ACADEMICS COMMITTEE

Agenda for the First Term, AY 2010-2011

General Engineering Subjects / Majors for the first term:

110: ENGALG1, ENGTRIG, CHEMONE
109: ENGPHY2, ENGIANA, THERMO1
108: MEVIBEN, COMBUST, MACHENG, MEDEFOR, KINMAC1, REFRENG

REVIEWERS
Guidelines:

 One formula sheet per subject, covering all topics for the term
 Topics are indicated before the formulas
 Formulas indicate units involved (if any)
 After the formula, each component is defined
 Important formulas have simple examples

Format:
Four (4) pages maximum; maximum of 1 page for conceptual parts, the rest for formulas
Portrait, two (2) columns
Divided into CONCEPTS, and EQUATIONS, Calibri 11, Bold, Underlined
Calibri 11, Single Space for Text
Calibri 11, Bold, ALL CAPS for Topic Headers

Deadlines:
June 18 - Drafts of Formula Sheets
June 25 - Distribution of Formula Sheets

TUTORIALS
Guidelines:

 Tutorials are scheduled a week before the date

 Regular tutorials are from 9:40-11:10 and 11:20-12:50
 Tutors have substitutes in case he cannot be present
o Substitutes: Ferdyn Ranosa

Deadlines:
June 18 - First set of tutorials

Sample Reviewer format on the next page...

 THERMO1 REVIEWER
CONCEPTS

GENERAL APPROACH IN THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

ANALYSIS
 Quantity of Matter (m) – mass (kg), moles
1. Identify the focus (kmol)
2. Monitor the system  Weight – (mg), in kilonewtons (kN)
3. Apply concepts, Laws of Thermodynamics  Volume (V) – cubic meters (m3)
4. Analyze, interpret the results  Density
o Mass density ( ρ ) =
PROPERTIES mass/volume
o Weight density (γ ) =
 Directly measurable – temperature,
pressure, mass, volume, etc. weight/volume
 Specific Gravity
 Indirectly measureable – enthalpy, entropy,
internal energy, etc.
ρ solid∨liquid
ρliquid water at 4 ℃
 Relative Density
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS ρgas∨vapor
 Zeroth Law – Law of Thermal Equilibrium ρstandard air
 First Law – Law of Conservation of Energy  Temperature
 Second Law – Law of Entropy SI – Celsius ¿), Kelvin (K)
 Third Law – Law of Absolute Zero of English – Farenheit (℉ ), Rankine (° R )
Temperature Conversions:

SYSTEMS ℃=( 59 ) ( ℉−32)

9
 Non-flow – no mass transfer, w/energy ℉=( ) ℃ +32
transfer 5
 Flow – with mass transfer, with energy ° R=℉ + 460
transfer K=℃+ 273
o Unsteady – mass ¿ ≠ mass out
o Steady – mass ¿=mass out Absolute Zero of Temperature:
 Isolated – no mass transfer, no energy 0 ° R=−460℉ or 0 K=−273℃
transfer
Magnitude of temperature change (∆ T )
EVENTS (not to be confused with conversions)
1 ℃=1.8 ℉
 State – appear as a point in thermodynamic 1 K=1.8 ° R
diagrams 1 ℃=1 K
 Process – appear as a line/curve in 1 ℉=1 ° R
thermodynamic diagrams  Pressure (P)
 Cycle – appear as a loop in thermodynamic P|¿|= P atm + Pgage ¿
diagrams
 P|¿|= P atm −Pvacuum ¿
where:
 Internal Energy (U) – total energies of all T =temperature ∈Kelvin ( K )
the particles of all bodies in a system c p=specific heat at constant pressure
 Enthalpy (H) c v =specific heat at constant volume
 Entropy (S) – degree of chaos or disorder c p=c v + R
IDEAL GAS PROCESSES
UNITS OF NOTATION FOR PROPERTIES (IMPT!)
(volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy)
∆ V =m ( v 2−v 1)
 Capital Letter (V , U , H , S ) – total ∆ U =m c v (T 2−T 1 )
extensive property ∆ H =mc p (T 2−T 1)
 Lower case ( v , u , h , s ) – specific extensive
T2 V

property (property/kg)
Lower case and bar ( v́ , ú , h́ , ś ) – molar
specific extensive property (property/kmol)
[ ( ) ( )]
∆ S= c v ln
T1
+ R ln 2 (1)
V1
T2 P

EQUATIONS
[ ( ) ( )]
∆ S= c p ln
T1
−R ln 2 ( 2)
P1
T2 V
IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS
[ ( ) ( )]
∆ S= c v ln
T1
+ c p ln 2 (3)
V1
PV =n Ŕ T Constant Pressure
PV =mRT V 2 /V 1=T 2 /T 1
Constant Temperature
where: P= pressure ( kPa ) P1 V 1=P2 V 2
3
V =volume ( m ) Constant Volume
n=moles P2 / P1=T 2 /T 1
8.3143 KJ
Ŕ=constant
Kmol−K ( ) MASS FLOW RATES
T =temperature ( K ) ṁ=( ρ) A(Vel)
m=mass(kg) where:
R=Ŕ / MW ṁ=mass flow rate(kg /s )
MW =molecular weight A = cross sectional area where fluid passes
Vel=velocity of fluid
Internal Energy ρ=density of fluid
u=c v ( T −273 )−273 R
Non-Flow (NF)
Enthalpy
ṁ¿ =m˙out =0
h=c p (T −273)
Steady Flow (SF)
Entropy
T 100 V
∑ ṁ¿=∑ m˙out
s=c v ln ( )
273
+ R ln ( ) 273 R
(1) Unsteady Flow
∑ ṁ¿ ≠ ∑ m˙out
T P
s=c p ln ( )
273
−R ln ( )100
(2) d
m˙ = ṁ − m˙
dt cv ∑ ¿ ∑ out
P 100 V
s=c v ln ( )
100
+c p ln ( )273 R
(3)
Where:
m˙cv =flow rate along control volume For liquids
ṁ¿ ∧m˙out =flow rate going into∨out of control volume T2

ENERGY
∆ Sliquid =m liquid c liquid ln ( )
T1
For gases
W NF =∫ PdV
T2 P
W SF=−∫ VdP+ ∆ PE+ ∆ KE [
∆ S gas =mgas c p

For the surroundings

( ) ( )]
T1
−R ln 2
P1

For non-flow
Q−W =∆U + ∆ KE +∆ PE ∆ S surr =Qsu rr /T surr
For steady flow
Q−W =∆ H + ∆ KE+ ∆ PE ENTROPY AND CYCLES
Clausius Statement
POLYTROPIC EQUATIONS “It is impossible for any device to operate in
For non-flow such manner that it produces no effect other
P 2 V 2−P1 V 1 than the transfer of heat from one body to
W NF = another body at a higher temperature.”
1−n
For steady flow
Kelvin – Planck Statement
n( P2 V 2−P1 V 1)
W SF= “It is impossible for any device to operate in a
1−n cycle to absorb heat from a single reservoir
and produce an equivalent amount of work.”
ENERGY EQUATION
Q−W =( E 2−E1 ) +( Eout −E ¿ )
Power Cycles
QL W
CYCLES e t =1− =
QH QH
cyclic Q=cyclic W
where:
If clockwise (Power Cycles) e t =thermal efficiency
cyclic Q=cyclic W =+ ¿ Q L=heat transferred ¿ cold reservoir
Q H =heat coming ¿ hot reservoir
If counter clockwise (Reverse Cycles) W =net work (work output)
cyclic Q=cyclic W =−¿
Note: Q L can never be zero, and thermal
UNSTEADY FLOW efficiency cannot be 100%. Power cycles cannot
m 2−m 1=( ṁ¿ −m˙out ) ∆ t fully convert heat to work. Otherwise, it would
mcv =m2 −m1 =( m¿−m out ) be a violation of Kelvin – Planck Statement.

UNIFORM FLOW Reverse Cycles

Q−W =m 2 u 2−m 1 u1 +m out hout −m ¿ h¿ For heating (heat pumps)
COP H =Q H /W
ENTROPY AND PROCESSES For cooling (refrigerators)
∆ Suniv =∆ S sys+ ∆ S surr COPC =QL /W
For solids where:
T2 COP=coefficient of performance
∆ S solid=m solid c solid ln ( )
T1
Q L=heat coming ¿ cold reservoir
Q H =heat transferred ¿ hot reservoir
W =net work (work input)

Note: W can never be zero, and coefficient of

performance can never be infinity. Reverse
cycles need input work to transfer heat from a
cold to hot reservoir. Otherwise, it would be a
violation of Clausius’ Statement.

EQUATIONS of e t ∧COP USING

TEMPERATURES

T H −T L
( e t ) MAX =
TH
TL
( COPC ) MAX =
T H −T L
TH
( COP H ) MAX=
T H −T L
where:
T L =temperature at the cold reservoir (K )
T H =temperature at the hot reservoir ( K )
STEADY FLOW DEVICES: GOVERNING EQUATION: Q̇−Ẇ =∆ Ḣ + ∆ PE+
˙ ∆ KE
˙

DEVICE EQUATIONS PROCESS DIAGRAM CONDITIONS

Flowlines ρ1 A 1 Vel1= ρ2 A2 Vel2 Isobaric Ẇ =0

P1=P2 1 2 ∆ KE =0

Fluid Movers ∆ ˙E s=Ẇ ¿−Q˙out Isentropic 2 Q̇=0

(Pumps) s1=s 2 1

Turbines W˙out =−∆ ˙E s−Q˙out Isentropic Q̇=0

s1=s 2 1 2

Nozzles 2000 ( h2 −h1 ) +Vel 22−Vel 12=0 Isentropic Ẇ =0

s1=s 2 1 2 Q̇=0

Diffusers (Vel22−Vel12 ) Isentropic Ẇ =0

h2 =h1− s1=s 2 2 Q̇=0
2000 1

Heat Exchangers ṁ 1 ( h1−h2 ) =ṁ a ( hb−ha ) Isobaric Ẇ =0

1 2
(Condenser P1=P2 ∆ KE =0
Boiler) Pa=P b b a ∆ PE=0
Q̇=0
Throttle Valves h1 =h2 Isenthalpic Q̇=Ẇ =0
h1 =h2 1 2 ∆ KE =0
∆ PE=0
∆ Ḣ =0

Mixing Chambers ∆ ˙H =ṁ3 h3 −ṁ1 h1 −ṁ2 h2 Isobaric 2 ∆ KE =0

P1=P2=P 3 3 ∆ PE=0
1
Q̇=0