L8 - Tool Geometry and Nomenclature

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala
Manufacturing Processes
UTA026
CUTTING TOOL
• A CUTTING TOOL has one or more sharp cutting
edges and is made of a material that is harder
than the work material.
• The cutting edge serves to separate a chip from
the parent work material.
2
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
• A SINGLE-POINT tool has one cutting edge and is
used for operations such as turning.
• In addition to the tool features shown in Figure,
there is one tool point from which the name of
this cutting tool is derived .
• During machining, the point of the tool
penetrates below the original work surface of the
part.
• The point is usually rounded to a certain radius,
called the nose radius.
3
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL 3-D VIEW
4
Side Flank
End Flank
5
Side Cutting
Side Flank Edge
6
End Cutting
Edge
End Flank 7
End
Flank
Nose / Corner / Tip

8
SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
PHOTOGRAPH
RAKE FACE
End Cutting
Edge
End Flank Side Cutting

Side Flank Edge 9
RAKE FACE
• Rake face is the surface over which the chip ,
formed in the cutting process, slides.
EF
10
FLANK FACE
• Flank face is the surface(s) over which the
surface, produced on the workpiece, passes.
EF
11
CUTTING EDGE
• Cutting edge is a theoretical line of intersection
of the rake face and the flank surfaces.
EF
12
CUTTING WEDGE
• Cutting wedge is the tool body enclosed between
the rake and the flank faces.
EF
13
WEDGE ANGLE
• Wedge angle is defined as the angle between
flank and rake face.
Side Wedge
Angle
End Wedge
14
Angle
SHANK
• Shank is the part of the tool by which it is held.
EF
15
CUTTING TOOL ANGLES
2
1
3 4
7 5
6
16
CUTTING TOOL ANGLES
End Cutting Edge Angle (µe)
RAKE FACE
SHANK
Side Cutting Edge Angle (µs)
EF
17
SIDE CUTTING EDGE ANGLE(µs)
RAKE FACE
SHANK

• Side cutting angles may vary from 10° to 20°,
depending on the material cut.
• If this angle is too large (over 30°), the tool will
tend to chatter. 18
END CUTTING EDGE ANGLE(µs)
RAKE FACE
SHANK
• End cutting edge angle may vary from 5° to 30°,

depending on the type of cut and finish desired.
19
NOSE RADIUS
Nose Radius
SHANK
EF
• The nose is the part of the tool bit which forms the
corner between the side cutting edge and the end
cutting edge.
• The nose radius is the rounded end of the tool bit.
20
CUTTING TOOL ANGLES
Back Rake Angle (αb)
SF
End Relief /Clearance

Angle EF
(βe) 21
END RELIEF (CLEARANCE) ANGLE(βe)
Back Rake Angle (αb)

• End relief (clearance)
angle is the angle
ground below the nose
of the tool, which
SF permits the cutting tool
to be fed into the work.
End Relief /Clearance • It is generally 10° to

Angle 15° for general-purpose
(βe) tools .
END WEDGE ANGLE (γe)
• End wedge angle is defined as the angle between
end flank and rake face.
End Wedge
Angle
EF
End Wedge
23
Angle
BACK (TOP) RAKE ANGLE (αb)
• The back (top) rake angle is the backward slope
of the tool face away from the nose.
• The back rake angle is generally about 20°.
• Back rake permits the chips to flow away from
the point of the cutting tool.
• Two types of back or top rake angles are provided
on cutting tools and are always found on the top
of the tool bit.
24
POSITIVE RAKE
• Positive rake, where the point of the cutting tool
and the cutting edge contact metal first and the
chip moves down the face of the toolbit.
Positive Rake Angle
FLANK
25
POSITIVE RAKE
• Generally, positive rake angles:
– Make the tool more sharp and pointed. This reduces
the strength of the tool, as the small angle in the tip
may cause it to chip away.
– Reduce cutting forces and power requirements.
– Helps in the formation of continuous chips in ductile
materials.
– Can help avoid the formation of a built-up edge.
– Are suitable for lower cutting speeds.
– Are suitable for ductile materials.
26
POSITIVE RAKE
• High-speed steel-cutting tools are almost always
ground with positive rake angles.
• HSS has good strength and toughness, so that
the thinner cross section of the tool created by
high positive rake angles does not usually cause a
problem with tool breakage.
27
POSITIVE RAKE
NOTE
Because there is less strength at the point of
positive rake angle tools than with negative-rake
tools, tool failure is more likely with large
positive rake angles at high cutting speeds or
with intermittent cuts.
28
NEGATIVE RAKE
• Negative rake, where the face of the cutting tool
contacts the metal first and the chip is forced up
the face of the toolbit.
Negative Rake Angle
FLANK
29
NEGATIVE RAKE
• Negative rake angles are generally preferred for
ceramic, diamond, and cubic boron nitride
tools (Brittle in nature).
• As a group, these materials have higher
hardness and lower toughness.
• In other sense these materials are strong in
compression but are relatively weak in
tension because of their brittle nature.
30
NEGATIVE RAKE
• Cemented carbides, for example, are used with
rake angles in the range from -5° to -10°.
• Ceramics have rake angles between -5° to -15 °.
31
NEGATIVE RAKE
• Negative rake angles also provide greater
strength at the cutting edge and better heat
conductivity.
• The surface finish is usually poorer with
negative rakes, although they can have
good finish at higher speeds.
32
NEGATIVE RAKE
• Generally, negative rake angles :
– Make the tool more blunt,
– increasing the strength of the cutting edge
– Causes high compression
– Increase the cutting forces.
– Can increase friction, resulting in higher
temperatures.
– Are suitable for higher cutting speeds.
– Are suitable for hard brittle materials.
33
NEGATIVE RAKE
NOTE
• Negative-rake tools are most likely to produce a
built-up edge with a rough continuous chip and a
rough finish on the work, especially at lower
cutting speeds and with soft ductile materials.
• Better finishes with negative rake can be
obtained at high speeds with hard brittle
materials.
34
RAKE ANGLES
35
CUTTING TOOL ANGLES
Side Wedge Angle (γ )

s
Side Rake Angle
(αs)
EF
Side Relief /Clearance EF

Angle (β )
s 36
SIDE RELIEF (CLEARANCE) ANGLE (βs)
Side Wedge Angle • Side relief (clearance)
(γs) angle is the angle
Side Rake Angle
ground on the flank of
(αs) the tool below the
cutting edge.
EF
• This angle is generally
6° to 10°.
Side Relief /Clearance
Angle (β )
s 37
SIDE WEDGE ANGLE (γS)
• Side wedge angle is defined as the angle between
side flank and rake face.
Side Wedge Angle
Side Wedge
Angle
38
SIDE RAKE ANGLE (αs)
Positive Side Rake Angle Negative Side Rake Angle
• The side rake angle is the angle at which the face

is ground away from the cutting edge.
• For general-purpose tool bits, the side rake is
generally 14°.
39
TOOL SIGNATURE
• Convenient way to specify tool angles by use of
a standardized abbreviated system is known as
tool signature or tool nomenclature.
• It indicates the angles that a tool utilizes during
the cut.
• The seven elements that comprise the signature
of a single point cutting tool can be stated in the
following order:
40
TOOL SIGNATURE
Tool signature 0-7-6-8-15-16-0.8

1. Back rake angle (0°)
2. Side rake angle (7°)
3. End relief angle (6°)
4. Side relief angle (8°)
5. End cutting edge angle (15°)
6. Side cutting edge angle (16°)
7. Nose radius (0.8 mm)
41
2
1
3 4
7 5
42
References:
• M. P. Groover, Fundamentals Of Modern Manufacturing:
Materials, Processes, and Systems, Wiley (2010), 4th
edition.
• Degarmo, E. P., Kohser, Ronald A. and Black, J. T., Materials
and Processes in Manufacturing, Prentice Hall of India
(2008) 8th ed.
• Kalpakjian, S. and Schmid, S. R., Manufacturing Processes
for Engineering Materials, Dorling Kingsley (2006) 4th ed.
43

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Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

Nose / Corner / Tip

End Flank Side Cutting

End Cutting Edge Angle (µe)

Side Cutting Edge Angle (µs)

End Cutting Edge Angle (µe)

Side Cutting Edge Angle (µs)

End Cutting Edge Angle (µe)

Side Cutting Edge Angle (µs)

• End cutting edge angle may vary from 5° to 30°,

Back Rake Angle (αb)

End Relief /Clearance

Back Rake Angle (αb)

End Relief /Clearance • It is generally 10° to

Positive Rake Angle

Negative Rake Angle

Side Wedge Angle (γ )

Side Relief /Clearance EF

Side Wedge Angle

• The side rake angle is the angle at which the face

Tool signature 0-7-6-8-15-16-0.8

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