Unit-II

• Syllabus
• Cloud Computing Fundamentals: Motivation for Cloud
Computing, The Need for Cloud Computing, Defining Cloud
Computing, Definition of Cloud computing, Cloud Computing
Is a Service, Cloud Computing Is a Platform, Principles of
Cloud computing, Five Essential Characteristics, Four Cloud
Deployment Models

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 Motivation for Cloud Computing
• Let us review the scenario of computing prior to the
announcement and availability of cloud computing:
– The users who are in need of computing are expected to
invest money on computing resources .
– Huge expenditure to the enterprises that require
enormous computing power and resources.
• On the other hand, it is easy and handy to get the required
computing power and resources from some provider (or
supplier) as and when it is needed and pay only for that
usage.
– This would cost only a reasonable investment or spending,
compared to the huge investment when buying the entire
computing infrastructure.
– Capital expenditure Vs Operational expenditure
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 Motivation for Cloud Computing

• Therefore, cloud computing is a mechanism of bringing–hiring

or getting the services of the computing power or
infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the
extent required and paying only for the consumed services.

• One can compare this situation with the usage of electricity

(its services) from its producer-cum-distributor.

• Therefore, cloud computing is needed in getting the services

of computing resources.

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 Motivation for Cloud Computing
• Thus, one can say as a one-line answer to the need for cloud
computing that it eliminates a large computing investment without
compromising the use of computing at the user level at an operational
cost. Therefore, cloud computing is needed in getting the services of
computing resources.

• Cloud computing is very economical and saves a lot of money. A blind

benefit of this computing is that even if we lose our laptop or due to
some crisis our personal computer—and the desktop system—gets
damaged, still our data and files will stay safe and secured as these are
not in our local machine (but remotely located at the provider’s
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place—machine).
 Motivation for Cloud Computing
• Figure 1 shows several cloud computing applications. The cloud represents
the Internet-based computing resources, and the accessibility is through some
secure support of connectivity.
• Cloud computing encompasses the subscription-based or pay-per-use service
model of offering computing to end users or customers over the Internet and
thereby extending the IT’s existing capabilities.

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Figure 1: Cloud Computing
 The Need for Cloud Computing
• The main reasons for the need and use of cloud computing are
convenience and reliability.

• In the past, if we wanted to bring a file, we would have to save it to a

Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive, external hard drive, or compact disc
(CD) and bring that device to a different place.

• Instead, saving a file to the cloud (e.g., use of cloud application Dropbox)
ensures that we will be able to access it with any computer that has an
Internet connection.

• The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it
possible to collaborate over the web.

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 The Need for Cloud Computing
• While using the cloud, losing our data/file is much less likely.

• However, just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may
try to gain access to our personal data, and therefore, it is important to
choose an access control with a strong password and pay attention to any
privacy settings for the cloud service that we are using.

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 Defining Cloud Computing
• In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data
and programs over the Internet from a remote location or computer
instead of our computer’s hard drive.

• This so called remote location has several properties such as scalability,

elasticity etc., which is significantly different from a simple remote
machine.

• The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet. When we store data on or
run a program from the local computer’s hard drive, that is called local
storage and computing.

• For it to be considered cloud computing, we need to access our data or

programs over the Internet. The end result is the same; however, with an
online connection, cloud computing can be done anywhere, anytime, and
by any device.
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 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort
or service provider interaction.

• This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three

service models, and four deployment models

• It means that the computing resource or infrastructure—be it server

hardware, storage, network, or application software—all available from
the cloud vendor or provider’s site/premises, can be accessible over the
Internet from any remote location and by any local computing device.
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 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
• In addition, the usage or accessibility is to cost only to the level of usage to
the customers based on their needs and demands, also known as the pay-
as-you-go or pay-as-per-use model. If the need is more, more quantum
computing resources are made available (provisioning with elasticity) by
the provider.

• Minimal management effort implies that at the customer’s side, the

maintenance of computing systems is very minimal as they will have to
look at these tasks only for their local computing devices used for accessing
cloud-based resources, not for those computing resources managed at the
provider’s side.
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 Cloud Computing Is a Service
• The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve
information.
• We can store our family photographs, our favorite songs, or even save
movies on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud
computing.

• Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr to

illustrate the meaning of this section.

• Flickr started with an emphasis on sharing photos and images, it has

emerged as a great place to store those images.
– First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or what type
of device we are using.

– Second, Flickr lets us share the images.

– Third, Flickr provides data security

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 Cloud Computing Is a Platform

• The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for all
our Internet-based applications. However, one has to understand that we will
always need a local operating system in our computer to access web-based
applications.

• The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which
applications run or give results to the users. For example, Microsoft Windows is a
platform. But, a platform does not have to be an operating system. Java is a
platform even though it is not an operating system.

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 Cloud Computing Is a Platform

• Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform. With trends

(applications) such as Office 2.0, more and more applications that were originally
available on desktop computers are now being converted into web–cloud
applications

• Word processors like Buzzword and office suites like Google Docs are now
available in the cloud as their desktop counterparts. All these kinds of trends in
providing applications via the cloud are turning cloud computing into a platform or
to act as a platform.

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 Cloud Computing :Advantages
Consolidated set of points briefing the benefits of cloud computing can be as follows:

1. Achieve economies of scale: We can increase the volume output or productivity with
fewer systems and thereby reduce the cost per unit of a project or product.

2. Reduce spending on technology infrastructure: It is easy to access data and

information with minimal upfront spending in a pay-as-you-go approach, in the
sense that the usage and payment are similar to an electricity meter reading in the
house, which is based on demand.

3. Globalize the workforce: People worldwide can access the cloud with Internet
connection.

4. Streamline business processes: It is possible to get more work done in less time with
less resource.

5. Reduce capital costs: There is no need to spend huge money on hardware, software,
or licensing
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 Cloud Computing :Advantages
6. Pervasive accessibility: Data and applications can be accessed anytime, anywhere,
using any smart computing device, making our life so much easier.

7. Monitor projects more effectively: It is possible to confine within budgetary

allocations and can be ahead of completion cycle times.

8. Less personnel training is needed: It takes fewer people to do more work on a cloud,
with a minimal learning curve on hardware and software issues.

9. Minimize maintenance and licensing software: As there is no too much of on-

premise computing resources, maintenance becomes simple and updates and
renewals of software systems rely on the cloud vendor or provider.

10. Improved flexibility: It is possible to make fast changes in our work environment
without serious issues at stake.

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 Principles of Cloud computing
• The 5-4-3 principles put forth by NIST describe
– (a) The five essential characteristic features that promote cloud computing,

– (b) The four deployment models that are used to narrate the cloud computing
opportunities for customers while looking at architectural models, and

– (c) The three important and basic service offering models of cloud computing.

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 Five Essential Characteristics
1. On-demand self-service:

2. Broad network access:

3. Resource pooling:

4. Rapid elasticity:

5. Measured service:

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 Five Essential Characteristics
1. On-demand self-service:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user
themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and
heterogeneous devices.
3. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are
shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple
clients are provided service from a same physical resource.
4. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and in quickly
and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is
scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will provide both
the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is done
for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
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 1. On-demand self-service:
• Cloud Computing services are available on-demand and do not
require much human interaction.

• The user himself can provision, manage, and monitor the resources
as per his requirement. This is done through a web-based self-
service management console.

• The customer can create the service on his own, like creating a new
mailbox or adding additional disk space to a virtual machine, etc.

• For example, for booking a ticket on a travel portal, a passenger

gets the flexibility to book his ticket by himself without any human
interaction. Right from choosing the flight to preference class, the
process is entirely automated and does not require any salesperson
in between.
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 2. Broad network access:
• Cloud computing is accessible from a network, generally over the
internet.

• Similarly, private cloud services can be accessed from anywhere

within the enterprise.

• The services are provided over heterogeneous devices such as

mobile phones, laptops, tablets, office computers, etc.

• The user can access the existing data on a cloud platform or upload
new data on the cloud from anywhere using a device and internet
connection.

• In the above example, the passenger can book his ticket via the
internet from any device like a smartphone, laptop, tablet, etc.,
which has access to a network.
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 2. Broad network access:
• Cloud computing is accessible from a network, generally over the
internet.

• Similarly, private cloud services can be accessed from anywhere

within the enterprise.

• The services are provided over heterogeneous devices such as

mobile phones, laptops, tablets, office computers, etc.

• The user can access the existing data on a cloud platform or upload
new data on the cloud from anywhere using a device and internet
connection.

• In the above example, the passenger can book his ticket via the
internet from any device like a smartphone, laptop, tablet, etc.,
which has access to a network.
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 3. Resource pooling and Multi-tenancy
• : servers, storage, applications,
Computing resources like networks,
and service can be pooled to serve multiple consumers by securely
separating the resources on a logical level.

• This is done using a multi-tenant model, which allows multiple

customers to share the same application or physical infrastructure
while retaining data security and privacy.

• It is the same as an apartment building where many people share

the same building infrastructure but still have the privacy of their
apartment.

• If we take the same example of the travel portal, the flights can
carry several passengers in a single trip. These passengers travel to
the same destination, board the same flight, and are allotted
separate seats as per the demand and requirement.
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 4. Rapid elasticity:
• Resource capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released to
meet immediate requirements. Similarly, they can be removed or
scaled-down when not required.

• In many cases, this can even happen automatically in response to

business demands. This makes sure that the application has the
capacity it needs at any point in time.

• Scalability adds a cost-effectiveness aspect to cloud technology.

When the demand or workload is high, more servers can be added
for that particular period.

• For example, to meet the demand of the increasing number of

passengers, an airline can increase the number of flights for a
particular time and stop the flights when the demand goes down.
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 5. Measured Service:
• The utilization of resources is tracked, monitored, controlled, and
reported for each occupant. This gives transparency to both the
service provider and the consumer.

• The cloud system has a metering capability, which is leveraged to

monitor billing, use of resources, and pay only for what has been
used.

• When a passenger is traveling by train, he has to pay only for the

distance traveled by him and not for the entire journey that the
train takes.

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 Four Cloud Deployment Models
Four deployment models are usually distinguished, namely,

1. Public,

2. Private,

3. Hybrid, and

4. Community cloud

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 1. Public Cloud
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and
services.

• The public cloud may be less secure as it is open for everyone.

• Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general

public through an Internet connection.

• Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by

the third party, i.e., Cloud service provider.

• In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the
same time.

• Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities,

government organizations, or a combination of them.

• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun
Cloud, and Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.
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 1. Public Cloud
Advantages:
• Low Cost
• Location Independent
• Save Time
• Quickly and easily set up
• Scalability and reliability

Disadvantages:
• Low Security
• Performance: Depends upon the speed of internet connectivity
• Less customizable

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 2. Private Cloud
• The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within
an organization. It is more secured because of its private nature.

• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.

• Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal

network (within the organization) and selected users instead of the
general public.

• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data

through firewalls and internal hosting.

• It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible
to third-party providers.

• HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the

example
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 2. Private Cloud
Advantages:
• More Control
• Security & Privacy
• Improved Performance

Disadvantages:
• High Cost
• Limited Scalability
• No Skilled people

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 3. Hybrid Cloud

• Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.

Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud

• The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a
unified, automated, and well-managed computing environment.

• In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public

cloud and critical activities are performed by the private cloud.

• Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.

• The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google,
Cisco, and NetApp.

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 3. Hybrid Cloud
• Advantages
• Flexible and secure
– It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and
secure resources because of the private cloud.
• Cost effective
– Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps
organizations to save costs for both infrastructure and
application support.
• Security
– Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed
by the private cloud.
• Risk Management
– Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to
manage the risk.
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 3. Hybrid Cloud
Disadvantages
• Networking issues
– In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of
the private and the public cloud.
• Infrastructure Compatibility
– Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid
cloud.
– With dual-levels of infrastructure, a private cloud controls the
company, and a public cloud does not, so there is a possibility
that they are running in separate stacks.
• Reliability
– `The reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.
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 4.Community Cloud
• Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and
services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to
share the information.
• It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations
in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

Example:
Our government
organization within
India may share
computing
infrastructure in the
cloud to manage data.

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 4.Community Cloud
Advantages:
• Cost effective(without costing a lot of money)
– Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared
between several organizations or a community.

• Flexible and Scalable

– The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with
every user. It allows the users to modify the documents as per their needs
and requirement.

• Security
– Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than
the private cloud.

• Sharing infrastructure
– Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and
12/9/2021 other capabilities among Cloud
various organizations.
Computing -Unit-II 34
 4.Community Cloud
• Disadvantages of Community Cloud
– Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

– Slow adoption to data

– The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared

among all community members.

– Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.

– Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

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 Three Service Models
• Three types of cloud service models -
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Platform as a Service (PaaS)
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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 Three Service Models
• The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based
computing resources are available to end customers are as
follows: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service
(PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
• It is also known as the service–platform–infrastructure (SPI)
model of the cloud and is shown in figure

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SPI—service offering model of the cloud.
 Three Service Models
• SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications
(software, which is one of the most important computing
resources) are hosted by a vendor or service provider and
made available to customers over a network, typically the
Internet.
• PaaS is a paradigm for delivering operating systems and
associated services (e.g., computer aided software
engineering [CASE] tools, integrated development
environments [IDEs] for developing software solutions) over
the Internet without downloads or installation.

• IaaS involves outsourcing the equipment used to support

operations, including storage, hardware, servers, and
networking components.
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 Three Service Models

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 Three Service Models

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 Three Service Models
IaaS Paas SaaS
It provides a virtual data It provides virtual It provides web software
center to store information platforms and tools to and apps to complete
and create platforms for create, test, and deploy business tasks.
app development, testing, apps.
and deployment.

It provides access to It provides runtime It provides software as a

resources such as virtual environments and service to the end-users.
machines, virtual storage, deployment tools for
etc. applications.

It is used by network It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

architects.
IaaS provides only PaaS provides SaaS provides
Infrastructure. Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.
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 Three Service Models

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 Three Service Models

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 Three Service Models

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 Three Service Models

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