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    CFD Lecture 1

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    ethiopian art2020
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) Heat capacities, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and properties of ideal gases. 2) Entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and their relationships. 3) Specific properties including specific volume, internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and heat capacities. 4) Thermodynamic relations and equations of state including the ideal gas law and covolume equation of state. 5) Speed of sound calculations for various equations of state.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CFD Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    ethiopian art2020
    35 views8 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) Heat capacities, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and properties of ideal gases. 2) Entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and their relationships. 3) Specific properties including specific volume, internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and heat capacities. 4) Thermodynamic relations and equations of state including the ideal gas law and covolume equation of state. 5) Speed of sound calculations for various equations of state.

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    CFD-Lecture-1

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) Heat capacities, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and properties of ideal gases. 2) Entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and their relationships. 3) Specific properties including specific volume, internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and heat capacities. 4) Thermodynamic relations and equations of state including the ideal gas law and covolume equation of state. 5) Speed of sound calculations for various equations of state.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views8 pages

    CFD Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    ethiopian art2020
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) Heat capacities, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and properties of ideal gases. 2) Entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and their relationships. 3) Specific properties including specific volume, internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and heat capacities. 4) Thermodynamic relations and equations of state including the ideal gas law and covolume equation of state. 5) Speed of sound calculations for various equations of state.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

    NIKOLAOS STERGIOULAS

    DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
    ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI
    Overview of Thermodynamics (I)
    Heat capacities:
    µ ¶ µ ¶
    ∆Q ∆Q
    Cv = Cp =
    ∆T V ∆T p
    (heat is not a state variable).
    Internal Energy: Every equilibrium state is characterized by an
    internal energy U=U(V,S), which is a state variable.
    Given an amount of heat ∆ Q and work done W, the
    change in internal energy is ∆ U = ∆ Q+W.
    1st Law: For infinitesimal changes between equilibrium states:
    ¯ + dW = d̄Q − pdV
    dU = dQ
    3
    Thermally ideal gas: U = U (T ) e.g. U = nRT (monatomic gas)
    2
    pV = nRT
    S = S0 + CV ln T + R ln V
    where n = amount of substance (number of moles)
    R = universal gas constant = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
    Overview of Thermodynamics (II)

    Entropy:
    ¯
    dQ
    dS = ⇒ dU = T dS − pdV
    T

    Enthalpy:

    H = U + pV ⇒ dH = T dS + V dp

    Helmholtz free energy:

    F = U − TS ⇒ dF = −SdT − pdV
    Overview of Thermodynamics (III)
    Formulation in terms of intensive variables:

    V 1
    v = = specific volume
    m ρ
    U
    e = specific internal energy
    m
    S specific entropy
    s =
    m
    H
    h = = e + pv specific enthalpy
    m
    F
    f = = e − Ts specific free energy
    m
    CV
    cv = specific heat (at constant specific volume)
    m
    Cp
    cp = specific heat (at constant pressure)
    m
    where m is the mass of the fluid or gas.
    Overview of Thermodynamics (IV)
    Thermodynamic relations:
    de = T ds − pdv
    dh = T ds + vdp
    df = −sdT − pdv

    from which one can compute, e.g.


    µ ¶
    ∂e
    T =
    µ
    ∂ s ¶v
    ∂h
    cp =
    ∂T p

    3 fundamental variables are needed, e.g.


    p, v, T
    p, v, e
    p, v, s
    e, v, s
    etc.
    Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
    Difference of specific heats:
    cp − cv = R
    where R
    R=
    w
    m
    w= = mean molecular weight
    n
    Thermally ideal gas EOS:

    Equation of state: pv = RT ⇒ e = e(T )


    c p = cp(T )
    c v = cv (T )
    cp
    Define γ = γ(T ) = (ratio of specific heats)
    cv
    Then γR
    cp =
    γ −1
    R
    cv =
    γ −1
    Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
    Calorically ideal gas EOS:
    For monatomic gases, we can assume that
    cv = const., cp = const.
    ⇒ γ = const.
    e = cv T
    Then, the equation of state becomes:
    p = (γ − 1)ρe Exercise 1
    For polyatomic gases, cv etc. depend on T.
    Covolume EOS:
    At large densities, the volume occupied by molecules is no longer
    negligible and there is a reduction in the volume available for
    molecular motion. Then:
    (γ − 1)ρe
    p(v − b) = RT and p =
    1 − bρ
    where b = covolume (m3 g-1).
    Overview of Thermodynamics (V)
    Speed of sound:
    và !
    u
    u ∂p
    p = p(ρ, s) ⇒ vs = t
    ∂ρ s

    s
    p ∂p ∂p
    p = p(ρ, e) ⇒ vs = +
    ρ2 ∂e ∂ρ

    Examples:
    s
    q γ(T )p
    pv = RT ⇒ vs = γ(T )RT =
    ρ
    s
    γp
    p = (γ − 1)ρe ⇒ vs =
    ρ
    s
    (γ − 1)ρe γp
    p= ⇒ vs =
    1 − bρ (1 − bρ)ρ

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