚𝑎 (Wb - Wa)
Note:
 Amount water evaporated = make-up water
Thus,
make up water = mair ( Wb – Wa)
m45 = mair ( Wb – Wa)

Assume @ atmospheric condition of;

Tair = 25 ℃ and Pair = 101.325 kPa
@ Point a;
RH = 60%, Tair = 25 °C
From psychometric chart of TecQuipment,
ha = 55 kJ/kg, Wa = 0.0118 kJ/kg
@ Point b;
RH = 100%, Tair =36 °C
From steam table saturation temperature;
Pv = Psat @ 36 °C = 5.947 kPa
h = hg @ 36 °C = 2567.1 kJ/kg
Thus,
Pv 5.947
Wb = 0.622( ) = 0.622( )
Psat −Pv 101.325−5.947

Wb = 0.0388 kJ/kg
hb = cpairt + whg = (1.0062)(36) + (0.0388)(2567.1)
hb = 135. 827 kJ/kg
But, make up water = mair ( Wb – Wa)
Where,
Make up water = m53
m53 = mair (0.0388-0.0118)kg/kg
m53 = 0.027 mair

10) Take Evaporator as a Control Volume

Take make-up water to be 1.5 % 0f mass blow down from the boiler to the evaporator.

By mass balance:
m33 = m38
m35 = m44 + m36
Where;
m35 = mass blow down from the boiler
𝐦𝟑𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝐦𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝐦𝟐𝟒 1.11
m44 = mass blow down in the evaporator
m44 = 0.025 m35 = 0.025(0.015)m32
𝐦𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐦𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝐦𝟐𝟒 1.12
Also,
m35 = m44 + m36
0.015m24 = m36 + 0.000375 m24
𝐦𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝟐𝟒 1.13
By energy balance:
(Heat Input)H.E = Heat Output
Where;
H.E = heating efficiency of evaporator = 97 %
(𝑚33 ℎ33 + 𝑚35 ℎ35 )H. E = 𝑚36 ℎ36 + 𝑚38 ℎ38 + 𝑚44 ℎ44
𝑚33 ℎ33 H. E + 𝑚35 ℎ35 H. E = 𝑚36 ℎ36 + 𝑚38 ℎ38 + 𝑚44 ℎ44
𝑚33 (ℎ33 H. E − ℎ38 ) = 𝑚36 ℎ36 + 𝑚44 ℎ44 − 𝑚35 ℎ35 H. E
𝑚33 (ℎ33 H. E − ℎ38 ) = 0.014625 𝑚24 ℎ36 + 0.000375 𝑚24 ℎ44 −
0.015𝑚24 ℎ35 H. E

0.014625 ℎ36 + 0.000375ℎ44 − 0.015ℎ35 𝐻. 𝐸

𝑚33 = 𝑚24 { }
[ℎ33 (𝐻. 𝐸) − ℎ38 ]

0.014625 (2743.9686) + 0.000375(623.4909) − 0.015(134.5245)(0.97)

𝑚33 = 𝑚24 { }
[(2825.9161)(0.97) − (623.4909)]
𝒎𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟏𝒎𝟐𝟒
Calculating for m40:
m40 = ms − mA − mB − mC − mD − mE − mF − mG
Where;
mA = m20 + m33
mA = 0.0199 m24 + 0.0181𝑚24
mA = 0.038 m24
mB = m17 = 0.0248 m24
mC = m14 = 0.0588 m24
mD = m11 = 0.0131 m24
mE = m8 = 0.0332 m24
mF = m5 = 0.0335m24
mG = m2 = 0.0518m24

So,

m40 = ms − 0.038 m24 − 0.0248 m24 − 0.0414 m24 − 0.0131 m24 − 0.0332 m24
− 0.0335m24 − 0.0518m24

𝐦𝟒𝟎 = 𝐦𝐬 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝐦𝟐𝟒

Where,
ms = m1 = m32 − m35
ms = m24 − 0.015m24
𝐦𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟓𝐦𝟐𝟒 1.14

So,
m40 = 0.985m24 − 0.2358 m24
1.15

The mass of steam, ms:

ms h1 = WT + mA hA + mB hB + mC hC + mD hD + mE hE + mF hF + mG hG + m40 h40

Where:
 ms h1 = 0.985m24 (3173.9571)
𝐦𝐬 𝐡𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mA hA = 0.038m24 (2844.8667)
𝐦𝐀 𝐡𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mB hB = 0.0248 m24 (2795.289)
𝐦𝐁 𝐡𝐁 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mC hC = 0.0414 m24 (2747.3923)
𝐦𝐂 𝐡𝐂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mD hD = 0.0131 m24 (2693.462)
𝐦𝐃 𝐡𝐃 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mE hE = 0.0332 m24 (2673.084)
𝐦𝐄 𝐡𝐄 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟒 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mF hF = 0.0335m24 (2509.698)
𝐦𝐅 𝐡𝐅 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝐦𝟐𝟒
mG hG = 0.0518m24 (2407.36129)
𝐦𝐆 𝐡𝐆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝟐𝟒
m40 h40 = 0.7492 m24 (2235.649)
𝐦𝟒𝟎 𝐡𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟐 𝐦𝟐𝟒

𝐖𝐓 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐖

So,
𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟕 m24 = 11 961.7225 + 108.1049 m24 + 69.3232 m24 +
113.7420 m24 + 35.2844 m24 + 88.7464 m24 + 84.0749 m24 + 124.7013 m24 +
1674.9482 m24

𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟕 m24 = 11 961.7225 + 2298.9253 m24

827.4224 m24 = 11 961.7225
𝐤𝐠⁄
𝐦𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟔 𝐬
𝐤𝐠⁄
𝐦𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟓𝐦𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟓(𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟔) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝐬
For the masses in each pipe:
kg⁄ kg
mA = 0.038 m24 = 0.038 (14.4566 s) = 0.5494 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
mB = 0.0248 m24 = 0.0248 (14.4566 s) = 0.3585 ⁄s
 kg⁄ kg
mC = 0.0414 m24 = 0.0414 (14.4566 s) = 0.5985 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
mD = 0.0131 m24 = 0.0131 (14.4566 s) = 0.1894 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
mE = 0.0332 m24 = 0.0332 (14.4566 s) = 0.47996 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
mF = 0.0335m24 = 0.0335 (14.4566 s) = 0.4843 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
mG = 0.0518m24 = 0.0518 (14.4566 s) = 0.7489 ⁄s
kg⁄
m1 = ms = 14.2398 s
kg⁄
m2 = m3 = m4 = mG = 0.7489 s
kg⁄
m5 = mF = 0.4843 s
kg⁄ kg
m6 = m7 = 0.0853m24 = 0.0853 (14.4566 s) = 1.2331 ⁄s
kg⁄
m8 = mE = 0.47996 s

kg⁄ kg
m9 = m10 = 0.1185 m24 = 0.1185 (14.4566 s) = 1.7131 ⁄s
kg⁄
m11 = mD = 0.1894 s
kg⁄ kg
m12 = m13 = 0.1316 m24 = 0.1316 (14.4566 s) = 1.9025 ⁄s
kg⁄
m14 = mC = 0.5985 s
kg⁄ kg
m15 = m16 = 0.173 m24 = 0.173 (14.4566 s) = 2.501 ⁄s
kg⁄
m17 = mB = 0.3585 s
kg⁄ kg
m18 = m19 = 0.1978 m24 = 0.1978 (14.4566 s) = 2.8595 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
m20 = 0.0199 m24 = 0.0199 (14.4566 s) = 0.2877 ⁄s
kg⁄ kg
m21 = m22 = 0.2177 m24 = 0.2177 (14.4566 s) = 3.1472 ⁄s
kg⁄
𝑚23 = m24 = m25 = m26 = m27 = m28 = m29 = m30 = m31 = m32 = 14.4566 s

kg⁄ kg
𝑚33 = 𝑚38 = 𝑚39 = 0.0181𝑚24 = 0.0181 (14.4566 s) = 0.2617 ⁄s

kg⁄ kg
m35 = 𝑚34 = 0.015m24 = 0.015 (14.4566 s) = 0.2169 ⁄s

kg⁄ kg
m36 = m37 = 0.014625 m24 = 0.014625 (14.4566 s) = 0.2114 ⁄s
 kg⁄ kg
m40 = 0.985m24 − 0.2472 m24 = 0.985 (14.4566 s) − 0.2358 (14.4566 ⁄s) =
kg⁄
10.8309 s
kg⁄ kg
m44 = 0.000375m24 = 0.000375 (14.4566 s) = 0.005421 ⁄s
13) Take Condenser as Control Volume

By Mass Balance:
m41 = m43 = mw = mass of condensing water
mbh = m37 + m40
By Energy Balance:
m37h37 + m40h40 + m43h43 = mbhhbh + m41h41
m37h37 + m40h40– mbhhbh = m41(h41 – h43)
Where:
kg⁄
m37 = 0.2114 s

kg⁄
m40 = 10.8309 s

kg⁄ kg
mbefore hotwell = (0.2114 s+ 10.8309 ⁄s ) = 11.0423 kg/s

Then,

m37h37 + m40h40– mbhhbh = mw(h41 – h43)

Where:
mw (h41 – h43) = QR
mwCpw (∆𝑡) = QR
So,
m37h37 + m40h40– mbhhbh = QR

Where:
 h37 = 2738.4839 kJ/kg
h40 = 2235.649 kJ/kg
hbh =hf @ 6.865 kPa = 161.8506 kJ/kg

Then,
QR = 0.2114(2738.4839) + 10.8309 (2235.649) – 11.0423 (161.8506)

QR = 23, 005.8034 kW

1. Mass and Volume Flow Rate

QR= mwCpw∆𝑡
Where:
∆𝑇 = T33 – T45
T45 = inlet water temperature = 20 °C
T33 = outlet water temperature = 190.0308 °C
Thus,
23, 005.8034 kW = mw (4.187 kJ/kg-°C) (190.0308 – 20) °C
mw = 32.3152kg/s
m41 = m42 = m43 = 32.3152 kg/s

Summary of Results
State Temperature Pressure Enthalpy Condition Mass Flow
(°C) (kPa) (kJ/kg) Rate
(kg/s)
A 192.5308 399.0326 2844.8667 Superheated Vapor 0.038
B 166.5958 312.6066 2795.289 Superheated Vapor 0.0248
C 140.6608 224.5919 2747.3923 Superheated Vapor 0.414
D 109.5943 119.157 2693.462 Superheated Vapor 0.0131
E 98.1113 94.714 2673.084 Saturated Vapor 0.0332
F 81.6281 50.6088 2509.698 Mixture: x=0.9407 0.0335
G 65.1449 25.1952 2407.36129 Mixture: x=0.90999 0.0518
1 367.222 2068.28 3173.9571 Superheated Vapor 14.2398
2 60.144 25.1952 2407.36129 Mixture: x=0.90999 0.0518
3 25.1952 272.6483 Saturated Liquid 0.0518
4 50.6088 273.1301 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.0518
5 76.6281 50.6088 2509.6928 Saturated Liquid 0.0335
6 50.6088 341.7137 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.0853
7 94.714 342.0287 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.0853
8 93.1113 94.714 2674.1844 Saturated Vapor 0.00332
9 93.1113 94.714 411.0708 Saturated Liquid 0.1185
10 119.157 411.2766 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.1185
11 109.5943 119.157 2694.6105 Superheated Vapor 0.0131
12 119.157 430.017 Saturated Liquid 0.1316
13 224.5919 430.4181 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.1316
14 135.6608 224.5919 2736.8341 Superheated Vapor 0.0414
15 224.5919 520.4678 Saturated Liquid 0.173
16 312.6066 520.8507 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.173
17 161.5958 312.6066 2784.7258 Superheated Vapor 0.0248
18 312.6066 567.4951 Saturated Liquid 0.1978
19 399.0326 567.9333 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.1978
20 187.5308 399.0326 2823.6557 Superheated Vapor 0.0199
21 399.0326 604.3696 Saturated Liquid 0.2177
22 38.6296 6.8648 604.3696 Mixture: x = 0.1836 0.2177
23 38.6296 6.8648 161.8506 Saturated Liquid 14.4566
24 38.6617 119.157 162.1340 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
25 55.1449 119.157 272.6483 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
26 71.6281 119.157 341.7137 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
27 88.1113 119.157 411.0708 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
28 104.5943 119.157 438.4483 Saturated Liquid 14.4566
29 104.7258 2068.28 440.491 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
30 130.6608 2068.28 520.4678 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
31 156.5958 2068.28 567.4951 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
32 182.5303 2068.28 604.3646 Sub-cooled Liquid 14.4566
33 182.5303 399.0326 2839.6179 Superheated Vapor 0.0181
34 32 101.325 134.2078 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.015
35 32 399.0326 134.4777 Sub-cooled Liquid 0.015
36 143.5429 399.0326 2738.4839 Saturated Vapor 0.014625
37 126.6009 6.8648 2738.4839 Superheated Vapor 0.2114
38 143.5435 399.0326 604.3646 Saturated Liquid 0.6383
39 38.6296 6.8648 604.3646 Mixture: x = 0.1836 0.6383
40 38.6296 6.8648 2235.649 Mixture: x = 0.8651 10.8309
41 34.4296 6.8648 144.2957 Saturated Liquid 32.3152
42 20 2.339 83.96 Saturated Liquid 32.3152
43 20 6.8648 83.9565 Sub-cooled Liquid 32.3152
44 143.5429 399.0326 604.3646 Saturated Liquid 0.000375