Construction and Building Materials: Guofang Zhang, Shunxiang Wang, Bo Wang, Yujing Zhao, Ming Kang, Peiming Wang
Construction and Building Materials: Guofang Zhang, Shunxiang Wang, Bo Wang, Yujing Zhao, Ming Kang, Peiming Wang
Construction and Building Materials: Guofang Zhang, Shunxiang Wang, Bo Wang, Yujing Zhao, Ming Kang, Peiming Wang
h i g h l i g h t s
Pervious concretes with steel slag aggregates and different binders have excellent properties.
The connected porosity plays a key role in the performance of pervious concrete.
Binders with mineral admixtures optimize the interface transition zone of pervious concrete.
Hydration characteristics of binders slightly affect the strength of pervious concrete.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: As one kind of solid waste produced during steel smelting, steel slag can be used as aggregates to produce
Received 12 December 2019 pervious concrete. This paper focused on the effect of binder-to-aggregate ratio and different binders on
Received in revised form 5 May 2020 the properties and microstructure of pervious concrete made with steel slag as aggregates. The results
Accepted 11 May 2020
show that increasing binder-to-aggregate ratio improves the mechanical properties, but decreases the
Available online 18 May 2020
connected porosity and water permeability coefficient. Compared with those of the reference pervious
concrete with only Portland cement as the binder, the compressive strengths of pervious concretes incor-
Keywords:
porating different binders with ground blast furnace slag, fly ash and/or silica fume to partially replace
Pervious concrete
Steel slag aggregate
Portland cement are lower, and the connected porosities are much higher. Different binders assume little
Binders with mineral admixtures impact on the hydration, but can optimize the interface transition zone of pervious concrete. Meanwhile,
Mechanical properties the connected porosity plays the key role in the properties of pervious concrete. Besides, pervious con-
Microstructure cretes with steel slag and different binders can assume good comprehensive properties.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119543
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543
Binder systems are the other key factor to affect properties of The heat-stuffing treated steel slag was used as aggregates. The
pervious concrete. Many researchers investigated the effects of chemical compositions, physical properties, particle size distribu-
various binder systems on the properties of pervious concrete. tion and appearance, and XRD patterns of steel slag are shown in
Pervious concrete with ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a partial Table1, Table 4, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3, respectively. It can be seen that
replacement for cement and also as a partial replacement for nat- the size range of steel slag is mainly 5–10 mm. The steel slag has
ural aggregate exhibits different porosity, compressive strength rough surface, good volume stability and low clay content. The
and permeability [18]. Literature [19] demonstrated that as partial main crystalline phases of the steel slag include tricalcium silicate,
replacement for cement, GBFS and metakaolin can optimize the dicalcium silicate, calcium hydroxide, dicalcium ferrite, and solid
pore structure and the interface transition zone (ITZ) of pervious solution of CaO, MgO, FeO and MnO (RO phases).
concrete.
Incorporating fly ash (FA) as a partial replacement for cement, 2.2. Mix proportion and preparation of pervious concrete
pervious concrete shows similar properties to pervious concrete
incorporating only cement as binder [20]. Literature [21] illus- The mix proportions of pervious concrete were shown in
trated that FA significantly decreases the compressive strength Table 5. To keep the pastes assuming the same consistency, differ-
and durability of pervious concrete, but pervious concrete with ent water contents were added for different pervious concretes. To
the optimized FA dosage and nano material dosage also exhibits prepare fresh pervious concrete, steel slag aggregates were pre-
excellent properties. Moreover, pervious concrete incorporating mixed with 30% of total water consumption to obtain a wetting
FA as the geopolymer binder can achieve satisfactory mechanical effect. Immediately, the binder was put into the mixer and another
properties [22]. 30 s mixing was conducted. Afterwards, the remaining water
Silica fume (SF) can also be used as a partial replacement for mixed with the superplasticizer, was poured into the mixer, where
cement in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete incorporating SF the following mixing time was 60 s.
exhibits higher compressive strength and flexural strength without For specimen preparation, the fresh pervious concrete was
undermining permeability and abrasion resistance [1], and can poured into the molds in two layers, pre-compacted by hand 25
remove Ni and Cu heavy metals from wastewaters [23]. times. Afterwards, these molds were vibrated for 30 s on vibration
In conclusion, the influences of binary binder systems with table. For unit weight, connected porosity and compressive
GBFS, FA or SF to replace partial cement on the properties of pervi- strength test, the specimens with dimensions of
ous concrete with natural aggregates have been reported in litera- 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm were prepared. For water perme-
ture. Steel slag can be used as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate ability coefficient test, the cylindrical specimens with dimensions
in cement concrete [24–27]. However, few researchers investi- of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height were prepared. These
gated the effect of ternary binder systems on the properties of per- specimens were cured at a standard curing condition of 20 ± 2 °C
vious concrete made with steel slag as aggregates. Apart from that, and 95 ± 5% relative humidity for 24 h, and then were demolded
whether the mechanical strength and hydration of ternary binder and cured in 20 ± 2 °C water until the testing time.
systems have apparent effects on the properties of pervious con- For compressive strength test, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
crete incorporating steel slag remains to be studied. So this analysis and thermal analysis, the binder pastes with dimensions
research aimed to study the effect of binder-to-aggregate ratio of 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm of pervious concrete were also pre-
and ternary binder systems with various mineral admixtures on pared, which were named SSPC-1 to SSPC-6 corresponding to per-
the properties and hydration characteristics of pervious concrete vious concretes SSPC1 to SSPC6. Moreover, the curing condition of
made with steel slag. For the purpose, different pervious concrete binder pastes is the same as that of pervious concrete.
mixtures were designed to investigate two binder-to-aggregate
ratio and binder systems with GBFS, FA and SF to partially replace
2.3. Test methods
Portland cement. The research may promote the application of
steel slag aggregate and the above mineral admixtures for produc-
(1) Unit weight: The unit weight was measured according to
ing environment friendly pervious concrete.
ASTM C138 [28].
(2) Connected porosity: For the connected porosity test, the
2. Experimental length, width and height of the specimen was measured by
vernier caliper firstly. Then the specimen was immersed in
2.1. Materials water and its buoyant weight was measured when the spec-
imen was filled with water. After that, the specimen was
A PII 52.5R Portland cement (OPC) was used. The chemical dried in 105 ± 5 °C oven until the weight was constant.
compositions, physical properties, and particle size distribution The connected porosity P was calculated according to Eq. (1).
are given in Table 1, Table 2, and Fig. 1, respectively. The ground
blast furnace slag (GBFS), the fly ash (FA), and the silica fume
ðW 2 W 1 Þ
1 ð1Þ
(SF) were used to partially replace OPC. The chemical composi- ðqw V Þ
tions, physical properties, and particle size distributions of GBFS,
FA and SF are shown in Table 1, Table 3, and Fig. 1, respectively. where P is the connected porosity of pervious concrete, W 1 is
A polycarboxylate ether (PCE) surperplasticizers was also used. the constant weight of specimen dried under 105 °C, W 2 is
Table 1
Chemical compositions of different materials.
Chemical composition (%) SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 MnO SO3 Na2O K2O TiO2 LOI
OPC 20.8 4.99 65.2 1.14 3.22 0.05 2.22 0.21 0.66 0.22 1.06
Steel slag 13.2 4.59 39.2 3.87 30.3 2.88 0.94 0.28 0.03 0.64 2.65
GBFS 28.70 11.90 43.40 – 0.24 0.25 1.93 – 0.30 0.61 8.25
FA 48.07 15.91 18.36 2.27 5.89 0.11 0.21 1.75 3.45 1.10 1.56
SF 89.62 0.65 1.11 2.51 2.28 0.18 0.42 0.50 2.55 – 0.10
G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543 3
Table 2
Physical properties of OPC.
Density (kgm3) Specific surface area (m2kg1) Setting time (min) Compressive strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa)
Initial Final 3d 28 d 3d 28 d
3200 380 100 155 32.0 57.8 6.6 9.5
Table 3
Physical properties of GBFS, FA and SF.
Materials Mean particle size Density Specific surface area Fig. 2. The particle size distribution and grain appearance of steel slag: (a) Particle
(lm) (kgm3) (m2kg1) size distribution; (b) Grain appearance.
Table 4
Physical properties of steel slag.
where k is the water permeability coefficient (mms1), a is (4) Compressive strength: The 3-day, 7-day and 28-day com-
the cross section area of the standing acrylic pipe above the pressive strength of pervious concrete were
specimen (mm2), L is the length of the specimen (mm), A is determined based on the China standard GB/T 50081-2011
the cross section area of the specimen (mm), t is the elapsed [30]. The 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strength of
time between h1 and h2 (s), h1 is the initial height of water hardened cement pastes were measured for
head (mm), and h2 is the final height of water head (mm). 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm cubic specimens.
4 G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543
Table 5
Mix proportions of pervious concrete.
Specimen Steel slag (kgm3) Binder systems PCE (kgm3) Water (kgm3)
3
Total (kgm ) OPC (%) GBFS (%) SF (%) FA (%)
SSPC1 2050 300 100 – – – 0.45 97
SSPC2 2050 450 100 – – – 0.70 128
SSPC3 2050 450 84 16 – – 0.70 125
SSPC4 2050 450 84 8 8 – 0.70 150
SSPC5 2050 450 84 8 – 8 0.70 114
SSPC6 2050 450 84 8 4 4 0.70 128
Fig. 4. Water permeability coefficient test: (a) testing process and device; (b) testing sketch.
(5) X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermal analy- XRD analysis was conducted on a X-ray powder diffractometer
sis (TG-DSC): To perform XRD and TG-DSC analyses, samples (Rigaku SmartLab, Japan) with CuK a radiation at a scanning rate
were taken at a depth of more than 1 mm from the surfaces of 2°min1 from 5° to 70° (2-theta). TG-DSC analysis was con-
of hardened paste specimens, broken into pieces, manually ducted on a differential scanning calorimetry (Mettler Toledo
ground to powders under 45 lm, and then washed with TG-DSC 1600LF, United states) from 30 °C to 1000 °C at a heat-
absolute alcohol and dried in a vacuum-oven under 40 °C ing rate of 10 °C min1 in N2 atmosphere.
for hydration interruption.
G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543 5
Fig. 5. The unit weights of pervious concrete. Fig. 7. The water permeability coefficient of pervious concrete.
6 G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543
twice, indicating the compressive strength increase of pervious Compared to that of SSPC-2 paste, the compressive strength
concrete with binder content increasing. of hardened SSPC-3 paste increases remarkably, indicating that
Compared to that of SSPC2, the 28-day compressive strength of the compressive strength of hardened paste incorporating GBFS
pervious concrete SSPC3 dramatically decreases to only 11.4 MPa, and Portland cement increases, especially at the late period,
indicating that the binder system incorporating GBFS as a partial which is consistent with the conclusion in literature [33]. With
replacement of Portland cement greatly decreases the compressive SF or/and FA to partially replace GBFS, the compressive strength
strength of pervious concrete. For pervious concretes SSPC4 to of hardened pastes of different binder systems (SSPC-4, SSPC-5
SSPC6, the 28-day compressive strength varies between 19.4 MPa and SSPC-6) are lower than that of SSPC-3. However, as pre-
and 24.2 MPa, all being much higher than that of SSPC3 but lower sented above, the compressive strength variation of pervious
than that of SSPC2. It indicated that compared to GBFS, SF and FA concrete with different binder systems shows the opposite trend.
can increase the compressive strength of pervious concrete. How- It can be concluded that the compressive strength of hardened
ever, compared to the binder system with only Portland cement, all binder pastes is not the major factor to affect the compressive
the binder systems with GBFS, SF or/and FA as a partial replace- strength of pervious concrete.
ment of Portland cement assume the compressive strength
decrease of pervious concrete to some extent.
3.6. XRD analysis
3.5. Compressive strength of hardened binder pastes To evaluate the hydrates formation of hardened binder pastes,
the mineralogical phases were tested by XRD and TG-DSC. Fig. 10
The compressive strength variation of different hardened binder shows the XRD patterns of different hardened binder pastes at
pastes is shown in Fig. 9. The 28-day compressive strength of the 28 days. In the XRD patterns, the characteristic peaks of ettringite
binder paste SSPC-2 is 91.3 MPa, only 15 percent higher than that (AFt), Portlandite (Ca(OH)2), alite (C3S) and belite (C2S) were
of the binder paste SSPC-1. While, as presented above, the com- detected. The formation of hydrates in hardened binder pastes
pressive strength of pervious concrete SSPC2 is twice that of SSPC1. incorporating GBFS, FA and/or SF is similar with that of the hard-
It may be concluded that the compressive strength improvement ened Portland cement paste SSPC-2, expect the smaller peaks for
of hardened cement paste is beneficial to the compressive strength Ca(OH)2 at 18° of 2h. It seems that there is no big difference for
increase of pervious concrete, but may not play the key role. the hydration of these hardened binder pastes.
Fig. 13. Typical SEM micrographs of hydrates for hardened binder pastes: (a) SSPC-2; (b) SSPC-3; (c) SSPC-4; (d) SSPC-5.
8 G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543
3.7. TG-DSC analysis loss appears, attributed to the decomposition of calcium carbonate
[34].
Figs. 11 and 12 show the TG-DSC curves of hardened binder Compared to that of the SSPC-2 paste, the mass loss at 100 to
pastes at 28 days. As shown in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, mass loss takes 210 °C of different binder pastes changes slightly, indicating the
place apparently from 40 to 100 °C, corresponding to the evapora- similar content of hydrates including C-S-H gels and AFt in the dif-
tion of physical bound water. The peak at about 85 °C also corre- ferent binder systems. It can be concluded that the hydration
sponds to the AFt decomposition. The following major mass loss degree of these binder pastes is similar. The mass losses at 410
between 100 and 210 °C, is related to the dehydration of hydrates, to 460 °C of binder pastes incorporating GBFS, FA and/or SF are
including calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gels and AFt mainly smaller than that of the SSPC-2 paste, indicating that the less con-
[34]. The third mass loss appears at 410 to 460 °C, corresponds tent of Ca(OH)2 in these binder pastes. It may be due to the con-
to the decomposition of Ca(OH)2. At 700 to 740 °C, the fourth mass sumption of Ca(OH)2 by these mineral admixtures to form C-S-H
Fig. 14. Typical SEM micrographs of ITZ for pervious concrete: (a) SSPC-2; (b) SSPC-3; (c) SSPC-4; (d) SSPC-5.
G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543 9
gels and other hydrates, and due to the less formation of Ca(OH)2 compressive strength of pervious concrete. However, the
since their partial replacement of Portland cement. At 700 to connected porosity plays the key role in the properties of
740 °C, the mass loss of binder pastes changes slightly, indicating pervious concrete with steel slag and different binder sys-
the similar content of calcium carbonate in these binder systems. tems, since the compressive strengths of these pervious con-
Accordingly, based on the XRD and TG-DSC analyses, it can be con- cretes are actually smaller, and the connected porosities are
cluded that the different binder systems for pervious concretes much higher than that of the reference pervious concrete
assume the similar hydration degree. However, the properties of with only Portland cement as the binder.
pervious concretes are quite different as mentioned above. There-
fore, the hydration of binder systems is yet not the major factor to CRediT authorship contribution statement
affect the properties of pervious concrete.
Guofang Zhang: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Inves-
3.8. SEM analysis tigation, Methodology, Formal analysis. Shunxiang Wang: Investi-
gation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft. Bo
Typical SEM micrographs of hydrates for different binder pastes Wang: Investigation, Data curation. Yujing Zhao: Investigation,
of pervious concrete are shown in Fig. 13. A large number of Ca Methodology, Data curation. Ming Kang: Investigation, Data cura-
(OH)2 and fibrous C-S-H gels were observed in the hardened tion. Peiming Wang: Writing - review & editing, Methodology.
SSPC-2 paste. Some lamellar hydrates were observed in the hard-
ened SSPC-3 and SSPC-4 pastes, which were believed to be mono- Declaration of Competing Interest
sulphate and calcium hydroaluminates [35,36]. AFt crystals
coexisted with C-S-H gels and Ca(OH)2 in the hardened SSPC-5 The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
paste. cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
Typical SEM micrographs of ITZ for pervious concrete are shown to influence the work reported in this paper.
in Fig. 14. From SEM for SSPC2, the ITZ between steel slag particle
and hardened paste showed weak link between hydrates and steel Acknowledgments
slag particle (Fig. 14(a)). However, hardened binder pastes incorpo-
rating different mineral admixtures optimized the ITZ (Fig. 14(b) to The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support of this
(d). The optimized ITZ is beneficial to improving compressive work by the Fund of National Key Research and Development Pro-
strength of pervious concretes, since the ITZ has great influence grams in the 13th Five-year Plan of China (2018YFD1101003,
on the strength of cement concrete [37,38]. 2016YFC0700905), the Fund of Science Research Project of STCSM
Based on the above analyses, it is obvious that both the com- (17DZ1200303).
pressive strength and the hydration of hardened binder pastes
have negligible impact on the compressive strength of pervious References
concrete, while the binder pastes with different mineral admix-
tures can optimize the ITZ of pervious concrete to improve the [1] J. Yang, G. Jiang, Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete
compressive strength. However, the compressive strengths of pavement materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (3) (2003) 381–386.
[2] M. Gesoğlu, E. Güneyisi, G. Khoshnaw, S. Ipek, _ Abrasion and freezing–thawing
these pervious concretes are actually smaller than that of the ref- resistance of pervious concretes containing waste rubbers, Constr. Build.
erence pervious concrete SSPC2 with only Portland cement as the Mater. 73 (73) (2014) 19–24.
binder, and the connected porosities are much higher. Therefore, [3] M. Scholz, P. Grabowiecki, Review of permeable pavement systems, Build.
Environ. 42 (11) (2007) 3830–3836.
the connected porosity plays the key role in the properties of per- [4] H.Ö. Öz, Properties of pervious concretes partially incorporating acidic pumice
vious concrete with steel slag and different binder systems. Defi- as coarse aggregate, Constr. Build. Mater. 166 (2018) 601–609.
nitely, the pervious concrete with excellent properties can be [5] Y. Zaetang, A. Wongsa, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, Use of coal ash as geopolymer
binder and coarse aggregate in pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 96
made by using steel slag as aggregates and different binder sys- (2015) 289–295.
tems with partial replacement of GBFS, FA and/or SF to Portland [6] W. Yeih, T.C. Fu, J.J. Chang, R. Huang, Properties of pervious concrete made with air-
cement. cooling electric arc furnace slag as aggregates, Constr. Build. Mater. 93 (2015) 737–745.
[7] J.S. Golden, K.E. Kaloush, Mesoscale and microscale evaluation of surface
pavement impacts on the urban heat island effects, Int. J. Pave. Eng. 7 (1)
4. Conclusions (2006) 37–52.
[8] R. Zhong, K. Wille, Material design and characterization of high performance
pervious concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (2015) 51–60.
Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can [9] H.A. Ibrahim, H.A. Razak, F. Abutaha, Strength and abrasion resistance of palm
be drawn: oil clinker pervious concrete under different curing method, Constr. Build.
Mater. 147 (2017) 576–587.
[10] H. Wu, Z. Liu, B. Sun, J. Yin, Experimental investigation on freeze–thaw
(1) The properties of pervious concrete with steel slag as aggre- durability of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC), Constr. Build. Mater.
gates are sensitive to the binder content. With higher binder 117 (2016) 63–71.
content, the unit weight and the 28-day compressive [11] Q. Dong, H. Wu, B. Huang, X. Shu, K. Wang, Investigation into laboratory
abrasion test methods for pervious concrete, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (7) (2013)
strength increase, but the connected porosity and the water
886–892.
permeability coefficient decrease dramatically. [12] W. Yeih, J.J. Chang, The influences of cement type and curing condition on
(2) The pervious concretes incorporating different binders with properties of pervious concrete made with electric arc furnace slag as
aggregates, Constr. Build. Mater. 197 (2019) 813–820.
GBFS, FA and/or SF to partially replace Portland cement
[13] J.J. Chang, W. Yeih, T.J. Chung, R. Huang, Properties of pervious concrete made
assume good comprehensive properties. By using steel slag with electric arc furnace slag and alkali-activated slag cement, Constr. Build.
as aggregates and different mineral admixtures as binders, Mater. 109 (2016) 34–40.
the pervious concrete can be produced with excellent [14] M. Skaf, E. Pasquini, V. Revilla-Cuesta, V. Ortega-López, Performance and
durability of porous asphalt mixtures manufactured exclusively with electric
properties. steel slags, Mater. 20 (2019) 3306.
(3) The compressive strength of pervious concrete is hardly [15] N. Ortiz, M.A. Pires, J.C. Bressiani, Use of steel converter slag as nickel adsorber
impacted by the compressive strength and the hydration of to wastewater treatment, Waste Manage. 21 (7) (2001) 631–635.
[16] J. Guo, Y. Bao, M. W, Steel slag in China: treatment, recycling, and
hardened binder pastes, while the binder pastes with differ- management, Waste Manage. 78 (2018) 318–330.
ent mineral admixtures can optimize the ITZ to improve the [17] I.Z. Yildirim, M. Prezzi, Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties
of steel slag, Adv. Civ. Eng. (2011) 1–13.
10 G. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 257 (2020) 119543
[18] J. Endawati, J. Endawati, Permeability and porosity of pervious concrete [29] ASTM D2434-68, Standard test method for permeability of granular soils.
containing blast furnace slag as a part of binder materials and aggregate, Solid (Constant Head), book of standards volume: 04.08, 2006.
State Phenom. 266 (2017) 272–277. [30] Ministry of Housing and Urban-Ural Construction of the People’s Republic of
[19] P. Duan, Z. Shui, W. Chen, C. Shen, Enhancing microstructure and durability of China GB50081-2011 Standard for test methods of mechanics performance of
concrete from ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin as cement common concrete.
replacement materials, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2 (1) (2013) 52–59. [31] P.D. Tennis, M.L. Leming, D.J. Akers, Pervious concrete pavements, EB302.02,
[20] Y. Aoki, R.S. Ravindrarajah, H. Khabbaz, Properties of pervious concrete Portland cement association, Illinois, and National Ready Mixed Concrete
containing fly ash, Road Mater. Pave. Des. 13 (1) (2012) 1–11. Association, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, 2004, p. 36.
[21] V. López-Carrasquillo, S. Hwang, Comparative assessment of pervious concrete [32] Y. Zaetang, V. Sata, A. Wongsa, P. Chindaprasirt, Properties of pervious concrete
mixtures containing fly ash and nanomaterials for compressive strength, containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate,
physical durability, permeability, water quality performance and production Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (2016) 15–21.
cost, Constr. Build. Mater. 139 (2017) 148–158. [33] A. Gholampour, T. Ozbakkaloglu, Performance of sustainable concretes
[22] T. Tho-In, V. Sata, P. Chindaprasirt, J. Chai, Pervious high-calcium fly ash containing very high volume Class-F fly ash and ground granulated blast
geopolymer concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 30 (5) (2012) 366–371. furnace slag, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 162 (2017) 1407–1417.
[23] A. Yousefi, S. Matavos-Aramyan, Mix design optimization of silica fume-based [34] L. Alarcon-Ruiz, G. Platret, E. Massieu, A. Ehrlacher, The use of thermal analysis
pervious concrete for removal of heavy metals from wastewaters, Silicon (5) in assessing the effect of temperature on a cement paste, Cem. Concr. Res. 35
(2018) 1–8. (3) (2005) 609–613.
[24] A.S. Brand, J.R. Roesler, Steel furnace slag aggregate expansion and hardened [35] J. Pourchez, P. Grosseau, B. Ruot, Current understanding of cellulose ethers
concrete properties, Cem. Concr. Comp. 60 (2015) 1–9. impact on the hydration of C3A and C3A-sulphate systems, Cem. Concr. Res. 39
[25] N. Palankar, A.U.R. Shankar, B.M. Mithun, Durability studies on eco-friendly (8) (2009) 664–669.
concrete mixes incorporating steel slag as coarse aggregates, J. Clean. Prod. 129 [36] L.G. Baquerizo, T. Matschei, K.L. Scrivener, M. Saeidpour, L. Wadsö, Hydration
(Complete) (2016) 437–448. states of AFm cement phases, Cem. Concr. Res. 73 (2015) 143–157.
[26] P. Bo, Z. Zhou, H. Xu, Utilization of carbonated and granulated steel slag [37] K. Wu, W. Kang, L. Xu, D. Sun, F. Wang, G. De Schutter, Damage evolution of
aggregate in concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 84 (2015) 454–467. blended cement concrete under sodium sulfate attack in relation to ITZ
[27] S. Saxena, A.R. Tembhurkar, Impact of use of steel slag as coarse aggregate and volume content, Constr. Build. Mater. 190 (2018) 452–465.
wastewater on fresh and hardened properties of concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. [38] I.S. del Bosque, W. Zhu, T. Howind, A. Matías, M.S. de Rojas, C. Medina,
165 (2018) 126–137. Properties of interfacial transition zones (ITZs) in concrete containing recycled
[28] ASTM C138/C138M-14, Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, mixed aggregate, Cem. Concr. Comp. 81 (2017) 25–34.
and air content (gravimetric) of concrete, ASTM International, PA, USA, 2014.