Contents

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................................................2
PROPOSED SYSTEM....................................................................................................................................................3
1. Temperature range: 0-50°c /+ /-2°c......................................................................................................................4
3. Sampling rate: 1Hz (one reading every second)...................................................................................................4
5. Operating voltage: 3-5 V......................................................................................................................................4
LIGHT INTENSITY MODULE......................................................................................................................................6
CO-ORDINATE MODULE............................................................................................................................................6
IMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................................ 8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................. 8

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ABSTRACT
In this study, we provide the architecture for a weather observation network. "Temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, air quality, light intensity, rainfall, and coordinates are just
some of the environmental parameters that can be recorded and analysed at regular intervals, with the help of a
system that stores the data and sends alerts to the user in real time. An Arduino UNO (a microprocessor) serves
as the hub for data and information gathering from a variety of probes. This kind of setup is suitable for usage in
confined settings, such as farms or aquariums. Micro-ecological weather monitoring and forecasting is the core
concept here, with the goal of being able to issue warnings before potentially disastrous scenarios arise.

Keywords- Arduino Uno, Microprocessor, Weather forecast.

INTRODUCTION
While weather is always changing, climate is the long-term average of weather patterns. Because weather is so
sensitive to a location's latitude and longitude, even subtle shifts can have far-reaching consequences. The recent
years have seen a dramatic shift in the weather due to the cumulative effects of human activity and the
expansion of the industrial sector. Weather forecasting is crucial so that we can be informed of and prepared for
impending disasters. As a result of limited resources and the need to minimise overhead, weather monitoring
stations in India are only set up within a 32-kilometer radius. Because of the insufficiency of the information
collected by those stations, the precision will suffer in the long run. A reliable mechanism must be created to
track the shifts. In order to make accurate weather predictions and to learn more about the world's varying
climates, meteorologists use data collected from weather stations. Changes in these three variables—along with
air pressure and humidity—are the primary forces that determine the day's weather. Wind speed, wind direction,
and rainfall totals can also be gauged. It is possible to keep track of these variables throughout time and use the
results of a statistical analysis to forecast what the future holds. As around 17–18% of India's GDP comes from
agriculture, and as half of the country's workforce is employed in this sector, reliable and zone-specific weather
monitoring is essential for planning contingency for the future in India.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The use of an Arduino-based Cube-Sat for weather prediction: a paper by M. Rahaman Laskar, R.
Bhattacharjee, M. SauGiri, and P. Bhattacharya[1]. They created a little cube satellite that can function
independently and relay weather reports without connecting to the internet. Potential issues with this technology
include its inability to record data at greater altitudes and its limited range of communication unless powerful
transceivers are included.

the use of a gas balloon. As the parts aren't shielded from the elements, they're susceptible to wear and tear
from even prolonged use.
[2] Jitendra Singh, Rehan Mohammed, Mradul Kankaria, Roshan Panchal, Sachin Singh, and Rahul Sharma
developed an Arduino-based weather monitoring system. With the use of sensors like the DHT11, a light-
dependent resistor, and a rain sensor, they demonstrated an automated system for tracking the weather.
Kiranmai Nandagiri and Jhansi Rani Meetu's Weather Monitoring System Deployment[3]. The authors
suggest a method that measures both the air temperature and humidity in a given space. Neither the system nor
its accumulated data can be accessed from outside of the physical location of its physical location.

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 Wireless Amber Katyal, Ravi Yadav, and Manoj Pandey's Arduino-Based Weather Station[4]. The authors
detail a Wi-Fi shield–enabled Arduino system that collects data from a variety of sensors (DHT11, BMP 185,
Rain sensor, soil moisture sensor, etc.). Using Thinkspeak, they were able to import the data from the server into
MATLAB and derive useful insights.
By implementing a database in an Arduino-based system, Sarmad Nozad Mahmood designs a weather
monitoring system. Falih Hasan's Forat[5]. Statistical analysis and data presentation are performed with the
open-source programming language R. A central control unit that can manage several HVAC, heating, and
ventilation devices has been installed.
Meetali V. Rasal and Professor Jaideep G. Rana have developed a weather-monitoring system based on a
Raspberry Pi[6]. With the help of sensors interfaced to raspberry pi, which stored data on SD card, and which
can be operated using the LCD display which presents results, the authors have proposed a model that can
visualise and store numerous meteorological parameters. By entering a username and password, you can gain
access to a web application that keeps track of the current state and displays the results graphically.
[8] Shubham R. Vilayatkar, Vaibhav R. Wankhade, Pranjali G. Wangekar, and Nikhil S. Mundane
developed a Raspberry Pi-based IoT weather monitoring system. The authors propose a system in which data
from a variety of sensors is read by a central server and stored in both comma-delimited text and comma-
separated values.
This Arduino-based automatic wireless weather station by Hardeep Saini, Abhishek Thakur, Satinderpar
Ahuja, Nitant Sabharwal, and Naveen Kumar[9] features a remote graphical application and alerts." This
system's proposed model makes use of Zigbee wireless technology to collect and transmit data on weather
conditions.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Fig 1: Architectural Diagram of the System

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SYSTEM MODULES :

"Arduino UNO is a Micro-chip Atmega-328p microcontroller which is open-source, it consists of a physical

program control board and a software which can be installed on your computer, you can program code in the
computer and then upload it on the physical board. It is a IDE (Integrated Development Environment) it has
resources like, source code editor, automation tools and a debugger.

Fig 2: Arduino UNO Atmega 328p board[13]

 Temperature and Humidity Module :

Temperature / Humidity sensor (DHT) measures the values of and periodically based on the period with
digital signal output. The Temperature / Humidity sensor (DHT11) is given by 3 pins identified as VCC
connected to the 5V of Arduino, GND connected to Arduino GND, and DATA pin connected to the digital pin
of Arduino board. DHT sensor is constructed of resistive type element that reads humidity and negative
temperature coefficient NTC element. It uses a capacitive humidity instrument and a thermistor to measure the
surrounding air. The sensor demonstrate sensitivity, reliability, stability, high response and can be found in a
low cost.

1. Temperature range: 0-50°c /+ /-2°c

2. Humidity range: 20-80/ +/-2°c

3. Sampling rate: 1Hz (one reading every second)
4. Body size: 15.5mm*12mm*5.5mm
5. Operating voltage: 3-5 V.
6. Max current during measure: 2.5mA

Fig 3: DHT 11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor[13]

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  Pressure Module :
The BMP 180 sensor records actual barometric pressure (station pressure) and not the sea level. It is a
digital module. No analog pins are required."

Fig 4: BMP 180 Air Pressure Sensor[13]

 Anemometer Module
:
Anemometers are instruments that determine both the velocity and the direction of the wind. Local wind
speed is measured. "The anemometer is meant to be installed outside so that the analogue signal can be sent
to the Arduino board without interference. An anemometer's design determines how the suggested wind
speed sensor measures wind speed. There's a motor built into the device's inner workings, and it spins in
time with the cups as they spin. The motor moves in time with the cups because of the pole combination
between the motor and the Hub, which holds the cups. The sensor for measuring wind speed was connected
to an analogue pin on the Arduino board being used. When the cups are turned, a voltage is produced,
which is then sent to the Arduino's analogue pin. The Arduino then uses formulas encoded in the Arduino
Software Development Environment (IDE) to determine the wind speed..

a. Style: three/four cups suspended perpendicular to each other attached to the centre piece with a stand.
 Air Quality Module :
A. MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, Methane and LPG Gas Sensor Module.

a. Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor, suitable for sensing CO concentrations in the air.

b. This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast reaction time. The sensor’s output is an analog resistance.

c. Standard working Temperature: 20°c +/-2°c.

d. Relative humidity: 65% +/-5%.

e. RL: 10K sigh +/-5%.

f. Detecting range:20ppm-2000ppm carbon monoxide."

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Fig 5: MQ-9 Sensor.[13]

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LIGHT INTENSITY MODULE
An LDR is used to determine the level of illumination. A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is a component whose
resistance varies in response to the amount of light striking it. An LDR is a variable resistor whose value
changes in response to illumination. "Because of its photoconductivity, its resistance drops as the amount of
light hitting it grows stronger. The exposed top of the module has a photocell sensor or light dependency
resistance (LDR) component, which is responsible for sensing the intensity of light falling on a photo resistor
element. The suggested sensor has four inputs: power (VCC), ground (GND), digital (D0), and analogue (A0).
For instantaneous signalling responses, the digital pin D0 must carry the signal from the sensor to the
microcontroller. Taking into mind the suggested connection technique for a photocell sensor based Arduino
microcontroller, we can see that VCC of the sensor is connected to the 5V of Arduino, GND of the sensor is
connected to the GND of Arduino, and D0 is hooked to pin 2 of Arduino.

Fig 6: Light dependent resistor sensor[13]

RAIN GAUGE
MODULE
Rain gauges generally measure the precipitation in millimetres in height collected on each square meter during a
certain period, equivalent to litres per square metre. Water Level Depth Detection Sensor for Rain Gauge. It is
an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation
over an area in a predefined period of time. It calculates the amount of liquid present in the container and
computes volume and gives the capacity to with the container is filled. A Tipping bucket module is being
proposed in this module.

Fig 7: Water level Sensor.[13]

CO-ORDINATE MODULE
A geographic coordinate system is a system that uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to determine locations on the
Earth. Locations north of the equator have positive Latitudes that range from 0 to +90 degrees, while locations south of
the equator have negative latitudes that range from 0

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to -90 degrees. But Longitude lines run north-south. They converge at the poles. And its X- coordinates are between -
180 and +180 degrees.

Fig 8: Geographic coordinate Sensor.[13]

Open-source software tools are being used to store data collected from the Arduino. Data collected is stored in
databases and can be easily retrieved when required.
Pre-defined time stamps are set so that continuous storage of data is not hampered. Analytical models are used
to infer further conclusions based on the results obtained from the sensors.

IMPLEMENTATION
Arduino IDE with inbuilt libraries was used. DHT11 and Adafruit libraries were installed with their latest
versions.

An Arduino program was written to obtain temperature and humidity from DHT11 sensor in Fahrenheit and
Degree Celsius.

Fig 9: Arduino code for DHT 11 sensor.

It was connected to the open-source data collection tool using python programming which gets connected to the
MYSQL database server in which the data in being stored in specific intervals.

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The COM4 port interacts with the python program, the program contains the database name which will be used
to store data. The task scheduler is used to carry out the task in specified intervals of time for the amount of days
data needs to be monitored.

CONCLUSION
Arduino Uno was successful in fetching data from sensors i.e. DHT11 that will compute the temperature and
humidity. The data from DHT11 is being sent to the open-source database used to store data at regular intervals.
It is displayed in graphical/bar plots for easy understanding."

Fig 10: Data obtained and stored in MySQL database.

Data was extracted in graphical formats like bar graphs, line graphs, column graphs etc.

Fig 11: Time vs. Humidity plot of data in graph

Fig 12: Time vs. Temperature plot of data in graph.

REFERENCES
[1] Laskar, M. Rahaman, R. Bhattacharjee, M. Sau Giri, and P. Bhattacharya. "Weather forecasting using
Arduino based cube-sat." Procedia Computer Science 89 (2016): 320-323.

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[2] Jitendra Singh , Rehan Mohammed , Mradul Kankaria , Roshan Panchal, Sachin Singh , Rahul Sharma,
“Arduino Based Weather Monitoring System”, International Journal of Advanced in Management,
Technology and Engineering Sciences 3, vol. 8, 2018.
[3] Nandagiri, Kiranmai, and Jhansi Rani Mettu. "Implementation of Weather Monitoring
System." International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 118, no. 16 (2018): 477-493.
[4] Katyal, Amber, Ravi Yadav, and Manoj Pandey. "Wireless arduino based weather station." International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 5, no. 4 (2016): 274-276.
[5] Mahmood, Sarmad Nozad, and Forat F. Hasan. "Design of weather monitoring system using Arduino based
database implementation." Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) 4,
no. 4 (2017): 7109.
[6] Meetali V. Rasal, Prof. Jaideep G. Rana . “Raspberry Pi Based Weather Monitoring System.”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 10, vol. 5, 2016.
[7] Krishnamurthi, Karthik, Suraj Thapa, Lokesh Kothari, and Arun Prakash. "Arduino based weather
monitoring system." International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science 3, no. 2 (2015):
452-458.

[8] Shubham R. Vilayatkar, Vaibhav R. Wankhade, Pranjali G. Wangekar, Nikhil S. Mundane. “IoT Based
Weather Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi.” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) 1, vol. 06, 2019.
[9] Hardeep Saini, Abhishek Thakur, Satinderpar Ahuja, Nitant Sabharwal, Naveen Kumar,”Arduino Based
Automatic Wireless Weather Station with Remote Graphical Application and Alerts" , International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 5 (2017): 3184-3189.
[10] Gheorghe, A. C., and M. S. Chiran. "Raspberry Pi Based Weather Station." The Scientific Bulletin of
Electrical Engineering Faculty 18, no. 2 (2018): 63-66.
[11] Yashaswi Rahut, Rimsha Afreen, and Divya Kamini. "Smart weather monitoring and real time alert system
using IoT." (2018).
[12] Rao, Bulipe Srinivas, K. Srinivasa Rao, and N. Ome. "Internet of Things (IoT) based weather monitoring
system." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 5, no.
9 (2016): 312-319.
[13] Robu : https://robu.in/

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