CW Test and Propagation Model Tuning FILEminimizer

CONFIDENTIAL
CW Test and
Propagation Model
Tuning
ISSUE 4.0 www.huawei.com
RNP Staff Training Dept.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Foreword
CW test (Continuous Wave test) is

an important step of Propagation
Model Tuning. According to the CW
test data (including latitude /
longitude and received signal level)
and corresponding Digital maps, we
can get the accurate Propagation
Model through tuning.
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Objectives
After this course, you will：
 Know principle of propagation model
tuning
 Know the procedure of CW test
 Know the procedure of tuning
propagation model

Contents
1 Principle of Model Tuning
2 CW Test Flow
3 Pre-processing of CW Test Data
4 Propagation Model Tuning

Radio Propagation Model
 Propagation model is used to predict the effect of

terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the
path loss.
WCDMA common propagation models

Common Radio Propagation Models
Based on Statistics Based on theory analyses

 Okumura/Hata model  Ray Tracing model
 For: 900M－1500MHz  Volcano model
 COST231-Hata model  WaveSight model
 For: 1500-2000MHz  WinProp model
 COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
 For: 800M-2000MHz
 Keenan-Motley model
 For indoor propagation
 SPM model in U-Net
 For macro cell on 300M－2000M

Radio Propagation Model in U-Net
 SPM model (Standard Propagation Model):
PathLoss = K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4*Diffraction loss +
K5log(d)×log(HTxeff) + K6*(HRxeff) + Kclutter*f(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive number
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
HRxeff: effective height of Rx antenna (m)
Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter
With a set of K parameter, we can make prediction for the planning area.

Typical Radio Propagation Environment
Name Description
There are dense buildings in the city, normally most of the
Dense Urban
buildings are more than 10 floors high.
Normal area in cities. Buildings are not so dense. Normally
Urban there are streets or planting areas between them. And few
buildings are more than 10 floors high.
Sub-Urban Buildings are sparsely distributed, and mainly low buildings.
Village. Buildings are distributed very sparsely, and mainly
Country
houses.
Including mountain area, sea surface, highway, indoor,
Special
tunnel, etc.
Different radio scenario adopts different propagation model.

Principle of Propagation Model Tuning
Target Propagation Setup a Model
Environment
Collect data Set the model

from field test Parameter
Actual PathLoss Prediction PathLoss
Compare
N
Meet the precision request?
Y
Huawei take GENEX U-Net to
End perform propagation model tuning.

Propagation Model Tuning working flow
1. Decide the propagation environment
2. Acquire site, setup the simulation site,
transmitting continuous wave (CW)
GPS Satellite
signal
3. Drive test on the pre-planned route,
collecting enough data
4. Post process the data, compare test
results with prediction results, and then
tune the propagation parameters (K1,
K2, …Kclutter)

Basic Principle of CW Test
 Typification
 The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave in this area.
 Balance
 The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different clutters in
this area.

Contents
2 CW Test Flow

Contents
2 CW Test Flow
2.1 Decide the Propagation

Environment
2.2 Site Selection
2.3 Setup Test Platform
2.4 Plan the Drive Test Route
2.5 Drive Test

2.1 Decide the Propagation Environment
 Firstly, decide if it’s necessary to separate the planning area to
several propagation environments, such as Dense Urban,
Urban, Sub-Urban or Rural Area, etc.
 Then for each environment, set proper initial propagation model
parameter, and perform dedicate CW test and propagation
model tuning.

2.2 Site Selection – Principles
 Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should be
tested in large and dense city, and one site is enough for normal city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
 Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.
 Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the test
environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation
characteristics.
 Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as much
as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be ensured.
 Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if
obvious obstacle exists.

2.2 Site Selection – Standards
1. Antenna height of the CW transmitter should be greater than 20m.
2. Antenna of the CW transmitter should be at least 5m higher than the
obstacle objects nearby within 50m far.
Note: Here the obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the
rooftop where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is
located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5m
2.3 Setup Test Platform (1)
 CW Transmitter: Tx antenna, feeder, RF signal source and
antenna pole
 CW Receiver: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop
Tx antenna
RF
Power
Signal
Booster RF cable 2
Source RF cable 1 Rx antenna
Drive test
tool Laptop
Power (GPS Build-in)
CW Transmitter supply
CW Receiver

TX CW
Antenna Receiver
CW Mobility
Transmitter Power
Supplier

 Record the gain or loss of all the RF parts:
a) TX power of the CW transmitter
b) Loss of the RF cables
c) Gain of TX antenna
d) Loss of the connectors
e) Gain of Rx antenna
Then with a, b, c and d, we can get the EIRP.

2.4 Plan the Drive Test route (1)
 Rules to plan the route
 Landform: The route must cover all main landforms in the area.
 Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in
this area if the landforms are up-and-down.
 Distance: The route must cover near and far to the site. But
normally no need to test in areas more than 2R far away to the site.
– R: Future cell radius in this area.
 Direction: The route must be consistent on the horizontal and
vertical route.
 Length: The total distance of one CW test route should be longer
than 60km.
 Number of test samples: The more, the better. (At least 10,000
samples, and at least 4 hours test time)

2.4 Plan the Drive Test route (2)
 Rules to plan the route
 Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as
possible to enhance the reliability of models.
 Obstacle: Shadow areas behind walls should be avoided when
antenna signals are obstructed by the wall.
Such areas as under viaducts or in tunnels should be avoided. If
have to pass through such areas, data should be filtered after test.
 If a directional antenna is adopted for a CW transmitter, the test
route should be planned within the main lobe coverage area of the
antenna (don’t plan route in area behind the antenna).

2.5 CW Drive Test – Limitation of the speed
 CW drive test data contains results affected by slow fading
(shadow fading) and fast fading (Raileigh Fading).
 To tune a model, only the effect by slow fading will be accept,
but not fast fading.
 To get rid of the effect caused by fast fading, enough samples
are need in a certain distance.
 Lee criteria says the request for sampling:
 At least 50 samples on 40λ range, then the difference between
mean value of test data and actual value can be less than 1dB
– λ: wavelength of the RF signal
 Then the maximum vehicle speed: Vmax = 0.8λ*f
– f: samples per second of the receiver

2.5 CW Drive Test - Equipment
 Scanner – DTI (GPS build in）
 GPS antenna
 RF antenna of scanner
 Cables for data and power
 Laptop
 Probe and Dongle
Huawei GENEX Probe has

the function for CW test.

Contents
2 CW Test Flow

Contents
2.1 Data Filtering
3.2 Data Dispersion
3.3 Data Binning
3.4 Format Conversion

3.1 Data Filtering
 Six kinds of data should be filtered:
1. Data tested in places where GPS is unable to
locate accurately (such as under the viaduct,
in the tunnel)
2. Data obtained when the distance to antenna
is too near or too far
3. Data obtained with too weak signals
4. Error data caused by inexact antenna pattern
5. Data with a loss exceed over 15~30 dB but
no reasonable reason
6. Other data inconsistent with the requirements
during the route planning of CW test

3.2 Data Dispersion (1)
 Principle:
 Sampling speed of the receiver is much more higher than that of the
GPS. So there are many receiver samples stored together on each
GPS sample. Actually these receiver samples should be distributed
one by one in time sequence between every two GPS samples.
 Between two GPS sample, vehicle speed is regarded uniform, so the
time intervals between every two adjacent receiver samples are same.
1 GPS Sample and
n Receiver Samples
…. ● ● ● ● ….
Receiver
Samples
Many Receiver samples
● ● .... ● ●
share one geography data

3.2 Data Dispersion (2)
 Data Process:
 Equally distribute the receiver samples to the route section between
two GPS points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient
points in every 40λ range on test route.
1 GPS Sample and

n Receiver Samples
…. ● ● ● ….
Disperse
…. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ….
Original GPS Fitting
Each receiver sample has
sample GPS data
its own geography data

3.3 Data Binning (1)
 Objective:
 Keep the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
 According to Lee criteria: At least 50 samples on 40λ range, then
the error between the mean value of the data on this 40λ range
and the actual value can be less than 1dB.
 Methods:
 Method 1 (Grid Binning): Divide the whole area into 40λ*40λ
grids, take the average value for data located in each grid, and
take the center of each grid as the new location.

3.3 Data Binning (2)
 Methods:
 Method 1 (Grid Binning): Divide the whole area into 40λ*40λ grids,
take the average value for data located in each grid, and take the
center of each grid as the new location.
 Method 2 (Distance Binning): Divide the drive test route into
sections with 40λ length, take the average value for data located
on each section, and take the center of each section as the new
location.
…. ● …. ● ● …. ● ● …. ● ● …. ● …. Before Binning
…. ● ● ● ● …. After Binning
40λ
 Tool: Huawei Genex Probe, or CW Data Editor

3.4 Format Conversion
 The data exported by Genex Probe is a .txt file with format:
X (Longitude) Y (Latitude) Power (dBm)
 Data imported to U-Net is a .dat file

 Format conversion can be implemented manually (save as .dat
file)

Contents
2 CW Test Flow

Contents
4.1 Basic Knowledge
4.2 Model Tuning by U-Net

Procedure of
CW data SPM
Model Tuning Model
Perform Appropriate Set Model

Filtering Parameter
SPM Calibration
YES
NO Is Filtering
Necessary Analysis Results Goto Next
Parameter
NO Error
Satisfactorily
Low?
YES
All Parameters
finished NO
Original Data is
Calibration?
Unreasonable.
Need to retest. YES
End

Criteria to evaluate the model (1)
 The main idea to evaluate the model is to compare the
predicted value to the actual test value for a certain area,
then get a statistics result of the errors.
 Suppose the error of sample i is:
E (i ) Pmeasured Ppredicted
 
[ dB] [ dBm] [ dBm]

E 1 n E i 
 
Mean Deviation
dB n i 1 dB
ERMS 1 n E 2 i 
dB n 
RMS Deviation 
i 1 dB 
 E i  E 
2
Standard Deviation E 1 n
    
dB n  1 i 1  dB dB 

Correlation
 
Coefficient
Corr.Coeff . 
 (( P measured (i )  P measured ).( PPr edecited (i )  P predicted ))
 
 (P measured (i )  P measured ) . Pr edecited
2
( P (i )  P predicted ) 2

 A model is reasonable if the statistics of the error between the
predicted results and the actual results meet the following
requests:

Mean Deviation  2dB  E  2dB
Standard Deviation   8dB
Correlation
Coefficient Corr.Coeff .  0.8

Contents
4.1 Basic Knowledge
4.2 Model Tuning by U-Net
4.2.1 Establish a Project
4.2.2 Establish a Propagation Model
4.2.3 Create the Transmitter
4.2.4 Import the CW test data &
Digital Map correction
4.2.5 CW data Filtering
4.2.6 Implement the Tuning
4.2.7 Evaluate the Turned Model

Model Tuning Operation flow on U-Net
Establish a Project
Establish a Model
Create Transmitter
Import CW data &

Map correction
CW data Filtering
Implement Tuning
Evaluate the Model

4.2.1 Establish a Project for Model Tuning
 Create a new project
 Select ―UMTS‖ in the dialog of ―Project type‖ selection
 Set the coordinate system
 Set the coordinate system according to the digital map.

―WGS84 UTM Zones‖ is widely used.
 Import digital map
 Import antenna pattern data

4.2.2 Establish a Model to be turned (1)
 Create a new SPM model by duplicate
 Create a new ―copy of standard propagation model‖ by

duplicating on a exist ―standard propagation model‖. Then
rename is if necessary.
 Set initial parameters for the new model
 General Parameter
 Common Parameter
– Select the effective antenna height.
– Select calculation method of diffraction loss
 Clutter Parameter

4.2.2 Establish a Model to be turned (2)
 Initial K parameters of SPM model in normal Urban city
Frequency (MHz)
450 900 935 1805 2110
K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22 24.3
K2 44.9
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 -6.55
K6 0

4.2.3 Create the CW Transmitter
Two way to create CW transmitter:
 By head file —— Suitable for batch importing the transmitters
 Head file is a text file with extension name .hd, it contains basic
information for a CW transmitter
e.g.：test.dat DATE test 741790 32 54 0 0 0 23.04499751 113.7509966 Survey 0
GPS 0 0 0 0 hard
 Be aware to import the antenna before the head file
 Be aware to import the CW data manually after the head file
 Manually create —— It is more flexible for single CW transmitter
 As normal U-Net project, one by one set the antenna, site and
transmitter, etc. Pay attention to the latitude and longitude, EIRP, all
the feeder loss and connecter loss.

4.2.4 Import the CW data
 Pre-process on the CW test data
 For model tuning, U-Net only need latitude, longitude ant the
corresponding measurement power. Combine all data for one transmitter
to one .txt file, then import to U-Net or by copy and paste
 Import the CW data

 Method 1: Right click on the “CW measurements‖ in “Explorer‖，then
select ―New‖, then paste the CW data into the sheet. (By this method
there should not any blank tail in each row, otherwise U-Net will give a fail
result.)
 Method 2: Similar to method 1, select ―Import‖ from the context menu,
then browse to the CW data file. By this method, we can import several
files simultaneously.

4.2.4 Digital Map correction
 Reason:
 GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS-84 and UTM projection.
However, some digital maps in some country (e.g. China) do not use
such projections. Correct digital maps if CW test data does not
correspond to them.
 Correction method:
 Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to
realize the optimal match with the test data.
 The four rectangular coordinates parameters are stored in files
“index.txt‖

4.2.5 CW data Filtering (1)
 Data filtering:
 By distance:
– Recommended：delete data in range r<0.1r or r>2r ( typically r = 1500m)
 By signal strength:
– Recommended: delete data with Signal>-40dBm或Signal<-110dBm
 By Clutter:
– Recommended: delete clutters with number of samples less than 300

Select ―Filtering Assistant...‖ on properties of the data.

In the clutter list, the un-checked clutter will be deleted.

4.2.6 Implement Tuning (1.1)
U-Net 2.1 (Build 2050)：

Right click on the model, select ―Automatic Calibration‖

4.2.6 Implement Tuning (1.2)
U-Net 2.2.1（Build2613）：
Right click on the model, select ―Calibration…‖, then select
―Automatic Calibration‖

4.2.6 Implement Tuning (2)
注释翻译
Select the parameters to be tuned. Normally only tune K1 and K2

must be tuned.

4.2.6 Implement Tuning (result)
Check if the Standard Deviation less than 8dB

4.2.6 Implement Tuning (an example)
K Parameter Reference
K1 23.2
K2 44.90
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 -6.55
K6 0

4.2.7 Evaluate the model (1)
Parameter Minimal Typical Maximum

K2 20 44.9 70
K3 -20 5.83 20
K4 0 0.5 0.8
K5 -10 -6.55 0
K6 -1 0 0
Check if any K parameter exceed out of the scope.

4.2.7 Evaluate the model (2) U-Net 2.1
Bulid 2050
Calculate
prediction with
the tuned model
• Compare the test results

to the prediction ones.
• Red is test value, blue
one is prediction value.

4.2.7 Evaluate the model (2) U-Net
2.2.1 Bulid
2613
CW
CW
Calculate
prediction with
the tuned model
• Compare the test results
to the prediction ones.
• Red is test value, blue
one is prediction value.

4.2.7 Evaluate the model (3)
1. Create a link budget project by RND to estimate

the cell radius
2. Compare the result to radius in similar cities
3. If they are quite different, it means something is
wrong with the tuned model, we must find the
reason.

Summary
 Principle of model tuning

 Procedure of CW test
 Procedure of model tuning by U-Net

Thank you
www.huawei.com

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CONFIDENTIAL

RNP Staff Training Dept.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

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 Propagation model is used to predict the effect of

WCDMA common propagation models

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Based on Statistics Based on theory analyses

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

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Different radio scenario adopts different propagation model.

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Collect data Set the model

Actual PathLoss Prediction PathLoss

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2.1 Decide the Propagation

2.2 Site Selection

2.3 Setup Test Platform

2.4 Plan the Drive Test Route

2.5 Drive Test

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Huawei GENEX Probe has

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3 Pre-processing of CW Test Data

2.1 Data Filtering

3.2 Data Dispersion

3.3 Data Binning

3.4 Format Conversion

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1 GPS Sample and

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 Tool: Huawei Genex Probe, or CW Data Editor

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X (Longitude) Y (Latitude) Power (dBm)

 Data imported to U-Net is a .dat file

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4 Propagation Model Tuning

4.1 Basic Knowledge

4.2 Model Tuning by U-Net

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